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Feiner N, Yang W, Bunikis I, While GM, Uller T. Adaptive introgression reveals the genetic basis of a sexually selected syndrome in wall lizards. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk9315. [PMID: 38569035 PMCID: PMC10990284 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The joint expression of particular colors, morphologies, and behaviors is a common feature of adaptation, but the genetic basis for such "phenotypic syndromes" remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a complex genetic architecture associated with a sexually selected syndrome in common wall lizards, by capitalizing on the adaptive introgression of coloration and morphology into a distantly related lineage. Consistent with the hypothesis that the evolution of phenotypic syndromes in vertebrates is facilitated by developmental linkage through neural crest cells, most of the genes associated with the syndrome are involved in neural crest cell regulation. A major locus was a ~400-kb region, characterized by standing structural genetic variation and previously implied in the evolutionary innovation of coloration and beak size in birds. We conclude that features of the developmental and genetic architecture contribute to maintaining trait integration, facilitating the extensive and rapid introgressive spread of suites of sexually selected characters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weizhao Yang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ignas Bunikis
- Uppsala Genome Center, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey M. While
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tobias Uller
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Sarıkaya E, Kendirci M, Demir M, Dündar M. Neonatal Diabetes, Congenital Hypothyroidism, and Congenital Glaucoma Coexistence: A Case of GLIS3 Mutation. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2023; 15:426-430. [PMID: 35410112 PMCID: PMC10683540 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2021-12-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal diabetes and congenital hypothyroidism (CH) syndrome is a rare condition caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the GLIS3 gene. Small for gestational age, congenital glaucoma, polycystic kidney disease, cholestatic hepatic fibrosis, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features, sensorineural deafness, osteopenia, and skeletal anomalies are other accompanying phenotypic features in the 22 cases described so far. We present a male patient with neonatal diabetes, CH, congenital glaucoma, developmental delay, and facial dysmorphism. During the patient’s 17-year follow-up, no signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, liver and kidney diseases, deafness, osteopenia, and bone fracture were observed. A homozygous exon 10-11 deletion was detected in the GLIS3 gene. We report one of the oldest surviving GLIS3 mutation case with main findings of neonatal diabetes and CH syndrome to contribute to the characterization of the genotypic and phenotypic spectra of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Sarıkaya
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kendirci
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mikail Demir
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Munis Dündar
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Kayseri, Turkey
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3
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Ronima K R, Dey C, Thummer RP. An Insight into the Role of GLIS1 in Embryonic Development, iPSC Generation, and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37978100 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2023_793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The curiosity to discover transcription factors to reprogram somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) resulted in the identification of a reprogramming factor, Gli-similar transcription factor GLIS1. This proline-rich Kruppel-like zinc finger transcription factor has a role in embryonic development, iPSC generation, and cancer. The spatial and temporal expression of GLIS1 during embryonic development implicates that it can control gene expression at specific developmental stages. Moreover, GLIS1 in combination with OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 reprogramming factors resulted in an increase in reprogramming efficiency, giving rise to primarily bona fide iPSCs. Mutations in the GLIS1 gene are associated with several types of tumors and cancers, and it shows a tissue-specific function where it acts either as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor gene. This review gives a comprehensive overview of GLIS1 and its important role in embryonic development, cancer, and the generation of iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronima K R
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Chandrima Dey
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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4
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Ding Y, Wang Z, Chen C, Wang C, Li D, Qin Y. The gene regulatory molecule GLIS3 in gastric cancer as a prognostic marker and be involved in the immune infiltration mechanism. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1091733. [PMID: 36923439 PMCID: PMC10009178 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1091733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer is the most prevalent solid tumor form. Even after standard treatment, recurrence and malignant progression are nearly unavoidable in some cases of stomach cancer. GLIS Family Zinc Finger 3 (GLIS3) has received scant attention in gastric cancer research. Therefore, we sought to examine the prognostic significance of GLIS3 and its association with immune infiltration in gastric cancer. Method Using public data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we investigated whether GLIS3 gene expression was linked with prognosis in patients with stomach cancer (STAD). The following analyses were performed: functional enrichment analysis (GSEA), quantitative real-time PCR, immune infiltration analysis, immunological checkpoint analysis, and clinicopathological analysis. We performed functional validation of GLIS3 in vitro by plate cloning and CCK8 assay. Using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, independent prognostic variables were identified. Additionally, a nomogram model was built. The link between OS and subgroup with GLIS3 expression was estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis utilized the TCGA dataset. Result GLIS3 was significantly upregulated in STAD. An examination of functional enrichment revealed that GLIS3 is related to immunological responses. The majority of immune cells and immunological checkpoints had a positive correlation with GLIS3 expression. According to a Kaplan-Meier analysis, greater GLIS3 expression was related to adverse outcomes in STAD. GLIS3 was an independent predictive factor in STAD patients, as determined by Cox regression (HR = 1.478, 95%CI = 1.478 (1.062-2.055), P=0.02). Conclusion GLIS3 is considered a novel STAD patient predictive biomarker. In addition, our research identifies possible genetic regulatory loci in the therapy of STAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yanru Qin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Boddu PK, Velumula PK, Sharif S, Monika B. A Neonate With Diabetes Mellitus, Congenital Hypothyroidism, and Congenital Glaucoma. Cureus 2022; 14:e29488. [PMID: 36312692 PMCID: PMC9595247 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare condition with more than 20 monogenic genes associated with it. GLIS3 gene-encoded GLI similar protein 3, as a transcription factor, is involved in the development of the pancreas, liver, kidneys, eye, and thyroid. We report a preterm female neonate with coarse facial features and hyperglycemia, later diagnosed with neonatal diabetes mellitus, congenital hypothyroidism (CH), congenital glaucoma (CG), and renal cysts, secondary to GLIS3 gene mutation. It is a rare genetic disorder involving multiple organ systems with progressive development of symptoms requiring long-term surveillance and management.
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Perdas E, Gadzalska K, Hrytsiuk I, Borowiec M, Fendler W, Młynarski W. Case report: Neonatal diabetes mellitus with congenital hypothyroidism as a result of biallelic heterozygous mutations in GLIS3 gene. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:668-674. [PMID: 35394098 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal diabetes mellitus with congenital hypothyroidism (NDH) syndrome (MIM# 610199) is a rare disease caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the GLIS3 gene. GLIS3 is an important transcription factor that might acts as both a repressor and activator of transcription. To date, 22 cases of NDH syndrome from 16 families and 11 countries have been described. Herein, we report a child who developed diabetes during the first week of age. Additionally, she suffered from congenital hypothyroidism, cardiac abnormalities, and polycystic kidney disease. Genetic analysis revealed that patient is a carrier of two novel heterozygous mutations, p.Pro444fsdelG (c.1330delC) and p.His647Arg (c.1940A > G) in the GLIS3 gene. Each was inherited from clinically healthy father and mother, respectively. Bioinformatic tools (SIFT, PolyPhen2, PROVEAN and SWISS-MODEL) declared that the p.His647Arg (c.1940A > G) variant has strong detrimental effect and disturbs Kruppel-like zinc finger domain. All but one so far described cases of NDH syndrome have been caused by homozygous of GLIS3, making the described case the second case of pathogenic, compound heterozygosity of GLIS3 worldwide posing substantial clinical novelty and detailing an interesting interplay between the observed variants and GLIS3 expression, which seems to be autoregulated. Hence, the damaging missense mutation may further reduce the expression of any remaining functional alleles. This case report expands our understanding of the clinical phenotype, treatment approaches, and outcome of infants with GLIS3 mutations and indicates the need for further research to deepen our understanding of the role of GLIS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Perdas
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Gadzalska
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ihor Hrytsiuk
- Western Ukrainian Specialised Children's Medical Centre, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Maciej Borowiec
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Młynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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GLIS1-3: Links to Primary Cilium, Reprogramming, Stem Cell Renewal, and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111833. [PMID: 35681527 PMCID: PMC9180737 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The GLI-Similar 1-3 (GLIS1-3) genes, in addition to encoding GLIS1-3 Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factors, also generate circular GLIS (circGLIS) RNAs. GLIS1-3 regulate gene transcription by binding to GLIS binding sites in target genes, whereas circGLIS RNAs largely act as miRNA sponges. GLIS1-3 play a critical role in the regulation of many biological processes and have been implicated in various pathologies. GLIS protein activities appear to be regulated by primary cilium-dependent and -independent signaling pathways that via post-translational modifications may cause changes in the subcellular localization, proteolytic processing, and protein interactions. These modifications can affect the transcriptional activity of GLIS proteins and, consequently, the biological functions they regulate as well as their roles in disease. Recent studies have implicated GLIS1-3 proteins and circGLIS RNAs in the regulation of stemness, self-renewal, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell reprogramming, lineage determination, and differentiation. These biological processes are interconnected and play a critical role in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and cell plasticity. Dysregulation of these processes are part of many pathologies. This review provides an update on our current knowledge of the roles GLIS proteins and circGLIS RNAs in the control of these biological processes in relation to their regulation of normal physiological functions and disease.
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8
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Scoville DW, Jetten AM. GLIS3: A Critical Transcription Factor in Islet β-Cell Generation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123471. [PMID: 34943978 PMCID: PMC8700524 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of pancreatic islet biology has greatly increased over the past few decades based in part on an increased understanding of the transcription factors that guide this process. One such transcription factor that has been increasingly tied to both β-cell development and the development of diabetes in humans is GLIS3. Genetic deletion of GLIS3 in mice and humans induces neonatal diabetes, while single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GLIS3 have been associated with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. As a significant progress has been made in understanding some of GLIS3’s roles in pancreas development and diabetes, we sought to compare current knowledge on GLIS3 within the pancreas to that of other islet enriched transcription factors. While GLIS3 appears to regulate similar genes and pathways to other transcription factors, its unique roles in β-cell development and maturation make it a key target for future studies and therapy.
