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Biferali B, Mocciaro E, Runfola V, Gabellini D. Long non-coding RNAs and their role in muscle regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 158:433-465. [PMID: 38670715 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, most of the genome is transcribed to generate a large and heterogeneous variety of non-protein coding RNAs, that are broadly grouped according to their size. Long noncoding RNAs include a very large and versatile group of molecules. Despite only a minority of them has been functionally characterized, there is emerging evidence indicating long noncoding RNAs as important regulators of expression at multiple levels. Several of them have been shown to be modulated during myogenic differentiation, playing important roles in the regulation of skeletal muscle development, differentiation and homeostasis, and contributing to neuromuscular diseases. In this chapter, we have summarized the current knowledge about long noncoding RNAs in skeletal muscle and discussed specific examples of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs and circRNAs) regulating muscle stem cell biology. We have also discussed selected long noncoding RNAs involved in the most common neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Biferali
- Gene Expression Regulation Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Mocciaro
- Gene Expression Regulation Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Runfola
- Gene Expression Regulation Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Gabellini
- Gene Expression Regulation Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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2
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Das PK, Siddika A, Rashel KM, Auwal A, Soha K, Rahman MA, Pillai S, Islam F. Roles of long noncoding RNA in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Med 2023; 12:20365-20379. [PMID: 37795578 PMCID: PMC10652353 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in regulating various hallmarks in cancers. Triple-negative (Estrogen receptor, ER; Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2; Progesterone receptor, PR) breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive form of breast cancers with a poor prognosis and no available molecular targeted therapy. METHODS We reviewed the current literature on the roles of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis, therapy resistance, and prognosis of patients with TBNC. RESULTS LncRNAs are associated with TNBC pathogenesis, therapy resistance, and prognosis. For example, lncRNAs such as small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12), highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC) HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), lincRNA-regulator of reprogramming (LincRNA-ROR), etc., are aberrantly expressed in TNBC and are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. LncRNAs act as a decoy, scaffold, or sponge to regulate the expression of genes, miRNAs, and transcription factors associated with pathogenesis and progression of TNBC. Moreover, lncRNAs such as ferritin heavy chain 1 pseudogene 3 (FTH1P3), BMP/OP-responsive gene (BORG) contributes to the therapy resistance property of TNBC through activating ABCB1 (ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1) drug efflux pumps by increasing DNA repair capacity or by inducing signaling pathway involved in therapeutic resistance. CONCLUSION In this review, we outline the functions of various lncRNAs along with their molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis, therapeutic resistance of TBNC. Also, the prognostic implications of lncRNAs in patients with TNBC is illustrated. Moreover, potential strategies targeting lncRNAs against highly aggressive TNBC is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plabon Kumar Das
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyRajshahi UniversityRajshahiBangladesh
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastAustralia
| | - Ayesha Siddika
- Institute of Tissue Banking & Biomaterial Research, Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) SavarDhakaBangladesh
| | - Khan Mohammad Rashel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyRajshahi UniversityRajshahiBangladesh
| | - Abdul Auwal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyRajshahi UniversityRajshahiBangladesh
| | - Kazi Soha
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyRajshahi UniversityRajshahiBangladesh
| | - Md. Arifur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyRajshahi UniversityRajshahiBangladesh
| | - Suja Pillai
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandSaint LuciaAustralia
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyRajshahi UniversityRajshahiBangladesh
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastAustralia
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Zhou S, Van Bortle K. The Pol III transcriptome: Basic features, recurrent patterns, and emerging roles in cancer. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1782. [PMID: 36754845 PMCID: PMC10498592 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The RNA polymerase III (Pol III) transcriptome is universally comprised of short, highly structured noncoding RNA (ncRNA). Through RNA-protein interactions, the Pol III transcriptome actuates functional activities ranging from nuclear gene regulation (7SK), splicing (U6, U6atac), and RNA maturation and stability (RMRP, RPPH1, Y RNA), to cytoplasmic protein targeting (7SL) and translation (tRNA, 5S rRNA). In higher eukaryotes, the Pol III transcriptome has expanded to include additional, recently evolved ncRNA species that effectively broaden the footprint of Pol III transcription to additional cellular activities. Newly evolved ncRNAs function as riboregulators of autophagy (vault), immune signaling cascades (nc886), and translation (Alu, BC200, snaR). Notably, upregulation of Pol III transcription is frequently observed in cancer, and multiple ncRNA species are linked to both cancer progression and poor survival outcomes among cancer patients. In this review, we outline the basic features and functions of the Pol III transcriptome, and the evidence for dysregulation and dysfunction for each ncRNA in cancer. When taken together, recurrent patterns emerge, ranging from shared functional motifs that include molecular scaffolding and protein sequestration, overlapping protein interactions, and immunostimulatory activities, to the biogenesis of analogous small RNA fragments and noncanonical miRNAs, augmenting the function of the Pol III transcriptome and further broadening its role in cancer. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Processing > Processing of Small RNAs RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihang Zhou
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kevin Van Bortle
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Stott J, Wright T, Holmes J, Wilson J, Griffiths-Jones S, Foster D, Wright B. A systematic review of non-coding RNA genes with differential expression profiles associated with autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287131. [PMID: 37319303 PMCID: PMC10270643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To identify differential expression of shorter non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). BACKGROUND ncRNA are functional molecules that derive from non-translated DNA sequence. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) have approved ncRNA gene classes with alignment to the reference human genome. One subset is microRNA (miRNA), which are highly conserved, short RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by direct post-transcriptional repression of messenger RNA. Several miRNA genes are implicated in the development and regulation of the nervous system. Expression of miRNA genes in ASD cohorts have been examined by multiple research groups. Other shorter classes of ncRNA have been examined less. A comprehensive systematic review examining expression of shorter ncRNA gene classes in ASD is timely to inform the direction of research. METHODS We extracted data from studies examining ncRNA gene expression in ASD compared with non-ASD controls. We included studies on miRNA, piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), small NF90 (ILF3) associated RNA (snaR), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), vault RNA (vtRNA) and Y RNA. The following electronic databases were searched: Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ERIC, AMED and CINAHL for papers published from January 2000 to May 2022. Studies were screened by two independent investigators with a third resolving discrepancies. Data was extracted from eligible papers. RESULTS Forty-eight eligible studies were included in our systematic review with the majority examining miRNA gene expression alone. Sixty-four miRNA genes had differential expression in ASD compared to controls as reported in two or more studies, but often in opposing directions. Four miRNA genes had differential expression in the same direction in the same tissue type in at least 3 separate studies. Increased expression was reported in miR-106b-5p, miR-155-5p and miR-146a-5p in blood, post-mortem brain, and across several tissue types, respectively. Decreased expression was reported in miR-328-3p in bloods samples. Seven studies examined differential expression from other classes of ncRNA, including piRNA, snRNA, snoRNA and Y RNA. No individual ncRNA genes were reported in more than one study. Six studies reported differentially expressed snoRNA genes in ASD. A meta-analysis was not possible because of inconsistent methodologies, disparate tissue types examined, and varying forms of data presented. CONCLUSION There is limited but promising evidence associating the expression of certain miRNA genes and ASD, although the studies are of variable methodological quality and the results are largely inconsistent. There is emerging evidence associating differential expression of snoRNA genes in ASD. It is not currently possible to say whether the reports of differential expression in ncRNA may relate to ASD aetiology, a response to shared environmental factors linked to ASD such as sleep and nutrition, other molecular functions, human diversity, or chance findings. To improve our understanding of any potential association, we recommend improved and standardised methodologies and reporting of raw data. Further high-quality research is required to shine a light on possible associations, which may yet yield important information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Stott
- Child Oriented Mental Health Intervention Collaborative (COMIC), University of York in Collaboration with Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, York, United Kingdom
- Tees, Esk & Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Foss Park Hospital, York, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wright
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Clinical Genetics Service, Saint Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jannah Holmes
- Child Oriented Mental Health Intervention Collaborative (COMIC), University of York in Collaboration with Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, York, United Kingdom
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Wilson
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Griffiths-Jones
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Foster
- Tees, Esk & Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Foss Park Hospital, York, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Wright
- Child Oriented Mental Health Intervention Collaborative (COMIC), University of York in Collaboration with Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, York, United Kingdom
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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5
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Naesens L, Haerynck F, Gack MU. The RNA polymerase III-RIG-I axis in antiviral immunity and inflammation. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:435-449. [PMID: 37149405 PMCID: PMC10461603 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensors survey subcellular compartments for atypical or mislocalized RNA or DNA, ultimately triggering innate immune responses. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is part of the family of cytoplasmic RNA receptors that can detect viruses. A growing literature demonstrates that mammalian RNA polymerase III (Pol III) transcribes certain viral or cellular DNA sequences into immunostimulatory RIG-I ligands, which elicits antiviral or inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of the Pol III-RIG-I sensing axis can lead to human diseases including severe viral infection outcomes, autoimmunity, and tumor progression. Here, we summarize the newly emerging role of viral and host-derived Pol III transcripts in immunity and also highlight recent advances in understanding how mammalian cells prevent unwanted immune activation by these RNAs to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Naesens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA.
