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Li H, Liu J, Lai J, Su X, Wang X, Cao J, Mao S, Zhang T, Gu Q. The HHEX-ABI2/SLC17A9 axis induces cancer stem cell-like properties and tumorigenesis in HCC. J Transl Med 2024; 22:537. [PMID: 38844969 PMCID: PMC11155165 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicated that HHEX participated in the initiation and development of several cancers, but the potential roles and mechanisms of HHEX in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were largely unclear. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for cancer progression owing to their stemness characteristics. We reported that HHEX was a novel CSCs target for HCC. We found that HHEX was overexpressed in HCC tissues and high expression of HHEX was associated with poor survival. Subsequently, we found that HHEX promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis and experiments verified that HHEX promoted stem cell-like properties in HCC. Mechanistically, ABI2 serving as a co-activator of transcriptional factor HHEX upregulated SLC17A9 to promote HCC cancer stem cell-like properties and tumorigenesis. Collectively, the HHEX-mediated ABI2/SLC17A9 axis contributes to HCC growth and metastasis by maintaining the CSC population, suggesting that HHEX serves as a promising therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizi Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, The, USA
| | - Jie Lai
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinyao Su
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqing Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shengxun Mao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Actuated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Organ Transplantation Clinical Medical Center of Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.
- Department of Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, Organ Transplantation Clinical Medical Center of Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Qiuping Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No. 16, Meiguan Avenue, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou City, 341000, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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Zheng W, Shen P, Yu C, Tang Y, Qian C, Yang C, Gao M, Wu Y, Yu S, Tang W, Wan G, Wang A, Lu Y, Zhao Y. Ginsenoside Rh1, a novel casein kinase II subunit alpha (CK2α) inhibitor, retards metastasis via disrupting HHEX/CCL20 signaling cascade involved in tumor cell extravasation across endothelial barrier. Pharmacol Res 2023; 198:106986. [PMID: 37944834 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell extravasation across endothelial barrier has been recognized as a pivotal event in orchestrating metastasis formation. This event is initiated by the interactions of extravasating tumor cells with endothelial cells (ECs). Therefore, targeting the crosstalk between tumor cells and ECs might be a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent metastasis. In this study, we demonstrated that Rh1, one of the main ingredients of ginseng, hindered the invasion of breast cancer (BC) cells as well as diminished the permeability of ECs both in vitro and in vivo, which was responsible for the attenuated tumor cell extravasation across endothelium. Noteworthily, we showed that ECs were capable of inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invadopodia of BC cells that are essential for tumor cell migration and invasion through limiting the nuclear translocation of hematopoietically expressed homeobox (HHEX). The decreased nuclear HHEX paved the way for initiating the CCL20/CCR6 signaling axis, which in turn contributed to damaged endothelial junctions, uncovering a new crosstalk mode between tumor cells and ECs. Intriguingly, Rh1 inhibited the kinase activity of casein kinase II subunit alpha (CK2α) and further promoted the nuclear translocation of HHEX in the BC cells, which resulted in the disrupted crosstalk between chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) in the BC cells and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 6 (CCR6) in the ECs. The prohibited CCL20-CCR6 axis by Rh1 enhanced vascular integrity and diminished tumor cell motility. Taken together, our data suggest that Rh1 serves as an effective natural CK2α inhibitor that can be further optimized to be a therapeutic agent for reducing tumor cell extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peiliang Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunmei Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mingliang Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Suyun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Guiping Wan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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3