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9
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Polinski KJ, Purdue-Smithe A, Robinson SL, Zhao SK, Schliep KC, Silver RM, Guan W, Schisterman EF, Mumford SL, Yeung EH. Maternal caffeine intake and DNA methylation in newborn cord blood. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 115:482-491. [PMID: 34669932 PMCID: PMC8827095 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic mechanisms may underlie associations between maternal caffeine consumption and adverse childhood metabolic outcomes. However, limited studies have examined neonate DNA methylation (DNAm) patterns in the context of preconception or prenatal exposure to caffeine metabolites. OBJECTIVES We examined preconception and pregnancy caffeine exposure with DNAm alterations in neonate cord blood (n = 378). METHODS In a secondary analysis of the Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction Trial (EAGeR), we measured maternal caffeine, paraxanthine, and theobromine concentrations from stored serum collected preconception (on average 2 months before pregnancy) and at 8 weeks of gestation. In parallel, self-reported caffeinated beverage intake was captured via administration of questionnaires and daily diaries. We profiled DNAm from the cord blood buffy coat of singletons using the MethylationEPIC BeadChip. We assessed associations of maternal caffeine exposure and methylation β values using multivariable robust linear regression. A false discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. RESULTS In preconception, the majority of women reported consuming 1 or fewer servings/day of caffeine on average, and caffeine and paraxanthine metabolite levels were 88 and 36 µmol/L, respectively. Preconception serum caffeine metabolites were not associated with individual cytosine-guanine (CpG) sites (FDR >5%), though pregnancy theobromine was associated with DNAm at cg09460369 near RAB2A (β = 0.028; SE = 0.005; FDR P = 0.012). Preconception self-reported caffeinated beverage intake compared to no intake was associated with DNAm at cg09002832 near GLIS3 (β = -0.013; SE = 0.002; FDR P = 0.036). No associations with self-reported intake during pregnancy were found. CONCLUSIONS Few effects of maternal caffeine exposure on neonate methylation differences in leukocytes were identified in this population with relatively low caffeine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Polinski
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Purdue-Smithe
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonia L Robinson
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sifang Kathy Zhao
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen C Schliep
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert M Silver
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Enrique F Schisterman
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sunni L Mumford
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Gautam P, Hamashima K, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Makovoz B, Parikh BH, Lee HY, Lau KA, Su X, Wong RCB, Chan WK, Li H, Blenkinsop TA, Loh YH. Multi-species single-cell transcriptomic analysis of ocular compartment regulons. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5675. [PMID: 34584087 PMCID: PMC8478974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is a widely profiled tissue in multiple species by single-cell RNA sequencing studies. However, integrative research of the retina across species is lacking. Here, we construct the first single-cell atlas of the human and porcine ocular compartments and study inter-species differences in the retina. In addition to that, we identify putative adult stem cells present in the iris tissue. We also create a disease map of genes involved in eye disorders across compartments of the eye. Furthermore, we probe the regulons of different cell populations, which include transcription factors and receptor-ligand interactions and reveal unique directional signalling between ocular cell types. In addition, we study conservation of regulons across vertebrates and zebrafish to identify common core factors. Here, we show perturbation of KLF7 gene expression during retinal ganglion cells differentiation and conclude that it plays a significant role in the maturation of retinal ganglion cells. A comprehensive analysis of the ocular networks among various tissues is necessary to understand eye physiology in health and disease. Here the authors present a multi-species single-cell transcriptomic atlas consisting of cells of the cornea, iris, ciliary body, neural retina, retinal pigmented epithelium, and choroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Gautam
- Cell Fate Engineering and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Kiyofumi Hamashima
- Cell Fate Engineering and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Ying Chen
- Cell Fate Engineering and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Yingying Zeng
- Cell Fate Engineering and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Bar Makovoz
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bhav Harshad Parikh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Translational Retinal Research Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Hsin Yee Lee
- Cell Fate Engineering and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Katherine Anne Lau
- Cell Fate Engineering and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Translational Retinal Research Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
| | - Raymond C B Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Woon-Khiong Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Hu Li
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | | | - Yuin-Han Loh
- Cell Fate Engineering and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, 138673, Singapore. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore. .,Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119077, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.
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11
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Polymorphisms in GLIS3 and susceptibility to diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Hedgehog/GLI Signaling Pathway: Transduction, Regulation, and Implications for Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143410. [PMID: 34298625 PMCID: PMC8304605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Hedgehog/GLI (Hh/GLI) pathway plays a major role during development and it is commonly dysregulated in many diseases, including cancer. This highly concerted series of ligands, receptors, cytoplasmic signaling molecules, transcription factors, and co-regulators is involved in regulating the biological functions controlled by this pathway. Activation of Hh/GLI in cancer is most often through a non-canonical method of activation, independent of ligand binding. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of the Hh/GLI signaling, non-canonical mechanisms of pathway activation, its implication in disease, and the current therapeutic strategies targeting this cascade. Abstract The Hh/GLI signaling pathway was originally discovered in Drosophila as a major regulator of segment patterning in development. This pathway consists of a series of ligands (Shh, Ihh, and Dhh), transmembrane receptors (Ptch1 and Ptch2), transcription factors (GLI1–3), and signaling regulators (SMO, HHIP, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β, etc.) that work in concert to repress (Ptch1, Ptch2, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β) or activate (Shh, Ihh, Dhh, SMO, GLI1–3) the signaling cascade. Not long after the initial discovery, dysregulation of the Hh/GLI signaling pathway was implicated in human disease. Activation of this signaling pathway is observed in many types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic, and many more. Most often, the activation of the Hh/GLI pathway in cancer occurs through a ligand-independent mechanism. However, in benign disease, this activation is mostly ligand-dependent. The upstream signaling component of the receptor complex, SMO, is bypassed, and the GLI family of transcription factors can be activated regardless of ligand binding. Additional mechanisms of pathway activation exist whereby the entirety of the downstream signaling pathway is bypassed, and PTCH1 promotes cell cycle progression and prevents caspase-mediated apoptosis. Throughout this review, we summarize each component of the signaling cascade, non-canonical modes of pathway activation, and the implications in human disease, including cancer.
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London S, De Franco E, Elias-Assad G, Barhoum MN, Felszer C, Paniakov M, Weiner SA, Tenenbaum-Rakover Y. Case Report: Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus Caused by a Novel GLIS3 Mutation in Twins. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:673755. [PMID: 34093443 PMCID: PMC8169976 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.673755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in GLIS3 cause a rare syndrome characterized by neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), congenital hypothyroidism, congenital glaucoma and cystic kidneys. To date, 14 mutations in GLIS3 have been reported, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. GLIS3 is a key transcription factor involved in β-cell development, insulin expression, and development of the thyroid, eyes, liver and kidneys. Cases We describe non-identical twins born to consanguineous parents presenting with NDM, congenital hypothyroidism, congenital glaucoma, hepatic cholestasis, cystic kidney and delayed psychomotor development. Sequence analysis of GLIS3 identified a novel homozygous nonsense mutation, c.2392C>T, p.Gln798Ter (p.Q798*), which results in an early stop codon. The diabetes was treated with a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump and continuous glucose monitoring. Fluctuating blood glucose and intermittent hypoglycemia were observed on follow-up. Conclusions This report highlights the importance of early molecular diagnosis for appropriate management of NDM. We describe a novel nonsense mutation of GLIS3 causing NDM, extend the phenotype, and discuss the challenges in clinical management. Our findings provide new areas for further investigation into the roles of GLIS3 in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira London
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Elisa De Franco
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ghadir Elias-Assad
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marie Noufi Barhoum
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Clalit Health Services, Children Health Center, Naharia, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Zeffat, Israel
| | - Clari Felszer
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Marina Paniakov
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Scott A. Weiner
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Yardena Tenenbaum-Rakover
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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14
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Sanchez Caballero L, Gorgogietas V, Arroyo MN, Igoillo-Esteve M. Molecular mechanisms of β-cell dysfunction and death in monogenic forms of diabetes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 359:139-256. [PMID: 33832649 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monogenetic forms of diabetes represent 1%-5% of all diabetes cases and are caused by mutations in a single gene. These mutations, that affect genes involved in pancreatic β-cell development, function and survival, or insulin regulation, may be dominant or recessive, inherited or de novo. Most patients with monogenic diabetes are very commonly misdiagnosed as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The severity of their symptoms depends on the nature of the mutation, the function of the affected gene and, in some cases, the influence of additional genetic or environmental factors that modulate severity and penetrance. In some patients, diabetes is accompanied by other syndromic features such as deafness, blindness, microcephaly, liver and intestinal defects, among others. The age of diabetes onset may also vary from neonatal until early adulthood manifestations. Since the different mutations result in diverse clinical presentations, patients usually need different treatments that range from just diet and exercise, to the requirement of exogenous insulin or other hypoglycemic drugs, e.g., sulfonylureas or glucagon-like peptide 1 analogs to control their glycemia. As a consequence, awareness and correct diagnosis are crucial for the proper management and treatment of monogenic diabetes patients. In this chapter, we describe mutations causing different monogenic forms of diabetes associated with inadequate pancreas development or impaired β-cell function and survival, and discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in β-cell demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanchez Caballero
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research (UCDR), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ucdr.be/
| | - Vyron Gorgogietas
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research (UCDR), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ucdr.be/
| | - Maria Nicol Arroyo
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research (UCDR), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ucdr.be/
| | - Mariana Igoillo-Esteve
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research (UCDR), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ucdr.be/.
