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Pedreira JGB, Franco LS, Barreiro EJ. Chemical Intuition in Drug Design and Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1679-1693. [PMID: 31258088 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190620144142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The medicinal chemist plays the most important role in drug design, discovery and development. The primary goal is to discover leads and optimize them to develop clinically useful drug candidates. This process requires the medicinal chemist to deal with large sets of data containing chemical descriptors, pharmacological data, pharmacokinetics parameters, and in silico predictions. The modern medicinal chemist has a large number of tools and technologies to aid him in creating strategies and supporting decision-making. Alongside with these tools, human cognition, experience and creativity are fundamental to drug research and are important for the chemical intuition of medicinal chemists. Therefore, fine-tuning of data processing and in-house experience are essential to reach clinical trials. In this article, we will provide an expert opinion on how chemical intuition contributes to the discovery of drugs, discuss where it is involved in the modern drug discovery process, and demonstrate how multidisciplinary teams can create the optimal environment for drug design, discovery, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia G B Pedreira
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Sintese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Franco
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Sintese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, ICB-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliezer J Barreiro
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Sintese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, ICB-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pesquisas em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos (PPDF), ICB, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Abstract
The ProTide technology is a prodrug approach developed for the efficient intracellular delivery of nucleoside analogue monophosphates and monophosphonates. In this approach, the hydroxyls of the monophosphate or monophosphonate groups are masked by an aromatic group and an amino acid ester moiety, which are enzymatically cleaved-off inside cells to release the free nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate species. Structurally, this represents the current end-point of an extensive medicinal chemistry endeavor that spans almost three decades. It started from the masking of nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate groups by simple alkyl groups and evolved into the sophisticated ProTide system as known today. This technology has been extensively employed in drug discovery, and it has already led to the discovery of two FDA-approved (antiviral) ProTides. In this work, we will review the development of the ProTide technology, its application in drug discovery, and its role in the improvement of drug delivery and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Cardiff University , Redwood Building , Cardiff CF10 3NB , U.K
| | - Hardeep S Rattan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Rega Institute for Medical Research , Herestraat 49 , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
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3
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McGuigan C, Pathirana RN, Choi SSM, Kinchington D, O'Connor TJ. Phosphoramidate Derivatives of AZT as Inhibitors of HIV: Studies on the Carboxyl Terminus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029300400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphoramidate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials carry carboxy-protected, amino acids, and are designed to act as membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced, selective antiviral activity. In particular, variation in the carboxy terminus region is studied. For alkyl phosphates small changes in the structure of the amino ester lead to marked changes in biological activity. However, for analogous aryl phosphates there is little dependence on the structure of the ester. This suggests a different mechanism of action for these two categories of phosphate prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO9 5NH, UK
| | - R. N. Pathirana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO9 5NH, UK
| | - S. S.-M. Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO9 5NH, UK
| | - D. Kinchington
- St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - T. J. O'Connor
- St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
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McGuigan C, Nicholls SR, O'Connor TJ, Kinchington D. Synthesis of Some Novel Dialkyl Phosphate Derivatives of 3′-Modified Nucleosides as Potential Anti-AIDS Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029000100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of thymidine with diethyl, dipropyl, and dibutyl phosphorochloridates yields novel 5′-(dialkyl phosphates), characterized by spectroscopic and analytical data. These are readily mesylated at the 3′-position. Similar reaction of 3′- O-acetyl and 3′- O-ethyl thymidine with dialkyl phosphorochloridates gives an analogous series of compounds. Lastly, reaction of the anti-AIDS drug AZT with these phosphorylating agents gives the corresponding 3′-azido products. It was hoped that these might act as membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the bio-active free nucleotides of AZT and that the alternative 3′-substituents might also confer similar activity. In fact, none of the compounds studied displayed any anti-HIV activity in vitro. This is attributed to the metabolic stability of the trialkyl phosphate moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - S. R. Nicholls
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - T. J. O'Connor
- Division of Virology, Department of Medical, Microbiology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - D. Kinchington
- Division of Virology, Department of Medical, Microbiology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
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5
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Haloalkyl Phosphate Derivatives of AZT as Inhibitors of HIV: Studies in the Phosphate Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel haloalkyl phosphate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT were prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials were designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral action, which varied greatly with the structure of the phosphate moiety. By comparison to simple dialkyl phosphates, which are inactive against HIV-1, the introduction of halogen atoms into the alkyl (phosphate) chains led to anti-HIV activity. Although halogen substitution in just one alkyl chain was sufficient for biological activity, substitution in the second alkyl chain further enhanced activity. Conversely, stabilization of the second chain, by conversion to a phosphonate, led to a reduction in activity. In one case, the diastereo-isomers resulting from mixed stereochemistry at the phosphate centre were separated, and found to differ in activity by one order of magnitude. Lastly, the bis(mono- and di-chloroethyl) phosphates were prepared and found to display moderate anti-HIV activity.