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Jackson JT, Nutt SL, McCormack MP. The Haematopoietically-expressed homeobox transcription factor: roles in development, physiology and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197490. [PMID: 37398663 PMCID: PMC10313424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Haematopoietically expressed homeobox transcription factor (Hhex) is a transcriptional repressor that is of fundamental importance across species, as evident by its evolutionary conservation spanning fish, amphibians, birds, mice and humans. Indeed, Hhex maintains its vital functions throughout the lifespan of the organism, beginning in the oocyte, through fundamental stages of embryogenesis in the foregut endoderm. The endodermal development driven by Hhex gives rise to endocrine organs such as the pancreas in a process which is likely linked to its role as a risk factor in diabetes and pancreatic disorders. Hhex is also required for the normal development of the bile duct and liver, the latter also importantly being the initial site of haematopoiesis. These haematopoietic origins are governed by Hhex, leading to its crucial later roles in definitive haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal, lymphopoiesis and haematological malignancy. Hhex is also necessary for the developing forebrain and thyroid gland, with this reliance on Hhex evident in its role in endocrine disorders later in life including a potential role in Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the roles of Hhex in embryological development throughout evolution appear to be linked to its later roles in a variety of disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Jackson
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen L. Nutt
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew P. McCormack
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- iCamuno Biotherapeutics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Guo Y, Zhu Z, Huang Z, Cui L, Yu W, Hong W, Zhou Z, Du P, Liu CY. CK2-induced cooperation of HHEX with the YAP-TEAD4 complex promotes colorectal tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4995. [PMID: 36008411 PMCID: PMC9411202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of Hippo pathway leads to hyperactivation of YAP-TEAD transcriptional complex in various cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we observed that HHEX (Hematopoietically expressed homeobox) may enhance transcription activity of the YAP-TEAD complex. HHEX associates with and stabilizes the YAP-TEAD complex on the regulatory genomic loci to coregulate the expression of a group of YAP/TEAD target genes. Also, HHEX may indirectly regulate these target genes by controlling YAP/TAZ expression. Importantly, HHEX is required for the pro-tumorigenic effects of YAP during CRC progression. In response to serum stimulation, CK2 (Casein Kinase 2) phosphorylates HHEX and enhances its interaction with TEAD4. A CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 diminishes the interaction between HHEX and TEAD4, leading to decreased expression of YAP/TEAD target genes. CX-4945 synergizes the antitumor activity of YAP-TEAD inhibitors verteporfin and Super-TDU. Elevated expression of HHEX is correlated with hyperactivation of YAP/TEAD and associated with poor prognosis of CRC patients. Overall, our study identifies HHEX as a positive modulator of YAP/TEAD to promote colorectal tumorigenesis, providing a new therapeutic strategy for targeting YAP/TEAD in CRC. Hippo signalling is often deregulated in cancers. Here the authors show that CK2 enhances the cooperation of HHEX with YAP-TEAD complex to promote colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuegui Guo
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhehui Zhu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, 200092, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61, Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Zhaocai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Chen-Ying Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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5
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Firnau MB, Brieger A. CK2 and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081987. [PMID: 36009534 PMCID: PMC9405757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is commonly dysregulated in cancer, impacting diverse molecular pathways. CK2 is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, constitutively active and ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. With over 500 known substrates and being estimated to be responsible for up to 10% of the human phosphoproteome, it is of significant importance. A broad spectrum of diverse types of cancer cells has been already shown to rely on disturbed CK2 levels for their survival. The hallmarks of cancer provide a rationale for understanding cancer’s common traits. They constitute the maintenance of proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling of replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, the activation of invasion and metastasis, as well as avoidance of immune destruction and dysregulation of cellular energetics. In this work, we have compiled evidence from the literature suggesting that CK2 modulates all hallmarks of cancer, thereby promoting oncogenesis and operating as a cancer driver by creating a cellular environment favorable to neoplasia.