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15
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Vogrinc D, Goričar K, Dolžan V. Genetic Variability in Molecular Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:646901. [PMID: 33815092 PMCID: PMC8012500 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.646901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease, affecting a significant part of the population. The majority of AD cases occur in the elderly with a typical age of onset of the disease above 65 years. AD presents a major burden for the healthcare system and since population is rapidly aging, the burden of the disease will increase in the future. However, no effective drug treatment for a full-blown disease has been developed to date. The genetic background of AD is extensively studied; numerous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified significant genes associated with increased risk of AD development. This review summarizes more than 100 risk loci. Many of them may serve as biomarkers of AD progression, even in the preclinical stage of the disease. Furthermore, we used GWAS data to identify key pathways of AD pathogenesis: cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, localization, transport, regulation of cellular processes, and neurological system processes. Gene clustering into molecular pathways can provide background for identification of novel molecular targets and may support the development of tailored and personalized treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Kondkar AA. Updates on Genes and Genetic Mechanisms Implicated in Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2021; 14:89-112. [PMID: 33727852 PMCID: PMC7955727 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s274884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is estimated to affect over 30 million people worldwide by 2040 and is highly prevalent in the Asian population. PACG is more severe and carries three times the higher risk of blindness than primary open-angle glaucoma, thus representing a significant public health concern. High heritability and ethnic-specific predisposition to PACG suggest the involvement of genetic factors in disease development. In the recent past, genetic studies have led to the successful identification of several genes and loci associated with PACG across different ethnicities. The precise cellular and molecular roles of these multiple loci in the development and progression of PACG remains to be elucidated. Nonetheless, these studies have significantly increased our understanding of the emerging cellular processes and biological pathways that might provide more significant insights into the disease’s genetic etiology and may be valuable for future clinical applications. This review aims to summarize and update the current knowledge of PACG genetics analysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Szczepanek-Parulska E, Budny B, Borowczyk M, Zawadzka K, Sztromwasser P, Ruchała M. Compound heterozygous GLI3 variants in siblings with thyroid hemiagenesis. Endocrine 2021; 71:514-519. [PMID: 32696176 PMCID: PMC7881956 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid hemiagenesis (THA) is an inborn absence of one thyroid lobe of largely unknown etiopathogenesis, affecting 0.05-0.5% population. The aim of the study was an identification of genetic factors responsible for thyroid maldevelopment in two siblings with THA. METHODS We evaluated a three-generation THA family with two sisters presenting the disorder. Proband (Patient II:3) was diagnosed at the age of 45 due to neck asymmetry. Left lobe agenesis and nontoxic multinodular goiter were depicted. Proband's sister (Patient II:6) was euthyroid, showed up at the age of 39 due to neck discomfort and left-sided THA was demonstrated. Affected individuals were subjected to whole-exome sequencing (WES) (Illumina, TruSeq Exome Kit) and all identified variants were evaluated for pathogenicity. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm WES data and check segregation among first-degree relatives. RESULTS In both siblings, a compound heterozygous mutations NM_000168.6: c.[2179G>A];[4039C>A] (NP_000159.3: p.[Gly727Arg];[Gln1347Lys]) were identified in the GLI3 gene, affecting exon 14 and 15, respectively. According to the American College of Medical Genetics, variants are classified as of uncertain significance, and were found to be very rare (GnomAD MAF 0.007131 and 0.00003187). The segregation mapping and analysis of relatives indicated causativeness of compound heterozygosity. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time a unique association of THA phenotype and the presence of compound heterozygous mutations p.[Gly727Arg];[Gln1347Lys] of GLI3 gene in two siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Szczepanek-Parulska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Street, 60-355, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Budny
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Street, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Martyna Borowczyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Street, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zawadzka
- MNM Diagnostics Sp. z o.o, 64 Macieja Rataja Street, 61-695, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Sztromwasser
- MNM Diagnostics Sp. z o.o, 64 Macieja Rataja Street, 61-695, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 15 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Street, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
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18
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Splittstoesser V, Vollbach H, Plamper M, Garbe W, De Franco E, Houghton JAL, Dueker G, Ganschow R, Gohlke B, Schreiner F. Case Report: Extended Clinical Spectrum of the Neonatal Diabetes With Congenital Hypothyroidism Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:665336. [PMID: 33935973 PMCID: PMC8087289 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.665336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal diabetes with congenital hypothyroidism (NDH) syndrome is a rare condition caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the GLI-similar 3 coding gene GLIS3. Almost 20 patients have been reported to date, with significant phenotypic variability. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a boy with a homozygous deletion (exons 5-9) in the GLIS3 gene, who presents novel clinical aspects not reported previously. In addition to neonatal diabetes, congenital hypothyroidism and other known multi-organ manifestations such as cholestasis and renal cysts, he suffered from hyporegenerative anemia during the first four months of life and presents megalocornea in the absence of elevated intraocular pressure. Compensation of partial exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and deficiencies in antioxidative vitamins seemed to have exerted marked beneficial impact on several disease symptoms including cholestasis and TSH resistance, although a causal relation is difficult to prove. Considering reports on persistent fetal hemoglobin detected in a few children with GLIS3 mutations, the transient anemia seen in our patient may represent a further symptom associated with either the GLIS3 defect itself or, secondarily, micronutrient deficiency related to exocrine pancreatic deficiency or cholestasis. CONCLUSIONS Our report expands the phenotypic spectrum of patients with GLIS3 mutations and adds important information on the clinical course, highlighting the possible beneficial effects of pancreatic enzyme and antioxidative vitamin substitutions on characteristic NDH syndrome manifestations such as TSH resistance and cholestasis. We recommend to carefully screen infants with GLIS3 mutations for subtle biochemical signs of partial exocrine pancreatic deficiency or to discuss exploratory administration of pancreatic enzymes and antioxidative vitamins, even in case of good weight gain and fecal elastase concentrations in the low-to-normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Splittstoesser
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Vollbach
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michaela Plamper
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Werner Garbe
- Department of Neonatology, St. Marien-Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisa De Franco
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gesche Dueker
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Ganschow
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Gohlke
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Schreiner
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Felix Schreiner,
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López-Márquez A, Carrasco-López C, Fernández-Méndez C, Santisteban P. Unraveling the Complex Interplay Between Transcription Factors and Signaling Molecules in Thyroid Differentiation and Function, From Embryos to Adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:654569. [PMID: 33959098 PMCID: PMC8095082 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.654569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid differentiation of progenitor cells occurs during embryonic development and in the adult thyroid gland, and the molecular bases of these complex and finely regulated processes are becoming ever more clear. In this Review, we describe the most recent advances in the study of transcription factors, signaling molecules and regulatory pathways controlling thyroid differentiation and development in the mammalian embryo. We also discuss the maintenance of the adult differentiated phenotype to ensure the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. We will focus on endoderm-derived thyroid epithelial cells, which are responsible for the formation of the thyroid follicle, the functional unit of the thyroid gland. The use of animal models and pluripotent stem cells has greatly aided in providing clues to the complicated puzzle of thyroid development and function in adults. The so-called thyroid transcription factors - Nkx2-1, Foxe1, Pax8 and Hhex - were the first pieces of the puzzle identified in mice. Other transcription factors, either acting upstream of or directly with the thyroid transcription factors, were subsequently identified to, almost, complete the puzzle. Among them, the transcription factors Glis3, Sox9 and the cofactor of the Hippo pathway Taz, have emerged as important players in thyroid differentiation and development. The involvement of signaling molecules increases the complexity of the puzzle. In this context, the importance of Bmps, Fgfs and Shh signaling at the onset of development, and of TSH, IGF1 and TGFβ both at the end of terminal differentiation in embryos and in the adult thyroid, are well recognized. All of these aspects are covered herein. Thus, readers will be able to visualize the puzzle of thyroid differentiation with most - if not all - of the pieces in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arístides López-Márquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Unidad de Patología Neuromuscular, Servicio de Neuropediatría, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carlos Carrasco-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Fernández-Méndez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pilar Santisteban,
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20
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Scoville DW, Kang HS, Jetten AM. Transcription factor GLIS3: Critical roles in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, hypothyroidism, pancreatic beta cells and diabetes. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107632. [PMID: 32693112 PMCID: PMC7606550 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GLI-Similar 3 (GLIS3) is a member of the GLIS subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factors that functions as an activator or repressor of gene expression. Study of GLIS3-deficiency in mice and humans revealed that GLIS3 plays a critical role in the regulation of several biological processes and is implicated in the development of various diseases, including hypothyroidism and diabetes. This was supported by genome-wide association studies that identified significant associations of common variants in GLIS3 with increased risk of these pathologies. To obtain insights into the causal mechanisms underlying these diseases, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms by which this protein regulates the development of these pathologies. Recent studies of genes regulated by GLIS3 led to the identification of a number of target genes and have provided important molecular insights by which GLIS3 controls cellular processes. These studies revealed that GLIS3 is essential for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and identified a critical function for GLIS3 in the generation of pancreatic β cells and insulin gene transcription. These observations raised the possibility that the GLIS3 signaling pathway might provide a potential therapeutic target in the management of diabetes, hypothyroidism, and other diseases. To develop such strategies, it will be critical to understand the upstream signaling pathways that regulate the activity, expression and function of GLIS3. Here, we review the recent progress on the molecular mechanisms by which GLIS3 controls key functions in thyroid follicular and pancreatic β cells and how this causally relates to the development of hypothyroidism and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Scoville
- Cell Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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21
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Song J, Hinderhofer K, Kaufmann LT, Benjamin N, Fischer C, Grünig E, Eichstaedt CA. BMPR2 Promoter Variants Effect Gene Expression in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Patients. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101168. [PMID: 33036198 PMCID: PMC7601247 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants have been identified in 85% of heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. These variants were mainly located in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) gene. However, the penetrance of BMPR2 variants was reduced leading to a disease manifestation in only 30% of carriers. In these PAH patients, further modifiers such as additional pathogenic BMPR2 promoter variants could contribute to disease manifestation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify BMPR2 promoter variants in PAH patients and to analyze their transcriptional effect on gene expression and disease manifestation. BMPR2 promoter variants were identified in PAH patients and cloned into plasmids. These were transfected into human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells to determine their respective transcriptional activity. Nine different BMPR2 promoter variants were identified in seven PAH families and three idiopathic PAH patients. Seven of the variants (c.-575A>T, c.-586dupT, c.-910C>T, c.-930_-928dupGGC, c.-933_-928dupGGCGGC, c.-930_-928delGGC and c.-1141C>T) led to a significantly decreased transcriptional activity. This study identified novel BMPR2 promoter variants which may affect BMPR2 gene expression in PAH patients. They could contribute to disease manifestations at least in some families. Further studies are needed to investigate the frequency of BMPR2 promoter variants and their impact on penetrance and disease manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Diagnostics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.S.); (K.H.); (L.T.K.); (C.F.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik gGmbH Heidelberg at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstrasse 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (N.B.); (E.G.)