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Mattick JS, Amaral PP, Carninci P, Carpenter S, Chang HY, Chen LL, Chen R, Dean C, Dinger ME, Fitzgerald KA, Gingeras TR, Guttman M, Hirose T, Huarte M, Johnson R, Kanduri C, Kapranov P, Lawrence JB, Lee JT, Mendell JT, Mercer TR, Moore KJ, Nakagawa S, Rinn JL, Spector DL, Ulitsky I, Wan Y, Wilusz JE, Wu M. Long non-coding RNAs: definitions, functions, challenges and recommendations. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:430-447. [PMID: 36596869 PMCID: PMC10213152 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 371.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genes specifying long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) occupy a large fraction of the genomes of complex organisms. The term 'lncRNAs' encompasses RNA polymerase I (Pol I), Pol II and Pol III transcribed RNAs, and RNAs from processed introns. The various functions of lncRNAs and their many isoforms and interleaved relationships with other genes make lncRNA classification and annotation difficult. Most lncRNAs evolve more rapidly than protein-coding sequences, are cell type specific and regulate many aspects of cell differentiation and development and other physiological processes. Many lncRNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes, are transcribed from enhancers and nucleate phase separation of nuclear condensates and domains, indicating an intimate link between lncRNA expression and the spatial control of gene expression during development. lncRNAs also have important roles in the cytoplasm and beyond, including in the regulation of translation, metabolism and signalling. lncRNAs often have a modular structure and are rich in repeats, which are increasingly being shown to be relevant to their function. In this Consensus Statement, we address the definition and nomenclature of lncRNAs and their conservation, expression, phenotypic visibility, structure and functions. We also discuss research challenges and provide recommendations to advance the understanding of the roles of lncRNAs in development, cell biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Mattick
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- UNSW RNA Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Paulo P Amaral
- INSPER Institute of Education and Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Piero Carninci
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Susan Carpenter
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamics Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Runsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Center for Big Data Research in Health, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caroline Dean
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Mitchell Guttman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maite Huarte
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rory Johnson
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chandrasekhar Kanduri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Philipp Kapranov
- Institute of Genomics, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jeanne B Lawrence
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jeannie T Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua T Mendell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Timothy R Mercer
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - John L Rinn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David L Spector
- Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbour, NY, USA
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yue Wan
- Laboratory of RNA Genomics and Structure, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeremy E Wilusz
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Therapeutic Innovation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mian Wu
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Jeandard D, Smirnova A, Fasemore AM, Coudray L, Entelis N, Förstner K, Tarassov I, Smirnov A. CoLoC-seq probes the global topology of organelle transcriptomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 51:e16. [PMID: 36537202 PMCID: PMC9943681 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper RNA localisation is essential for physiological gene expression. Various kinds of genome-wide approaches permit to comprehensively profile subcellular transcriptomes. Among them, cell fractionation methods, that couple RNase treatment of isolated organelles to the sequencing of protected transcripts, remain most widely used, mainly because they do not require genetic modification of the studied system and can be easily implemented in any cells or tissues, including in non-model species. However, they suffer from numerous false-positives since incompletely digested contaminant RNAs can still be captured and erroneously identified as resident transcripts. Here we introduce Controlled Level of Contamination coupled to deep sequencing (CoLoC-seq) as a new subcellular transcriptomics approach that efficiently bypasses this caveat. CoLoC-seq leverages classical enzymatic kinetics and tracks the depletion dynamics of transcripts in a gradient of an exogenously added RNase, with or without organellar membranes. By means of straightforward mathematical modelling, CoLoC-seq infers the localisation topology of RNAs and robustly distinguishes between genuinely resident, luminal transcripts and merely abundant surface-attached contaminants. Our generic approach performed well on human mitochondria and is in principle applicable to other membrane-bounded organelles, including plastids, compartments of the vacuolar system, extracellular vesicles, and viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Léna Coudray
- UMR7156 – Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Nina Entelis
- UMR7156 – Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Konrad U Förstner
- ZB MED – Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, D-50931, Germany,TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Information Science and Communication Studies, Institute of Information Science, Cologne, D-50678, Germany
| | - Ivan Tarassov
- UMR7156 – Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
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8
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Van Bortle K, Marciano DP, Liu Q, Chou T, Lipchik AM, Gollapudi S, Geller BS, Monte E, Kamakaka RT, Snyder MP. A cancer-associated RNA polymerase III identity drives robust transcription and expression of snaR-A noncoding RNA. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3007. [PMID: 35637192 PMCID: PMC9151912 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (Pol III) includes two alternate isoforms, defined by mutually exclusive incorporation of subunit POLR3G (RPC7α) or POLR3GL (RPC7β), in mammals. The contributions of POLR3G and POLR3GL to transcription potential has remained poorly defined. Here, we discover that loss of subunit POLR3G is accompanied by a restricted repertoire of genes transcribed by Pol III. Particularly sensitive is snaR-A, a small noncoding RNA implicated in cancer proliferation and metastasis. Analysis of Pol III isoform biases and downstream chromatin features identifies loss of POLR3G and snaR-A during differentiation, and conversely, re-establishment of POLR3G gene expression and SNAR-A gene features in cancer contexts. Our results support a model in which Pol III identity functions as an important transcriptional regulatory mechanism. Upregulation of POLR3G, which is driven by MYC, identifies a subgroup of patients with unfavorable survival outcomes in specific cancers, further implicating the POLR3G-enhanced transcription repertoire as a potential disease factor. RNA polymerase III changes its subunit composition during mammalian development. Here the authors report that loss of subunit POLR3G, which re-emerges in cancer, promotes expression of small NF90-associated RNA (snaR-A), a noncoding RNA implicated in cell proliferation and metastasis.