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6
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Jayaraman PS, Gaston K. Targeting protein kinase CK2 in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2021; 2:434-447. [PMID: 36045705 PMCID: PMC9400764 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2021.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a disease with a very poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Although targeted therapies directed towards specific mutations found in CCA are becoming available and are showing great potential, many tumors do not carry actionable mutations and, in those that do, the emergence of drug resistance is a likely consequence of treatment. Therapeutic targeting of enzymes and other proteins that show elevated activity in CCA cells but which are not altered by mutation is a potential strategy for the treatment of target negative and drug-resistant disease. Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is a ubiquitously expressed kinase that has increased expression and increased activity in a variety of cancer types including CCA. Several potent CK2 inhibitors are in pre-clinical development or under assessment in a variety of clinical trials often in combination with drugs that induce DNA damage. This review outlines the importance of CK2 in CCA and assesses the progress that has been made in the evaluation of CK2 inhibition as a treatment strategy in this disease. Targeting CK2 based on the expression levels or activity of this protein and/or in combination with drugs that induce DNA damage or inhibit cell cycle progression, could be a viable option for tumors that lack actionable mutations, or for tumors that develop resistance to targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma-Sheela Jayaraman
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Division of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Kevin Gaston
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Division of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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7
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Chan LY, Du J, Craik DJ. Tuning the Anti-Angiogenic Effect of the P15 Peptide Using Cyclic Trypsin Inhibitor Scaffolds. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:829-837. [PMID: 33881318 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is important for tumor growth, and accordingly, targeting angiogenesis has become an important pathway for antitumor therapy. A novel proapoptotic peptide, CIGB-300 (P15-Tat), has been shown to be involved in the casein kinase II phosphorylation pathway, conferring it with antiangiogenic activity. Cyclic peptides have been widely used as scaffolds in drug design studies due to their high stability and favorable biopharmaceutical properties. Here, we chose two very stable cyclic trypsin inhibitors, MCoTI-II and SFTI-1, as frameworks to incorporate the bioactive epitope P15 into various backbone loops. NMR studies revealed that all re-engineered analogs had similar secondary structures to their native cyclic frameworks. One key analog, MCoP15, displayed significant improvement for inhibiting human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration, was nontoxic, and had higher stability than the P15 epitope alone. Overall, the results show the value of P15 being engineered into cyclic trypsin inhibitor scaffolds for improving antiangiogenic activity and stability. More broadly, the study highlights the versatility of cyclic peptide frameworks in drug design for antiangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Yue Chan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Junqiao Du
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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8
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Bansal Y, Minhas R, Singhal A, Arora RK, Bansal G. Benzimidazole: A Multifacted Nucelus for Anticancer Agents. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210208141107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of cells, dedifferentiation,
invasiveness and metastasis. Endothelial growth factor (eGF), insulin-like growth factor
(IGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF), checkpoint kinase 1 & 2 ( Chk1 & Chk2), aurora kinases,
topoisomerases, histone deacetylators (HDAC), poly(ADP-Ribose)polymerase (PARP), farnesyl
transferases, RAS-MAPK pathway and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, are some of the
prominent mediators implicated in the proliferation of tumor cells. Huge artillery of natural
and synthetic compounds as anticancer, which act by inhibiting one or more of the enzymes
and/or pathways responsible for the progression of tumor cells, is reported in the literature.
The major limitations of anticancer agents used in clinics as well as of those under development
in literature are normal cell toxicity and other side effects due to lack of specificity.
Hence, medicinal chemists across the globe have been working for decades to develop potent and safe anticancer
agents from natural sources as well as from different classes of heterocycles. Benzimidazole is one of the most important
and explored heteronucelus because of their versatility in biological actions as well as synthetic applications
in medicinal chemistry. The structural similarity of amino derivatives of benzimidazole with purines makes it a fascinating
nucleus for the development of anticancer, antimicrobial and anti-HIV agents. This review article is an attempt
to critically analyze various reports on benzimidazole derivatives acting on different targets to act as anticancer so as
to understand the structural requirements around benzimidazole nucleus for each target and enable medicinal chemists
to promote rational development of antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
| | - Richa Minhas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
| | - Ankit Singhal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
| | - Radhey Krishan Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
| | - Gulshan Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
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9