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg (TLRC), German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Hinderhofer
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Diagnostics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.S.); (K.H.); (L.T.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Lilian T. Kaufmann
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Diagnostics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.S.); (K.H.); (L.T.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Nicola Benjamin
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik gGmbH Heidelberg at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstrasse 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (N.B.); (E.G.)
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg (TLRC), German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Fischer
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Diagnostics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.S.); (K.H.); (L.T.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Ekkehard Grünig
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik gGmbH Heidelberg at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstrasse 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (N.B.); (E.G.)
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg (TLRC), German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina A. Eichstaedt
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Diagnostics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.S.); (K.H.); (L.T.K.); (C.F.)
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik gGmbH Heidelberg at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstrasse 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (N.B.); (E.G.)
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg (TLRC), German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-396-1221; Fax: +49-6221-396-1222
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22
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Zhang JL, Zhang CL, Zhou BG, Lei BY, Zhang B, Yang HT. Association study of the functional variants of the GLIS3 gene with risk of knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 40:1039-1046. [PMID: 32681364 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis (OA) ranks the most common joint disorder and the leading cause of disability. Growing evidence has revealed that OA has a strong genetic background, except for aging and obesity. The aim of this study is to determine the associations between potential functional variants of the GLIS3 and GLIS3-AS1 gene and risk of knee OA among a Chinese population. METHODS In this case-control study with 810 knee OA cases and 900 healthy controls, seven selected functional SNPs of the GLIS3 and GLIS3-AS1 gene were evaluated. RESULTS We found minor alleles of rs10116772 (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.69-0.92, P = 0.002), rs7045410 (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61-0.92, P = 0.005), and rs7032713 (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63-0.93, P = 0.006) were significantly associated with decreased risk of knee OA. Results of the dominant and recessive model, stratified analyses using Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading presented that the significant associations were not materially changed. Haplotype analysis indicated that haplotype CGT (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46-0.96, P = 0.031) and ATT (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.6-0.95, P = 0.017) were significantly associated with decreased risk of knee OA. Further, they were also significantly associated with lower expression level of GLIS3, as well as higher expression level of GLIS3-AS1 in the articular cartilage specimens. Genotype-tissue expression (GTEX) data also validated that minor alleles of rs7045410 and rs7032713 were significantly associated with higher expression level of GLIS3-AS1 in thyroid and pituitary tissues (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings revealed the essential role of genetic variants of the GLIS3 and GLIS3-AS1 gene in the occurrence of knee OA together. Key Point • Functional variants of the GLIS3 and GLIS3-AS1 gene were significantly associated with decreased risk of knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Luo Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, No.215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang City, 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cun-Li Zhang
- Medical School of Xianyang Vocational and Technical College, Xianyang City, 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bai-Gang Zhou
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, No.215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang City, 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo-Yi Lei
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, No.215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang City, 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, No.215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang City, 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Tao Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xi'an International Rehabilitation Medicine Center, East of Xi-Tai Road, Chang'an District, Xi'an City, 710126, Shaanxi Province, China.
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23
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Basili T, Dopeso H, Kim SH, Ferrando L, Pareja F, Da Cruz Paula A, da Silva EM, Stylianou A, Maroldi A, Marchiò C, Rubin BP, Papotti M, Weigelt B, Moreira Ferreira CG, Lapa E Silva JR, Reis-Filho JS. Oncogenic properties and signaling basis of the PAX8-GLIS3 fusion gene. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2253-2264. [PMID: 32383186 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyalinizing trabecular tumors of the thyroid are rare and mostly benign epithelial neoplasms of follicular cell origin, which have recently been shown to be underpinned by the PAX8-GLIS3 fusion gene. In our study, we sought to investigate the potential oncogenic mechanisms of the PAX8-GLIS3 fusion gene. Forced expression of PAX8-GLIS3 was found to increase proliferation, clonogenic potential and migration of human nonmalignant thyroid (Nthy-ori 3-1) and embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. Moreover, in xenografts, Nthy-ori 3-1 PAX8-GLIS3 expressing cells generated significantly larger and more proliferative tumors compared to controls. These oncogenic effects were found to be mediated through activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway. Targeting of smoothened (SMO), a key protein in the SHH pathway, using the small molecule inhibitor Cyclopamine partially reversed the increased proliferation, colony formation and migration in PAX8-GLIS3 expressing cells. Our data demonstrate that the oncogenic effects of the PAX8-GLIS3 fusion gene are, at least in part, due to an increased activation of the SHH pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Basili
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Higinio Dopeso
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah H Kim
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lorenzo Ferrando
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fresia Pareja
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arnaud Da Cruz Paula
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edaise M da Silva
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anthe Stylianou
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ana Maroldi
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caterina Marchiò
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Brian P Rubin
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, at Città della Salute Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos Gil Moreira Ferreira
- Oncoclinicas Institute for Research and Education, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Li K, Yang C, Wan X, Xu J, Luo Q, Cheng Y, Peng J, Gong B, Jiang L, Liu Y, Shuai P. Evaluation of the association between five genetic variants and primary open-angle glaucoma in a Han Chinese population. Ophthalmic Genet 2020; 41:252-256. [PMID: 32281515 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2020.1747089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A large genome-wide association study showed that five new variants, {EPDR1 (rs3816415), CHAT (rs1258267), GLIS3 (rs736893), FERMT2 (rs7494379), and DPM2-FAM102A (rs3739821)}, were associated primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). Considering the shared clinical features between primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and PACG, this study was conducted to investigate the association of these genetic variants with POAG in a Han Chinese population. METHODS A total 799 POAG patients and 799 controls are enrolled in this case-control study. All individuals were genotyped for the five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using ABI SNaPshot method. Four genetic models (homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, and recessive) were applied to further evaluate the possible correlation between the five SNPs and POAG. RESULTS In our study, rs736893 in the GLIS3 gene was found to be associated with POAG (Bonferroni corrected p = .001, OR = 1.282, 95% CI = 1.103-1.491). Rs736893-AA and rs736893-AA/AG carriers showed an increase risk for POAG compared with rs736893-GG carriers (corrected p = .028, OR = 1.605, 95% CI = 1.137-2.267; corrected p = .012, OR = 1.349, 95% CI = 1.108-1.642; respectively) in homozygous and dominant models. For rs3816415 in the EPDR1 gene, rs3816415-AG and rs3816415-AA/AG carriers have a marginally lower risk than rs3816415-GG carriers (corrected p = .036, OR = 0.710, 95% CI = 0.548-0.919; corrected p = .04, OR = 0.718, 95% CI = 0.557-0.925) in heterozygous and dominant models. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that GLIS3 (rs736893) was associated with POAG in this Chinese population. Further genetic epidemiologic studies and functional work are necessary to reveal their pathogenesis with POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Li
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wan
- Department of Health Management, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yilian Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Gong
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Jiang
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Department of Health Management, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Shuai
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Health Management, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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26
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Yasuoka Y, Matsumoto M, Yagi K, Okazaki Y. Evolutionary History of GLIS Genes Illuminates Their Roles in Cell Reprograming and Ciliogenesis. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:100-109. [PMID: 31504761 PMCID: PMC6984359 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The GLIS family transcription factors, GLIS1 and GLIS3, potentiate generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In contrast, another GLIS family member, GLIS2, suppresses cell reprograming. To understand how these disparate roles arose, we examined evolutionary origins and genomic organization of GLIS genes. Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis shows that GLIS1 and GLIS3 originated during vertebrate whole genome duplication, whereas GLIS2 is a sister group to the GLIS1/3 and GLI families. This result is consistent with their opposing functions in cell reprograming. Glis1 evolved faster than Glis3, losing many protein-interacting motifs. This suggests that Glis1 acquired new functions under weakened evolutionary constraints. In fact, GLIS1 induces induced pluripotent stem cells more strongly. Transcriptomic data from various animal embryos demonstrate that glis1 is maternally expressed in some tetrapods, whereas vertebrate glis3 and invertebrate glis1/3 genes are rarely expressed in oocytes, suggesting that vertebrate (or tetrapod) Glis1 acquired a new expression domain and function as a maternal factor. Furthermore, comparative genomic analysis reveals that glis1/3 is part of a bilaterian-specific gene cluster, together with rfx3, ndc1, hspb11, and lrrc42. Because known functions of these genes are related to cilia formation and function, the last common ancestor of bilaterians may have acquired this cluster by shuffling gene order to establish more sophisticated epithelial tissues involving cilia. This evolutionary study highlights the significance of GLIS1/3 for cell reprograming, development, and diseases in ciliated organs such as lung, kidney, and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuri Yasuoka
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahito Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Diabetic Therapeutics, Department of Metabolic Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Yagi
