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Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, Ceyca-Contreras JP, Gómez-Ruiz EP, Rios E, García-Vielma C, García-Salas JA. DNA Damage in Bat Blood Leukocytes Using a Chromatin Dispersion Test (CDT): Biomarker of Environmental Genotoxicity. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:59. [PMID: 38602569 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants produce adverse effects on organisms and ecosystems. Biomonitoring and biomarkers offer a reasonable approach to make these assessments. Induced genetic changes can be using as a biomarker in organisms that react to a given compound in the ecosystem. Monitoring environmental genotoxicity necessitates the choice of model animals known as "sentinels or biological monitors" and the suitability of validated tests for DNA damage evaluation. We aimed to estimate the DNA damage produced by thermal stress in the leukocytes of the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). The DNA damage in bat leukocytes exposed to different temperatures (35 °C, 45 °C, and 55 °C) was evaluated by the adapted chromatin dispersion test (CDT) and the results were confirmed by the alkaline comet test. The CDT permitted a clear representation of leukocytes with fragmented DNA and of nonfragmented DNA. In addition, we detected nuclear anomalies in relation to cell death cellular swelling, nuclear fragmentation, and chromatin lysis. The alkaline comet assay revealed that the halos of diffuse chromatin include fragmented DNA. The assay of the method employing the CDT is well established, precise, and cost-effective for the routine quantitative analysis of DNA damage on the effect of the leukocytes of bats exposed to thermal stress. This could also apply as a sensitive screening tool for the evaluation of genotoxicity in environmental protection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elva I Cortés-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66450, México.
| | - Juan P Ceyca-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66450, México.
| | - Emma P Gómez-Ruiz
- Parque Ecológico Chipinque, A.B.P., San Pedro Garza García, NL, México
| | - Evelyn Rios
- Laboratorio de Mastozoología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México
| | - Catalina García-Vielma
- Department of Genetics, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Monterrey, México
| | - Juan A García-Salas
- Laboratorio de Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66450, México
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Zhu L, Li Y, Qiu L, Chen X, Guo B, Li H, Qi P. Screening of genes encoding proteins that interact with Nrf2: Probing a cDNA library from Mytilus coruscus using a yeast two-hybrid system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109112. [PMID: 37751644 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The Nuclear factor Erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is the most important endogenous antioxidant factor in organisms, and it has been demonstrated that it exerts extensive control over the immune response by interacting with crucial innate immunity components directly or indirectly. Although Nrf2 has been widely confirmed to be involved in stress resistance in mammals and some fish, its contribution to mollusks oxidative stress resistance has not frequently been documented. In this investigation, total RNA was taken from the digestive gland of M. coruscus, and a cDNA library was constructed and screened using the GATEWAY recombination technology. The Nrf2 cDNA sequence of M. coruscus was cloned into the pGBKT7 vector to prepare the bait plasmid. Using yeast two-hybrid system, after auxotrophic medium screening, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis, 13 binding proteins that interacted with Nrf2 were finally identified. They were QM-like protein, 40S ribosomal protein S4 (RPS4), ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2), ribosomal protein L12 (RPL12), EF1-alpha mRNA for elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1-alpha), ferritin, alpha-amylase, trypsin, vdg3, period clock protein, cyclophilin A isoform 1 (CYP A), serine protease CFSP2, histone variant H2A.Z (H2A.Z). For a better understanding the physiological function of Nrf2 in animals and as a potential target for future research on protein roles in Nrf2 interactions, it is crucial to clarify these protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316004, China
| | - Yaru Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316004, China
| | - Longmei Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316004, China
| | - Xinglu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316004, China
| | - Baoying Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316004, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316004, China; Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316021, China.
| | - Pengzhi Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316004, China; Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316021, China.
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Louzon M, de Vaufleury A, Capelli N. Ecogenotoxicity assessment with land snails: A mini-review. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 792:108472. [PMID: 37690511 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the increasing environmental and sanitary crisis, it is accepted that soil pollution can cause health alterations and disturb natural population dynamics. Consequently, the assessment of the genotoxic potential of compounds found in contaminated soils is important. Indeed, the alteration of genomic integrity may increase the risk of cancer development and may impair reproduction and long-term population dynamics. Among the methodologies to assess terrestrial genotoxic potential, there has been growing interest during the last decade in monitoring alterations of the genome in bioindicators of soil quality. As some land snail species are recognized bioindicators of soil quality, especially to assess the environmental and toxicological bioavailability of compounds, this review focuses on current knowledge regarding the genotoxicology of land snails. Classical biomarkers to assess genotoxic effects have been used (e.g., DNA breakage, micronuclei, random amplification polymorphic DNA) at various stages of the life cycle, including embryos. The studies were performed in vitro, in vivo, in situ and ex situ and covered a diverse set of contaminants (nanoparticles, metal(loid)s, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and snail species (Cantareus aspersus, Eobania vermiculata, Theba pisana, Helix lucorum). Based on recent studies reviewed here, the use of land snails to map soil genotoxic potential is promising due to their ability to reveal pollution and subsequent environmental risks. Moreover, the position of snails in the trophic chain and the existing bridges between contaminant bioavailability to snails and bioaccessibility to humans reinforce the value of land snail-based ecotoxicological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Louzon
- Ecosystem department, ENVISOL, 2 rue Hector Berlioz, 38110 La Tour du Pin, France
| | - Annette de Vaufleury
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Capelli
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
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Zika Virus Induces Mitotic Catastrophe in Human Neural Progenitors by Triggering Unscheduled Mitotic Entry in the Presence of DNA Damage While Functionally Depleting Nuclear PNKP. J Virol 2022; 96:e0033322. [PMID: 35412344 PMCID: PMC9093132 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00333-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) leads with high frequency to congenital ZIKV syndrome (CZS), whose worst outcome is microcephaly. However, the mechanisms of congenital ZIKV neurodevelopmental pathologies, including direct cytotoxicity to neural progenitor cells (NPC), placental insufficiency, and immune responses, remain incompletely understood. At the cellular level, microcephaly typically results from death or insufficient proliferation of NPC or cortical neurons. NPC replicate fast, requiring efficient DNA damage responses to ensure genome stability. Like congenital ZIKV infection, mutations in the polynucleotide 5′-kinase 3′-phosphatase (PNKP) gene, which encodes a critical DNA damage repair enzyme, result in recessive syndromes often characterized by congenital microcephaly with seizures (MCSZ). We thus tested whether there were any links between ZIKV and PNKP. Here, we show that two PNKP phosphatase inhibitors or PNKP knockout inhibited ZIKV replication. PNKP relocalized from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in infected cells, colocalizing with the marker of ZIKV replication factories (RF) NS1 and resulting in functional nuclear PNKP depletion. Although infected NPC accumulated DNA damage, they failed to activate the DNA damage checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2. ZIKV also induced activation of cytoplasmic CycA/CDK1 complexes, which trigger unscheduled mitotic entry. Inhibition of CDK1 activity inhibited ZIKV replication and the formation of RF, supporting a role of cytoplasmic CycA/CDK1 in RF morphogenesis. In brief, ZIKV infection induces mitotic catastrophe resulting from unscheduled mitotic entry in the presence of DNA damage. PNKP and CycA/CDK1 are thus host factors participating in ZIKV replication in NPC, and pathogenesis to neural progenitor cells. IMPORTANCE The 2015–2017 Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in Brazil and subsequent international epidemic revealed the strong association between ZIKV infection and congenital malformations, mostly neurodevelopmental defects up to microcephaly. The scale and global expansion of the epidemic, the new ZIKV outbreaks (Kerala state, India, 2021), and the potential burden of future ones pose a serious ongoing risk. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms resulting in microcephaly remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that ZIKV infection of neuronal progenitor cells results in cytoplasmic sequestration of an essential DNA repair protein itself associated with microcephaly, with the consequent accumulation of DNA damage, together with an unscheduled activation of cytoplasmic CDK1/Cyclin A complexes in the presence of DNA damage. These alterations result in mitotic catastrophe of neuronal progenitors, which would lead to a depletion of cortical neurons during development.