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Kim JM, Yang YS, Park KH, Ge X, Xu R, Li N, Song M, Chun H, Bok S, Charles JF, Filhol-Cochet O, Boldyreff B, Dinter T, Yu PB, Kon N, Gu W, Takarada T, Greenblatt MB, Shim JH. A RUNX2 stabilization pathway mediates physiologic and pathologic bone formation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2289. [PMID: 32385263 PMCID: PMC7210266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The osteoblast differentiation capacity of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) must be tightly regulated, as inadequate bone formation results in low bone mass and skeletal fragility, and over-exuberant osteogenesis results in heterotopic ossification (HO) of soft tissues. RUNX2 is essential for tuning this balance, but the mechanisms of posttranslational control of RUNX2 remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we identify that a CK2/HAUSP pathway is a key regulator of RUNX2 stability, as Casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylates RUNX2, recruiting the deubiquitinase herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease (HAUSP), which stabilizes RUNX2 by diverting it away from ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. This pathway is important for both the commitment of SSCs to osteoprogenitors and their subsequent maturation. This CK2/HAUSP/RUNX2 pathway is also necessary for HO, as its inhibition blocked HO in multiple models. Collectively, active deubiquitination of RUNX2 is required for bone formation and this CK2/HAUSP deubiquitination pathway offers therapeutic opportunities for disorders of inappropriate mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yeon-Suk Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kwang Hwan Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xianpeng Ge
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Minkyung Song
- Department of integrative biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyunho Chun
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia F Charles
- Department of Orthopedics and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Odile Filhol-Cochet
- INSERM U1036, pour le Vivant/Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énerigies Alternatives Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Teresa Dinter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul B Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ning Kon
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Blood platelets stimulate cancer extravasation through TGFβ-mediated downregulation of PRH/HHEX. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:10. [PMID: 32019914 PMCID: PMC7000753 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells go through a process known as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) during which they acquire the ability to migrate and invade extracellular matrix. Some cells also acquire the ability to move across a layer of endothelial cells to enter and exit the bloodstream; intra- and extravasation, respectively. The transcription factor PRH/HHEX (proline-rich homeodomain/haematopoietically expressed homeobox) controls cell proliferation and cell migration/invasion in a range of cell types. Our previous work showed that PRH activity is downregulated in prostate cancer cells owing to increased inhibitory PRH phosphorylation and that this increases cell proliferation and invasion. PRH inhibits migration and invasion by prostate and breast epithelial cells in part by activating the transcription of Endoglin, a transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) co-receptor. Here we show that depletion of PRH in immortalised prostate epithelial cells results in increased extravasation in vitro. We show that blood platelets stimulate extravasation of cells with depleted PRH and that inhibition of TGFβ signalling blocks the effects of platelets on these cells. Moreover, TGFβ induces changes characteristic of EMT including decreased E-Cadherin expression and increased Snail expression. We show that in prostate cells PRH regulates multiple genes involved in EMT and TGFβ signalling. However, both platelets and TGFβ increase PRH phosphorylation. In addition, TGFβ increases binding of its effector pSMAD3 to the PRH/HHEX promoter and downregulates PRH protein and mRNA levels. Thus, TGFβ signalling downregulates PRH activity by multiple mechanisms and induces an EMT that facilitates extravasation and sensitises cells to TGFβ.
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11
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Kitchen P, Lee KY, Clark D, Lau N, Lertsuwan J, Sawasdichai A, Satayavivad J, Oltean S, Afford S, Gaston K, Jayaraman PS. A Runaway PRH/HHEX-Notch3-Positive Feedback Loop Drives Cholangiocarcinoma and Determines Response to CDK4/6 Inhibition. Cancer Res 2019; 80:757-770. [PMID: 31843982 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Notch and Wnt signaling are known drivers of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), but the underlying factors that initiate and maintain these pathways are not known. Here, we show that the proline-rich homeodomain protein/hematopoietically expressed homeobox (PRH/HHEX) transcription factor forms a positive transcriptional feedback loop with Notch3 that is critical in CCA. PRH/HHEX expression is elevated in CCA, and depletion of PRH reduces CCA tumor growth in a xenograft model. Overexpression of PRH in primary human biliary epithelial cells is sufficient to increase cell proliferation and produce an invasive phenotype. Interrogation of the gene networks regulated by PRH and Notch3 reveals that unlike Notch3, PRH directly activates canonical Wnt signaling. These data indicate that hyperactivation of Notch and Wnt signaling is independent of the underlying mutational landscape and has a common origin in dysregulation of PRH. Moreover, they suggest new therapeutic options based on the dependence of specific Wnt, Notch, and CDK4/6 inhibitors on PRH activity. SIGNIFICANCE: The PRH/HHEX transcription factor is an oncogenic driver in cholangiocarcinoma that confers sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kitchen
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ka Ying Lee
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Clark