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Yousefian A, Shokoohi-Rad S, Abbaszadegan MR, Rad DM, Zargari S, Milanizadeh S, Morovatdar N, Daneshvar R. Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma-associated Genetic Polymorphisms in Northeast Iran. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2020; 15:45-52. [PMID: 32095208 PMCID: PMC7001019 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v15i1.5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the association of five different polymorphisms from a genome-wide-associated study with susceptibility to glaucoma in the northeast Iranian population. Methods Hundred and thirty patients with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and 130 healthy controls were genotyped for the polymorphic regions with the aid of tetra-amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction. The association of these variants with the disease susceptibility was measured statistically with the logistic regression method. Results Hundred and thirty patients with PACG (53 males, 77 females) with a mean age of 64.5 ± 6.2 years and 130 healthy control subjects (51 males, 79 females) with a mean age of 64.0 ± 5.7 years were selected for evaluation. There was a significant association between rs3816415 (P = 0.005), rs736893 (P< 0.001), rs7494379 (P< 0.001), and rs1258267 (P = 0.02) with PACG susceptibility. This association could not be shown for rs3739821. Conclusion It was revealed that studied variants in GLIS3, EPDR1, FERMT2, and CHAT genes can contribute to the incidence of PACG. Additional studies in other populations are needed to evaluate DPM2-FAM102A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yousefian
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Shokoohi-Rad
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Dorsa Morshedi Rad
- Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Selma Zargari
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Milanizadeh
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negar Morovatdar
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Daneshvar
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract
Background: GLIS3 (GLI-Similar protein 3) is a transcription factor involved in several cellular processes. Homozygous mutations in the GLIS3 gene have been typically associated with neonatal diabetes and congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in a syndrome called NDH. NDH patients present developmental abnormalities including endocrine pancreas defects and a spectrum of thyroid abnormalities, mainly including thyroid dysgenesis (TD). The mouse models revealed a key role of Glis3 in pancreatic islets but not in early thyroid development, as Glis3 was described to retain a role in regulating thyroid hormone synthesis downstream the thyrotropin (TSH)/TSHR signaling pathway and in postnatal follicle proliferation. Hence, in this study, we have been taking advantage of the zebrafish model to gain insights on the Glis3 activity during thyroid organogenesis. Methods: Transient glis3-knockdown zebrafish embryos (called glis3 morphants) were generated by the microinjection of specific glis3 morpholinos at one- to two-cell stage to analyze the thyroid phenotype in vivo. Several additional analyses (in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and pharmacological treatments) were performed for further molecular characterization. Results: The analysis of thyroid embryonic development revealed that Glis3 is involved in early steps of thyroid specification. glis3 morphants exhibited a reduced expression of the early transcription factors nkx2.4 and pax2a at the thyroid primordium level, which is not caused by changes in proliferation or apoptosis of the pharyngeal endoderm. As a result, the differentiated thyroid tissue in morphants appeared reduced in size with decreased expression of tg and slc5a5, a low number of thyroxine (T4)-producing follicles, associated with an elevation of tshba (homologous of the human TSHβ), thus resembling the clinical and biochemical manifestations of patients with TD. Interestingly, glis3 morphants have pancreatic β-cell defects, but not liver defects. In vitro and in vivo data also demonstrated that Glis3 is an effector of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway. Molecular and pharmacological inhibition of SHH reproduced the thyroid defects observed in glis3 morphant. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that glis3, within the SHH pathway, appears to determine the number of endodermal cells committed to a thyroid fate. This is the first evidence of the involvement of Glis3 in TD, thereby expanding the understanding of the genetic basis of thyroid development and CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Rurale
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Duminuco
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Tremblay JR, Lopez K, Ku HT. A GLIS3-CD133-WNT-signaling axis regulates the self-renewal of adult murine pancreatic progenitor-like cells in colonies and organoids. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16634-16649. [PMID: 31533988 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence and regenerative potential of resident stem and progenitor cells in the adult pancreas are controversial topics. A question that has been only minimally addressed is the capacity of a progenitor cell to self-renew, a key attribute that defines stem cells. Previously, our laboratory has identified putative stem and progenitor cells from the adult murine pancreas. Using an ex vivo colony/organoid culture system, we demonstrated that these stem/progenitor-like cells have self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential. We have named these cells pancreatic colony-forming units (PCFUs) because they can give rise to three-dimensional colonies. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PCFUs self-renew have remained largely unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that PCFU self-renewal requires GLIS family zinc finger 3 (GLIS3), a zinc-finger transcription factor important in pancreas development. Pancreata from 2- to 4-month-old mice were dissociated, sorted for CD133highCD71low ductal cells, known to be enriched for PCFUs, and virally transduced with shRNAs to knock down GLIS3 and other proteins. We then plated these cells into our colony assays and analyzed the resulting colonies for protein and gene expression. Our results revealed a previously unknown GLIS3-to-CD133-to-WNT signaling axis in which GLIS3 and CD133 act as factors necessary for maintaining WNT receptors and signaling molecules in colonies, allowing responses to WNT ligands. Additionally, we found that CD133, but not GLIS3 or WNT, is required for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT Ser/Thr kinase (AKT)-mediated PCFU survival. Collectively, our results uncover a molecular pathway that maintains self-renewal of adult murine PCFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Tremblay
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91006
| | - Kassandra Lopez
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Hsun Teresa Ku
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010 .,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91006
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Jetten AM. Emerging Roles of GLI-Similar Krüppel-like Zinc Finger Transcription Factors in Leukemia and Other Cancers. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:547-557. [PMID: 31474360 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
GLI-similar 1-3 (GLIS1-3), a subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factors, function as key regulators of several biological processes important to oncogenesis, including control of cell proliferation, differentiation, self-renewal, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This review provides a short overview of the critical roles genetic changes in GLIS1-3 play in the development of several malignancies. This includes intrachromosomal translocations involving GLIS2 and ETO2/CBFA2T3 in the development of pediatric non-Down's syndrome (DS), acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), a malignancy with poor prognosis, and an association of interchromosomal translocations between GLIS3, GLIS1, and PAX8, and between GLIS3 and CLPTM1L with hyalinizing trabecular tumors (HTTs) and fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FHCC), respectively. Targeting upstream signaling pathways that regulate GLIS signaling may offer new therapeutic strategies in the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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31
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Sun J, Have CT, Hollensted M, Grarup N, Linneberg A, Pedersen O, Nielsen JS, Rungby J, Christensen C, Brandslund I, Kristiansen K, Jun W, Hansen T, Gjesing AP. Sequencing reveals protective and pathogenic effects on development of diabetes of rare GLIS3 variants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220805. [PMID: 31415576 PMCID: PMC6695102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Based on the association of common GLIS3 variants with various forms of diabetes and the biological role of GLIS3 in beta-cells, we sequenced GLIS3 in non-diabetic and diabetic Danes to investigate the effect of rare missense variants on glucose metabolism. Methods We sequenced 53 patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), 5,726 non-diabetic participants, 2,930 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 206 patients with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA) -positive diabetes. Results In total we identified 86 rare (minor allele frequency < 0.1%) missense variants. None was considered causal for the presence of MODY. Among patients with type 2 diabetes, we observed a higher prevalence of rare GLIS3 missense variants (2.5%) compared to non-diabetic individuals (1.8%) (odds ratio of 1.37 (interquartile range:1.01–1.88, p = 0.04)). A significantly increased HbA1c was found among patients with type 2 diabetes and with GADA-positive diabetes carrying rare GLIS3 variants compared to non-carriers of rare GLIS3 variants with diabetes (p = 0.02 and p = 0.004, respectively). One variant (p.I28V) was found to have a minor allele frequency of only 0.03% among patients with type 2 diabetes compared to 0.2% among non-diabetic individuals suggesting a protective function (odds ratio of 0.20 (interquartile range: 0.005–1.4, p = 0.1)), an effect which was supported by publically available data. This variant was also associated with a lower level of fasting plasma glucose among non-diabetic individuals (p = 0.046). Conclusion Rare missense variants in GLIS3 associates nominally with increased level of HbA1c and increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In contrast, the rare p.I28V variant associate with reduced level of fasting plasma glucose and may be protective against type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Sun
- Biology Department, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Theil Have
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Hollensted
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Steen Nielsen
- DD2, Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Laboratory of Genomics and
| | - Cramer Christensen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, SLB, Hospital Lillebaelt, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Lillebaelt, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Research, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette P. Gjesing
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Jeon K, Kumar D, Conway AE, Park K, Jothi R, Jetten AM. GLIS3 Transcriptionally Activates WNT Genes to Promote Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Posterior Neural Progenitors. Stem Cells 2018; 37:202-215. [PMID: 30376208 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anterior-posterior (A-P) specification of the neural tube involves initial acquisition of anterior fate followed by the induction of posterior characteristics in the primitive anterior neuroectoderm. Several morphogens have been implicated in the regulation of A-P neural patterning; however, our understanding of the upstream regulators of these morphogens remains incomplete. Here, we show that the Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factor GLI-Similar 3 (GLIS3) can direct differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into posterior neural progenitor cells in lieu of the default anterior pathway. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that this switch in cell fate is due to rapid activation of Wingless/Integrated (WNT) signaling pathway. Mechanistically, through genome-wide RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq, and functional analyses, we show that GLIS3 binds to and directly regulates the transcription of several WNT genes, including the strong posteriorizing factor WNT3A, and that inhibition of WNT signaling is sufficient to abrogate GLIS3-induced posterior specification. Our findings suggest a potential role for GLIS3 in the regulation of A-P specification through direct transcriptional activation of WNT genes. Stem Cells 2018 Stem Cells 2019;37:202-215.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilsoo Jeon
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dhirendra Kumar
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda E Conway
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyeyoon Park
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Raja Jothi
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Zhuang W, Wang S, Hao J, Xu M, Chi H, Piao S, Ma J, Zhang X, Ha S. Genotype-ocular biometry correlation analysis of eight primary angle closure glaucoma susceptibility loci in a cohort from Northern China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206935. [PMID: 30399154 PMCID: PMC6219795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have verified eight genetic loci that were significantly associated with primary angle–closure glaucoma (PACG). The present study investigated whether these variants are associated with the ocular biometric parameters of anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length (AL) in a northern Chinese population, as well as whether there were differences in the association of genetic markers in our cohort based on ethnicity. Methods A case-control association study of 500 patients and 720 controls was undertaken. All individuals were genotyped for eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs11024102 in PLEKHA7, rs3753841 in COL11A1, rs1015213 located between PCMTD1 and ST18, rs3816415 in EPDR1, rs1258267 in CHAT, rs736893 in GLIS3, rs7494379 in FERMT2, and rs3739821 mapping between DPM2 and FAM102A) using an improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR) technique. Allelic and genotypic frequency differences were evaluated using a logistic regression model. Generalized estimation equation (GEE) analysis was conducted for association testing between genotypes and ocular biometric parameters. False discovery rate (FDR) correction for multiple comparisons was employed, and the statistical power was calculated via power and sample size calculation. Results Four of the eight SNPs, rs3753841, rs1258267, rs736893 and rs7494379, were associated with PACG (p = 0.007, 0.0016, 0.0045, 0.045, respectively), and only rs3753841, rs1258267 and rs736893 surpassed the FDR correction. For subgroup analysis, only rs1258267 could withstand multiple testing correction in the Han nationality (p = 0.00571). In the GEE tests, rs3753841, rs1258267 and rs736893 were found to be nominally associated with ACD (p = 0.023, 0.016, 0.01, respectively). However, these associations could not survive FDR correction. Conclusions The SNP rs3753841 in COL11A1, rs1258267 in CHAT and rs736893 in GLIS3 are associated with PACG in northern Chinese people, and the association of genetic markers manifests a tendency of ethnic diversity. Larger population-based studies are warranted to reveal additional PACG loci and ethnic aspects of PACG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhuang
- People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Eye Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University For Nationalities), Yinchuan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Shaolin Wang
- People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Eye Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University For Nationalities), Yinchuan, China
- Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juan Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Manyun Xu
- People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Eye Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University For Nationalities), Yinchuan, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan University, Jinan, China
| | - Shunyu Piao
- Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianqing Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuzhong People's Hospital, Wuzhong, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Eye Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University For Nationalities), Yinchuan, China
| | - Shaoping Ha
- People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Eye Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University For Nationalities), Yinchuan, China
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Jetten AM. GLIS1-3 transcription factors: critical roles in the regulation of multiple physiological processes and diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3473-3494. [PMID: 29779043 PMCID: PMC6123274 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like zinc finger proteins form one of the largest families of transcription factors. They function as key regulators of embryonic development and a wide range of other physiological processes, and are implicated in a variety of pathologies. GLI-similar 1-3 (GLIS1-3) constitute a subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc finger proteins that act either as activators or repressors of gene transcription. GLIS3 plays a critical role in the regulation of multiple biological processes and is a key regulator of pancreatic β cell generation and maturation, insulin gene expression, thyroid hormone biosynthesis, spermatogenesis, and the maintenance of normal kidney functions. Loss of GLIS3 function in humans and mice leads to the development of several pathologies, including neonatal diabetes and congenital hypothyroidism, polycystic kidney disease, and infertility. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in GLIS3 genes have been associated with increased risk of several diseases, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes, glaucoma, and neurological disorders. GLIS2 plays a critical role in the kidney and GLIS2 dysfunction leads to nephronophthisis, an end-stage, cystic renal disease. In addition, GLIS1-3 have regulatory functions in several stem/progenitor cell populations. GLIS1 and GLIS3 greatly enhance reprogramming efficiency of somatic cells into induced embryonic stem cells, while GLIS2 inhibits reprogramming. Recent studies have obtained substantial mechanistic insights into several physiological processes regulated by GLIS2 and GLIS3, while a little is still known about the physiological functions of GLIS1. The localization of some GLIS proteins to the primary cilium suggests that their activity may be regulated by a downstream primary cilium-associated signaling pathway. Insights into the upstream GLIS signaling pathway may provide opportunities for the development of new therapeutic strategies for diabetes, hypothyroidism, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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35
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Ungewitter EK, Rotgers E, Kang HS, Lichti-Kaiser K, Li L, Grimm SA, Jetten AM, Yao HHC. Loss of Glis3 causes dysregulation of retrotransposon silencing and germ cell demise in fetal mouse testis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9662. [PMID: 29941866 PMCID: PMC6018429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal germ cell development is regulated by an elaborate combination of cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic signals. Here we identify a novel role for the Krüppel-like transcription factor Gli-Similar 3 (Glis3) in male germ cell development in the mouse embryos. Glis3 is expressed in male germ cells during the brief window of time prior to initiation of piRNA-dependent retrotransposon surveillance. Disruption of Glis3 function led to a widespread reduction in retrotransposon silencing factors, aberrant retrotransposon expression and pronounced germ cell loss. Experimental induction of precocious Glis3 expression in vivo before its normal expression resulted in premature expression of several piRNA pathway members, suggesting that GLIS3 is necessary for the activation of the retrotransposon silencing programs. Our findings reveal an unexpected role for GLIS3 in the development of male germ cells and point to a central role for GLIS3 in the control of retrotransposon silencing in the fetal germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica K Ungewitter
- Reproductive Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emmi Rotgers
- Reproductive Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Immunity, Inflammation & Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristin Lichti-Kaiser
- Immunity, Inflammation & Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Leping Li
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sara A Grimm
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation & Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Humphrey H-C Yao
- Reproductive Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA.
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Casalone E, Tachmazidou I, Zengini E, Hatzikotoulas K, Hackinger S, Suveges D, Steinberg J, Rayner NW, Wilkinson JM, Panoutsopoulou K, Zeggini E. A novel variant in GLIS3 is associated with osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:620-623. [PMID: 29436472 PMCID: PMC5890630 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease, but its genetic aetiology remains poorly characterised. To identify novel susceptibility loci for OA, we carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in individuals from the largest UK-based OA collections to date. METHODS We carried out a discovery GWAS in 5414 OA individuals with knee and/or hip total joint replacement (TJR) and 9939 population-based controls. We followed-up prioritised variants in OA subjects from the interim release of the UK Biobank resource (up to 12 658 cases and 50 898 controls) and our lead finding in operated OA subjects from the full release of UK Biobank (17 894 cases and 89 470 controls). We investigated its functional implications in methylation, gene expression and proteomics data in primary chondrocytes from 12 pairs of intact and degraded cartilage samples from patients undergoing TJR. RESULTS We detect a genome-wide significant association at rs10116772 with TJR (P=3.7×10-8; for allele A: OR (95% CI) 0.97 (0.96 to 0.98)), an intronic variant in GLIS3, which is expressed in cartilage. Variants in strong correlation with rs10116772 have been associated with elevated plasma glucose levels and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS We identify a novel susceptibility locus for OA that has been previously implicated in diabetes and glycaemic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Casalone
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, IIGM, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Eleni Zengini
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- 5th Psychiatric Department, Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Daniel Suveges
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Julia Steinberg
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nigel William Rayner
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Jayachandran A, Prithviraj P, Lo PH, Walkiewicz M, Anaka M, Woods BL, Tan B, Behren A, Cebon J, McKeown SJ. Identifying and targeting determinants of melanoma cellular invasion. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41186-41202. [PMID: 27172792 PMCID: PMC5173051 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a critical process that increases the malignant potential of melanoma by facilitating invasion and dissemination of tumor cells. This study identified genes involved in the regulation of cellular invasion and evaluated whether they can be targeted to inhibit melanoma invasion. We identified Peroxidasin (PXDN), Netrin 4 (NTN4) and GLIS Family Zinc Finger 3 (GLIS3) genes consistently elevated in invasive mesenchymal-like melanoma cells. These genes and proteins were highly expressed in metastatic melanoma tumors, and gene silencing led to reduced melanoma invasion in vitro. Furthermore, migration of PXDN, NTN4 or GLIS3 siRNA transfected melanoma cells was inhibited following transplantation into the embryonic chicken neural tube compared to control siRNA transfected melanoma cells. Our study suggests that PXDN, NTN4 and GLIS3 play a functional role in promoting melanoma cellular invasion, and therapeutic approaches directed toward inhibiting the action of these proteins may reduce the incidence or progression of metastasis in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Jayachandran
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Queensland School of Medicine and the Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Prashanth Prithviraj
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pu-Han Lo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marzena Walkiewicz
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Anaka
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Briannyn L Woods
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - BeeShin Tan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sonja J McKeown
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hong KW, Kim SH, Zhang X, Park S. Interactions among the variants of insulin-related genes and nutrients increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res 2018; 51:82-92. [PMID: 29673546 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Asians easily develops type 2 diabetes (T2DM) since they have insufficient glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in insulin resistant states. Since this may be associated with genetic background, the hypothesis of this study was that inter-genetic and gene-nutrient interactions may explain the low insulin secretory capacity of Asians. Accordingly, we identified the best gene-gene and gene-nutrient interactions using generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) in a large Korean cohort (n=8,842). Initially, we used 105 genetic variants associated with GSIS to identify the best gene-gene interaction model using the GMDR method. The best model included six SNPs, FNBP1L-rs4847428, FNBP1L-rs23766, GLIS3-rs2027393, GLIS3-rs3892354, GLIS3-rs486163 and DLC1-rs17093957. For each individual, we obtained the genetic risk scores based on the best model (GRSBM) to predict the GSIS levels. The GRSBM were divided into low, medium and high groups, and the association between T2DM and the GRSBM was measured using logistic regression. We analyzed the interaction between the GRSBM and the nutrition intakes. The adjusted odds ratios for T2DM risk increased by 1.701 fold in the high-score group compared to the low-score group. HOMA-B, an index of insulin secretion capacity, but not insulin resistance index was much lower in the high-score group than the low-score group. The association between the GRSBM and T2DM risk was greater in subjects with high energy intakes and low Ca intake, than those with low energy intake and high Ca intake. The high-score group was susceptible to T2DM incidence due to lower GSIS than the low-score group especially in subjects with high energy intake. In conclusion, the hypothesis of the study was accepted. These findings suggested that individuals with high GRSBM of the 6 genes in the model should avoid diets in high energy and low in calcium (<500 mg/day) to protect against T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Won Hong
- Division of Personal Genome Service, Theragen Etex Bio Institute Co., Ltd., Suwon, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xin Zhang
- Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea.
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Rurale G, Persani L, Marelli F. GLIS3 and Thyroid: A Pleiotropic Candidate Gene for Congenital Hypothyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:730. [PMID: 30555422 PMCID: PMC6281699 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in the transcription factor Gli-similar 3 (GLIS3) gene have been associated to variable congenital endocrine defects, including both morphogenetic and functional thyroid alterations. Evidence from Glis3 knockout mice indicates a relevant role for GLIS3 in thyroid hormone biosynthesis and postnatal thyroid gland growth, with a mechanism of action downstream of the TSH/TSHR interaction. However, the pathophysiological role of this transcription factor during the embryonic thyroid development remains unexplored. In this manuscript, we will provide an overview of the current knowledge on GLIS3 function during development. As a perspective, we will present preliminary evidence in the zebrafish model in support of a potential role for this pleiotropic transcription factor in the early stages of thyroid gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Rurale
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases & Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luca Persani
| | - Federica Marelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Scoville DW, Kang HS, Jetten AM. GLIS1-3: emerging roles in reprogramming, stem and progenitor cell differentiation and maintenance. Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:80. [PMID: 29057252 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have provided evidence for a regulatory role of GLI-similar (GLIS) transcription factors in reprogramming, maintenance and differentiation of several stem and progenitor cell populations. GLIS1, in conjunction with several other reprogramming factors, was shown to markedly increase the efficiency of generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from somatic cells. GLIS2 has been reported to contribute to the maintenance of the pluripotent state in hPSCs. In addition, GLIS2 has a function in regulating self-renewal of hematopoietic progenitors and megakaryocytic differentiation. GLIS3 plays a critical role during the development of several tissues. GLIS3 is able to promote reprogramming of human fibroblasts into retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. Moreover, GLIS3 is essential for spermatogonial stem cell renewal and spermatogonial progenitor cell differentiation. During pancreas development, GLIS3 protein is first detectable in bipotent pancreatic progenitors and pro-endocrine progenitors and plays a critical role in the generation of pancreatic beta cells. Here, we review the current status of the roles of GLIS proteins in the maintenance and differentiation of these different stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Scoville
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Calderari S, Ria M, Gérard C, Nogueira TC, Villate O, Collins SC, Neil H, Gervasi N, Hue C, Suarez-Zamorano N, Prado C, Cnop M, Bihoreau MT, Kaisaki PJ, Cazier JB, Julier C, Lathrop M, Werner M, Eizirik DL, Gauguier D. Molecular genetics of the transcription factor GLIS3 identifies its dual function in beta cells and neurons. Genomics 2017; 110:98-111. [PMID: 28911974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The GLIS family zinc finger 3 isoform (GLIS3) is a risk gene for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease endophenotype. We identified GLIS3 binding sites in insulin secreting cells (INS1) (FDR q<0.05; enrichment range 1.40-9.11 fold) sharing the motif wrGTTCCCArTAGs, which were enriched in genes involved in neuronal function and autophagy and in risk genes for metabolic and neuro-behavioural diseases. We confirmed experimentally Glis3-mediated regulation of the expression of genes involved in autophagy and neuron function in INS1 and neuronal PC12 cells. Naturally-occurring coding polymorphisms in Glis3 in the Goto-Kakizaki rat model of type 2 diabetes were associated with increased insulin production in vitro and in vivo, suggestive alteration of autophagy in PC12 and INS1 and abnormal neurogenesis in hippocampus neurons. Our results support biological pleiotropy of GLIS3 in pathologies affecting β-cells and neurons and underline the existence of trans‑nosology pathways in diabetes and its co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Calderari
- Sorbonne Universities, University Pierre & Marie Curie, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR_S1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Massimiliano Ria
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christelle Gérard
- Sorbonne Universities, University Pierre & Marie Curie, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR_S1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Tatiane C Nogueira
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olatz Villate
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephan C Collins
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Neil
- FRE3377, Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay (iBiTec-S), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | | | - Christophe Hue
- Sorbonne Universities, University Pierre & Marie Curie, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR_S1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Suarez-Zamorano
- Sorbonne Universities, University Pierre & Marie Curie, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR_S1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Cécilia Prado
- Sorbonne Universities, University Pierre & Marie Curie, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR_S1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Thérèse Bihoreau
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela J Kaisaki
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Baptiste Cazier
- Centre for Computational Biology, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Julier
- INSERM UMR-S 958, Faculté de Médecine Paris Diderot, University Paris 7 Denis-Diderot, Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Michel Werner
- FRE3377, Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay (iBiTec-S), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- Sorbonne Universities, University Pierre & Marie Curie, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR_S1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, Paris, France; The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada.
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Duarte GCK, Assmann TS, Dieter C, de Souza BM, Crispim D. GLIS3 rs7020673 and rs10758593 polymorphisms interact in the susceptibility for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:813-821. [PMID: 28597135 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-1009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The transcription factor Gli-similar 3 (GLIS3) plays a key role in the development and maintenance of pancreatic beta cells as well as in the regulation of Insulin gene expression in adults. Accordingly, genome-wide association studies identified GLIS3 as a susceptibility locus for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and glucose metabolism traits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to replicate the association of the rs10758593 and rs7020673 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GLIS3 gene with T1DM in a Brazilian population. METHODS Frequencies of the rs7020673 (G/C) and rs10758593 (A/G) SNPs were analyzed in 503 T1DM patients (cases) and in 442 non-diabetic subjects (controls). Haplotypes constructed from the combination of these SNPs were inferred using a Bayesian statistical method. RESULTS Genotype and allele frequencies of rs7020673 and rs10758593 SNPs did not differ significantly between case and control groups. However, the frequency of ≥3 minor alleles of the analyzed SNPs in haplotypes was higher in T1DM patients compared to non-diabetic subjects (6.2 vs. 1.6%; P = 0.001). The presence of ≥3 minor alleles remained independently associated with risk of T1DM after adjustment for T1DM high-risk HLA DR/DQ haplotypes, age and ethnicity (OR = 3.684 95% CI 1.220-11.124). Moreover, levels of glycated hemoglobin seem to be higher in T1DM patients with rs10758593 A/A genotype than patients carrying the G allele of this SNP (P = 0.038), although this association was not kept after Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that individually the rs7020673 and rs10758593 SNPs are not significantly associated with T1DM but seem to interact in the predisposition for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme C K Duarte
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Prédio 12, 4º andar, Zip Code: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tais S Assmann
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Prédio 12, 4º andar, Zip Code: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristine Dieter
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Prédio 12, 4º andar, Zip Code: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bianca M de Souza
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Prédio 12, 4º andar, Zip Code: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daisy Crispim
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Prédio 12, 4º andar, Zip Code: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Li L, Chen S, Wang Q, Wu C, Wen X, Yang F, Liu C, Zhang F, Li Y. GLIS3 and TYK2 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Are Not Associated with Dermatomyositis/Polymyositis in Chinese Han Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:565-570. [PMID: 28846454 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Racial differences and genetic overlap have been shown to be responsible for the difference in susceptibility to dermatomyositis (DM)/polymyositis (PM) in a variety of populations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GLI-similar 3 (GLIS3) and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) genes have been associated with various autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SNPs in GLIS3 (rs7020673, rs10758593, and rs10814916) and TYK2 (rs280519, rs2304256, rs17000730, and rs280501) were associated with an increase in susceptibility to DM/PM in a Chinese Han population. MATERIALS AND METHODS SNPs in GLIS3 and TYK2 were analyzed in a cohort of 1017 patients with DM/PM and 1280 healthy controls using a Sequenom MassArray system. Association analyses were performed using the PLINK v1.07 software. RESULTS In our study, the GLIS3 polymorphisms rs7020673 and rs10758593 were initially found to be predisposing risk factors for PM and PM with interstitial lung disease (p < 0.05). Both rs7020673 and rs10758593 were associated with PM in both additive and dominant models (p < 0.05); however, these observed associations were not apparent after Bonferroni correction. Other SNPs examined in our study were not associated with susceptibility to DM/PM. CONCLUSION GLIS3 and TYK2 polymorphisms are not associated with DM/PM in the Chinese Han population. As associations of SNPs in these genes in patients with DM/PM have been previously reported in other populations, we may conclude that the lack of association in our study may be the result of differences in genetic background. Further studies in other populations are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubing Li
- 1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Si Chen
- 1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China .,2 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- 1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chanyuan Wu
- 1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Wen
- 1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Funing Yang
- 1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China .,3 Department of Medical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- 1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- 1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- 1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Lee SY, Noh HB, Kim HT, Lee KI, Hwang DY. Glis family proteins are differentially implicated in the cellular reprogramming of human somatic cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77041-77049. [PMID: 29100368 PMCID: PMC5652762 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ground-breaking discovery of the reprogramming of somatic cells into pluripotent cells, termed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), was accomplished by delivering 4 transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, into fibroblasts. Since then, several efforts have attempted to unveil other factors that are directly implicated in or might enhance reprogramming. Importantly, a number of transcription factors are reported to retain reprogramming activity. A previous study suggested Gli-similar 1 (Glis1) as a factor that enhances the reprogramming of fibroblasts during iPSC generation. However, the implication of other Glis members, including Glis2 and Glis3 (variants 1 and 2), in cellular reprogramming remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential involvement of human Glis family proteins, including hGlis1-3, in cellular reprogramming. Our results demonstrate that hGlis1, which is reported to reprogram human fibroblasts, promotes the reprogramming of human adipose-derived stromal cells (hADSCs), indicating that the reprogramming activity of Glis1 is not cell type-specific. Strikingly, hGlis3 promoted the reprogramming of hADSCs as efficiently as hGlis1. On the contrary, hGlis2 showed a strong negative effect on reprogramming. Together, our results reveal clear differences in the cellular reprogramming activity among Glis family members and provide valuable insight into the development of a new reprogramming strategy using Glis family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggido 13488, Korea