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McGuigan C, Bellevergue P, Jones BCNM, Mahmood N, Hay AJ, Petrik J, Karpas A. Alkyl Hydrogen Phosphonate Derivatives of the anti-HIV Agent AZT may be Less Toxic than the Parent Nucleoside Analogue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel alkyl hydrogen phosphonate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridite chemistry. These materials are designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bioactive free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation has revealed the compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral action. Short-chain (C1-C7) alkyl derivatives are more potent than the parent hydrogen phosphonate, whilst one long-chain (C18) compound is less active. In an assay that demonstrates the toxicity of the parent drug AZT, the alkyl H-phosphonates appear to be less cytotoxic, whilst retaining full antiviral activity. Lastly, the compounds are all poorly active in a cell line (JM) that is poorly responsive to AZT, indicating that they act as depot forms of the nucleoside rather than of the free nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - P. Bellevergue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - B. C. N. M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - N. Mahmood
- Medical Research Council Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - A. J. Hay
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - J. Petrik
- Department of Haematology, Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL, UK
| | - A. Karpas
- Department of Haematology, Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL, UK
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Jones BCNM, McGuigan C, O'Connor TJ, Jeffries DJ, Kinchington D. Synthesis and anti-HIV Activity of Some Novel Phosphorodiamidate Derivatives of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029100200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) with phosphoryl chloride followed by amino acid methyl esters gave novel diamidate derivatives of AZT 5′-monophosphate (AZTMP). It was hoped that the 5′-phosphorodiamidates might act as membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active free nucleotides of AZT. Five different amino acids were employed, covering a range of structures and polarities. The reaction was also conducted with propylamine, and with diethylamine. The derivatives were tested for their inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proliferation in a human lymphoblastoid cell line. The amino acid derivatives were potent inhibitors of viral proliferation, small changes in structure leading to marked changes in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. C. N. M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - C. McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - T. J. O'Connor
- Division of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - D. J. Jeffries
- Division of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - D. Kinchington
- Division of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
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McGuigan C, O'Connor TJ, Nicholls SR, Nickson C, Kinchington D. Synthesis and anti-HIV Activity of Some Novel Substituted Dialkyl Phosphate Derivatives of AZT and ddCyd. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029000100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of thymidine, AZT (Fig. 1, compound 1) and ddCyd (Fig. 1, compound 2) with bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) phosphorochloridate gave novel 5′-bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) phosphates, characterized by spectroscopic and analytical data. Analogous reactions with bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphorochloridate gave the corresponding AZT and ddCyd derivatives. In both of the ddCyd reactions, by-products were isolated and characterized as O5′, W4-diphosphorylated materials. It was hoped that the 5′-phosphate triesters might act as membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the bio-active free nucleotides of AZT or ddCyd. In fact, all of the 5′-phosphate derivatives of AZT and ddCyd displayed anti-HIV activity in vitro. Surprisingly, the thymidine compound also displayed very slight anti-HIV activity. The striking activity of the AZT and ddCyd derivatives is attributed to the metabolic instability of the substituted trialkyl phosphate moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, UK
| | - T. J. O'Connor
- Department of Virology, Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - S. R. Nicholls
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, UK
| | - C. Nickson
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, UK
| | - D. Kinchington
- Department of Virology, Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
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9
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McGuigan C, Devine KG, O'Connor TJ, Galpin SA, Jeffries DJ, Kinchington D. Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Novel Phosphoramidate Derivatives of 3′-Azido-3′-Deoxythymidine (AZT) as Anti-HIV Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029000100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of monophosphate triester derivatives of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), designed as membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the nucleotide (AZTMP), have been tested for activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). It has been found that when carboxyl-protected, amino-linked amino acids, and alkyl chains, are asymmetrically substituted on the 5′-phosphate a significant antiviral effect is observed. Moreover, the activity of the compounds is profoundly dependent on the structure of the phosphate moiety, and in particular on the nature of the amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. J. O'Connor