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nikki Lau
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jomnarong Lertsuwan
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anyaporn Sawasdichai
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sebastian Oltean
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Afford
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Gaston
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Padma-Sheela Jayaraman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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12
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Liu Q, Zhang Y, Wang P, Liu J, Li B, Yu Y, Wu H, Kang R, Zhang X, Wang Z. Deciphering the scalene association among type-2 diabetes mellitus, prostate cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia via enrichment analysis of disease-gene network. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2268-2277. [PMID: 30938105 PMCID: PMC6536925 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential biological relationship between type‐2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been focused in numerous studies. To investigate the molecular associations among T2DM, prostate cancer (PCa), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), using a biomolecular network enrichment analysis. We obtained a list of disease‐related genes and constructed disease networks. Then, GO enrichment analysis was performed to identify the significant functions and pathways of overlapping modules in the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database. More than 75% of these overlapping genes were found to be consistent with the findings of previous studies. In the three diseases, we found that Sarcoglycan delta (SGCD) and Rho family GTPase 3 (RND3) were the overlapping genes and identified negative regulation of apoptotic process and negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter RNA as the two overlapping biological functions. CML and PCa were the most closely related, with 34 overlapping genes, five overlapping modules, 27 overlapping biological functions, and nine overlapping pathways. There were 13 overlapping genes, one overlapping modules, four overlapping biological functions and one overlapping pathway (FoxO signaling pathway) were found in T2DM and CML.And T2DM and PCa were the least related pair in our study, with only six overlapping genes, five overlapping modules, and one overlapping biological function. SGCD and RND3 were the main gene‐to‐gene relationship among T2DM, CML, and PCa; apoptosis, development, and transcription from RNA polymerase II promote processes were the main functional connections among T2DM, CML, and PCa by network enrichment analysis. There is a “scalene” relationship among T2DM, CML, and PCa at gene, pathway, biological process, and module levels: CML and PCa were the most closely related, the second were T2DM and PCa, and T2DM and PCa were the least related pair in our study. Our study provides a new avenue for further studies on T2DM and cancers, which may promote the discovery and development of novel therapeutic and can be used to treat multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengqian Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixia Kang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Bates DO, Beazley-Long N, Benest AV, Ye X, Ved N, Hulse RP, Barratt S, Machado MJ, Donaldson LF, Harper SJ, Peiris-Pages M, Tortonese DJ, Oltean S, Foster RR. Physiological Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors as Homeostatic Regulators. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:955-979. [PMID: 29978898 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of proteins are key regulators of physiological systems. Originally linked with endothelial function, they have since become understood to be principal regulators of multiple tissues, both through their actions on vascular cells, but also through direct actions on other tissue types, including epithelial cells, neurons, and the immune system. The complexity of the five members of the gene family in terms of their different splice isoforms, differential translation, and specific localizations have enabled tissues to use these potent signaling molecules to control how they function to maintain their environment. This homeostatic function of VEGFs has been less intensely studied than their involvement in disease processes, development, and reproduction, but they still play a substantial and significant role in healthy control of blood volume and pressure, interstitial volume and drainage, renal and lung function, immunity, and signal processing in the peripheral and central nervous system. The widespread expression of VEGFs in healthy adult tissues, and the disturbances seen when VEGF signaling is inhibited support this view of the proteins as endogenous regulators of normal physiological function. This review summarizes the evidence and recent breakthroughs in understanding of the physiology that is regulated by VEGF, with emphasis on the role they play in maintaining homeostasis. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:955-979, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Bates
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew V Benest
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Xi Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Ved
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Hulse
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shaney Barratt
- Academic Respiratory Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria J Machado
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy F Donaldson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Harper
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Peiris-Pages
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Domingo J Tortonese
- Centre for Comparative and Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Oltean
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca R Foster
- Bristol Renal, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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14