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Repolês BM, Gorospe CM, Tran P, Nilsson AK, Wanrooij PH. The integrity and assay performance of tissue mitochondrial DNA is considerably affected by choice of isolation method. Mitochondrion 2021; 61:179-187. [PMID: 34728429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from solid tissues is critical for analyses such as long-range PCR, but is typically assessed under conditions that fail to provide information on the individual mtDNA strands. Using denaturing gel electrophoresis, we show that commonly-used isolation procedures generate mtDNA containing several single-strand breaks per strand. Through systematic comparison of DNA isolation methods, we identify a procedure yielding the highest integrity of mtDNA that we demonstrate displays improved performance in downstream assays. Our results highlight the importance of isolation method choice, and serve as a resource to researchers requiring high-quality mtDNA from solid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Marçal Repolês
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Choco Michael Gorospe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Phong Tran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Karin Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paulina H Wanrooij
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 2 (APE2): An ancillary enzyme for contextual base excision repair mechanisms to preserve genome stability. Biochimie 2021; 190:70-90. [PMID: 34302888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The genome of living organisms frequently undergoes various types of modifications which are recognized and repaired by the relevant repair mechanisms. These repair pathways are increasingly being deciphered to understand the mechanisms. Base excision repair (BER) is indispensable to maintain genome stability. One of the enigmatic repair proteins of BER, Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 2 (APE2), like APE1, is truly multifunctional and demonstrates the independent and non-redundant function in maintaining the genome integrity. APE2 is involved in ATR-Chk1 mediated DNA damage response. It also resolves topoisomerase1 mediated cleavage complex intermediate which is formed while repairing misincorporated ribonucleotides in the absence of functional RNase H2 mediated excision repair pathway. BER participates in the demethylation pathway and the role of Arabidopsis thaliana APE2 is demonstrated in this process. Moreover, APE2 is synthetically lethal to BRCA1, BRCA2, and RNase H2, and its homolog, APE1 fails to complement the function. Hence, the role of APE2 is not just an alternate to the repair mechanisms but has implications in diverse functional pathways related to the maintenance of genome integrity. This review analyses genomic features of APE2 and delineates its enzyme function as error-prone as well as efficient and accurate repair protein based on the studies on mammalian or its homolog proteins from model systems such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Trypanosoma curzi, Xenopus laevis, Danio rerio, Mus musculus, and Homo sapiens.
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García-Giménez JL, Garcés C, Romá-Mateo C, Pallardó FV. Oxidative stress-mediated alterations in histone post-translational modifications. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:6-18. [PMID: 33689846 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression provides a finely tuned response capacity for cells when undergoing environmental changes. However, in the context of human physiology or disease, any cellular imbalance that modulates homeostasis has the potential to trigger molecular changes that result either in physiological adaptation to a new situation or pathological conditions. These effects are partly due to alterations in the functionality of epigenetic regulators, which cause long-term and often heritable changes in cell lineages. As such, free radicals resulting from unbalanced/extended oxidative stress have been proved to act as modulators of epigenetic agents, resulting in alterations of the epigenetic landscape. In the present review we will focus on the particular effect that oxidative stress and free radicals produce in histone post-translational modifications that contribute to altering the histone code and, consequently, gene expression. The pathological consequences of the changes in this epigenetic layer of regulation of gene expression are thoroughly evidenced by data gathered in many physiological adaptive processes and in human diseases that range from age-related neurodegenerative pathologies to cancer, and that include respiratory syndromes, infertility, and systemic inflammatory conditions like sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis García-Giménez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Concepción Garcés
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
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Ceyca-Contreras JP, Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, García-Salas JA, Dávila-Rodríguez MI, García-Hernández J. Evaluation of the genotoxic effect of heavy metals in pigeons from urban and rural habitat in Monterrey, Mexico, using the chromatin dispersion assay. Biomarkers 2020; 25:670-676. [PMID: 32969739 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1825811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate genotoxic effect of heavy metals on Pigeon Erythrocytes (PE) from urban and rural habitat (outside of the city) in Monterrey, Mexico, using the chromatin dispersion assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS We quantified metals concentrations (Cd, Hg, Cu and Pb) in tail feathers of 22 pigeons from an urban and a rural site in northeastern Mexico. DNA damage in peripheral blood erythrocytes was measured by chromatin dispersion assay in 13 pigeon living in urban habitat and in nine living in rural habitat as the control. MicroNucleus (MN) test was used to confirm levels of DNA damage. RESULTS Birds in urban habitat had highest concentrations in feathers for all the metallic elements analysed with respect to birds in rural habitat. Concentrations of Cu and Hg showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). Our results showed a significant increase of DNA damage in urban-habitat pigeons compared with that of pigeons in rural area. These results were confirmed by a MN test. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary findings demonstrate that PE examination via chromatin dispersion assay is a reliable, precise and inexpensive morphological bioassay for evaluating environmental genotoxicity associated with heavy metals. Further studies for evaluating the individual participation of contaminants in DNA damage are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Ceyca-Contreras
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Elva I Cortés-Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Juan A García-Salas
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
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Ihara M, Shichijo K, Takeshita S, Kudo T. Wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, induces accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:171-176. [PMID: 32052028 PMCID: PMC7246056 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wortmannin, a fungal metabolite, is a specific inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) family, which includes double-stranded DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM). We investigated the effects of wortmannin on DNA damage in DNA-PK-deficient cells obtained from severe combined immunodeficient mice (SCID cells). Survival of wortmannin-treated cells decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. After treatment with 50 μM wortmannin, survival decreased to 60% of that of untreated cells. We observed that treatment with 20 and 50 μM wortmannin induced DNA damage equivalent to that by 0.37 and 0.69 Gy, respectively, of γ-ray radiation. The accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in wortmannin-treated SCID cells was assessed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The maximal accumulation was observed 4 h after treatment. Moreover, the presence of DSBs was confirmed by the ability of nuclear extracts from γ-ray-irradiated SCID cells to produce in vitro phosphorylation of histone H2AX. These results suggest that wortmannin induces cellular toxicity by accumulation of spontaneous DSBs through inhibition of ATM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ihara
- Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kazuko Shichijo
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeshita
- Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Joint Research Office, Research Promotion Division, Office for Research Initiative and Development, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, García-Salas JA, Dávila-Rodríguez MI, Ceyca-Contreras JP, Cortez-Reyes M, Fernández JL, Gosálvez J. Detection of DNA damage in pigeon erythrocytes using a chromatin dispersion assay. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 30:228-235. [PMID: 31805813 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1701596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of environmental genotoxicity requires the selection of model organisms as 'sentinels' as well as the development of sensitive and reliable tests for the assessment of DNA damage. The aims of this study were to quantify genomic DNA strand breakage in the erythrocytes of Columba livia induced by thermal stress using the modified chromatin dispersion test and to validate the results by alkaline comet assay and DNA breakage detection-fluorescence in situ hybridization (DBD-FISH). The chromatin dispersion test allowed for clear visualization of erythrocyte cells with DNA damage and of cells with no DNA damage. DNA damage increased significantly with increase in temperature. Additionally, we observed nuclear abnormalities associated with apoptosis, such as karyorrhexis (nuclear disintegration) and karyolysis (nuclear dissolution). These results were validated by alkaline comet assay and DBD-FISH. In conclusion, this procedure is a reliable, precise, and inexpensive morphological bioassay for routine quantitative analysis of DNA breakage in pigeon erythrocytes induced by thermal stress. This method could also be useful as a practical screening tool for genotoxicity testing in environmental care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan A García-Salas
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | | | | | - Michel Cortez-Reyes
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - José L Fernández
- Genetics Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña-INIBIC, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Jaime Gosálvez
- Department of Biology, Genetic Unit, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Boukadida K, Cachot J, Morin B, Clerandeau C, Banni M. Moderate temperature elevation increase susceptibility of early-life stage of the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis to metal-induced genotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 663:351-360. [PMID: 30716625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the effects of copper and silver alone or along with a moderate temperature increase on embryonic development, DNA integrity and target gene expression levels in early life stages of Mytilus galloprovincialis. For this purpose, upon fertilized embryos were exposed to a sub-lethal concentration of Cu (9.54 μg/L), Ag (2.55 μg/L) and to the mixture of the two metals (Cu (6.67 μg/L) + Ag (1.47 μg/L)) along with a temperature gradient (18, 20 and 22 °C). In all experiments, larvae were exposed to stressors for 48 h except for those designed to DNA damage analysis exposed only for 24 h (before shell formation).Our results showed a significant increase in the percentage of malformed D-larvae (p < 0.05) with increasing temperature and exposure to silver and copper alone or in a mixture. Moreover, metal toxicity increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the temperature rise. Genotoxicity was evaluated using classic and modified with Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) Comet assay. Results suggest that co-exposure to metals and temperature significantly increased DNA damage on mussel larvae with a more accentuated oxidative damage. A significant transcription modulation was observed for genes involved in DNA repair and DNA replication (p53, DNA ligase II and topoisomerase II) when larvae are exposed to a single stressor. However, in the case of multiple stresses, caspase involved in the cell apoptosis pathway was overexpressed. Our study suggests that mussel larvae exposed to a moderate increase in temperature may have a compromised ability to defend against genotoxicity. This is particularly relevant in the context of global warming and thermal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Boukadida
- Laboratory of Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleoenvironments, University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, ISA, Chott-Mariem, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Laboratory of Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleoenvironments, University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Bénédicte Morin
- Laboratory of Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleoenvironments, University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Christelle Clerandeau
- Laboratory of Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleoenvironments, University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, ISA, Chott-Mariem, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia.