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9
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The Role of Transposable Elements of the Human Genome in Neuronal Function and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105847. [PMID: 35628657 PMCID: PMC9148063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) have been extensively studied for decades. In recent years, the introduction of whole-genome and whole-transcriptome approaches, as well as single-cell resolution techniques, provided a breakthrough that uncovered TE involvement in host gene expression regulation underlying multiple normal and pathological processes. Of particular interest is increased TE activity in neuronal tissue, and specifically in the hippocampus, that was repeatedly demonstrated in multiple experiments. On the other hand, numerous neuropathologies are associated with TE dysregulation. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of literature about the role of TEs in neurons published over the last three decades. The first chapter of the present review describes known mechanisms of TE interaction with host genomes in general, with the focus on mammalian and human TEs; the second chapter provides examples of TE exaptation in normal neuronal tissue, including TE involvement in neuronal differentiation and plasticity; and the last chapter lists TE-related neuropathologies. We sought to provide specific molecular mechanisms of TE involvement in neuron-specific processes whenever possible; however, in many cases, only phenomenological reports were available. This underscores the importance of further studies in this area.
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10
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Kessler AC, Maraia RJ. The nuclear and cytoplasmic activities of RNA polymerase III, and an evolving transcriptome for surveillance. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12017-12034. [PMID: 34850129 PMCID: PMC8643620 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 1969 report that described biochemical and activity properties of the three eukaryotic RNA polymerases revealed Pol III as highly distinguishable, even before its transcripts were identified. Now known to be the most complex, Pol III contains several stably-associated subunits referred to as built-in transcription factors (BITFs) that enable highly efficient RNA synthesis by a unique termination-associated recycling process. In vertebrates, subunit RPC7(α/β) can be of two forms, encoded by POLR3G or POLR3GL, with differential activity. Here we review promoter-dependent transcription by Pol III as an evolutionary perspective of eukaryotic tRNA expression. Pol III also provides nonconventional functions reportedly by promoter-independent transcription, one of which is RNA synthesis from DNA 3'-ends during repair. Another is synthesis of 5'ppp-RNA signaling molecules from cytoplasmic viral DNA in a pathway of interferon activation that is dysfunctional in immunocompromised patients with mutations in Pol III subunits. These unconventional functions are also reviewed, including evidence that link them to the BITF subunits. We also review data on a fraction of the human Pol III transcriptome that evolved to include vault RNAs and snaRs with activities related to differentiation, and in innate immune and tumor surveillance. The Pol III of higher eukaryotes does considerably more than housekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Kessler
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Richard J Maraia
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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11
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Stribling D, Lei Y, Guardia CM, Li L, Fields CJ, Nowialis P, Opavsky R, Renne R, Xie M. A noncanonical microRNA derived from the snaR-A noncoding RNA targets a metastasis inhibitor. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:694-709. [PMID: 33795480 PMCID: PMC8127991 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078694.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that function as critical posttranscriptional regulators in various biological processes. While most miRNAs are generated from processing of long primary transcripts via sequential Drosha and Dicer cleavage, some miRNAs that bypass Drosha cleavage can be transcribed as part of another small noncoding RNA. Here, we develop the target-oriented miRNA discovery (TOMiD) bioinformatic analysis method to identify Drosha-independent miRNAs from Argonaute crosslinking and sequencing of hybrids (Ago-CLASH) data sets. Using this technique, we discovered a novel miRNA derived from a primate specific noncoding RNA, the small NF90 associated RNA A (snaR-A). The miRNA derived from snaR-A (miR-snaR) arises independently of Drosha processing but requires Exportin-5 and Dicer for biogenesis. We identify that miR-snaR is concurrently up-regulated with the full snaR-A transcript in cancer cells. Functionally, miR-snaR associates with Ago proteins and targets NME1, a key metastasis inhibitor, contributing to snaR-A's role in promoting cancer cell migration. Our findings suggest a functional link between a novel miRNA and its precursor noncoding RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stribling
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- UF Informatics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Yi Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Casey M Guardia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Christopher J Fields
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Pawel Nowialis
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Rene Opavsky
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Rolf Renne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- UF Informatics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Mingyi Xie
- UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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12
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Ferrari R, Grandi N, Tramontano E, Dieci G. Retrotransposons as Drivers of Mammalian Brain Evolution. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050376. [PMID: 33922141 PMCID: PMC8143547 DOI: 10.3390/life11050376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrotransposons, a large and diverse class of transposable elements that are still active in humans, represent a remarkable force of genomic innovation underlying mammalian evolution. Among the features distinguishing mammals from all other vertebrates, the presence of a neocortex with a peculiar neuronal organization, composition and connectivity is perhaps the one that, by affecting the cognitive abilities of mammals, contributed mostly to their evolutionary success. Among mammals, hominids and especially humans display an extraordinarily expanded cortical volume, an enrichment of the repertoire of neural cell types and more elaborate patterns of neuronal connectivity. Retrotransposon-derived sequences have recently been implicated in multiple layers of gene regulation in the brain, from transcriptional and post-transcriptional control to both local and large-scale three-dimensional chromatin organization. Accordingly, an increasing variety of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative conditions are being recognized to be associated with retrotransposon dysregulation. We review here a large body of recent studies lending support to the idea that retrotransposon-dependent evolutionary novelties were crucial for the emergence of mammalian, primate and human peculiarities of brain morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ferrari
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Nicole Grandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (N.G.); (E.T.)
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (N.G.); (E.T.)
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Giorgio Dieci
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Meier T, Timm M, Montani M, Wilkens L. Gene networks and transcriptional regulators associated with liver cancer development and progression. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:41. [PMID: 33541355 PMCID: PMC7863452 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are limited, and overall survival is poor. Despite the high frequency of this malignoma, its basic disease mechanisms are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use different methodological approaches and combine the results to improve our knowledge on the development and progression of HCC. Methods Twenty-three HCC samples were characterized by histological, morphometric and cytogenetic analyses, as well as comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and genome-wide gene expression followed by a bioinformatic search for potential transcriptional regulators and master regulatory molecules of gene networks. Results Histological evaluation revealed low, intermediate and high-grade HCCs, and gene expression analysis split them into two main sets: GE1-HCC and GE2-HCC, with a low and high proliferation gene expression signature, respectively. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization demonstrated a high level of chromosomal instability, with recurrent chromosomal gains of 1q, 6p, 7q, 8q, 11q, 17q, 19p/q and 20q in both HCC groups and losses of 1p, 4q, 6q, 13q and 18q characteristic for GE2-HCC. Gene expression and bioinformatics analyses revealed that different genes and gene regulatory networks underlie the distinct biological features observed in GE1-HCC and GE2-HCC. Besides previously reported dysregulated genes, the current study identified new candidate genes with a putative role in liver cancer, e.g. C1orf35, PAFAH1B3, ZNF219 and others. Conclusion Analysis of our findings, in accordance with the available published data, argues in favour of the notion that the activated E2F1 signalling pathway, which can be responsible for both inappropriate cell proliferation and initial chromosomal instability, plays a pivotal role in HCC development and progression. A dedifferentiation switch that manifests in exaggerated gene expression changes might be due to turning on transcriptional co-regulators with broad impact on gene expression, e.g. POU2F1 (OCT1) and NFY, as a response to accumulating cell stress during malignant development. Our findings point towards the necessity of different approaches for the treatment of HCC forms with low and high proliferation signatures and provide new candidates for developing appropriate HCC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Meier
- Institute of Pathology, Nordstadtkrankenhaus, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Max Timm
- Institute of Pathology, Nordstadtkrankenhaus, Hanover, Germany.,Clinic for Laryngology, Rhinology and Otology, Medical School Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Matteo Montani
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Wilkens
- Institute of Pathology, Nordstadtkrankenhaus, Hanover, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Medical School Hanover, Hanover, Germany
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14
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Ameli Mojarad M, Ameli Mojarad M, Pourmahdian A. Long Non-coding RNA snaR Promotes Proliferation in EGFR Wild Type Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2021; 10:258-264. [PMID: 35875332 PMCID: PMC9273155 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.10.4.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and has high morbidity and mortality worldwide with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 85% of the cases. Over-expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been clarified in different cancers, and has been shown to have a crucial role in tumor progression. In this study, we evaluated long non-coding RNA small NF90-associated RNA (snaR) expression in different EGFR-statue cell lines. Knockdown experiments were conducted to analyze snaR expression in selected cell lines. MTT and transwell assays were respectively employed to evaluate the proliferative and invasive abilities of NSCLC cells. The expression of snaR was remarkably up-regulated in SPC-A1 and A549 wild-type EGFR cell lines. Down regulation of snaR with small interfering RNA significantly inhibited cell invasion as well as proliferation of SPC-A1 and A549 cells. Our results indicate that snaR may be a potential therapeutic biomarker for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Ameli Mojarad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Kharrazi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mandana Ameli Mojarad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Kharrazi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Pourmahdian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: Department of Molecular Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Täuber H, Hüttelmaier S, Köhn M. POLIII-derived non-coding RNAs acting as scaffolds and decoys. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:880-885. [PMID: 31152666 PMCID: PMC6884708 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A large variety of eukaryotic small structured POLIII-derived non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been described in the past. However, for only few, e.g. 7SL and H1/MRP families, cellular functions are well understood. For the vast majority of these transcripts, cellular functions remain unknown. Recent findings on the role of Y RNAs and other POLIII-derived ncRNAs suggest an evolutionarily conserved function of these ncRNAs in the assembly and function of ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs). These RNPs provide cellular `machineries’, which are essential for guiding the fate and function of a variety of RNAs. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the role of POLIII-derived ncRNAs in the assembly and function of RNPs. We propose that these ncRNAs serve as scaffolding factors that `chaperone’ RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to form functional RNPs. In addition or associated with this role, some small ncRNAs act as molecular decoys impairing the RBP-guided control of RNA fate by competing with other RNA substrates. This suggests that POLIII-derived ncRNAs serve essential and conserved roles in the assembly of larger RNPs and thus the control of gene expression by indirectly guiding the fate of mRNAs and lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Täuber
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Centre, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Hüttelmaier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Centre, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Marcel Köhn
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Centre, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle, Germany.,Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Centre, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle, Germany
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16
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Improving the therapeutic efficiency of noncoding RNAs in cancers using targeted drug delivery systems. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:718-730. [PMID: 31758914 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of noncoding (nc)RNA to target cancer stem cells and metastatic tumors has shown many positive outcomes, resulting in improved and more efficient treatment strategies. The success of therapeutic RNA depends solely on passing cellular barriers to reach the target site, where it binds to the mRNA of the interest. By 2018, 20 clinical trials had been initiated, most focusing on cancer and diabetes, with some progressing to Phase II clinical trials testing the safety and efficacy of small interfering (si)RNA. Many challenges limit RNA interference (RNAi) and miRNA usage in vivo; therefore, various approaches have been developed to promote ncRNA efficiency and stability. In this review, we focus on targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) via the modification of delivery systems utilizing nanotechnology-based delivery approaches.
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17
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Yildirim N, Kocal GC, Isik Z, Saatli B, Saygili U, Uysal T, Ulukus C, Koyuncuoglu M, Ellidokuz H, Basbinar Y. Ubiquitin-Proteasome Axis, Especially Ubiquitin-Specific Protease-17 ( USP17) Gene Family, is a Potential Target for Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:794-805. [PMID: 30198418 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118799189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate gene expression differences and related functions between primary tumor, malignant cells in ascites, and metastatic peritoneal implant in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. METHODS Biopsies from primary tumor, peritoneal implant, and ascites were collected from 10 patients operated primarily for high-grade, advanced-staged serous ovarian cancer. Total RNA isolation was performed from collected tissue biopsy and fluid samples, and RNA expression profile was measured. Messenger RNA expression profiles of 3 different groups were compared. Functional analyses of candidate genes were carried out by gene ontology and pathway analysis. RESULTS There were significant differences in the expression of 5 genes between primary tumor and peritoneal implant, 979 genes between primary tumor and malignant cells in ascites, and 649 genes between peritoneal implant and malignant cells in ascites. Three commonly enriched gene ontology functions between "primary tumor and malignant cells in the ascites" and "peritoneal implant and malignant cells in the ascites" were protein deubiquitination, ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism, and apoptotic processes. All genes related to these functions belonged to USP17 gene family. CONCLUSION Gene expression difference between primary tumor and the peritoneal implant is not as much as the difference between primary tumor and free cells in the ascites. These results show that malignant cells in the ascites return into its genetic origin after they invade on the peritoneum. Significantly increased expression of DUB-enzyme genes, SNAR gene family, and ribosomal pathway genes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition suggests that this regulation is ubiquitin-proteasome dependent. Especially, this is the first study that offers USP17 as a potential target for epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Yildirim
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ege University and Department of Basic Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University. Ege Üniversitesi Hastanesi, Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum AD, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. .,Basic Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Gizem Calibasi Kocal
- Basic Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.,Personalized Medicine and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Isik
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Computer Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Saatli
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ugur Saygili
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tugba Uysal
- Basic Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cagnur Ulukus
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Meral Koyuncuoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hulya Ellidokuz
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Basbinar
- Basic Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.,Personalized Medicine and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Translational Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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18
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Corrà F, Agnoletto C, Minotti L, Baldassari F, Volinia S. The Network of Non-coding RNAs in Cancer Drug Resistance. Front Oncol 2018; 8:327. [PMID: 30211115 PMCID: PMC6123370 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been implicated in most cellular functions. The disruption of their function through somatic mutations, genomic imprinting, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, plays an ever-increasing role in cancer development. ncRNAs, including notorious microRNAs, have been thus proposed to function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes, often in a context-dependent fashion. In parallel, ncRNAs with altered expression in cancer have been reported to exert a key role in determining drug sensitivity or restoring drug responsiveness in resistant cells. Acquisition of resistance to anti-cancer drugs is a major hindrance to effective chemotherapy and is one of the most important causes of relapse and mortality in cancer patients. For these reasons, non-coding RNAs have become recent focuses as prognostic agents and modifiers of chemo-sensitivity. This review starts with a brief outline of the role of most studied non-coding RNAs in cancer and then highlights the modulation of cancer drug resistance via known ncRNAs based mechanisms. We identified from literature 388 ncRNA-drugs interactions and analyzed them using an unsupervised approach. Essentially, we performed a network analysis of the non-coding RNAs with direct relations with cancer drugs. Within such a machine-learning framework we detected the most representative ncRNAs-drug associations and groups. We finally discussed the higher integration of the drug-ncRNA clusters with the goal of disentangling effectors from downstream effects and further clarify the involvement of ncRNAs in the cellular mechanisms underlying resistance to cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Corrà
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Agnoletto
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Linda Minotti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Baldassari
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Volinia
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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19