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Wadey KS, Brown BA, Sala-Newby GB, Jayaraman PS, Gaston K, George SJ. Protein kinase CK2 inhibition suppresses neointima formation via a proline-rich homeodomain-dependent mechanism. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 99:34-44. [PMID: 28927755 PMCID: PMC5718878 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia is a product of VSMC replication and consequent accumulation within the blood vessel wall. In this study, we determined whether inhibition of protein kinase CK2 and the resultant stabilisation of proline-rich homeodomain (PRH) could suppress VSMC proliferation. Both silencing and pharmacological inhibition of CK2 with K66 antagonised replication of isolated VSMCs. SiRNA-induced knockdown as well as ectopic overexpression of proline-rich homeodomain indicated that PRH disrupts cell cycle progression. Mutation of CK2 phosphorylation sites Ser163 and Ser177 within the PRH homeodomain enabled prolonged cell cycle arrest by PRH. Concomitant knockdown of PRH and inhibition of CK2 with K66 indicated that the anti-proliferative action of K66 required the presence of PRH. Both K66 and adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of S163C:S177C PRH impaired neointima formation in human saphenous vein organ cultures. Importantly, neither intervention had notable effects on cell cycle progression, cell survival or migration in cultured endothelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Casein Kinase II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Casein Kinase II/genetics
- Casein Kinase II/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/enzymology
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Phosphorylation
- Proline-Rich Protein Domains
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- Rats
- Saphenous Vein/drug effects
- Saphenous Vein/enzymology
- Saphenous Vein/pathology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Wadey
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - B A Brown
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - G B Sala-Newby
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - P-S Jayaraman
- Division of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine, University Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - K Gaston
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - S J George
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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15
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Proline-Rich Homeodomain protein (PRH/HHEX) is a suppressor of breast tumour growth. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e346. [PMID: 28604763 PMCID: PMC5519192 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast tumours progress from hyperplasia to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast carcinoma (IBC). PRH/HHEX (proline-rich homeodomain/haematopoietically expressed homeobox) is a transcription factor that displays both tumour suppressor and oncogenic activity in different disease contexts; however, the role of PRH in breast cancer is poorly understood. Here we show that nuclear localization of the PRH protein is decreased in DCIS and IBC compared with normal breast. Our previous work has shown that PRH phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2 prevents PRH from binding to DNA and regulating the transcription of multiple genes encoding growth factors and growth factor receptors. Here we show that transcriptionally inactive phosphorylated PRH is elevated in DCIS and IBC compared with normal breast. To determine the consequences of PRH loss of function in breast cancer cells, we generated inducible PRH depletion in MCF-7 cells. We show that PRH depletion results in increased MCF-7 cell proliferation in part at least due to increased vascular endothelial growth factor signalling. Moreover, we demonstrate that PRH depletion increases the formation of breast cancer cells with cancer stem cell-like properties. Finally, and in keeping with these findings, we show that PRH overexpression inhibits the growth of mammary tumours in mice. Collectively, these data indicate that PRH plays a tumour suppressive role in the breast and they provide an explanation for the finding that low PRH mRNA levels are associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer.
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16
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CK2 abrogates the inhibitory effects of PRH/HHEX on prostate cancer cell migration and invasion and acts through PRH to control cell proliferation. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e293. [PMID: 28134934 PMCID: PMC5294245 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PRH/HHEX (proline-rich homeodomain protein/haematopoietically expressed homeobox protein) is a transcription factor that controls cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell migration. Our previous work has shown that in haematopoietic cells, Protein Kinase CK2-dependent phosphorylation of PRH results in the inhibition of PRH DNA-binding activity, increased cleavage of PRH by the proteasome and the misregulation of PRH target genes. Here we show that PRH and hyper-phosphorylated PRH are present in normal prostate epithelial cells, and that hyper-phosphorylated PRH levels are elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and prostate cancer cell lines. A reduction in PRH protein levels increases the motility of normal prostate epithelial cells and conversely, PRH over-expression inhibits prostate cancer cell migration and blocks the ability of these cells to invade an extracellular matrix. We show that CK2 over-expression blocks the repression of prostate cancer cell migration and invasion by PRH. In addition, we show that PRH knockdown in normal immortalised prostate cells results in an increase in the population of cells capable of colony formation in Matrigel, as well as increased cell invasion and decreased E-cadherin expression. Inhibition of CK2 reduces PRH phosphorylation and reduces prostate cell proliferation but the effects of CK2 inhibition on cell proliferation are abrogated in PRH knockdown cells. These data suggest that the increased phosphorylation of PRH in prostate cancer cells increases both cell proliferation and tumour cell migration/invasion.
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17
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Gaston K, Tsitsilianos MA, Wadey K, Jayaraman PS. Misregulation of the proline rich homeodomain (PRH/HHEX) protein in cancer cells and its consequences for tumour growth and invasion. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:12. [PMID: 26877867 PMCID: PMC4752775 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The proline rich homeodomain protein (PRH), also known as haematopoietically expressed homeobox (HHEX), is an essential transcription factor in embryonic development and in the adult. The PRH protein forms oligomeric complexes that bind to tandemly repeated PRH recognition sequences within or at a distance from PRH-target genes and recruit a variety of PRH-interacting proteins. PRH can also bind to other transcription factors and co-regulate specific target genes either directly through DNA binding, or indirectly through effects on the activity of its partner proteins. In addition, like some other homeodomain proteins, PRH can regulate the translation of specific mRNAs. Altered PRH expression and altered PRH intracellular localisation, are associated with breast cancer, liver cancer and thyroid cancer and some subtypes of leukaemia. This is consistent with the involvement of multiple PRH-interacting proteins, including the oncoprotein c-Myc, translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), and the promyelocytic leukaemia protein (PML), in the control of cell proliferation and cell survival. Similarly, multiple PRH target genes, including the genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptors, Endoglin, and Goosecoid, are known to be important in the control of cell proliferation and cell survival and/or the regulation of cell migration and invasion. In this review, we summarise the evidence that implicates PRH in tumourigenesis and we review the data that suggests PRH levels could be useful in cancer prognosis and in the choice of treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gaston
- School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
| | | | - Kerry Wadey
- School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
| | - Padma-Sheela Jayaraman
- Division of Immunity and Infection, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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18
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Hhex Is Necessary for the Hepatic Differentiation of Mouse ES Cells and Acts via Vegf Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146806. [PMID: 26784346 PMCID: PMC4718667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the differentiation of stem cells to hepatic cells is critical for both understanding normal developmental processes as well as for optimizing the generation of functional hepatic cells for therapy. We performed in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) with a null mutation in the homeobox gene Hhex and show that Hhex-/- mESCs fail to differentiate from definitive endoderm (Sox17+/Foxa2+) to hepatic endoderm (Alb+/Dlk+). In addition, hepatic culture elicited a >7-fold increase in Vegfa mRNA expression in Hhex-/- cells compared to Hhex+/+ cells. Furthermore, we identified VEGFR2+/ALB+/CD34- in early Hhex+/+ hepatic cultures. These cells were absent in Hhex-/- cultures. Finally, through manipulation of Hhex and Vegfa expression, gain and loss of expression experiments revealed that Hhex shares an inverse relationship with the activity of the Vegf signaling pathway in supporting hepatic differentiation. In summary, our results suggest that Hhex represses Vegf signaling during hepatic differentiation of mouse ESCs allowing for cell-type autonomous regulation of Vegfr2 activity independent of endothelial cells.
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19
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Filhol O, Giacosa S, Wallez Y, Cochet C. Protein kinase CK2 in breast cancer: the CK2β regulatory subunit takes center stage in epithelial plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3305-22. [PMID: 25990538 PMCID: PMC11113558 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structurally, protein kinase CK2 consists of two catalytic subunits (α and α') and two regulatory subunits (β), which play a critical role in targeting specific CK2 substrates. Compelling evidence shows the complexity of the CK2 cellular signaling network and supports the view that this enzyme is a key component of regulatory protein kinase networks that are involved in several aspects of cancer. CK2 both activates and suppresses the expression of a number of essential oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and its expression and activity are upregulated in blood tumors and virtually all solid tumors. The prognostic significance of CK2α expression in association with various clinicopathological parameters highlighted this kinase as an adverse prognostic marker in breast cancer. In addition, several recent studies reported its implication in the regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an early step in cancer invasion and metastasis. In this review, we briefly overview the contribution of CK2 to several aspects of cancer and discuss how in mammary epithelial cells, the expression of its CK2β regulatory subunit plays a critical role in maintaining an epithelial phenotype through CK2-mediated control of key EMT-related transcription factors. Importantly, decreased CK2β expression in breast tumors is correlated with inefficient phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Snail1 and Foxc2, ultimately leading to EMT induction. This review highlights the pivotal role played by CK2β in the mammary epithelial phenotype and discusses how a modest alteration in its expression may be sufficient to induce dramatic effects facilitating the early steps in tumor cell dissemination through the coordinated regulation of two key transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sofia Giacosa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yann Wallez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Cochet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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20
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Morooka S, