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Traxler C, Gaines TA, Küpper A, Luemmen P, Dayan FE. The nexus between reactive oxygen species and the mechanism of action of herbicides. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105267. [PMID: 37734554 PMCID: PMC10591016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbicides are small molecules that act by inhibiting specific molecular target sites within primary plant metabolic pathways resulting in catastrophic and lethal consequences. The stress induced by herbicides generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), but little is known about the nexus between each herbicide mode of action (MoA) and their respective ability to induce ROS formation. Indeed, some herbicides cause dramatic surges in ROS levels as part of their primary MoA, whereas other herbicides may generate some ROS as a secondary effect of the stress they imposed on plants. In this review, we discuss the types of ROS and their respective reactivity and describe their involvement for each known MoA based on the new Herbicide Resistance Action Committee classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Traxler
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anita Küpper
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Bayer CropScience, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Peter Luemmen
- Research & Development Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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2
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The Cell Wall Proteome of Craterostigma plantagineum Cell Cultures Habituated to Dichlobenil and Isoxaben. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092295. [PMID: 34571944 PMCID: PMC8468770 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable desiccation tolerance of the vegetative tissues in the resurrection species Craterostigma plantagineum (Hochst.) is favored by its unique cell wall folding mechanism that allows the ordered and reversible shrinking of the cells without damaging neither the cell wall nor the underlying plasma membrane. The ability to withstand extreme drought is also maintained in abscisic acid pre-treated calli, which can be cultured both on solid and in liquid culture media. Cell wall research has greatly advanced, thanks to the use of inhibitors affecting the biosynthesis of e.g., cellulose, since they allowed the identification of the compensatory mechanisms underlying habituation. Considering the innate cell wall plasticity of C. plantagineum, the goal of this investigation was to understand whether habituation to the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors dichlobenil and isoxaben entailed or not identical mechanisms as known for non-resurrection species and to decipher the cell wall proteome of habituated cells. The results showed that exposure of C. plantagineum calli/cells triggered abnormal phenotypes, as reported in non-resurrection species. Additionally, the data demonstrated that it was possible to habituate Craterostigma cells to dichlobenil and isoxaben and that gene expression and protein abundance did not follow the same trend. Shotgun and gel-based proteomics revealed a common set of proteins induced upon habituation, but also identified candidates solely induced by habituation to one of the two inhibitors. Finally, it is hypothesized that alterations in auxin levels are responsible for the increased abundance of cell wall-related proteins upon habituation.
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3
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Ghanim M, Relitti N, McManus G, Butini S, Cappelli A, Campiani G, Mok KH, Kelly VP. A non-toxic, reversibly released imaging probe for oral cancer that is derived from natural compounds. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14069. [PMID: 34234213 PMCID: PMC8263592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44 is emerging as an important receptor biomarker for various cancers. Amongst these is oral cancer, where surgical resection remains an essential mode of treatment. Unfortunately, surgery is frequently associated with permanent disfigurement, malnutrition, and functional comorbidities due to the difficultly of tumour removal. Optical imaging agents that can guide tumour tissue identification represent an attractive approach to minimising the impact of surgery. Here, we report the synthesis of a water-soluble fluorescent probe, namely HA-FA-HEG-OE (compound 1), that comprises components originating from natural sources: oleic acid, ferulic acid and hyaluronic acid. Compound 1 was found to be non-toxic, displayed aggregation induced emission and accumulated intracellularly in vesicles in SCC-9 oral squamous cells. The uptake of 1 was fully reversible over time. Internalization of compound 1 occurs through receptor mediated endocytosis; uniquely mediated through the CD44 receptor. Uptake is related to tumorigenic potential, with non-tumorigenic, dysplastic DOK cells and poorly tumorigenic MCF-7 cells showing only low intracellular levels and highlighting the critical role of endocytosis in cancer progression and metastasis. Together, the recognised importance of CD44 as a cancer stem cell marker in oral cancer, and the reversible, non-toxic nature of 1, makes it a promising agent for real time intraoperative imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Ghanim
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gavin McManus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - K H Mok
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Vincent P Kelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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4
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López-Malvar A, Malvar RA, Souto XC, Gomez LD, Simister R, Encina A, Barros-Rios J, Pereira-Crespo S, Santiago R. Elucidating the multifunctional role of the cell wall components in the maize exploitation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:251. [PMID: 34078286 PMCID: PMC8170779 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides the use of maize grain as food and feed, maize stover can be a profitable by-product for cellulosic ethanol production, whereas the whole plant can be used for silage production. However, yield is reduced by pest damages, stem corn borers being one of the most important yield constraints. Overall, cell wall composition is key in determining the quality of maize biomass, as well as pest resistance. This study aims to evaluate the composition of the four cell wall fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and hydroxycinnamates) in diverse maize genotypes and to understand how this composition influences the resistance to pests, ethanol capacity and digestibility. RESULTS The following results can be highlighted: (i) pests' resistant materials may show cell walls with low p-coumaric acid and low hemicellulose content; (ii) inbred lines showing cell walls with high cellulose content and high diferulate cross-linking may present higher performance for ethanol production; (iii) and inbreds with enhanced digestibility may have cell walls poor in neutral detergent fibre and diferulates, combined with a lignin polymer composition richer in G subunits. CONCLUSIONS Results evidence that there is no maize cell wall ideotype among the tested for optimal performance for various uses, and maize plants should be specifically bred for each particular application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Malvar
- Facultad, de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal Y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
- Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos Y Plantas (UVIGO), Unidad Asociada a La MBG (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Rosa Ana Malvar
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Pazo de Salcedo, Carballeira 8, 36143, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Xose Carlos Souto
- E.E. Forestales, Dpto. Ingenieria Recursos Naturales Y Medio Ambiente, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Rachael Simister
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| | - Antonio Encina
- Dpto. Ingeniería Y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Jaime Barros-Rios
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #311428, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Sonia Pereira-Crespo
- Laboratorio Interprofesional Galego de Análise Do Leite (LIGAL), Mabegondo, 15318, A Coruña, Abegondo, Spain
| | - Rogelio Santiago
- Facultad, de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal Y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos Y Plantas (UVIGO), Unidad Asociada a La MBG (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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5
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Mayer BF, Charron J. Transcriptional memories mediate the plasticity of cold stress responses to enable morphological acclimation in Brachypodium distachyon. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1615-1634. [PMID: 32966623 PMCID: PMC7820978 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants that successfully acclimate to stress can resume growth under stressful conditions. The grass Brachypodium distachyon can grow a cold-adaptive morphology during cold acclimation. Studies on transcriptional memory (TM) have revealed that plants can be primed for stress by adjusting their transcriptional responses, but the function of TM in stress acclimation is not well understood. We investigated the function of TM during cold acclimation in B. distachyon. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), RNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation qPCR analyses were performed on plants exposed to repeated episodes of cold to characterize the presence and stability of TM during the stress and growth responses of cold acclimation. Transcriptional memory mainly dampened stress responses as growth resumed and as B. distachyon became habituated to cold stress. Although permanent on vernalization gene VRN1, TMs were short-term and reversible on cold-stress genes. Growing under cold conditions also coincided with the acquisition of new and targeted cold-induced transcriptional responses. Overall, TM provided plasticity to cold stress responses during cold acclimation in B. distachyon, leading to stress habituation, acquired stress responses, and resumed growth. Our study shows that chromatin-associated TMs are involved in tuning plant responses to environmental change and, as such, regulate both stress and developmental components that characterize cold-climate adaptation in B. distachyon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris F. Mayer
- Department of Plant ScienceMcGill University21, 111 LakeshoreSainte‐Anne‐de‐BellevueCanada
| | - Jean‐Benoit Charron
- Department of Plant ScienceMcGill University21, 111 LakeshoreSainte‐Anne‐de‐BellevueCanada
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6
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Wang Q, Song H, Pan S, Dong N, Wang X, Sun S. Initial pyrolysis mechanism and product formation of cellulose: An Experimental and Density functional theory(DFT) study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3626. [PMID: 32107399 PMCID: PMC7046763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, analytical pyrolyzer coupled with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry set-up (Py-GC/MS) and density functional theory(DFT) theory was used to reveal the initial pyrolysis mechanism and product formation mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis. We demonstrated an experimentally benchmarked molecular simulation approach that delineates pyrolysis process of cellulose. Experimental results indicated that the cellulose pyrolysis products mostly incorporate levoglucosan (LG), glycolaldehyde (HAA), 5-hydroxyfurfural (5-HMF), and the like. The constituents of fast pyrolysis products of cellulose and cellobiose demonstrated the identical trend, although the contents of certain products are different. Laying the foundation of experimental analysis, the reaction pathways of four categories of cellulose pyrolysis were outlined using DFT theory; the pathways are those of generating LG, HAA, and 5-HMF and the dehydration reaction in the process of cellulose pyrolysis. Also, by comparing the energy barriers of various reactions, the optimal pathway of different reactions were summarized. The deduced cellulose pyrolysis reaction pathway opened up new ideas for studying the pyrolysis behavior of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin, 132012, China.
| | - Hao Song
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Shuo Pan
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Nanhang Dong
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Xinmin Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Shipeng Sun
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin, 132012, China
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Martínez-Rubio R, Centeno ML, García-Angulo P, Álvarez JM, Acebes JL, Encina A. The role of cell wall phenolics during the early remodelling of cellulose-deficient maize cells. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 170:112219. [PMID: 31794882 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The habituation of cultured cells to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors such as dichlobenil (dichlorobenzonitrile, DCB) has proven a valuable tool to elucidate the mechanisms involved in plant cell wall structural plasticity. Our group has demonstrated that maize cells cope with DCB through a modified cell wall in which cellulose is replaced by a more extensive network of highly cross-linked feruloylated arabinoxylans. In order to gain further insight into the contribution of phenolics to the early remodelling of cellulose-deficient cell walls, a comparative HPLC-PAD analysis was carried out of hydroxycinnamates esterified into nascent and cell wall polysaccharides obtained from non-habituated (NH) and habituated to low DCB concentrations (1.5 μM; H) maize suspension-cultured cells. Incipient DCB-habituated cell walls showed significantly higher levels of esterified ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid throughout the culture cycle. In terms of cell wall fortification, ferulic acid is associated to arabinoxylan crosslinking whereas the increase of p-coumaric suggests an early lignification response. As expected, the level of hydroxycinnamates esterified into nascent polysaccharides was also higher in DCB-habituated cells indicating an overexpression of phenylpropanoid pathway. Due to their key role in cell wall strengthening, special attention was paid into the dimerization pattern of ferulic acid. A quantitative comparison of diferulate dehydrodimers (DFAs) between cell lines and cell compartments revealed that an extra dimerization took place in H cells when both nascent and mature cell wall polysaccharides were analysed. In addition, qualitative differences in the ferulic acid coupling pattern were detected in H cells, allowing us to suggest that 8-O-4'-DFA and 8-5'-DFA featured the ferulic acid dimerization when it occurred in the protoplasmic and cell wall fractions respectively. Both qualitative and quantitative differences in the phenolic profile between NH and H cells point to a regioselectivity in the ferulate dehydrodimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Martínez-Rubio
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - María Luz Centeno
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Penélope García-Angulo
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Jesús M Álvarez
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - José Luis Acebes
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain.
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain
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8
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Martínez-Rubio R, Acebes JL, Encina A, Kärkönen A. Class III peroxidases in cellulose deficient cultured maize cells during cell wall remodeling. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:45-55. [PMID: 29464727 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) suspension-cultured cells habituated to a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) have a modified cell wall, in which the reduction in the cellulose content is compensated by a network of highly cross-linked feruloylated arabinoxylans and the deposition of lignin-like polymers. For both arabinoxylan cross-linking and lignin polymerization, class III peroxidases (POXs) have been demonstrated to have a prominent role. For the first time, a comparative study of POX activity and isoforms in control and cellulose-impaired cells has been addressed, also taking into account their cellular distribution in different compartments. Proteins from the spent medium (SM), soluble cellular (SC), ionically (ICW) and covalently bound cell wall protein fractions were assayed for total and specific peroxidase activity by using coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol and ferulic acid as substrates. The isoPOX profile was obtained by isoelectric focusing. POX activity was higher in DCB-habituated than in non-habituated cells in all protein fractions at all cell culture stages. For all substrates assayed, SC and ICW fractions showed higher activity at the early log growth phase than at the late log phase. However, the highest POX activity in the spent medium was found at the late log phase. According to the isoPOX profiles, the highest diversity of isoPOXs was detected in the ICW and SM protein fractions. The latter fraction contained isoPOXs with higher activity in DCB-habituated cells. Some of the isoPOXs detected could be involved in cross-linking of arabinoxylans and in the lignin-like polymer formation in DCB-habituated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Martínez-Rubio
- Department of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de León, León, 24071, Spain
| | - José Luis Acebes
- Department of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de León, León, 24071, Spain
| | - Antonio Encina
- Department of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de León, León, 24071, Spain
| | - Anna Kärkönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Plant Genetics, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
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9
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Guerriero G, Berni R, Muñoz-Sanchez JA, Apone F, Abdel-Salam EM, Qahtan AA, Alatar AA, Cantini C, Cai G, Hausman JF, Siddiqui KS, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT, Faisal M. Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Examples, Tips and Suggestions for Biotechnologists. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E309. [PMID: 29925808 PMCID: PMC6027220 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms and, in order to defend themselves against exogenous (a)biotic constraints, they synthesize an array of secondary metabolites which have important physiological and ecological effects. Plant secondary metabolites can be classified into four major classes: terpenoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and sulphur-containing compounds. These phytochemicals can be antimicrobial, act as attractants/repellents, or as deterrents against herbivores. The synthesis of such a rich variety of phytochemicals is also observed in undifferentiated plant cells under laboratory conditions and can be further induced with elicitors or by feeding precursors. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the production of representatives of three plant secondary metabolite classes: artemisinin (a sesquiterpene), lignans (phenolic compounds) and caffeine (an alkaloid). Their respective production in well-known plants, i.e., Artemisia, Coffea arabica L., as well as neglected species, like the fibre-producing plant Urtica dioica L., will be surveyed. The production of artemisinin and caffeine in heterologous hosts will also be discussed. Additionally, metabolic engineering strategies to increase the bioactivity and stability of plant secondary metabolites will be surveyed, by focusing on glycosyltransferases (GTs). We end our review by proposing strategies to enhance the production of plant secondary metabolites in cell cultures by inducing cell wall modifications with chemicals/drugs, or with altered concentrations of the micronutrient boron and the quasi-essential element silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Roberto Berni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Trees and timber institute-National research council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA), via Aurelia 49, 58022 Follonica (GR), Italy.
| | - J Armando Muñoz-Sanchez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130 X 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97205, Mexico.
| | - Fabio Apone
- Arterra Biosciences srl/Vitalab srl, via B. Brin 69, 80142 Naples, Italy.
| | - Eslam M Abdel-Salam
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad A Qahtan
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman A Alatar
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Claudio Cantini
- Trees and timber institute-National research council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA), via Aurelia 49, 58022 Follonica (GR), Italy.
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Life Sciences Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), 31261 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S M Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130 X 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97205, Mexico.
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Hernández-Altamirano JM, Largo-Gosens A, Martínez-Rubio R, Pereda D, Álvarez JM, Acebes JL, Encina A, García-Angulo P. Effect of ancymidol on cell wall metabolism in growing maize cells. PLANTA 2018; 247:987-999. [PMID: 29330614 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2840-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ancymidol inhibits the incorporation of cellulose into cell walls of maize cell cultures in a gibberellin-independent manner, impairing cell growth; the reduction in the cellulose content is compensated with xylans. Ancymidol is a plant growth retardant which impairs gibberellin biosynthesis. It has been reported to inhibit cellulose synthesis by tobacco cells, based on its cell-malforming effects. To ascertain the putative role of ancymidol as a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor, we conducted a biochemical study of its effect on cell growth and cell wall metabolism in maize cultured cells. Ancymidol concentrations ≤ 500 µM progressively reduced cell growth and induced globular cell shape without affecting cell viability. However, cell growth and viability were strongly reduced by ancymidol concentrations ≥ 1.5 mM. The I50 value for the effect of ancymidol on FW gain was 658 µM. A reversal of the inhibitory effects on cell growth was observed when 500 µM ancymidol-treated cultures were supplemented with 100 µM GA3. Ancymidol impaired the accumulation of cellulose in cell walls, as monitored by FTIR spectroscopy. Cells treated with 500 µM ancymidol showed a ~ 60% reduction in cellulose content, with no further change as the ancymidol concentration increased. Cellulose content was partially restored by 100 µM GA3. Radiolabeling experiments confirmed that ancymidol reduced the incorporation of [14C]glucose into α-cellulose and this reduction was not reverted by the simultaneous application of GA3. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the cellulose biosynthesis inhibition caused by ancymidol is not related to a downregulation of ZmCesA gene expression. Additionally, ancymidol treatment increased the incorporation of [3H]arabinose into a hemicellulose-enriched fraction, and up-regulated ZmIRX9 and ZmIRX10L gene expression, indicating an enhancement in the biosynthesis of arabinoxylans as a compensatory response to cellulose reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mabel Hernández-Altamirano
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Asier Largo-Gosens
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Martínez-Rubio
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Diego Pereda
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Jesús M Álvarez
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - José L Acebes
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Antonio Encina
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Penélope García-Angulo
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
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11
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de Castro M, Martínez-Rubio R, Acebes JL, Encina A, Fry SC, García-Angulo P. Phenolic metabolism and molecular mass distribution of polysaccharides in cellulose-deficient maize cells. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:475-495. [PMID: 28474461 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of the habituation to low levels of dichlobenil (DCB), cultured maize cells presented an altered hemicellulose cell fate with a lower proportion of strongly wall-bound hemicelluloses and an increase in soluble extracellular polymers released into the culture medium. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative molecular mass distributions of polysaccharides as well as phenolic metabolism in cells habituated to low levels of DCB (1.5 μM). Generally, cell wall bound hemicelluloses and sloughed polymers from habituated cells were more homogeneously sized and had a lower weight-average relative molecular mass. In addition, polysaccharides underwent massive cross-linking after being secreted into the cell wall, but this cross-linking was less pronounced in habituated cells than in non-habituated ones. However, when relativized, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid contents were higher in this habituated cell line. Feasibly, cells habituated to low levels of DCB synthesized molecules with a lower weight-average relative molecular mass, although cross-linked, as a part of their strategy to compensate for the lack of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Castro
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Dpto. Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias. Facultad de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de León, Leon E-24071, Spain
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Romina Martínez-Rubio
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Dpto. Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias. Facultad de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de León, Leon E-24071, Spain
| | - José L Acebes
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Dpto. Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias. Facultad de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de León, Leon E-24071, Spain
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Dpto. Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias. Facultad de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de León, Leon E-24071, Spain
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Penélope García-Angulo
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Dpto. Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias. Facultad de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de León, Leon E-24071, Spain
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12
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Largo-Gosens A, de Castro M, Alonso-Simón A, García-Angulo P, Acebes JL, Encina A, Álvarez JM. Quinclorac-habituation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultured cells is related to an increase in their antioxidant capacity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:257-263. [PMID: 27318799 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The habituation of bean cells to quinclorac did not rely on cell wall modifications, contrary to what it was previously observed for the well-known cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors dichlobenil or isoxaben. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether or not the bean cells habituation to quinclorac is related to an enhancement of antioxidant activities involved in the scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen species. Treating non-habituated bean calluses with 10 μM quinclorac reduced the relative growth rate and induced a two-fold increase in lipid peroxidation. However, the exposition of quinclorac-habituated cells to a concentration of quinclorac up to 30 μM neither affected their growth rate nor increased their lipid peroxidation levels. Quinclorac-habituated calluses had significantly higher constitutive levels of three antioxidant activities (class-III peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase) than those observed in non-habituated calluses, and the treatment of habituated calluses with 30 μM quinclorac significantly increased the level of class III-peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The results reported here indicate that the process of habituation to quinclorac in bean callus-cultured cells is related, at least partially, to the development of a stable antioxidant capacity that enables them to cope with the oxidative stress caused by quinclorac. Class-III peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities could play a major role in the quinclorac-habituation. Changes in the antioxidant status of bean cells were stable, since the increase in the antioxidant activities were maintained in quinclorac-dehabituated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Largo-Gosens
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - María de Castro
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso-Simón
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Penélope García-Angulo
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - José L Acebes
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain.
| | - Jesús M Álvarez
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain
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13
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Largo-Gosens A, Encina A, de Castro M, Mélida H, Acebes JL, García-Angulo P, Álvarez JM. Early habituation of maize (Zea mays) suspension-cultured cells to 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile is associated with the enhancement of antioxidant status. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 157:193-204. [PMID: 26612685 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) has been widely used to gain insights into cell wall composition and architecture. Studies of changes during early habituation to DCB can provide information on mechanisms that allow tolerance/habituation to DCB. In this context, maize-cultured cells with a reduced amount of cellulose (∼20%) were obtained by stepwise habituation to low DCB concentrations. The results reported here attempt to elucidate the putative role of an antioxidant strategy during incipient habituation. The short-term exposure to DCB of non-habituated maize-cultured cells induced a substantial increase in oxidative damage. Concomitantly, short-term treated cells presented an increase in class III peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities and total glutathione content. Maize cells habituated to 0.3-1 µM DCB (incipient habituation) were characterized by a reduction in the relative cell growth rate, an enhancement of ascorbate peroxidase and class III peroxidase activities, and a net increment in total glutathione content. Moreover, these cell lines showed increased levels of glutathione S-transferase activity. Changes in antioxidant/conjugation status enabled 0.3 and 0.5 µM DCB-habituated cells to control lipid peroxidation levels, but this was not the case of maize cells habituated to 1 μM DCB, which despite showing an increased antioxidant capacity were not capable of reducing the oxidative damage to control levels. The results reported here confirm that exposure and incipient habituation of maize cells to DCB are associated with an enhancement in antioxidant/conjugation activities which could play a role in incipient DCB habituation of maize-cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Largo-Gosens
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
| | - María de Castro
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, E-28223, Spain
| | - José L Acebes
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
| | - Penélope García-Angulo
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
| | - Jesús M Álvarez
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
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14
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Tegg RS, Shabala S, Cuin TA, Wilson CR. Mechanisms of thaxtomin A-induced root toxicity revealed by a thaxtomin A sensitive Arabidopsis mutant (ucu2-2/gi-2). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:347-356. [PMID: 26518425 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis mutant ( ucu2 - 2/gi - 2 ) is thaxtomin A, isoxaben and NPA-sensitive indicated by root growth and ion flux responses providing new insights into these compounds mode of action and interactions. Thaxtomin A (TA) is a cellulose biosynthetic inhibitor (CBI) that promotes plant cell hypertrophy and cell death. Electrophysiological analysis of steady-state K(+) and Ca(2+) fluxes in Arabidopsis thaliana roots pretreated with TA for 24 h indicated a disturbance in the regulation of ion movement across the plant cell membrane. The observed inability to control solute movement, recorded in rapidly growing meristematic and elongation root zones, may partly explain typical root toxicity responses to TA treatment. Of note, the TA-sensitive mutant (ucu2-2/gi-2) was more susceptible with K(+) and Ca(2+) fluxes altered between 1.3 and eightfold compared to the wild-type control where fluxes altered between 1.2 and threefold. Root growth inhibition assays showed that the ucu2-2/gi-2 mutant had an increased sensitivity to the auxin 2,4-D, but not IAA or NAA; it also had increased sensitivity to the auxin efflux transport inhibitor, 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), but not 2,3,5- Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), when compared to the WT. The NPA sensitivity data were supported by electrophysiological analysis of H(+) fluxes in the mature (but not elongation) root zone. Increased sensitivity to the CBI, isoxaben (IXB), but not dichlobenil was recorded. Increased sensitivity to both TA and IXB corresponded with higher levels of accumulation of these toxins in the root tissue, compared to the WT. Further root growth inhibition assays showed no altered sensitivity of ucu2-2/gi-2 to two other plant pathogen toxins, alternariol and fusaric acid. Identification of a TA-sensitive Arabidopsis mutant provides further insight into how this CBI toxin interacts with plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia.
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
| | - Tracey A Cuin
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
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15
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Fornalé S, Rencoret J, Garcia-Calvo L, Capellades M, Encina A, Santiago R, Rigau J, Gutiérrez A, Del Río JC, Caparros-Ruiz D. Cell wall modifications triggered by the down-regulation of Coumarate 3-hydroxylase-1 in maize. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:272-82. [PMID: 26025540 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H) catalyzes a key step of the synthesis of the two main lignin subunits, guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) in dicotyledonous species. As no functional data are available in regards to this enzyme in monocotyledonous species, we generated C3H1 knock-down maize plants. The results obtained indicate that C3H1 participates in lignin biosynthesis as its down-regulation redirects the phenylpropanoid flux: as a result, increased amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units, lignin-associated ferulates and the flavone tricin were detected in transgenic stems cell walls. Altogether, these changes make stem cell walls more degradable in the most C3H1-repressed plants, despite their unaltered polysaccharide content. The increase in H monomers is moderate compared to C3H deficient Arabidopsis and alfalfa plants. This could be due to the existence of a second maize C3H protein (C3H2) that can compensate the reduced levels of C3H1 in these C3H1-RNAi maize plants. The reduced expression of C3H1 alters the macroscopic phenotype of the plants, whose growth is inhibited proportionally to the extent of C3H1 repression. Finally, the down-regulation of C3H1 also increases the synthesis of flavonoids, leading to the accumulation of anthocyanins in transgenic leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fornalé
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Edifici CRAG Campus de Bellaterra de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080-Seville, Spain.
| | | | - Montserrat Capellades
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Edifici CRAG Campus de Bellaterra de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Rogelio Santiago
- Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO) (unidad asociada a la Misión Biológica de Galicia, CSIC), Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Joan Rigau
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Edifici CRAG Campus de Bellaterra de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080-Seville, Spain.
| | - José-Carlos Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080-Seville, Spain.
| | - David Caparros-Ruiz
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Edifici CRAG Campus de Bellaterra de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Mélida H, Largo-Gosens A, Novo-Uzal E, Santiago R, Pomar F, García P, García-Angulo P, Acebes JL, Álvarez J, Encina A. Ectopic lignification in primary cellulose-deficient cell walls of maize cell suspension cultures. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:357-72. [PMID: 25735403 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) suspension-cultured cells with up to 70% less cellulose were obtained by stepwise habituation to dichlobenil (DCB), a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor. Cellulose deficiency was accompanied by marked changes in cell wall matrix polysaccharides and phenolics as revealed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cell wall compositional analysis indicated that the cellulose-deficient cell walls showed an enhancement of highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans, as well as an increased content in ferulic acid, diferulates and p-coumaric acid, and the presence of a polymer that stained positive for phloroglucinol. In accordance with this, cellulose-deficient cell walls showed a fivefold increase in Klason-type lignin. Thioacidolysis/GC-MS analysis of cellulose-deficient cell walls indicated the presence of a lignin-like polymer with a Syringyl/Guaiacyl ratio of 1.45, which differed from the sensu stricto stress-related lignin that arose in response to short-term DCB-treatments. Gene expression analysis of these cells indicated an overexpression of genes specific for the biosynthesis of monolignol units of lignin. A study of stress signaling pathways revealed an overexpression of some of the jasmonate signaling pathway genes, which might trigger ectopic lignification in response to cell wall integrity disruptions. In summary, the structural plasticity of primary cell walls is proven, since a lignification process is possible in response to cellulose impoverishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mélida
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain; Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP), Politechnical University of Madrid, E-28223 Madrid, Spain
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17
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de Castro M, Miller JG, Acebes JL, Encina A, García-Angulo P, Fry SC. The biosynthesis and wall-binding of hemicelluloses in cellulose-deficient maize cells: an example of metabolic plasticity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:373-387. [PMID: 25611087 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-suspension cultures (Zea mays L., Black Mexican sweet corn) habituated to 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) survive with reduced cellulose owing to hemicellulose network modification. We aimed to define the hemicellulose metabolism modifications in DCB-habituated maize cells showing a mild reduction in cellulose at different stages in the culture cycle. Using pulse-chase radiolabeling, we fed habituated and non-habituated cultures with [(3)H]arabinose, and traced the distribution of (3)H-pentose residues between xylans, xyloglucans and other polymers in several cellular compartments for 5 h. Habituated cells were slower taking up exogenous [(3)H]arabinose. Tritium was incorporated into polysaccharide-bound arabinose and xylose residues, but habituated cells diverted a higher proportion of their new [(3)H]xylose residues into (hetero) xylans at the expense of xyloglucan synthesis. During logarithmic growth, habituated cells showed slower vesicular trafficking of polymers, especially xylans. Moreover, habituated cells showed a decrease in the strong wall-binding of all pentose-containing polysaccharides studied; correspondingly, especially in log-phase cultures, habituation increased the proportion of (3)H-hemicelluloses ([(3)H]xylans and [(3)H]xyloglucan) sloughed into the medium. These findings could be related to the cell walls' cellulose-deficiency, and consequent reduction in binding sites for hemicelluloses; the data could also reflect the habituated cells' reduced capacity to integrate arabinoxylans by extra-protoplasmic phenolic cross-linking, as well as xyloglucans, during wall assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Castro
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK; Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Léon, E-24071, León, Spain
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18
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de Castro M, Largo-Gosens A, Alvarez JM, García-Angulo P, Acebes JL. Early cell-wall modifications of maize cell cultures during habituation to dichlobenil. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:127-35. [PMID: 24331427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies involving the habituation of plant cell cultures to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors have achieved significant progress as regards understanding the structural plasticity of cell walls. However, since habituation studies have typically used high concentrations of inhibitors and long-term habituation periods, information on initial changes associated with habituation has usually been lost. This study focuses on monitoring and characterizing the short-term habituation process of maize (Zea mays) cell suspensions to dichlobenil (DCB). Cellulose quantification and FTIR spectroscopy of cell walls from 20 cell lines obtained during an incipient DCB-habituation process showed a reduction in cellulose levels which tended to revert depending on the inhibitor concentration and the length of time that cells were in contact with it. Variations in the cellulose content were concomitant with changes in the expression of several ZmCesA genes, mainly involving overexpression of ZmCesA7 and ZmCesA8. In order to explore these changes in more depth, a cell line habituated to 1.5μM DCB was identified as representative of incipient DCB habituation and selected for further analysis. The cells of this habituated cell line grew more slowly and formed larger clusters. Their cell walls were modified, showing a 33% reduction in cellulose content, that was mainly counteracted by an increase in arabinoxylans, which presented increased extractability. This result was confirmed by immunodot assays graphically plotted by heatmaps, since habituated cell walls had a more extensive presence of epitopes for arabinoxylans and xylans, but also for homogalacturonan with a low degree of esterification and for galactan side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I. Furthermore, a partial shift of xyloglucan epitopes toward more easily extractable fractions was found. However, other epitopes, such as these specific for arabinan side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I or homogalacturonan with a high degree of esterification, seemed to be not affected. In conclusion, the early modifications occurring in maize cell walls as a consequence of DCB-habituation involved quantitative and qualitative changes of arabinoxylans, but also other polysaccharides. Thereby some of the changes that took place in the cell walls in order to compensate for the lack of cellulose differed according to the DCB-habituation level, and illustrate the ability of plant cells to adopt appropriate coping strategies depending on the herbicide concentration and length of exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Castro
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de CC Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain.
| | - Asier Largo-Gosens
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de CC Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Jesús Miguel Alvarez
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de CC Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Penélope García-Angulo
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de CC Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - José Luis Acebes
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de CC Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain
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19
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Tegg RS, Shabala SN, Cuin TA, Davies NW, Wilson CR. Enhanced resistance to the cellulose biosynthetic inhibitors, thaxtomin A and isoxaben in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, also provides specific co-resistance to the auxin transport inhibitor, 1-NPA. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:76. [PMID: 23638731 PMCID: PMC3655924 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thaxtomin A (TA) is a phytotoxin produced by plant pathogenic Streptomyces spp. responsible for potato common scab. TA inhibits cellulose biosynthesis in expanding plant tissues and is essential for disease induction. Auxin treatment of various plant tissues has been repeatedly demonstrated to inhibit TA toxicity and to reduce common scab. This work utilises Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with resistance to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) to investigate the interaction between TA, other CBIs and auxins. RESULTS Three CBI resistant A. thaliana mutants; txr1-1 (tolerance to TA), ixr1-1 (tolerance to isoxaben - IXB) and KOR1 (cellulose deficiency), showed no altered root growth response to treatment with natural or synthetic auxins, nor with the auxin efflux transport inhibitor 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA). However, all mutants had significantly enhanced tolerance to 1-napthylphthalamic acid (NPA), another auxin efflux transport inhibitor, which blocks polar auxin transport at a site distinct from TIBA. NPA tolerance of txr1-1 and ixr1-1 was further supported by electrophysiological analysis of net H+ fluxes in the mature, but not elongation zone of roots. All three mutants showed increased tolerance to IXB, but only txr1-1 showed tolerance to TA. No mutant showed enhanced tolerance to a third CBI, dichlobenil (DCB). CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that plant tolerance to TA and IXB, as well as cell wall synthesis modifications in roots, have resulted in specific co-resistance to NPA but not TIBA. This suggests that CBI resistance has an impact on polar auxin efflux transport processes associated with the NPA binding protein. We also show that NPA inhibitory response in roots occurs in the mature root zone but not the elongation zone. Responses of mutants to CBIs indicate a similar, but not identical mode of action of TA and IXB, in contrast to DCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania (UTAS), 13 St John’s Ave, New Town, Tasmania, 7008, Australia
| | - Sergey N Shabala
- TIA, UTAS, Private Bag 54, Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Tracey A Cuin
- TIA, UTAS, Private Bag 54, Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Noel W Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania (UTAS), 13 St John’s Ave, New Town, Tasmania, 7008, Australia
- TIA, UTAS, Private Bag 54, Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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Fornalé S, Capellades M, Encina A, Wang K, Irar S, Lapierre C, Ruel K, Joseleau JP, Berenguer J, Puigdomènech P, Rigau J, Caparrós-Ruiz D. Altered lignin biosynthesis improves cellulosic bioethanol production in transgenic maize plants down-regulated for cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:817-30. [PMID: 22147756 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a key enzyme involved in the last step of monolignol biosynthesis. The effect of CAD down-regulation on lignin production was investigated through a transgenic approach in maize. Transgenic CAD-RNAi plants show a different degree of enzymatic reduction depending on the analyzed tissue and show alterations in cell wall composition. Cell walls of CAD-RNAi stems contain a lignin polymer with a slight reduction in the S-to-G ratio without affecting the total lignin content. In addition, these cell walls accumulate higher levels of cellulose and arabinoxylans. In contrast, cell walls of CAD-RNAi midribs present a reduction in the total lignin content and of cell wall polysaccharides. In vitro degradability assays showed that, although to a different extent, the changes induced by the repression of CAD activity produced midribs and stems more degradable than wild-type plants. CAD-RNAi plants grown in the field presented a wild-type phenotype and produced higher amounts of dry biomass. Cellulosic bioethanol assays revealed that CAD-RNAi biomass produced higher levels of ethanol compared to wild-type, making CAD a good target to improve both the nutritional and energetic values of maize lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fornalé
- Laboratori de Genetica Molecular Vegetal, Centre de Recerca en AgriGenomica (CRAG), Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
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Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors: comparative effect on bean cell cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3685-3702. [PMID: 22489176 PMCID: PMC3317736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The variety of bioassays developed to evaluate different inhibition responses for cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors makes it difficult to compare the results obtained. This work aims (i) to test a single inhibitory assay for comparing active concentrations of a set of putative cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors and (ii) to characterize their effect on cell wall polysaccharides biosynthesis following a short-term exposure. For the first aim, dose-response curves for inhibition of dry-weight increase following a 30 days exposure of bean callus-cultured cells to these inhibitors were obtained. The compound concentration capable of inhibiting dry weight increase by 50% compared to control (I50) ranged from subnanomolar (CGA 325′615) to nanomolar (AE F150944, flupoxam, triazofenamide and oxaziclomefone) and micromolar (dichlobenil, quinclorac and compound 1) concentrations. In order to gain a better understanding of the effect of the putative inhibitors on cell wall polysaccharides biosynthesis, the [14C]glucose incorporation into cell wall fractions was determined after a 20 h exposure of cell suspensions to each inhibitor at their I50 value. All the inhibitors tested decreased glucose incorporation into cellulose with the exception of quinclorac, which increased it. In some herbicide treatments, reduction in the incorporation into cellulose was accompanied by an increase in the incorporation into other fractions. In order to appreciate the effect of the inhibitors on cell wall partitioning, a cluster and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the relative contribution of [14C]glucose incorporation into the different cell wall fractions were performed, and three groups of compounds were identified. The first group included quinclorac, which increased glucose incorporation into cellulose; the second group consisted of compound 1, CGA 325′615, oxaziclomefone and AE F150944, which decreased the relative glucose incorporation into cellulose but increased it into tightly-bound cellulose fractions; and the third group, comprising flupoxam, triazofenamide and dichlobenil, decreased the relative glucose incorporation into cellulose and increased it into a pectin rich fraction.
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Mélida H, Acebes JL, Encina A, Fry SC. Changes in cinnamic acid derivatives associated with the habituation of maize cells to dichlobenil. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:869-878. [PMID: 21571813 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The habituation of cell cultures to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors such as dichlobenil (DCB) represents a valuable tool to improve our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in plant cell wall structural plasticity. Maize cell lines habituated to lethal concentrations of DCB were able to grow through the acquisition of a modified cell wall in which cellulose was partially replaced by a more extensive network of arabinoxylans. The aim of this work was to investigate the phenolic metabolism of non-habituated and DCB-habituated maize cell cultures. Maize cell cultures were fed [(14)C]cinnamate and the fate of the radioactivity in different intra-protoplasmic and wall-localized fractions throughout the culture cycle was analyzed by autoradiography and scintillation counting. Non-habituated and habituated cultures did not markedly differ in their ability to uptake exogenous [(14)C]cinnamic acid. However, interesting differences were found in the radiolabeling of low- and high-M(r) metabolites. Habituated cultures displayed a higher number and amount of radiolabeled low-M(r) compounds, which could act as reserves later used for polysaccharide feruloylation. DCB-habituated cultures were highly enriched in esterified [(14)C]dehydrodiferulates and larger coupling products. In conclusion, an extensive and early cross-linking of hydroxycinnamates was observed in DCB-habituated cultures, probably strengthening their cellulose-deficient walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mélida
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de CC Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain.
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Mélida H, Caparrós-Ruiz D, Álvarez J, Acebes JL, Encina A. Deepening into the proteome of maize cells habituated to the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor dichlobenil. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:143-6. [PMID: 21248490 PMCID: PMC3122029 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.1.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, such as dichlobenil (DCB), have become a valuable tool for the analysis of structural and compositional plasticity of plant cell walls. By stepwise increasing the concentration of DCB in the culture medium, we obtained maize cells able to cope with DCB through the acquisition of a modified cell wall in which cellulose was partially replaced by a more extensive network of feruloylated arabinoxylans. Recently we demonstrated that the expression of several Cellulose Synthase and phenylpropanoid-related genes is altered in DCB-habituated cells. In addition, by using a proteomic approach we identified several proteins induced or repressed in DCB-habituated cells. After a more in-depth analysis, some new proteins induced (two inhibitors TAXI-IV, an α-1,4-glucan-protein synthase, and a pectinesterase inhibitor) or repressed (a chaperonin 60, a fructokinase-1 and a spermidine synthase 1) were identified, and their possible role in the context of DCB-habituation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mélida
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal; Facultad de CC. Biológicas y Ambientales; Universidad de León, Spain
| | - David Caparrós-Ruiz
- Centre de Recerca en AgriGenòmica (CRAG, Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB); Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Álvarez
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal; Facultad de CC. Biológicas y Ambientales; Universidad de León, Spain
| | - José Luis Acebes
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal; Facultad de CC. Biológicas y Ambientales; Universidad de León, Spain
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal; Facultad de CC. Biológicas y Ambientales; Universidad de León, Spain
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