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Lacunza E, Montanaro MA, Salvati A, Memoli D, Rizzo F, Henning MF, Quiroga IY, Guillou H, Abba MC, Gonzalez-Baro MDR, Weisz A, Pellon-Maison M. Small non-coding RNA landscape is modified by GPAT2 silencing in MDA-MB-231 cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28141-28154. [PMID: 29963267 PMCID: PMC6021339 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-2 is a member of "cancer-testis gene" family. Initially linked to lipid metabolism, this gene has been recently found involved also in PIWI-interacting RNAs biogenesis in germline stem cells. To investigate its role in piRNA metabolism in cancer, the gene was silenced in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and small RNA sequencing was applied. PIWI-interacting RNAs and tRNA-derived fragments expression profiles showed changes following GPAT2 silencing. Interestingly, a marked shift in length distribution for both small RNAs was detected in GPAT2-silenced cells. Most downregulated PIWI-interacting RNAs are single copy in the genome, intragenic, hosted in snoRNAs and previously found to be upregulated in cancer cells. Putative targets of these PIWI-interacting RNAs are linked to lipid metabolism. Downregulated tRNA derived fragments derived from, so-called 'differentiation tRNAs', whereas upregulated ones derived from proliferation-linked tRNAs. miRNA amounts decrease after Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-2 silencing and functional enrichment analysis of deregulated miRNA putative targets point to mitochondrial biogenesis, IGF1R signaling and oxidative metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins. In addition, miRNAs known to be overexpressed in breast cancer tumors with poor prognosis where found downregulated in GPAT2-silenced cells. In conclusion, GPAT2 silencing quantitatively and qualitatively affects the population of PIWI-interacting RNAs, tRNA derived fragments and miRNAs which, in combination, result in a more differentiated cancer cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Lacunza
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mauro Aldo Montanaro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Annamaria Salvati
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Domenico Memoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,Genomix4Life, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Maria Florencia Henning
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ivana Yoseli Quiroga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Martín Carlos Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Del Rosario Gonzalez-Baro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,Genomix4Life, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Magalí Pellon-Maison
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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20
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Kong X, Liu W, Kong Y. Roles and expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs in triple-negative breast cancers. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:390-394. [PMID: 28941134 PMCID: PMC5742739 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) refers to the breast cancers that express little human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), progesterone receptor (PR) and oestrogen receptor (ER). When compared to other types of breast cancers, TNBC behaves more aggressively with relatively poorer prognosis. Moreover, except chemotherapy, no targeted treatments have been approved yet until now. Although the molecular‐biological mechanisms of the initiation and development of TNBC have been explored a lot, the exact details underlying its progressions are still not clear. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), with the length greater than 200 nucleotides, are non‐protein coding transcripts. Previous researches have shown that lncRNAs are significantly involved in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as cell migration, invasion, proliferation, differentiation and development. lncRNAs’ dysregulated expressions have been observed in many types of tumours including TNBCs. This article will review the functional roles and dysregulations of lncRNAs in TNBCs. These lncRNAs are worthy of exploitation regarding their potential application values of TNBC's diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Breast Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyue Liu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanguo Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Brandão BB, Guerra BA, Mori MA. Shortcuts to a functional adipose tissue: The role of small non-coding RNAs. Redox Biol 2017; 12:82-102. [PMID: 28214707 PMCID: PMC5312655 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes are a major public health issue worldwide. These diseases are often linked to a dysfunctional adipose tissue. Fat is a large, heterogenic, pleiotropic and rather complex tissue. It is found in virtually all cavities of the human body, shows unique plasticity among tissues, and harbors many cell types in addition to its main functional unit - the adipocyte. Adipose tissue function varies depending on the localization of the fat depot, the cell composition of the tissue and the energy status of the organism. While the white adipose tissue (WAT) serves as the main site for triglyceride storage and acts as an important endocrine organ, the brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for thermogenesis. Beige adipocytes can also appear in WAT depots to sustain heat production upon certain conditions, and it is becoming clear that adipose tissue depots can switch phenotypes depending on cell autonomous and non-autonomous stimuli. To maintain such degree of plasticity and respond adequately to changes in the energy balance, three basic processes need to be properly functioning in the adipose tissue: i) adipogenesis and adipocyte turnover, ii) metabolism, and iii) signaling. Here we review the fundamental role of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in these processes, with focus on microRNAs, and demonstrate their importance in adipose tissue function and whole body metabolic control in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B Brandão
- Program in Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Beatriz A Guerra
- Program in Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Program in Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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22
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Lee J, Park HY, Kim WW, Lee SJ, Jeong JH, Kang SH, Jung JH, Chae YS. Biological function of long noncoding RNA snaR in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317707374. [PMID: 28653903 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317707374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Long noncoding RNA, snaR (small NF90-associated RNA), has been reported to be upregulated in various cancer cell lines. We evaluated the additional role of snaR in HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines. METHODS We explored changes of expression of snaR among the selected long noncoding RNAs which have a potential in cancer proliferation or progression. The proliferation, migration, and invasion of HER2-positive breast cancer cells (SK-BR3) were evaluated by snaR with RNA interruption in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, wound-healing assay, and Transwell assay. RESULTS The expression of snaR was remarkably upregulated in SK-BR3 cell lines together with ANRIL, while the SFMBT2 was downregulated in SK-BR3 cell lines. Although Nespas, 7SK, PSF inhibiting RNA, mascRNA, Hoxa11as, NRON, AK023948, MER11C, p53 mRNA, CAR Intergenic 10, HUC 1 and 2, ZFAS1, SCA8, and SNHG5 were also upregulated and UCA1 was downregulated, the differences were not dominent. Based on the expression result, we explored the functional role of snaR in HER2-positive breast cancer. Downregulation of snaR with small interfering RNA was identified to significanlty inhibit migration as well as proliferation of SK-BR3 cells. CONCLUSION In this study, snaR was identified as upregulated and to play a role in cancer progression of HER2-positive breast cancer cells. These results suggest snaR as a potential biomarker for HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyeon Lee
- 1 Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yong Park
- 1 Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Wook Kim
- 1 Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Lee
- 2 Department of Hemato-Oncology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Jeong
- 3 Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Kang
- 3 Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyang Jung
- 1 Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,4 Breast Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yee Soo Chae
- 2 Department of Hemato-Oncology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,4 Breast Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Tatosyan KA, Koval AP, Gogolevskaya IK, Kramerov DA. 4.5SI and 4.5SH RNAs: Expression in various rodent organs and abundance and distribution in the cell. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Eckwahl MJ, Arnion H, Kharytonchyk S, Zang T, Bieniasz PD, Telesnitsky A, Wolin SL. Analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 RNA packageome. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 22:1228-38. [PMID: 27247436 PMCID: PMC4931115 DOI: 10.1261/rna.057299.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
All retroviruses package cellular RNAs into virions. Studies of murine leukemia virus (MLV) revealed that the major host cell RNAs encapsidated by this simple retrovirus were LTR retrotransposons and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Several classes of ncRNAs appeared to be packaged by MLV shortly after synthesis, as precursors to tRNAs, small nuclear RNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs were all enriched in virions. To determine the extent to which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) packages similar RNAs, we used high-throughput sequencing to characterize the RNAs within infectious HIV-1 virions produced in CEM-SS T lymphoblastoid cells. We report that the most abundant cellular RNAs in HIV-1 virions are 7SL RNA and transcripts from numerous divergent and truncated members of the long interspersed element (LINE) and short interspersed element (SINE) families of retrotransposons. We also detected precursors to several tRNAs and small nuclear RNAs as well as transcripts derived from the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacers. We show that packaging of a pre-tRNA requires the nuclear export receptor Exportin 5, indicating that HIV-1 recruits at least some newly made ncRNAs in the cytoplasm. Together, our work identifies the set of RNAs packaged by HIV-1 and reveals that early steps in HIV-1 assembly intersect with host cell ncRNA biogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Eckwahl
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | - Helene Arnion
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | - Siarhei Kharytonchyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Trinity Zang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Alice Telesnitsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sandra L Wolin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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25
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Tatosyan KA, Kramerov DA. Heat shock increases lifetime of a small RNA and induces its accumulation in cells. Gene 2016; 587:33-41. [PMID: 27085482 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
4.5SH and 4.5SI RNA are two abundant small non-coding RNAs specific for several related rodent families including Muridae. These RNAs have a number of common characteristics such as the short length (about 100nt), transcription by RNA polymerase III, and origin from Short Interspersed Elements (SINEs). However, their stabilities in cells substantially differ: the half-life of 4.5SH RNA is about 20min, while that of 4.5SI RNA is 22h. Here we studied the influence of cell stress such as heat shock or viral infection on these two RNAs. We found that the level of 4.5SI RNA did not change in stressed cells; whereas heat shock increased the abundance of 4.5SH RNA 3.2-10.5 times in different cell lines; and viral infection, 5 times. Due to the significant difference in the turnover rates of these two RNAs, a similar activation of their transcription by heat shock increases the level of the short-lived 4.5SH RNA and has minor effect on the level of the long-lived 4.5SI RNA. In addition, the accumulation of 4.5SH RNA results not only from the induction of its transcription but also from a substantial retardation of its decay. To our knowledge, it is the first example of a short-lived non-coding RNA whose elongated lifetime contributes significantly to its accumulation in stressed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina A Tatosyan
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri A Kramerov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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26
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Smalheiser NR. The RNA-centred view of the synapse: non-coding RNAs and synaptic plasticity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0504. [PMID: 25135965 PMCID: PMC4142025 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
If mRNAs were the only RNAs made by a neuron, there would be a simple mapping of mRNAs to proteins. However, microRNAs and other non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs; endo-siRNAs, piRNAs, BC1, BC200, antisense and long ncRNAs, repeat-related transcripts, etc.) regulate mRNAs via effects on protein translation as well as transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. Not only are genes ON or OFF, but their ability to be translated can be turned ON or OFF at the level of synapses, supporting an enormous increase in information capacity. Here, I review evidence that ncRNAs are expressed pervasively within dendrites in mammalian brain; that some are activity-dependent and highly enriched near synapses; and that synaptic ncRNAs participate in plasticity responses including learning and memory. Ultimately, ncRNAs can be viewed as the post-it notes of the neuron. They have no literal meaning of their own, but derive their functions from where (and to what) they are stuck. This may explain, in part, why ncRNAs differ so dramatically from protein-coding genes, both in terms of the usual indicators of functionality and in terms of evolutionary constraints. ncRNAs do not appear to be direct mediators of synaptic transmission in the manner of neurotransmitters or receptors, yet they orchestrate synaptic plasticity—and may drive species-specific changes in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Smalheiser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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27
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Conti A, Carnevali D, Bollati V, Fustinoni S, Pellegrini M, Dieci G. Identification of RNA polymerase III-transcribed Alu loci by computational screening of RNA-Seq data. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:817-35. [PMID: 25550429 PMCID: PMC4333407 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the ∼1.3 million Alu elements in the human genome, only a tiny number are estimated to be active in transcription by RNA polymerase (Pol) III. Tracing the individual loci from which Alu transcripts originate is complicated by their highly repetitive nature. By exploiting RNA-Seq data sets and unique Alu DNA sequences, we devised a bioinformatic pipeline allowing us to identify Pol III-dependent transcripts of individual Alu elements. When applied to ENCODE transcriptomes of seven human cell lines, this search strategy identified ∼1300 Alu loci corresponding to detectable transcripts, with ∼120 of them expressed in at least three cell lines. In vitro transcription of selected Alus did not reflect their in vivo expression properties, and required the native 5′-flanking region in addition to internal promoter. We also identified a cluster of expressed AluYa5-derived transcription units, juxtaposed to snaR genes on chromosome 19, formed by a promoter-containing left monomer fused to an Alu-unrelated downstream moiety. Autonomous Pol III transcription was also revealed for Alus nested within Pol II-transcribed genes. The ability to investigate Alu transcriptomes at single-locus resolution will facilitate both the identification of novel biologically relevant Alu RNAs and the assessment of Alu expression alteration under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Conti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Carnevali
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba, 8-20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba, 8-20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA
| | - Giorgio Dieci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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28
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Parrott AM, Mathews MB. The evolution and consequences of snaR family transposition in primates. Mob Genet Elements 2014; 1:291-295. [PMID: 22545241 PMCID: PMC3337139 DOI: 10.4161/mge.18478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The small NF90 associated RNA (snaR) family of small noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) appears to have evolved from retrotransposon ancestors at or soon after pivotal stages in primate evolution. snaRs are thought to be derived from a FLAM C-like (free left Alu monomer) element through multiple short insertion/deletion (indel) and nucleotide (nt) substitution events. Tracing snaR’s complex evolutionary history through primate genomes led to the recent discovery of two novel retrotransposons: the Alu/snaR related (ASR) and catarrhine ancestor of snaR (CAS) elements. ASR elements are present in the genomes of Simiiformes, CAS elements are present in Old World Monkeys and apes, and snaRs are restricted to the African Great Apes (Homininae, including human, gorilla, chimpanzee and bonobo). Unlike their ancestors, snaRs have disseminated by multiple rounds of segmental duplication of a larger encompassing element. This process has produced large tandem gene arrays in humans and possibly precipitated the accelerated evolution of snaR. Furthermore, snaR segmental duplication created a new form of chorionic gonadotropin β subunit (CGβ) gene, recently classified as Type II CGβ, which has altered mRNA tissue expression and can generate a novel short peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Parrott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; New Jersey Medical School; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Newark, NJ USA
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29
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Castella S, Bernard R, Corno M, Fradin A, Larcher JC. Ilf3 and NF90 functions in RNA biology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2014; 6:243-56. [PMID: 25327818 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA-binding proteins (DRBPs) are known to regulate many processes of RNA metabolism due, among others, to the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding motifs (dsRBMs). Among these DRBPs, Interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3 (Ilf3) and Nuclear Factor 90 (NF90) are two ubiquitous proteins generated by mutually exclusive and alternative splicings of the Ilf3 gene. They share common N-terminal and central sequences but display specific C-terminal regions. They present a large heterogeneity generated by several post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications involved in their subcellular localization and biological functions. While Ilf3 and NF90 were first identified as activators of gene expression, they are also implicated in cellular processes unrelated to RNA metabolism such as regulation of the cell cycle or of enzymatic activites. The implication of Ilf3 and NF90 in RNA biology will be discussed with a focus on eukaryote transcription and translation regulation, on viral replication and translation as well as on noncoding RNA field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Castella
- Laboratoire de Biologie du développement, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Biologie du développement, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS, UMR 7622, Paris, France
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Broad and adaptable RNA structure recognition by the human interferon-induced tetratricopeptide repeat protein IFIT5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12025-30. [PMID: 25092312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412842111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) responses play key roles in cellular defense against pathogens. Highly expressed IFN-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are proposed to function as RNA binding proteins, but the RNA binding and discrimination specificities of IFIT proteins remain unclear. Here we show that human IFIT5 has comparable affinity for RNAs with diverse phosphate-containing 5'-ends, excluding the higher eukaryotic mRNA cap. Systematic mutagenesis revealed that sequence substitutions in IFIT5 can alternatively expand or introduce bias in protein binding to RNAs with 5' monophosphate, triphosphate, cap0 (triphosphate-bridged N7-methylguanosine), or cap1 (cap0 with RNA 2'-O-methylation). We defined the breadth of cellular ligands for IFIT5 by using a thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase for RNA sequencing. We show that IFIT5 binds precursor and processed tRNAs, as well as other RNA polymerase III transcripts. Our findings establish the RNA recognition specificity of the human innate immune response protein IFIT5.
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31
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Lee H, Kim C, Ku JL, Kim W, Yoon SK, Kuh HJ, Lee JH, Nam SW, Lee EK. A long non-coding RNA snaR contributes to 5-fluorouracil resistance in human colon cancer cells. Mol Cells 2014; 37:540-6. [PMID: 25078450 PMCID: PMC4132306 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of genetic and epigenetic regulation have been implicated in the development of drug resistance, one significant challenge for cancer therapy. Although changes in the expression of non-coding RNA are also responsible for drug resistance, the specific identities and roles of them remain to be elucidated. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a type of ncRNA (> 200 nt) that influence the regulation of gene expression in various ways. In this study, we aimed to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs in 5-fluorouracil-resistant colon cancer cells. Using two pairs of 5-FU-resistant cells derived from the human colon cancer cell lines SNU-C4 and SNU-C5, we analyzed the expression of 90 lncRNAs by qPCR-based profiling and found that 19 and 23 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in SNU-C4R and SNU-C5R cells, respectively. We confirmed that snaR and BACE1AS were downregulated in resistant cells. To further investigate the effects of snaR on cell growth, cell viability and cell cycle were analyzed after transfection of siRNAs targeting snaR. Down-regulation of snaR decreased cell death after 5-FU treatment, which indicates that snaR loss decreases in vitro sensitivity to 5-FU. Our results provide an important insight into the involvement of lncRNAs in 5-FU resistance in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Chongtae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Ja-Lok Ku
- Cancer Research Institute and Cancer Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Sungjoo Kim Yoon
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kuh
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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32
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Brameier M, Ibing W, Höfer K, Montag J, Stahl-Hennig C, Motzkus D. Mapping the small RNA content of simian immunodeficiency virions (SIV). PLoS One 2013; 8:e75063. [PMID: 24086438 PMCID: PMC3781035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that regulatory small non-coding RNAs are not only components of eukaryotic cells and vesicles, but also reside within a number of different viruses including retroviral particles. Using ultra-deep sequencing we have comprehensively analyzed the content of simian immunodeficiency virions (SIV), which were compared to mock-control preparations. Our analysis revealed that more than 428,000 sequence reads matched the SIV mac239 genome sequence. Among these we could identify 12 virus-derived small RNAs (vsRNAs) that were highly abundant. Beside known retrovirus-enriched small RNAs, like 7SL-RNA, tRNALys3 and tRNALys isoacceptors, we also identified defined fragments derived from small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA snaR-A14, that were enriched more than 50 fold in SIV. We also found evidence that small nucleolar RNAs U2 and U12 were underrepresented in the SIV preparation, indicating that the relative number or the content of co-isolated exosomes was changed upon infection. Our comprehensive atlas of SIV-incorporated small RNAs provides a refined picture of the composition of retrovirions, which gives novel insights into viral packaging.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Exosomes/metabolism
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Small Cytoplasmic/genetics
- RNA, Small Cytoplasmic/metabolism
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/genetics
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Signal Recognition Particle/genetics
- Signal Recognition Particle/metabolism
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Virion/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brameier
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Ibing
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Höfer
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Judith Montag
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Motzkus
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to perform various functions in a wide variety of important biological processes. To make easier interpretation of lncRNA functionality and conduct deep mining on these transcribed sequences, it is convenient to classify lncRNAs into different groups. Here, we summarize classification methods of lncRNAs according to their four major features, namely, genomic location and context, effect exerted on DNA sequences, mechanism of functioning and their targeting mechanism. In combination with the presently available function annotations, we explore potential relationships between different classification categories, and generalize and compare biological features of different lncRNAs within each category. Finally, we present our view on potential further studies. We believe that the classifications of lncRNAs as indicated above are of fundamental importance for lncRNA studies, helpful for further investigation of specific lncRNAs, for formulation of new hypothesis based on different features of lncRNA and for exploration of the underlying lncRNA functional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information; Beijing Institute of Genomics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Vladimir B. Bajic
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Computational Bioscience Research Center; Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division; Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information; Beijing Institute of Genomics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, China
- Correspondence to: Zhang Zhang,
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Sun J, Zhou M, Mao ZT, Hao DP, Wang ZZ, Li CX. Systematic analysis of genomic organization and structure of long non-coding RNAs in the human genome. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:976-82. [PMID: 23454638 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The genomic architecture of several functional elements in animals and plants, such as microRNAs and tRNA, has been better characterized. As yet, there is very little known about genomic organization and structure of lncRNA in animals and plants. Here, we conducted a genome-wide systematic computational analysis of genomic architecture of lncRNAs, and further provided a more comprehensive comparative view of genomic organization between lncRNAs and several other functional elements in the human genome. Our study not only provides comprehensive knowledge for further studies into the correlations between the genomic architecture of lncRNAs and their important functional roles in diverse cellular processes and in disease, but also will be valuable for understanding the origin and evolution of lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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Martens-Uzunova ES, Olvedy M, Jenster G. Beyond microRNA--novel RNAs derived from small non-coding RNA and their implication in cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 340:201-11. [PMID: 23376637 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the recent years, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies targeting the microRNA transcriptome revealed the existence of many different RNA fragments derived from small RNA species other than microRNA. Although initially discarded as RNA turnover artifacts, accumulating evidence suggests that RNA fragments derived from small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) are not just random degradation products but rather stable entities, which may have functional activity in the normal and malignant cell. This review summarizes new findings describing the detection and alterations in expression of snoRNA-derived (sdRNA) and tRNA-derived (tRF) RNAs. We focus on the possible interactions of sdRNAs and tRFs with the canonical microRNA pathways in the cell and present current hypotheses on the function of these RNAs.