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Holland MM, Bonds RM, Holland CA, McElhoe JA. Recovery of mtDNA from unfired metallic ammunition components with an assessment of sequence profile quality and DNA damage through MPS analysis. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2018; 39:86-96. [PMID: 30611826 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of suitable amounts of quality DNA from copper and brass surfaces, like those encountered in ammunition, has been a challenge for the forensic community. The ability of copper ions to rapidly facilitate oxidative damage leading to fragmentation of DNA significantly reduces the pool of templates for PCR amplification. We compared two methods for recovering mitochondrial (mt) DNA from the surface of unfired copper projectiles, brass casings, and aluminum casings, and found that using a cotton swab moistened with 0.5M EDTA was the favored approach, especially when the metallic surface was etched. Degradation was significantly higher for DNA samples recovered from copper and brass surfaces, when compared to aluminum. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) of the control region, using the PowerSeq™ CRM Nested System kit and the Illumina MiSeq instrument, produced full haplotypes for aluminum samples regardless of the method used to deposit or collect DNA, while less than 60% of the copper and brass samples produced partial or full profile information. Touch DNA collected from copper and brass samples produced higher rates of partial or full MPS profile information (∼88-96%), while collection with 0.5M EDTA produced better results than when collection was performed with water; average of ∼70% versus ∼47%. While MPS data was not impacted by noise in the sequencing process, a higher than expected rate of noise was observed, potentially due to an increase in low-level damage lesions. Noise patterns were strikingly different when compared to control data, suggesting that noisy sites may be predictable when testing samples with high levels of oxidative damage. Library preparation was a poor predictor of MPS data quality, as a large percentage of reads did not align with the reference genome. This may impact the number of samples that can be run when a deep-coverage MPS approach is being considered for analysis of mtDNA heteroplasmy. Overall, when applying an MPS approach to the analysis of mtDNA recovered from ammunition, results are expected from touch DNA, will be limited for copper and brass components when the DNA is exposed to an aqueous environment, and DNA degradation will be accelerated when DNA comes in contact with copper or brass surfaces. Practitioners should consider collecting DNA from metallic surfaces with 0.5M EDTA, as this will maximize yield and mitigate degradation. The results of this study directly impact MPS analysis of minor mtDNA sequence variants from metallic surfaces, and are particularly relevant to forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell M Holland
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 014 Thomas Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Rachel M Bonds
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 014 Thomas Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Charity A Holland
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 014 Thomas Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Jennifer A McElhoe
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 014 Thomas Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
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13
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Klattenhoff AW, Thakur M, Chu CS, Ray D, Habib SL, Kidane D. Loss of NEIL3 DNA glycosylase markedly increases replication associated double strand breaks and enhances sensitivity to ATR inhibitor in glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112942-112958. [PMID: 29348879 PMCID: PMC5762564 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA endonuclease eight-like glycosylase 3 (NEIL3) is one of the DNA glycosylases that removes oxidized DNA base lesions from single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and non-B DNA structures. Approximately seven percent of human tumors have an altered NEIL3 gene. However, the role of NEIL3 in replication-associated repair and its impact on modulating treatment response is not known. Here, we report that NEIL3 is localized at the DNA double-strand break (DSB) sites during oxidative DNA damage and replication stress. Loss of NEIL3 significantly increased spontaneous replication-associated DSBs and recruitment of replication protein A (RPA). In contrast, we observed a marked decrease in Rad51 on nascent DNA strands at the replication fork, suggesting that HR-dependent repair is compromised in NEIL3-deficient cells. Interestingly, NEIL3-deficient cells were sensitive to ataxia–telangiectasia and Rad3 related protein (ATR) inhibitor alone or in combination with PARP1 inhibitor. This study elucidates the mechanism by which NEIL3 is critical to overcome oxidative and replication-associated genotoxic stress. Our findings may have important clinical implications to utilize ATR and PARP1 inhibitors to enhance cytotoxicity in tumors that carry altered levels of NEIL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W Klattenhoff
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Megha Thakur
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Christopher S Chu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Debolina Ray
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Samy L Habib
- South Texas Veterans Health System and Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Dawit Kidane
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Austin, TX, United States
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14
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Breslin C, Mani RS, Fanta M, Hoch N, Weinfeld M, Caldecott KW. The Rev1 interacting region (RIR) motif in the scaffold protein XRCC1 mediates a low-affinity interaction with polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (PNKP) during DNA single-strand break repair. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16024-16031. [PMID: 28821613 PMCID: PMC5625035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.806638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 (XRCC1) interacts with multiple enzymes involved in DNA base excision repair and single-strand break repair (SSBR) and is important for genetic integrity and normal neurological function. One of the most important interactions of XRCC1 is that with polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (PNKP), a dual-function DNA kinase/phosphatase that processes damaged DNA termini and that, if mutated, results in ataxia with oculomotor apraxia 4 (AOA4) and microcephaly with early-onset seizures and developmental delay (MCSZ). XRCC1 and PNKP interact via a high-affinity phosphorylation-dependent interaction site in XRCC1 and a forkhead-associated domain in PNKP. Here, we identified using biochemical and biophysical approaches a second PNKP interaction site in XRCC1 that binds PNKP with lower affinity and independently of XRCC1 phosphorylation. However, this interaction nevertheless stimulated PNKP activity and promoted SSBR and cell survival. The low-affinity interaction site required the highly conserved Rev1-interacting region (RIR) motif in XRCC1 and included three critical and evolutionarily invariant phenylalanine residues. We propose a bipartite interaction model in which the previously identified high-affinity interaction acts as a molecular tether, holding XRCC1 and PNKP together and thereby promoting the low-affinity interaction identified here, which then stimulates PNKP directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Breslin
- From the Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN19RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rajam S Mani
- the Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada, and
| | - Mesfin Fanta
- the Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada, and
| | - Nicolas Hoch
- From the Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN19RQ, United Kingdom.,the CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia/DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- the Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada, and
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- From the Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN19RQ, United Kingdom,
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15
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Vanitha P, Senthilkumar S, Dornadula S, Anandhakumar S, Rajaguru P, Ramkumar KM. Morin activates the Nrf2-ARE pathway and reduces oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in pancreatic beta cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 801:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Segerer G, Hadamek K, Zundler M, Fekete A, Seifried A, Mueller MJ, Koentgen F, Gessler M, Jeanclos E, Gohla A. An essential developmental function for murine phosphoglycolate phosphatase in safeguarding cell proliferation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35160. [PMID: 27731369 PMCID: PMC5059750 DOI: 10.1038/srep35160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) is thought to target phosphoglycolate, a 2-deoxyribose fragment derived from the repair of oxidative DNA lesions. However, the physiological role of this activity and the biological function of the DNA damage product phosphoglycolate is unknown. We now show that knockin replacement of murine Pgp with its phosphatase-inactive PgpD34N mutant is embryonically lethal due to intrauterine growth arrest and developmental delay in midgestation. PGP inactivation attenuated triosephosphate isomerase activity, increased triglyceride levels at the expense of the cellular phosphatidylcholine content, and inhibited cell proliferation. These effects were prevented under hypoxic conditions or by blocking phosphoglycolate release from damaged DNA. Thus, PGP is essential to sustain cell proliferation in the presence of oxygen. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism coupling a DNA damage repair product to the control of intermediary metabolism and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Segerer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hadamek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Zundler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Fekete
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annegrit Seifried
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Mueller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Koentgen
- Ozgene Pty Ltd, PO Box 1128, Bentley DC, WA 6983, Australia
| | - Manfred Gessler
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Jeanclos
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antje Gohla
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Genotoxic effect of ethacrynic acid and impact of antioxidants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 286:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Hoffman JD, Ward WM, Loo G. Effect of antioxidants on the genotoxicity of phenethyl isothiocyanate. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:421-30. [PMID: 25681790 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates are plant-derived compounds that may be beneficial in the prevention of certain chronic diseases. Yet, by stimulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), isothiocyanates can be genotoxic. Whether antioxidants influence isothiocyanate-induced genotoxicity is unclear, but this situation was clarified appreciably herein. In HCT116 cells, phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) increased ROS production, which was inhibited by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and deferoxamine (DFO) but not by ascorbic acid (ASC) and trolox (TRX) that were found to be more potent radical scavengers. Surprisingly, ASC and TRX each intensified the DNA damage that was caused by PEITC, but neither ASC nor TRX by themselves caused any DNA damage. In contrast, NAC and DFO each not only attenuated PEITC-induced DNA damage but also attenuated the antioxidant-intensified, PEITC-induced DNA damage. To determine if the DNA damage could be related to possible changes in the major antioxidant defence system, glutathione (GSH) was investigated. PEITC lowered GSH levels, which was prevented by NAC, whereas ASC, TRX and DFO neither inhibited nor enhanced the GSH-lowering effect of PEITC. The GSH synthesis inhibitor, buthionine sulphoxime, intensified PEITC-induced DNA damage, although by itself buthionine sulphoxime did not directly cause DNA damage. The principal findings suggest that ASC and TRX make PEITC more genotoxic, which might be exploited in killing cancer cells as one approach in killing cancer cells is to extensively damage their DNA so as to initiate apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Hoffman
- Department of Nutrition, Cellular and Molecular Nutrition Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - William M Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Cellular and Molecular Nutrition Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - George Loo
- Department of Nutrition, Cellular and Molecular Nutrition Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
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19
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Teixeira CP, Simões RS, Santos MA, Calió ML, Soares JM, Simões MJ, Bertoncini CRA, Higa EMS, Carbonel AF. Soybean concentrated extract counteracts oxidative stress in the uterus of rats. Climacteric 2014; 17:402-9. [PMID: 24156246 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2013.856402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of soy isoflavone extract in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance in the uterus of ovariectomized rats. METHODS Twenty 3-month-old adult female Wistar rats were divided into four equal groups: GI: sham-operated (estrous phase); GII: control ovariectomized rats; GIII: ovariectomized rats treated with genistein (50 μg/kg/day) by gavage; GIV: ovariectomized rats subcutaneously treated with estrogen (10 μg/kg/day). After 30 consecutive days of treatment, the rats were euthanized and the uterus removed. The distal thirds of the uterine horns were processed for histomorphometric analyses of endometrial and myometrial thicknesses and glandular area. Other regions of the uteri were kept in liquid nitrogen and subsequently processed for analysis of reactive species quantification (DCF), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid oxidation status (TBARS). Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, complemented by the Tukey-Kramer test (p < 0.05). RESULTS GII and GIII exhibited lower endometrial thickness, glandular area and myometrial thickness than GI and GIV, while a higher myometrial thickness was observed in GIV compared with the other groups. Moreover, the isoflavone-treated group showed lower DCF and TBARS compared to GII, and also an improvement of TAC compared to GI and GIV. Despite the significant decrease in TBARS, no significant difference in DCF nor a decrease in TAC were observed in GIV when compared to GII. CONCLUSION Our data show that isoflavones improve antioxidant status and counteract oxidative stress, without promoting a trophic effect in the uterus of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Teixeira
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo
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20
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Sadr-Arani L, Mignon P, Chermette H, Douki T. Theoretical and experimental study of the fragmentation of protonated uracil. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Calió ML, Marinho DS, Ko GM, Ribeiro RR, Carbonel AF, Oyama LM, Ormanji M, Guirao TP, Calió PL, Reis LA, Simões MDJ, Lisbôa-Nascimento T, Ferreira AT, Bertoncini CRA. Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells decreases oxidative stress, apoptosis, and hippocampal damage in brain of a spontaneous stroke model. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70:141-54. [PMID: 24525001 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the most common cause of motor disabilities and is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Adult stem cells have been shown to be effective against neuronal degeneration through mechanisms that include both the recovery of neurotransmitter activity and a decrease in apoptosis and oxidative stress. We chose the lineage stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) as a model for stem cell therapy. SHRSP rats can develop such severe hypertension that they generally suffer a stroke at approximately 1 year of age. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) decrease apoptotic death and oxidative stress in existing SHRSP brain tissue. The results of qRT-PCR assays showed higher levels of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 gene in the MSC-treated animals, compared with untreated. Our study also showed that superoxide, apoptotic cells, and by-products of lipid peroxidation decreased in MSC-treated SHRSP to levels similar those found in the animal controls, Wistar Kyoto rats. In addition, we saw a repair of morphological damage at the hippocampal region after MSC transplantation. These data suggest that MSCs have neuroprotective and antioxidant potential in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Longoni Calió
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Darci Sousa Marinho
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Modelos Experimentais para Medicina e Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Gui Mi Ko
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Modelos Experimentais para Medicina e Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Ferraz Carbonel
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Milene Ormanji
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Modelos Experimentais para Medicina e Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Pinoti Guirao
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Modelos Experimentais para Medicina e Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Calió
- Departamento de Odontologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Aparecida Reis
- Departamento de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Manuel de Jesus Simões
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Telma Lisbôa-Nascimento
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Alice Teixeira Ferreira
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Clélia Rejane Antônio Bertoncini
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Modelos Experimentais para Medicina e Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil.
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22
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Povirk LF. Processing of damaged DNA ends for double-strand break repair in mammalian cells. ISRN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 2012. [PMID: 24236237 PMCID: PMC3825254 DOI: 10.5402/2012/345805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Most DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)formed in a natural environment have chemical modifications at or near the ends that preclude direct religation and require removal or other processing so that rejoining can proceed. Free radical-mediated DSBs typically bear unligatable 3'-phosphate or 3'-phosphoglycolate termini and often have oxidized bases and/or abasic sites near the break. Topoisomerase-mediated DSBs are blocked by covalently bound peptide fragments of the topoisomerase. Enzymes capable of resolving damaged ends include polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase, which restores missing 5'-phosphates and removes 3'-phosphates; tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterases I and II (TDP1 and TDP2), which remove peptide fragments of topoisomerases I and II, respectively, and the Artemis and Metnase endonucleases, which can trim damaged overhangs of diverse structure. TDP1 as well as APE1 can remove 3'-phosphoglycolates and other 3' blocks, while CtIP appears to provide an alternative pathway for topoisomerase II fragment removal. Ku, a core DSB joining protein, can cleave abasic sites near DNA ends. The downstream processes of patching and ligation are tolerant of residual damage, and can sometimes proceed without complete damage removal. Despite these redundant pathways for resolution, damaged ends appear to be a significant barrier to rejoining, and their resolution may be a rate-limiting step in repair of some DSBs..
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Povirk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St. Richmond, VA 23298, USA, 804-828-9640
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23
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Mai H, Cachot J, Brune J, Geffard O, Belles A, Budzinski H, Morin B. Embryotoxic and genotoxic effects of heavy metals and pesticides on early life stages of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:2663-2670. [PMID: 23122627 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated embryotoxicity and genotoxicity of two dissolved metals copper and cadmium (Cu and Cd) and two pesticides (metolachlor and irgarol) occurring in Arcachon Bay (SW France) in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae and investigated the relationship between those two endpoints. Embryotoxicity was measured by calculating the percentage of abnormal D-shaped larvae and genotoxicity was evaluated with DNA strand breaks using the comet assay. After 24h exposure, significant increases of the percentage of abnormal D-larvae and the DNA strand breaks were observed from 0.1 μg L⁻¹ for Cu, 10 μg L⁻¹ for Cd and 0.01 μg L⁻¹ for both irgarol and metolachlor in comparison with the controls. A strong positive relationship between embryotoxicity and genotoxicity was recorded for Cu, Cd and metolachlor. The current study suggests that copper, irgarol and metolachlor can induce larval abnormalities and DNA damage in a population of exposed oysters at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Mai
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC/LPTC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
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24
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Guikema JE, Gerstein RM, Linehan EK, Cloherty EK, Evan-Browning E, Tsuchimoto D, Nakabeppu Y, Schrader CE. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 2 is necessary for normal B cell development and recovery of lymphoid progenitors after chemotherapeutic challenge. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:1943-50. [PMID: 21228350 PMCID: PMC4041036 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cell development involves rapid cellular proliferation, gene rearrangements, selection, and differentiation, and it provides a powerful model to study DNA repair processes in vivo. Analysis of the contribution of the base excision repair pathway in lymphocyte development has been lacking primarily owing to the essential nature of this repair pathway. However, mice deficient for the base excision repair enzyme, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 2 (APE2) protein develop relatively normally, but they display defects in lymphopoiesis. In this study, we present an extensive analysis of bone marrow hematopoiesis in mice nullizygous for APE2 and find an inhibition of the pro-B to pre-B cell transition. We find that APE2 is not required for V(D)J recombination and that the turnover rate of APE2-deficient progenitor B cells is nearly normal. However, the production rate of pro- and pre-B cells is reduced due to a p53-dependent DNA damage response. FACS-purified progenitors from APE2-deficient mice differentiate normally in response to IL-7 in in vitro stromal cell cocultures, but pro-B cells show defective expansion. Interestingly, APE2-deficient mice show a delay in recovery of B lymphocyte progenitors following bone marrow depletion by 5-fluorouracil, with the pro-B and pre-B cell pools still markedly decreased 2 wk after a single treatment. Our data demonstrate that APE2 has an important role in providing protection from DNA damage during lymphoid development, which is independent from its ubiquitous and essential homolog APE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen E.J. Guikema
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Rachel M. Gerstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Erin K. Linehan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Erin K. Cloherty
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Eric Evan-Browning
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Daisuke Tsuchimoto
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Carol E. Schrader
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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Bertoncini CRA, Meneghini R, Tolentino H. Nearest-neighbor nitrogen and oxygen distances in the iron(II)-DNA complex studied by extended X-ray absorption fine structure. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 77:908-910. [PMID: 20728402 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, DNA-bound Fe(II) reacts with H₂O₂ producing the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH) in situ. Since ·OH attacks nearby DNA residue generating oxidative DNA damage, many questions have arisen regarding iron-DNA complex formations and their implication in pre-malignant mutations and aging. In this work, a solid sample of Fe(II)-DNA complex containing one Fe(II) per 10 nucleotides was analyzed from extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra collected in a synchrotron radiation light source. Best fitting parameters of the EXAFS signal for the first two shells provide evidence of five oxygen atoms at 1.99 ± 0.02 Å and one nitrogen atom at 2.20 ± 0.02 Å in the inner coordination sphere of the Fe(II)-DNA complex. Considering that both purine base moieties bearing nitrogen atoms are prone to chelate iron, these results are consistent with the previously observed lower levels of DNA damage in cytosine nucleotides relative to adenine and guanine sites in cells under more physiological conditions of Fe(II) Fenton reaction.
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26
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Zhou RZ, Akopiants K, Povirk LF. Patching and single-strand ligation in nonhomologous DNA end joining despite persistence of a closely opposed 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated strand break. Radiat Res 2010; 174:274-9. [PMID: 20726725 DOI: 10.1667/rr2050.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous work showed that in human nuclear extracts, double-strand break substrates bearing partially complementary (-ACG) 3'-phosphoglycolate (PG)-terminated 3' overhangs are joined by a mechanism involving annealing of the terminal CG dinucleotides, PG removal, single-base gap filling and ligation. However, in these extracts only a minority of the breaks are rejoined, and most of the 3'-PG termini remain intact even after several hours. To determine whether the presence of a persistent 3'-PG prevents patching and ligation of the opposite strand, a substrate was constructed with two -ACG overhangs, one PG-terminated and one hydroxyl-terminated. after incubation in HeLa cell nuclear extracts, two major repair products of similar yield were formed: a fully repaired duplex and a nicked duplex in which the initial 3'-PG terminus remained intact. These results indicate that patching and ligation can proceed to completion in the unmodified strand despite persistence of the 3'-PG-terminated break in the opposite strand. The break in the PG-containing strand could then presumably be rejoined by a single-strand break repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhe Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0035, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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28
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Kurosawa A, Adachi N. Functions and regulation of Artemis: a goddess in the maintenance of genome integrity. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2010; 51:503-509. [PMID: 20543526 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Artemis is a structure-specific endonuclease when associated with and phosphorylated by DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. This structure-specific endonuclease is responsible for the resolution of hairpin coding ends in V(D)J recombination. In DNA double-strand break repair, Artemis is implicated in the end-processing step of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway. Recently, we have demonstrated that the involvement of Artemis in NHEJ depends on the type of DNA damage. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that the end-processing activity is not the only function of Artemis. Indeed, Artemis is rapidly phosphorylated by ataxia telangiectasia mutated in response to DNA damage, and such phosphorylation of Artemis appears to be involved in the regulation of cell cycle checkpoints. These findings suggest that Artemis is a multifunctional protein participating in the maintenance of genome integrity at two distinct levels; one at the end processing step of NHEJ, and the other at the signaling pathway of cell cycle regulation. Therefore, understanding Artemis function may give us profound insights into the DNA repair network. In this review, we summarize the functions and regulation of Artemis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kurosawa
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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29
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Walton C, Interthal H, Hirano R, Salih MAM, Takashima H, Boerkoel CF. Spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 685:75-83. [PMID: 20687496 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6448-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy (SCAN 1) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a specific point mutation (c.1478A>G, p.H493R) in the tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (TDP1) gene. Functional and genetic studies suggest that this mutation, which disrupts the active site of the Tdp1 enzyme, causes disease by a combination of decreased catalytic activity and stabilization of the normally transient covalent Tdp1-DNA intermediate. This covalent reaction intermediate can form during the repair of stalled topoisomerase I-DNA adducts or oxidatively damaged bases at the 3' end of the DNA at a strand break. However, our current understanding of the biology of Tdp1 function in humans is limited and does not allow us to fully elucidate the disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Walton
- Department of Medical Genetics, Provincial Medical Genetics Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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30
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Kawamoto K, Oashi T, Oami K, Liu W, Jin Y, Saito N, Sato I, Tsuda S. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) but not perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) showed DNA damage in comet assay on Paramecium caudatum. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:835-41. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kawamoto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The Doctoral Course of the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University
| | - Takahiro Oashi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Kazunori Oami
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology
| | - Yihe Jin
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology
| | - Norimitsu Saito
- Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health of Iwate Prefecture
| | - Itaru Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Shuji Tsuda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
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31
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Apostolov EO, Soultanova I, Savenka A, Bagandov OO, Yin X, Stewart AG, Walker RB, Basnakian AG. Deoxyribonuclease I is essential for DNA fragmentation induced by gamma radiation in mice. Radiat Res 2009; 172:481-92. [PMID: 19772469 DOI: 10.1667/rr1647.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gamma radiation is known to induce cell death in several organs. This damage is associated with endonuclease-mediated DNA fragmentation; however, the enzyme that produces the latter and is likely to cause cell death is unknown. To determine whether the most abundant cytotoxic endonuclease DNase I mediates gamma-radiation-induced tissue injury, we used DNase I knockout mice and zinc chelate of 3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid (Zn-DIPS), which, as we show, has DNase I inhibiting activity in vitro. The study demonstrated for the first time that inactivation or inhibition of DNase I ameliorates radiation injury to the white pulp of spleen, intestine villi and bone marrow as measured using a quantitative TUNEL assay. The spleen and intestine of DNase I knockout mice were additionally protected from radiation by Zn-DIPS, perhaps due to the broad radioprotective effect of the zinc ions. Surprisingly, the main DNase I-producing tissues such as the salivary glands, pancreas and kidney showed no effect of DNase I inactivation. Another unexpected observation was that even without irradiation, DNA fragmentation and cell death were significantly lower in the intestine of DNase I knockout mice than in wild-type mice. This points to the physiological role of DNase I in normal cell death in the intestinal epithelium. In conclusion, our results suggested that DNase I-mediated mechanism of DNA damage and subsequent tissue injury are essential in gamma-radiation-induced cell death in radiosensitive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene O Apostolov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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32
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Mladenov E, Kalev P, Anachkova B. The complexity of double-strand break ends is a factor in the repair pathway choice. Radiat Res 2009; 171:397-404. [PMID: 19397440 DOI: 10.1667/rr1487.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The repair of double-strand breaks in mammalian cells is carried out by two pathways: homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining. The factors that regulate the mechanism through which a specific repair pathway is activated are still not clearly defined. To study whether the complexity of the double-strand break ends is a factor that determines the choice of the repair pathway, we examined the involvement of homologous recombination by the formation of Rad51 foci in human HeLa cells treated with bleomycin and ionizing radiation. The quantity of double-strand breaks was determined by gel electrophoresis and the formation of gamma-H2AX foci. Two hours after treatment with low doses of the agents that induced similar quantities of double-strand breaks that could be repaired effectively by the cells, Rad51 foci were observed only in the irradiated cells. Rad51 foci appeared in bleomycin-treated cells after prolonged exposure to the drug when the cells were arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Since bleomycin produces double-strand breaks that are less complex than the breaks induced by ionizing radiation, these results indicate that the complexity of the break ends is a factor in the choice of repair pathway and that homologous recombination is recruited in the repair of breaks with more complex multiply damaged ends during the late S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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33
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Sang N, Hou L, Yun Y, Li G. SO(2) inhalation induces protein oxidation, DNA-protein crosslinks and apoptosis in rat hippocampus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:879-884. [PMID: 18722661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies provide evidence for the possible neurotoxicity of SO(2), but little information is available about its mechanisms. In the present study, SO(2) inhalation-induced effects on the protein oxidation, DNA-protein crosslinks and apoptosis in rat hippocampus were studied, by exposing Wistar rats to SO(2) at 14, 28 and 56mg/m(3). The results indicate that the protein carbonyl content, an indicator of protein oxidation, and DNA-protein crosslink coefficient were significantly augmented with concentration-dependent properties. In addition, SO(2) inhalation at all concentrations tested caused the increases of caspase-3 activity and number of TUNEL positive staining neuron and the statistical difference was observed after 28 and 56mg/m(3) exposure, suggesting the occurrence of apoptosis. The results imply that attacking protein, nucleic acids and lipids by free radicals, generated via SO(2) derivatives in vivo, is one of the main mechanisms for SO(2)-induced injuries in central neuronal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sang
- Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
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34
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Hawkins AJ, Subler MA, Akopiants K, Wiley JL, Taylor SM, Rice AC, Windle JJ, Valerie K, Povirk LF. In vitro complementation of Tdp1 deficiency indicates a stabilized enzyme-DNA adduct from tyrosyl but not glycolate lesions as a consequence of the SCAN1 mutation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2009; 8:654-63. [PMID: 19211312 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A homozygous H493R mutation in the active site of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (TDP1) has been implicated in hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy (SCAN1), an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease. However, it is uncertain how the H493R mutation elicits the specific pathologies of SCAN1. To address this question, and to further elucidate the role of TDP1 in repair of DNA end modifications and general physiology, we generated a Tdp1 knockout mouse and carried out detailed behavioral analyses as well as characterization of repair deficiencies in extracts of embryo fibroblasts from these animals. While Tdp1(-/-) mice appear phenotypically normal, extracts from Tdp1(-/-) fibroblasts exhibited deficiencies in processing 3'-phosphotyrosyl single-strand breaks and 3'-phosphoglycolate double-strand breaks (DSBs), but not 3'-phosphoglycolate single-strand breaks. Supplementing Tdp1(-/-) extracts with H493R TDP1 partially restored processing of 3'-phosphotyrosyl single-strand breaks, but with evidence of persistent covalent adducts between TDP1 and DNA, consistent with a proposed intermediate-stabilization effect of the SCAN1 mutation. However, H493R TDP1 supplementation had no effect on phosphoglycolate (PG) termini on 3' overhangs of double-strand breaks; these remained completely unprocessed. Altogether, these results suggest that for 3'-phosphoglycolate overhang lesions, the SCAN1 mutation confers loss of function, while for 3'-phosphotyrosyl lesions, the mutation uniquely stabilizes a reaction intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Hawkins
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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35
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Jia S, Liang M, Guo LH. Photoelectrochemical Detection of Oxidative DNA Damage Induced by Fenton Reaction with Low Concentration and DNA-Associated Fe2+. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:4461-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711528z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Dedon
- Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NE47-277, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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37
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Wilson DM. Processing of nonconventional DNA strand break ends. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2007; 48:772-782. [PMID: 17948279 DOI: 10.1002/em.20346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Single-strand breaks (SSBs) are one of the most common forms of genetic damage, arising from attack of DNA by reactive oxygen species or as intended or inadvertent products of normal cellular DNA metabolic events. Recent evidence linking defects in the enzymatic processing of nonconventional DNA SSBs, i.e., lesions incompatible with polymerase or ligase reactions, with inherited neurodegenerative disorders, reveals the importance of SSB repair in disease manifestation. I review herein the major eukaryotic enzymes (with an emphasis on the human proteins) responsible for the "clean-up" of DNA breaks harboring 3'- or 5'-blocking termini, and the cellular and disease ramifications of unrepaired SSB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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38
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Datta K, Weinfeld M, Neumann RD, Winters TA. Determination and analysis of site-specific 125I decay-induced DNA double-strand break end-group structures. Radiat Res 2007; 167:152-66. [PMID: 17390723 DOI: 10.1667/rr0629.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
End groups contribute to the structural complexity of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). As such, end-group structures may affect a cell's ability to repair DSBs. The 3'-end groups of strand breaks caused by gamma radiation, or oxidative processes, under oxygenated aqueous conditions have been shown to be distributed primarily between 3'-phosphoglycolate and 3'-phosphate, with 5'-phosphate ends in both cases. In this study, end groups of the high-LET-like DSBs caused by 125I decay were investigated. Site-specific DNA double-strand breaks were produced in plasmid pTC27 in the presence or absence of 2 M DMSO by 125I-labeled triplex-forming oligonucleotide targeting. End-group structure was assessed enzymatically as a function of the DSB end to serve as a substrate for ligation and various forms of end labeling. Using this approach, we have demonstrated 3'-hydroxyl (3'-OH) and 3'-phosphate (3'-P) end groups and 5'-ends (> or = 42%) terminated by phosphate. A 32P postlabeling assay failed to detect 3'-phosphoglycolate in a restriction fragment terminated by the 125I-induced DNA double-strand break, and this is likely due to restricted oxygen diffusion during irradiation as a frozen aqueous solution. Even so, end-group structure and relative distribution varied as a function of the free radical scavenging capacity of the irradiation buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Datta
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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39
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Povirk LF, Zhou T, Zhou R, Cowan MJ, Yannone SM. Processing of 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated DNA double strand breaks by Artemis nuclease. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:3547-58. [PMID: 17121861 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607745200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Artemis nuclease is required for V(D)J recombination and for repair of an as yet undefined subset of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks. To assess the possibility that Artemis acts on oxidatively modified double strand break termini, its activity toward model DNA substrates, bearing either 3'-hydroxyl or 3'-phosphoglycolate moieties, was examined. A 3'-phosphoglycolate had little effect on Artemis-mediated trimming of long 3' overhangs (> or =9 nucleotides), which were efficiently trimmed to 4-5 nucleotides. However, 3'-phosphoglycolates on overhangs of 4-5 bases promoted Artemis-mediated removal of a single 3'-terminal nucleotide, while at least 2 nucleotides were trimmed from identical hydroxyl-terminated substrates. Artemis also efficiently removed a single nucleotide from a phosphoglycolate-terminated 3-base 3' overhang, while leaving an analogous hydroxyl-terminated overhang largely intact. Such removal was completely dependent on DNA-dependent protein kinase and ATP and was largely dependent on Ku, which markedly stimulated Artemis activity toward all 3' overhangs. Together, these data suggest that efficient Artemis-mediated cleavage of 3' overhangs requires a minimum of 2 nucleotides, or a nucleotide plus a phosphoglycolate, 3' to the cleavage site, as well as 2 unpaired nucleotides 5' to the cleavage site. Shorter 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated overhangs and blunt ends were also processed by Artemis but much more slowly. Consistent with a role for Artemis in repair of terminally blocked double strand breaks in vivo, human cells lacking Artemis exhibited hypersensitivity to x-rays, bleomycin, and neocarzinostatin, which all induce 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated double strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Povirk
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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40
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Almeida AM, Bertoncini CRA, Borecký J, Souza-Pinto NC, Vercesi AE. Mitochondrial DNA damage associated with lipid peroxidation of the mitochondrial membrane induced by Fe2+-citrate. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2006; 78:505-14. [PMID: 16936939 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652006000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron imbalance/accumulation has been implicated in oxidative injury associated with many degenerative diseases such as hereditary hemochromatosis, beta-thalassemia, and Friedreich's ataxia. Mitochondria are particularly sensitive to iron-induced oxidative stress - high loads of iron cause extensive lipid peroxidation and membrane permeabilization in isolated mitochondria. Here we detected and characterized mitochondrial DNA damage in isolated rat liver mitochondria exposed to a Fe2+-citrate complex, a small molecular weight complex. Intense DNA fragmentation was induced after the incubation of mitochondria with the iron complex. The detection of 3' phosphoglycolate ends at the mtDNA strand breaks by a 32P-postlabeling assay, suggested the involvement of hydroxyl radical in the DNA fragmentation induced by Fe2+-citrate. Increased levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine also suggested that Fe2+-citrate-induced oxidative stress causes mitochondrial DNA damage. In conclusion, our results show that iron-mediated lipid peroxidation was associated with intense mtDNA damage derived from the direct attack of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa M Almeida
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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41
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Povirk LF. Biochemical mechanisms of chromosomal translocations resulting from DNA double-strand breaks. DNA Repair (Amst) 2006; 5:1199-212. [PMID: 16822725 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of mammalian cells to agents that induce DNA double-strand breaks typically results in both reciprocal and nonreciprocal chromosome translocations. Over the past decade, breakpoint junctions of a significant number of translocations and other genomic rearrangements, both in clinical tumors and in experimental models, have been analyzed at the DNA sequence level. Based on these data, reasonable inferences regarding the biochemical mechanisms involved in translocations can be drawn. In a few cases, breakpoints have been shown to correlate with sites of double-strand cleavage by agents to which the cells or patients have been exposed, including exogenous rare-cutting endonucleases, radiomimetic compounds, and topoisomerase inhibitors. These results confirm that translocations primarily reflect misjoining of the exchanged ends of two or more double-strand breaks. Many junctions show significant loss of DNA sequence at the breakpoints, suggesting exonucleolytic degradation of DNA ends prior to joining. The size and frequency of these deletions varies widely, both between experimental systems, and among individual events in a single system. Homologous recombination between repetitive DNA sequences does not appear to be a major pathway for translocations associated with double-strand breaks. Rather, the general features of the junction sequences, particularly the high frequency small terminal deletions, the apparent splicing of DNA ends at microhomologies, and gap-filling on aligned double-strand break ends, are consistent with the known biochemical properties of the classical nonhomologous end joining pathway involving DNA-dependent protein kinase, XRCC4 and DNA ligase IV. Nevertheless, cells with deficiencies in this pathway still exhibit translocations, with grossly similar junction sequences, suggesting an alternative but less conservative end joining pathway. Although evidence for participation of specific DNA end processing enzymes in formation of translocations is largely circumstantial, likely candidates include DNA polymerases lambda and mu, Artemis nuclease, polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase, tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase, DNase III, Werner syndrome protein, and the Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Povirk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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42
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Savi LA, Barardi CRM, Simões CMO. Evaluation of antiherpetic activity and genotoxic effects of tea catechin derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:2552-7. [PMID: 16569042 DOI: 10.1021/jf052940e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the antiherpetic activity and genotoxicity of catechin and some of its derivatives using the MTT colorimetric and comet assays, respectively. The results showed that all compounds have antiviral activity with selective indices varying from 1.3 to 13, depending on the tested HSV-1 strain. It was observed that the same concentration of the compounds that protects the Vero cells against the viral infection induces genotoxicity. It was also observed that the molecules containing three hydroxyl groups on the B ring caused less DNA damage and showed better antiviral effect than those with two hydroxyls on the same ring, but if there is an additional galloyl group, these results can be altered. The bioavailability and stereochemistry could be related to the antiviral and genotoxic effects detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane A Savi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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43
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Coronado X, Ortiz S, Lastra O, Larrondo M, Rozas M, Solari A. Instability of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood lysates: importance for PCR DNA-based diagnosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 9:35-40. [PMID: 16035733 DOI: 10.2165/00066982-200509010-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to evaluate the stability of Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), the blood samples from seven patients with Chagas disease were stored in different buffers and at different temperatures. METHODS Three different buffers were used: buffer A, 6 mol/L guanidine-HCl; buffer B, 6M guanidine-HCl and 0.2M EDTA pH 7.5; and buffer C, 6M guanidine-HCl, 0.2M EDTA pH 7.5 and 10 microM dl-alpha-tocopherol (Roche, Basal, Switzerland). Two temperatures were used: 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Vitamin E was added to the blood lysates as an antioxidant. T. cruzi kDNA was obtained by phenol extraction, and then PCR amplifications and Southern blot were carried out in each DNA sample up to 90 days of blood storage. The iron content of each sample was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS Overall, there is an association between T. cruzi kDNA stability and the storage time of blood samples. No significant differences were detected in T. cruzi kDNA stability in the presence or absence of vitamin E or with citrate or EDTA as an anticoagulant. There was no statistical difference in the failure of PCR-based kDNA detection with these different storage buffers, temperatures or iron levels. CONCLUSIONS The blood lysates promote T. cruzi kDNA damage in a time-dependent manner that reduces the ability to detect the genomic DNA of an infectious agent by PCR. The high concentration of guanidine-HCl denatured proteins in these storage conditions probably denotes a non-enzymatic kDNA lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Coronado
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Zhou T, Lee JW, Tatavarthi H, Lupski JR, Valerie K, Povirk LF. Deficiency in 3'-phosphoglycolate processing in human cells with a hereditary mutation in tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (TDP1). Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:289-97. [PMID: 15647511 PMCID: PMC546157 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (TDP1) is a DNA repair enzyme that removes peptide fragments linked through tyrosine to the 3′ end of DNA, and can also remove 3′-phosphoglycolates (PGs) formed by free radical-mediated DNA cleavage. To assess whether TDP1 is primarily responsible for PG removal during in vitro end joining of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), whole-cell extracts were prepared from lymphoblastoid cells derived either from spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy (SCAN1) patients, who have an inactivating mutation in the active site of TDP1, or from closely matched normal controls. Whereas extracts from normal cells catalyzed conversion of 3′-PG termini, both on single-strand oligomers and on 3′ overhangs of DSBs, to 3′-phosphate termini, extracts of SCAN1 cells did not process either substrate. Addition of recombinant TDP1 to SCAN1 extracts restored 3′-PG removal, allowing subsequent gap filling on the aligned DSB ends. Two of three SCAN1 lines examined were slightly more radiosensitive than normal cells, but only for fractionated radiation in plateau phase. The results suggest that the TDP1 mutation in SCAN1 abolishes the 3′-PG processing activity of the enzyme, and that there are no other enzymes in cell extracts capable of processing protruding 3′-PG termini. However, the lack of severe radiosensitivity suggests that there must be alternative, TDP1-independent pathways for repair of 3′-PG DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kristoffer Valerie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Lawrence F. Povirk
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980230, Richmond, VA 23298-0230, USA. Tel: +1 804 828 9640; Fax: +1 804 828 8079;
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Free Radicals and Medicine. BIOMEDICAL EPR, PART A: FREE RADICALS, METALS, MEDICINE, AND PHYSIOLOGY 2005. [PMCID: PMC7121688 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-26741-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wintz H, Fox T, Wu YY, Feng V, Chen W, Chang HS, Zhu T, Vulpe C. Expression profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana in mineral deficiencies reveal novel transporters involved in metal homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:47644-53. [PMID: 13129917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309338200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants directly assimilate minerals from the environment and thus are key for acquisition of metals by all subsequent consumers. Limited bio-availability of copper, zinc and iron in soil decreases both the agronomic productivity and the nutrient quality of crops. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying metal homeostasis in plants is a prerequisite to optimizing plant yield and metal nutrient content. To absorb and maintain a balance of potentially toxic metal ions, plants utilize poorly understood mechanisms involving a large number of membrane transporters and metal binding proteins with overlapping substrate specificities and complex regulation. To better understand the function and the integrated regulation, we analyzed in Arabidopsis the expression patterns in roots and in leaves of 53 genes coding for known or potential metal transporters, in response to copper, zinc, and iron deficiencies in Arabidopsis. Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles revealed specific transcriptional regulation by metals of the genes contrasting with the known wide substrate specificities of the encoded transporters. Our analysis suggested novel transport roles for several gene products and we used functional complementation of yeast mutants to correlate specific regulation by metals with transport activity. We demonstrate that two ZIP genes, ZIP2 and ZIP4, are involved in copper transport. We also present evidence that AtOPT3, a member of the oligopeptide transporter gene family with significant similarities to the maize iron-phytosiderophore transporter YS1, is regulated by metals and heterologous expression AtOPT3 can rescue yeast mutants deficient in metal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Wintz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Lieber MR, Ma Y, Pannicke U, Schwarz K. Mechanism and regulation of human non-homologous DNA end-joining. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003; 4:712-20. [PMID: 14506474 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 706] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-homologous DNA end-joining (NHEJ)--the main pathway for repairing double-stranded DNA breaks--functions throughout the cell cycle to repair such lesions. Defects in NHEJ result in marked sensitivity to ionizing radiation and ablation of lymphocytes, which rely on NHEJ to complete the rearrangement of antigen-receptor genes. NHEJ is typically imprecise, a characteristic that is useful for immune diversification in lymphocytes, but which might also contribute to some of the genetic changes that underlie cancer and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lieber
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, MS 9176, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
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Nakamura J, Purvis ER, Swenberg JA. Micromolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide induce oxidative DNA lesions more efficiently than millimolar concentrations in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:1790-5. [PMID: 12626721 PMCID: PMC152865 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species produce oxidized bases, deoxyribose lesions and DNA strand breaks in mammalian cells. Previously, we demonstrated that aldehydic DNA lesions (ADLs) were induced in mammalian cells by 10 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Interestingly, a bimodal H2O2 dose-response relationship in cell toxicity has been reported for Escherichia coli deficient in DNA repair as well as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that H2O2 causes single-strand breaks in purified DNA in the presence of iron and induces mitochondrial DNA damage in CHO cells with a biphasic dose-response curve. Here we show that H2O2 produces ADLs at concentrations as low as 0.06 mM in HeLa cells and that lower concentrations of H2O2 were much more efficient at inducing ADLs than higher concentrations. This dose-response curve is strikingly similar to that for cell killing effects in E.coli deficient in DNA repair exposed to H2O2. Interestingly, serial treatment of submillimolar levels of H2O2 induced a massive accumulation of ADLs. The toxicity arising from H2O2 determined by intracellular NAD(P)H in cells correlated well with the formation of ADLs. The addition of dipyridyl, an iron (II)-specific chelator, significantly protected against DNA damage and cell toxicity from submillimolar, but not millimolar, amounts of H2O2. These results suggest that ADLs induced by submillimolar levels of H2O2 may be due to a Fenton-type reaction between H2O2 and intracellular iron ions in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakamura
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Pastwa E, Neumann RD, Mezhevaya K, Winters TA. Repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks is dependent upon radiation quality and the structural complexity of double-strand breaks. Radiat Res 2003; 159:251-61. [PMID: 12537531 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2003)159[0251:roridd]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells primarily repair DSBs by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). To assess the ability of human cells to mediate end joining of complex DSBs such as those produced by chemicals, oxidative events, or high- and low-LET radiation, we employed an in vitro double-strand break repair assay using plasmid DNA linearized by these various agents. We found that human HeLa cell extracts support end joining of complex DSBs and form multimeric plasmid products from substrates produced by the radiomimetic drug bleomycin, 60Co gamma rays, and the effects of 125I decay in DNA. End joining was found to be dependent on the type of DSB-damaging agent, and it decreased as the cytotoxicity of the DSB-inducing agent increased. In addition to the inhibitory effects of DSB end-group structures on repair, NHEJ was found to be strongly inhibited by lesions proximal to DSB ends. The initial repair rate for complex non-ligatable bleomycin-induced DSBs was sixfold less than that of similarly configured (blunt-ended) but less complex (ligatable) restriction enzyme-induced DSBs. Repair of DSBs produced by gamma rays was 15-fold less efficient than repair of restriction enzyme-induced DSBs. Repair of the DSBs produced by 125I was near the lower limit of detection in our assay and was at least twofold lower than that of gamma-ray-induced DSBs. In addition, DSB ends produced by 125I were shown to be blocked by 3'-nucleotide fragments: the removal of these by E. coli endonuclease IV permitted ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Pastwa
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Basnakian AG, Kaushal GP, Shah SV. Apoptotic pathways of oxidative damage to renal tubular epithelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002; 4:915-24. [PMID: 12573140 DOI: 10.1089/152308602762197452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxic renal failure induced by gentamicin, glycerol, or cisplatin, as well as ischemic renal failure in vivo and hypoxia/reoxygenation of tubular epithelial cells in vitro, induces the production of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM). Generation of ROM is responsible for the induction of tubular epithelial cell death, which is mediated by caspases and/or endonucleases. Scavenging of ROM protects tubular epithelium from caspase and endonuclease activation and from cell death. Thus, the inhibition of ROM production combined with the pharmacological control of caspase and endonuclease pathways may provide future modalities in the prevention or treatment of acute renal failure in humans.
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