| | - Hye Bin Noh
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggido 13488, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Taek Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggido 13488, Korea
| | - Kang-In Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggido 13488, Korea
| | - Dong-Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggido 13488, Korea
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Chou CK, Tang CJ, Chou HL, Liu CY, Ng MC, Chang YT, Yuan SSF, Tsai EM, Chiu CC. The Potential Role of Krüppel-Like Zinc-Finger Protein Glis3 in Genetic Diseases and Cancers. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:381-389. [PMID: 28523428 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gli-similar 3 (Glis3) belongs to a Glis subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc-finger transcription factors characterized to regulate a set of downstream targets essential for cellular functions, including pancreatic development, β-cell maturation and maintenance, and insulin production. Examination of the DNA-binding domain of Glis3 reveals that this domain contains a repeated cysteine 2/histidine 2 (Cys2/His2) zinc-finger motif in the central region where the recognized DNA sequence binds. The loss of the production of pancreatic hormones, such as insulin 1 and 2, is linked to the down-regulation of β cells-related genes and promotes the apoptotic death of β cells found in mutant Glis3. Although accumulating studies converge on the Glis3 functioning in β cells, recently, there have been developments in the field of Glis3 using knockdown/mutant mice to better understand the role of Glis3 in diseases. The Glis3 mutant mice have been characterized for their propensity to develop congenital hypothyroidism, polycystic kidney disease, and some types of cancer. In this review, we attempt to comprehensively summarize the knowledge of Glis3, including its structure and general function in cells. We also collected and organized the academic achievements related to the possible mechanisms of Glis3-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chon-Kit Chou
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ju Tang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Han-Lin Chou
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chong Ng
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shyng-Shiou F Yuan
- Translational Research Center and Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Research Center for Environment Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan. .,Translational Research Center and Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Environment Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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Alghamdi KA, Alsaedi AB, Aljasser A, Altawil A, Kamal NM. Extended clinical features associated with novel Glis3 mutation: a case report. BMC Endocr Disord 2017; 17:14. [PMID: 28253873 PMCID: PMC5335837 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-017-0160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the GLI-similar 3 (GLIS3) gene encoding the transcription factor GLIS3 are a rare cause of neonatal diabetes and congenital hypothyroidism with 12 reported patients to date. Additional features, previously described, include congenital glaucoma, hepatic fibrosis, polycystic kidneys, developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, osteopenia, sensorineural deafness, choanal atresia, craniosynostosis and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. CASE PRESENTATION We report a new case for consanguineous parents with homozygous novel mutation in GLIS3 gene who presented with neonatal diabetes mellitus, severe resistant congenital hypothyroidism, cholestatic liver disease, bilateral congenital glaucoma and facial dysmorphism. There were associated abnormalities in the external genitalia in form of bifid scrotum, bilateral undescended testicles, microphallus and scrotal hypospadias which might be a coincidental finding. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that infants with neonatal diabetes associated with dysmorphism should be screened for GLIS3 gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Alghamdi
- King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A. B. Alsaedi
- Alhada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Aljasser
- Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Altawil
- Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naglaa M. Kamal
- Pediatrics and Pediatric Hepatologist, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Pediatrics and Pediatric Hepatologist, Alhada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common hereditary endocrine disorder. In a small number of cases, mutations have been identified that are associated with maldevelopment and maldescent of the thyroid. Some of these mutations present as syndromes with a multisystem phenotype such as NKX2-1, PAX8, and FOXE. The association of permanent neonatal diabetes and congenital hypothyroidism was first reported in 2003 and subsequently led to the identification GLIS3 as the mutation responsible for this presentation. GLIS3 is a member of the GLI-similar zinc finger protein family encoding for a nuclear protein with five zinc finger domains and maps to chromosome 9p24. Given the role of GLIS3 in transcriptional activation and repression during embryogenesis, in humans, GLIS3 mutations present with multisystem involvement that also includes renal cystic dysplasia, progressive liver fibrosis and osteopenia. Thyroid findings in GLIS3 patients include thyroid aplasia, diminished colloid with interstitial fibrosis at post-mortem, and apparently normal gross thyroid anatomy on ultrasonography but with temporary TSH resistance on treatment. To date no biological mechanism has explained this variable presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dimitri
- University of Sheffield & Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.
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48
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Wen X, Yang Y. Emerging roles of GLIS3 in neonatal diabetes, type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R73-R85. [PMID: 27899417 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
GLI-similar 3 (GLIS3), a member of the Krüppel-like zinc finger protein subfamily, is predominantly expressed in the pancreas, thyroid and kidney. Glis3 mRNA can be initially detected in mouse pancreas at embryonic day 11.5 and is largely restricted to β cells, pancreatic polypeptide-expressing cells, as well as ductal cells at later stage of pancreas development. Mutations in GLIS3 cause a neonatal diabetes syndrome, characterized by neonatal diabetes, congenital hypothyroidism and polycystic kidney. Importantly, genome-wide association studies showed that variations of GLIS3 are strongly associated with both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in multiple populations. GLIS3 cooperates with pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein A (MAFA), as well as neurogenic differentiation 1 (NEUROD1) and potently controls insulin gene transcription. GLIS3 also plays a role in β cell survival and likely in insulin secretion. Any perturbation of these functions may underlie all three forms of diabetes. GLIS3, synergistically with hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 (HNF6) and forkhead box A2 (FOXA2), controls fetal islet differentiation via transactivating neurogenin 3 (NGN3) and impairment of this function leads to neonatal diabetes. In addition, GLIS3 is also required for the compensatory β cell proliferation and mass expansion in response to insulin resistance, which if disrupted may predispose to T2D. The increasing understanding of the mechanisms of GLIS3 in β cell development, survival and function maintenance will provide new insights into disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic target identification to combat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjie Wen
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First People's Hospital of Foshan & Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yisheng Yang
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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49
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Yang Y, Bush SP, Wen X, Cao W, Chan L. Differential Gene Dosage Effects of Diabetes-Associated Gene GLIS3 in Pancreatic β Cell Differentiation and Function. Endocrinology 2017; 158:9-20. [PMID: 27813676 PMCID: PMC5412984 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of GLI-similar 3 (GLIS3) underlie a neonatal diabetes syndrome. Genome-wide association studies revealed that GLIS3 variants are associated with both common type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Global Glis3-deficient (Glis3-/-) mice die of severe diabetes shortly after birth. GLIS3 controls islet differentiation by transactivating neurogenin 3 (Ngn3). To unravel the function of Glis3 in adults, we generated inducible global Glis3-deficient mice (Glis3fl/fl/RosaCreERT2). Tamoxifen (TAM)-treated Glis3fl/fl/RosaCreERT2 mice developed severe diabetes, which was reproduced in TAM-treated β cell-specific Glis3fl/fl/Pdx1CreERT mice, but not in TAM-treated Glis3fl/fl/MipCreERT mice. Furthermore, we generated constitutive β cell- or pancreas-specific Glis3-deficient mice using either RipCre (Glis3fl/fl/RipCre) or Pdx1Cre (Glis3fl/fl/Pdx1Cre) coexpressing mice. We observed that, remarkably, neither type of β cell- or pancreas-specific Glis3-deficient mice phenocopied the lethal neonatal diabetes observed in Glis3-/- mice. All Glis3fl/fl/RipCre mice survived to adulthood with normal glucose tolerance. Thirty percent of Glis3fl/fl/Pdx1Cre mice developed severe diabetes at 3 to 4 weeks of age, whereas 55% of them developed mild diabetes with age. In contrast to the >90% reduction of Ngn3 and near-total absence of insulin (Ins) in the embryonic pancreas of Glis3-/- mice, we found only 75%-80% reduction of Ngn3 and Ins messenger RNA or protein expression in the fetal pancreas of Glis3fl/fl/Pdx1Cre mice. The expression levels of Ngn3 and Ins correlated negatively with the extent of Cre-mediated Glis3 deletion. These mouse models are powerful tools to decipher Glis3 gene dosage effects and the role of GLIS3 mutations/variants in a spectrum of β cell dysfunction in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Sean P. Bush
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Xianjie Wen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
- 2Department of Anesthesiology, First People’s Hospital of Foshan and Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China 528300; and
| | - Wei Cao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Lawrence Chan
- 3Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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50
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Kang HS, Chen LY, Lichti-Kaiser K, Liao G, Gerrish K, Bortner CD, Yao HHC, Eddy EM, Jetten AM. Transcription Factor GLIS3: A New and Critical Regulator of Postnatal Stages of Mouse Spermatogenesis. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2772-2783. [PMID: 27350140 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we identify a novel and essential role for the Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factor GLI-similar 3 (GLIS3) in the regulation of postnatal spermatogenesis. We show that GLIS3 is expressed in gonocytes, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and spermatogonial progenitors (SPCs), but not in differentiated spermatogonia and later stages of spermatogenesis or in somatic cells. Spermatogenesis is greatly impaired in GLIS3 knockout mice. Loss of GLIS3 function causes a moderate reduction in the number of gonocytes, but greatly affects the generation of SSCs/SPCs, and as a consequence the development of spermatocytes. Gene expression profiling demonstrated that the expression of genes associated with undifferentiated spermatogonia was dramatically decreased in GLIS3-deficient mice and that the cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation of FOXO1, which marks the gonocyte-to-SSC transition and is necessary for SSC self-renewal, is inhibited. These observations suggest that GLIS3 promotes the gonocyte-to-SSC transition and is a critical regulator of the dynamics of early postnatal spermatogenesis. Stem Cells 2016;34:2772-2783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Soon Kang
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Liang-Yu Chen
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristin Lichti-Kaiser
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace Liao
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carl D Bortner
- Division of Intramural Research, Flow Cytometry Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Humphrey H-C Yao
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward M Eddy
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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