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Langenberger D, Çakir MV, Hoffmann S, Stadler PF. Dicer-processed small RNAs: rules and exceptions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2012; 320:35-46. [PMID: 23165937 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Canonical microRNAs are excised from their hairpin-shaped precursors by Dicer. In order to find possible exceptions to this rule and to identify additional substrates for Dicer processing we re-evaluate the small RNA sequencing data of the Dicer knockdown experiment in MCF-7 cells orignally published by Friedländer et al. [Friedländer et al., 2012, Nucleic Acids Res 40:37-52]. While the well-known non-Dicer mir-451 is not sufficiently expressed in these experiments, there are several additional Dicer-independent microRNAs, among them the important tumor supressor mir-663a. We recover previously described examples of non-miRNA Dicer substrates such as tRNA-Gln and several snoRNAs. Interestingly, sdRNAs derived from box C/D snoRNAs are Dicer-independent, while those derived from box H/ACA snoRNAs are often Dicer dependent. Several pol-III transcripts, in particular the vault RNAs and the great ape specific snaRs are processed by Dicer, while the small RNAs originating from Y RNAs seem to be Dicer independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Langenberger
- LIFE, Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Dieci G, Conti A, Pagano A, Carnevali D. Identification of RNA polymerase III-transcribed genes in eukaryotic genomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012; 1829:296-305. [PMID: 23041497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The RNA polymerase (Pol) III transcription system is devoted to the production of short, generally abundant noncoding (nc) RNAs in all eukaryotic cells. Previously thought to be restricted to a few housekeeping genes easily detectable in genome sequences, the set of known Pol III-transcribed genes (class III genes) has been expanding in the last ten years, and the issue of their detection, annotation and actual expression has been stimulated and revived by the results of recent high-resolution genome-wide location analyses of the mammalian Pol III machinery, together with those of Pol III-centered computational studies and of ncRNA-focused transcriptomic approaches. In this article, we provide an outline of distinctive features of Pol III-transcribed genes that have allowed and currently allow for their detection in genome sequences, we critically review the currently practiced strategies for the identification of novel class III genes and transcripts, and we discuss emerging themes in Pol III transcription regulation which might orient future transcriptomic studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Transcription by Odd Pols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Dieci
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Koval AP, Gogolevskaya IK, Tatosyan KA, Kramerov DA. Complementarity of end regions increases the lifetime of small RNAs in mammalian cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44157. [PMID: 22984470 PMCID: PMC3440375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two RNAs (4.5SH and 4.5SI) with unknown functions share a number of features: short length (about 100 nt), transcription by RNA polymerase III, predominately nuclear localization, the presence in various tissues, and relatively narrow taxonomic distribution (4 and 3 rodent families, respectively). It was reported that 4.5SH RNA turns over rapidly, whereas 4.5SI RNA is stable in the cell, but their lifetimes remained unknown. We showed that 4.5SH is indeed short-lived (t1/2∼18 min) and 4.5SI is long-lived (t1/2∼22 h) in Krebs ascites carcinoma cells. The RNA structures specifying rapid or slow decay of different small cellular RNAs remain unstudied. We searched for RNA structural features that determine the short lifetime of 4.5SH in comparison with the long lifetime of 4.5SI RNA. The sequences of genes of 4.5SH and 4.5SI RNAs were altered and human cells (HeLa) were transfected with these genes. The decay rate of the original and altered RNAs was measured. The complementarity of 16-nt end regions of 4.5SI RNA proved to contribute to its stability in cells, whereas the lack of such complementarity in 4.5SH RNA caused its rapid decay. Possible mechanisms of the phenomenon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dmitri A. Kramerov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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Emerging roles of non-coding RNAs in brain evolution, development, plasticity and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012; 13:528-41. [PMID: 22814587 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel classes of small and long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are being characterized at a rapid pace, driven by recent paradigm shifts in our understanding of genomic architecture, regulation and transcriptional output, as well as by innovations in sequencing technologies and computational and systems biology. These ncRNAs can interact with DNA, RNA and protein molecules; engage in diverse structural, functional and regulatory activities; and have roles in nuclear organization and transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic processes. This expanding inventory of ncRNAs is implicated in mediating a broad spectrum of processes including brain evolution, development, synaptic plasticity and disease pathogenesis.
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Piriyapongsa J, Jordan IK, Conley AB, Ronan T, Smalheiser NR. Transcription factor binding sites are highly enriched within microRNA precursor sequences. Biol Direct 2011; 6:61. [PMID: 22136256 PMCID: PMC3240832 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-6-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transcription factors are thought to regulate the transcription of microRNA genes in a manner similar to that of protein-coding genes; that is, by binding to conventional transcription factor binding site DNA sequences located in or near promoter regions that lie upstream of the microRNA genes. However, in the course of analyzing the genomics of human microRNA genes, we noticed that annotated transcription factor binding sites commonly lie within 70- to 110-nt long microRNA small hairpin precursor sequences. Results We report that about 45% of all human small hairpin microRNA (pre-miR) sequences contain at least one predicted transcription factor binding site motif that is conserved across human, mouse and rat, and this rises to over 75% if one excludes primate-specific pre-miRs. The association is robust and has extremely strong statistical significance; it affects both intergenic and intronic pre-miRs and both isolated and clustered microRNA genes. We also confirmed and extended this finding using a separate analysis that examined all human pre-miR sequences regardless of conservation across species. Conclusions The transcription factor binding sites localized within small hairpin microRNA precursor sequences may possibly regulate their transcription. Transcription factors may also possibly bind directly to nascent primary microRNA gene transcripts or small hairpin microRNA precursors and regulate their processing. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Guillaume Bourque (nominated by Jerzy Jurka), Dmitri Pervouchine (nominated by Mikhail Gelfand), and Yuriy Gusev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jittima Piriyapongsa
- Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Klong1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Hoque M, Shamanna RA, Guan D, Pe'ery T, Mathews MB. HIV-1 replication and latency are regulated by translational control of cyclin T1. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:917-32. [PMID: 21763496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exploits cellular proteins during its replicative cycle and latent infection. The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is a key cellular transcription factor critical for these viral processes and is a drug target. During viral replication, P-TEFb is recruited via interactions of its cyclin T1 subunit with the HIV Tat (transactivator of transcription) protein and TAR (transactivation response) element. Through RNA silencing and over-expression experiments, we discovered that nuclear factor 90 (NF90), a cellular RNA binding protein, regulates P-TEFb expression. NF90 depletion reduced cyclin T1 protein levels by inhibiting translation initiation. Regulation was mediated by the 3' untranslated region of cyclin T1 mRNA independently of microRNAs. Cyclin T1 induction is involved in the escape of HIV-1 from latency. We show that the activation of viral replication by phorbol ester in latently infected monocytic cells requires the posttranscriptional induction of NF90 and cyclin T1, implicating NF90 in protein kinase C signaling pathways. This investigation reveals a novel mechanism of cyclin T1 regulation and establishes NF90 as a regulator of HIV-1 replication during both productive infection and induction from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainul Hoque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, PO Box 1709, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA
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Abstract
Short interspersed elements (SINEs) are mobile genetic elements that invade the genomes of many eukaryotes. Since their discovery about 30 years ago, many gaps in our understanding of the biology and function of SINEs have been filled. This review summarizes the past and recent advances in the studies of SINEs. The structure and origin of SINEs as well as the processes involved in their amplification, transcription, RNA processing, reverse transcription, and integration of a SINE copy into the genome are considered. Then we focus on the significance of SINEs for the host genomes. While these genomic parasites can be deleterious to the cell, the long-term being in the genome has made SINEs a valuable source of genetic variation providing regulatory elements for gene expression, alternative splice sites, polyadenylation signals, and even functional RNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Kramerov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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RNA polymerase III transcription control elements: themes and variations. Gene 2011; 493:185-94. [PMID: 21712079 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes are punctuated by a multitude of tiny genetic elements, that share the property of being recognized and transcribed by the RNA polymerase (Pol) III machinery to produce a variety of small, abundant non-protein-coding (nc) RNAs (tRNAs, 5S rRNA, U6 snRNA and many others). The highly selective, efficient and localized action of Pol III at its minute genomic targets is made possible by a handful of cis-acting regulatory elements, located within the transcribed region (where they are bound by the multisubunit assembly factor TFIIIC) and/or upstream of the transcription start site. Most of them participate directly or indirectly in the ultimate recruitment of TFIIIB, a key multiprotein initiation factor able to direct, once assembled, multiple transcription cycles by Pol III. But the peculiar efficiency and selectivity of Pol III transcription also depends on its ability to recognize very simple and precisely positioned termination signals. Studies in the last few years have significantly expanded the set of known Pol III-associated loci in genomes and, concomitantly, have revealed unexpected features of Pol III cis-regulatory elements in terms of variety, function, genomic location and potential contribution to transcriptome complexity. Here we review, in a historical perspective, well established and newly acquired knowledge about Pol III transcription control elements, with the aim of providing a useful reference for future studies of the Pol III system, which we anticipate will be numerous and intriguing for years to come.
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Gibb EA, Brown CJ, Lam WL. The functional role of long non-coding RNA in human carcinomas. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:38. [PMID: 21489289 PMCID: PMC3098824 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1306] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as new players in the cancer paradigm demonstrating potential roles in both oncogenic and tumor suppressive pathways. These novel genes are frequently aberrantly expressed in a variety of human cancers, however the biological functions of the vast majority remain unknown. Recently, evidence has begun to accumulate describing the molecular mechanisms by which these RNA species function, providing insight into the functional roles they may play in tumorigenesis. In this review, we highlight the emerging functional role of lncRNAs in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A Gibb
- British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada.
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