- Division of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - S. A. Galpin
- Division of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - D. J. Jeffries
- Division of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - D. Kinchington
- Division of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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11
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Michielssens S, Maiti M, Maiti M, Dyubankova N, Herdewijn P, Ceulemans A. Reactivity of amino acid nucleoside phosphoramidates: a mechanistic quantum chemical study. J Phys Chem A 2011; 116:644-52. [PMID: 22074558 DOI: 10.1021/jp208795f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental evidence (Maiti et al. Chem.-Eur. J., submitted) indicates that hydrolysis of nucleoside phosphoramidates is subjected to anchimeric influence by carboxyl moieties in the leaving group but also by the base in the nucleotide. A quantum chemical analysis of these findings is presented. First the intrinsic hydrolysis mechanism is investigated for simplified model compounds, and then both amino acid and nucleoside substituents are included. It is found that hydrolysis is assisted by the α-carboxyl group via formation of a five-membered intermediate and that the barrier for the reaction of this intermediate toward the product state can be influenced by the nucleobase. The adenine base protonated on N3 interacts with the transition state and considerably lowers the barrier for hydrolysis. The influence of several base modifications is explained by calculating the pK(a) for protonation on N3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servaas Michielssens
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry-Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Ray AS, Hostetler KY. Application of kinase bypass strategies to nucleoside antivirals. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:277-91. [PMID: 21878354 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have served as the cornerstones of antiviral therapy for many viruses. However, the requirement for intracellular activation and side-effects caused by distribution to off-target sites of toxicity still limit the efficacy of the current generation of drugs. Kinase bypass strategies, where phosphorylated nucleosides are delivered directly into cells, thereby, removing the requirement for enzyme catalyzed phosphorylation steps, have already changed the face of antiviral therapy in the form of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, cidofovir, adefovir (given orally as its dipivoxil prodrug) and tenofovir (given orally as its disoproxil prodrug), currently used clinically. These strategies hold further promise to advance the field of antiviral therapy with at least 10 kinase bypass and tissue targeted prodrugs, representing seven distinct prodrug classes, currently in clinical trials. This article reviews the history of kinase bypass strategies applied to nucleoside antivirals and the evolution of different tissue targeted prodrug strategies, highlighting clinically relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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14
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Tamara Molina A, Alcolea Palafox M. Structure and conformational analysis of the anti-HIV AZT 5′-aminocarbonylphosphonate prodrug using DFT methods. Chem Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Mehellou Y, Balzarini J, McGuigan C. Aryloxy phosphoramidate triesters: a technology for delivering monophosphorylated nucleosides and sugars into cells. ChemMedChem 2010; 4:1779-91. [PMID: 19760699 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prodrug technologies aimed at delivering nucleoside monophosphates into cells (protides) have proved to be effective in improving the therapeutic potential of antiviral and anticancer nucleosides. In these cases, the nucleoside monophosphates are delivered into the cell, where they may then be further converted (phosphorylated) to their active species. Herein, we describe one of these technologies developed in our laboratories, known as the phosphoramidate protide method. In this approach, the charges of the phosphate group are fully masked to provide efficient passive cell-membrane penetration. Upon entering the cell, the masking groups are enzymatically cleaved to release the phosphorylated biomolecule. The application of this technology to various therapeutic nucleosides has resulted in improved antiviral and anticancer activities, and in some cases it has transformed inactive nucleosides to active ones. Additionally, the phosphoramidate technology has also been applied to numerous antiviral nucleoside phosphonates, and has resulted in at least three phosphoramidate-based nucleotides progressing to clinical investigations. Furthermore, the phosphoramidate technology has been recently applied to sugars (mainly glucosamine) in order to improve their therapeutic potential. The development of the phosphoramidate technology, mechanism of action and the application of the technology to various monophosphorylated nucleosides and sugars will be reviewed.
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McGuigan C, Kelleher MR, Perrone P, Mulready S, Luoni G, Daverio F, Rajyaguru S, Pogam SL, Najera I, Martin JA, Klumpp K, Smith DB. The application of phosphoramidate ProTide technology to the potent anti-HCV compound 4′-azidocytidine (R1479). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4250-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Romanowska J, Szymańska-Michalak A, Boryski J, Stawiński J, Kraszewski A, Loddo R, Sanna G, Collu G, Secci B, La Colla P. Aryl nucleoside H-phosphonates. Part 16: synthesis and anti-HIV-1 activity of di-aryl nucleoside phosphotriesters. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3489-98. [PMID: 19282192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Di-aryl nucleoside phosphotriesters have been explored as a new type of pronucleotides for the purpose of anti-HIV-1 therapy and efficient synthetic protocols, based on H-phosphonate chemistry, have been developed for the preparation of this class of compounds. It was found that anti-HIV-1 activity of the phosphotriesters bearing an antiviral nucleoside moiety (AZT, ddA) and also ddU was due, at least partially, to intracellular conversion into the corresponding nucleoside 5'-monophosphates, and their efficiency correlated well with the pK(a) values of the aryloxy groups present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Romanowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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18
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Kawakami J, Tsujita K, Sugimoto N. Thermodynamic Analysis of Duplex Formation of the Heterochiral DNA with L-Deoxyadenosine. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:77-82. [PMID: 15732462 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An L-DNA, the mirror-image isomer of natural DNA, has extraordinary nuclease resistance, and thus the molecules should be promising reagents for many applications, such as antisense technology. However, little is known about the structural and thermodynamic properties of DNAs with this modified nucleotide. In this study, we prepared the L-nucleotide (L-dA) and introduced it into oligodeoxyribonucleotides to assess the ability of the L-nucleotide as a functional molecule for many applications based on the DNA hybridization. Two decamers with an L-dA at the center were synthesized and duplexes with the complementary DNA strand were applied to structural and thermodynamic analyses. The structural study by CD spectra showed that the structures of both modified "L/D-D" duplexes were the typical B-form. This result suggests that the global structure of DNA was not collapsed by the introduction of an L-DNA. Thermodynamic parameters (deltaH degrees, deltaS degrees, and deltaG degrees 37) of the duplex formation, determined by UV melting experiments, indicated that the both duplexes were destabilized at about 2.5 to 3.0 kcal mol(-1) by the introduced L-dA, mainly due to an unfavorable enthalpic effect. In conjunction with information by other researchers, these results suggest that the L-DNA affect on the duplex structure and the stability vary locally; thus, the thermodynamic stability of modified L/D-D duplexes should be predictable by the nearest-neighbor thermodynamic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Kawakami
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
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19
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Calvo KC, Wang X, Koser GF. Bis-ketol nucleoside triesters as prodrugs of the antiviral nucleoside triphosphate analogues of 3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2004; 23:637-46. [PMID: 15113029 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120030723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of 3'-deoxythymidine (ddT) and 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine (d4T) were prepared in which the 5'-hydroxyl group of the nucleoside was esterified to a bis-ketol phosphate. The resulting phosphate triesters are postulated to be prodrugs of the corresponding 5'-mononucleotides, which are formed intracellularly by the hydrolysis of the two ketol ester groups. The triesters were tested for anti-HIV activity with the result that those derived from ddT showed enhanced antiviral activity when compared to the parent nucleoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim C Calvo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, USA.
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Riley PA. Du temps perdu a la recherche. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 2002; 15:135-54. [PMID: 11936272 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.1r086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An attempt has been made to justify an academic career by outlining the approximate history of the development of ideas and tracing their origins and arborization. Because there are multifarious influences and formative factors involved in their genesis it has proved almost impossible to acknowledge all the important contributors to the patchwork of investigations that are summarized. However, whilst the review is incomplete and necessarily brief, it is hoped that a glimpse of some twentieth century preoccupations with biological science is afforded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Riley
- Gray Cancer Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, UK.
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Abstract
To overcome the many hurdles preventing the use of antiviral and anticancer nucleosides as therapeutics, the development of a prodrug methodology (i.e., pronucleotide) for the in vivo delivery of nucleotides has been proposed as a solution. The ideal pronucleotide should be non-toxic, stable in plasma and blood, capable of being i. v. and/or orally dosed, and intracellularly convertible to the corresponding nucleotide. Although this goal has yet to be achieved, many clever and imaginative pronucleotide approaches have been developed, which are likely to be important pharmacological tools. This review will discuss the major advances and future directions of the emerging field of antiviral and anticancer pronucleotide design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Freeman S, Ross KC. 3 Prodrug Design for Phosphates and Phosphonates. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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McGuigan C, Wedgwood OM, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Phosphoramidate derivatives of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine [d4A] have markedly improved anti-HIV potency and selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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McGuigan C, Cahard D, Sheeka HM, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Phosphoramidate derivatives of d4T with improved anti-HIV efficacy retain full activity in thymidine kinase-deficient cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Meier C, Habel LW, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Lipophilic α-hydroxybenzylphosphonates as prodrugs of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.1995199512305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Nucleotides have shown interesting biological activities in a wide variety of antiviral, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory and other biological assays, and they present promising drug candidates. Because of their negative charge(s) nucleotides suffer from some disadvantages which can be successfully overcome by the utilization of nucleotide prodrugs. Nucleotide prodrugs were successfully used to increase oral absorption of nucleotides in vivo. By taking advantage of intracellular triggers (reducing potential, enzyme activity, pH), nucleotide prodrugs can be used in vitro for the intracellular delivery of the nucleotide resulting in enhanced potency and in some cases enhanced selectivity. Nucleotide prodrugs have also been utilized for tissue specific delivery of the nucleotides in vivo resulting in altered selectivity and reduced toxicity. For nucleotide prodrugs, their ultimate intended use is (in most cases) in vivo for the treatment of a disease. Thus, it is important to incorporate adequate assays and design criteria into any prodrug effort. In vivo systems are complicated because of metabolism, excretion and tissue distribution of the prodrug and the parent. Thus, results of in vitro assays have to be interpreted cautiously because they may be unsuitable predictors of the in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Jones
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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Unsaturated ketonucleotides: synthesis of α and β anomers of 1-(2,3-dideoxy-6-O- diethoxyphosphoryl-d- glycerohex-2-enopyranosyl-4-ulose)thymine. Carbohydr Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Balagopala MI, Ollapally AP, Lee HJ. Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Alkyl Steroidal 3′-Azido-3′-deoxythymidin-5′-yl Phosphotriesters as Prodrugs of AZT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779408010667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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McGuigan C, Pathirana RN, Davies MP, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Diaryl phosphate derivatives act as pro-drugs of AZT with reduced cytotoxicity compared to the parent nucleoside. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(94)80009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McGuigan C, Sheeka HM, Mahmood N, Hay A. Phosphate derivatives of d4T as inhibitors of HIV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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McGuigan C, Nickson C, Petrik J, Karpas A. Phosphate derivatives of AZT display enhanced selectivity of action against HIV 1 by comparison to the parent nucleoside. FEBS Lett 1992; 310:171-4. [PMID: 1397268 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81322-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. In particular, phosphates carrying ester-containing side-chains are described. These materials are designed to act as membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced, selective antiviral activity. In several cases the phosphate derivatives are more selective in their action than the parent nucleoside AZT. In particular, this arises from the low toxicity of the phosphate pro-drugs by comparison to AZT. These data support the suggestion that the phosphate derivatives exert their biological effects via intracellular release of the nucleotide forms, and suggests that such pro-drug forms may be worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
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McGuigan C, Pathirana RN, Mahmood N, Hay AJ. Aryl phosphate derivates of AZT inhibit HIV replication in cells where the nucleoside is poorly active. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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McGuigan C, Pathirana RN, Mahmood N, Devine KG, Hay AJ. Aryl phosphate derivatives of AZT retain activity against HIV1 in cell lines which are resistant to the action of AZT. Antiviral Res 1992; 17:311-21. [PMID: 1642482 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(92)90026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel aryl phosphate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials are designed to act as membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced, selective antiviral activity, which, in one case, was more potent than the parent nucleoside AZT. The magnitude of the biological effect varied considerably with the nature of the phosphate-blocking group. Moreover, one of the compounds, a phosphoramidate, is particularly active in a cell line restrictive to the activity of AZT, due to poor phosphorylation therein. These data support the suggestion that the phosphate derivatives exert their biological effects via intracellular release of the nucleotide forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, U.K
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McGuigan C, Nickson C, O'Connor TJ, Kinchington D. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of some novel lactyl and glycolyl phosphate derivatives. Antiviral Res 1992; 17:197-212. [PMID: 1567187 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(92)90041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphate triester derivatives of 3'-acetylthymidine, and of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials are designed to act as membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In particular, novel glycolate and lactate phosphate derivatives have been prepared. In vitro evaluation revealed the AZT compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral effect, the magnitude of which varied considerably with the nature of the phosphate blocking group.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, U.K
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McGuigan C, Devine KG, O'Connor TJ, Kinchington D. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of some haloalkyl phosphoramidate derivatives of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT): potent activity of the trichloroethyl methoxyalaninyl compound. Antiviral Res 1991; 15:255-63. [PMID: 1888176 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(91)90071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate triester derivatives of AZT have been prepared as membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the bio-active nucleotides, and have been evaluated against HIV-1 in vitro. In particular, the phosphorus centre carries a trichloro- or trifluoroethyl group and a carboxyl-protected, amino-linked amino acid. The compounds are prepared using phosphorochloridate chemistry, and are characterized by a range of techniques. They display potent anti-HIV activity and low host toxicity, but surprisingly this activity does not increase on the introduction of the haloalkyl moiety. The trichloroethyl methoxyalaninyl compound is exceptional: here the activity is enhanced 50-fold by the introduction of the trichloroethyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, U.K
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McGuigan C, Jones BN, Riley PA. Trans-esterification reactions yield novel masked phosphate derivatives of the anti-cancer agent araC. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)81161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Attempts to introduce chemotherapeutic nucleotides into cells: studies on the anti-HIV agent FDT. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)81057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Curley D, McGuigan C, Devine KG, O'Connor TJ, Jeffries DJ, Kinchington D. Synthesis and anti-HIV evaluation of some phosphoramidate derivatives of AZT: studies on the effect of chain elongation on biological activity. Antiviral Res 1990; 14:345-56. [PMID: 2088210 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(90)90053-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphoramidate derivatives of the anti-HIV drug AZT has been prepared as membrane soluble pro-drugs of the bio-active nucleotide forms and evaluated in vitro against HIV-1. Terminal substituted alkyl amines have a pronounced anti-HIV effect: this effect declines upon increasing the length of the methylene spacer. The results are consistent with a mechanism of action involving intracellular cleavage of the phosphoramidate bond, and release of the nucleotide, or a derivative thereof. Full spectroscopic data are included on the products and their phosphorochloridate precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Curley
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, U.K
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McGuigan C, Shackleton JM, Tollerfield SM, Riley PA. Synthesis and evaluation of some novel phosphate and phosphinate derivatives of araA. Studies on the mechanism of action of phosphate triesters. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:10171-7. [PMID: 2602149 PMCID: PMC335291 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.24.10171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of novel phosphinate and phosphate triester derivatives of the anti-viral nucleoside analogue araA have been prepared. Spectroscopic and analytical data have been collected on both the reagents and the nucleotides. An in vitro assay indicated inhibition of DNA synthesis by mammalian cells, by each of the nucleotide derivatives, in the range 3-30 microM. Inhibition was reduced, but not abolished, for the phosphinates relative to the phosphates. These results are consistent with a mode of action involving release of the free nucleoside araA and the nucleotide araAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, UK
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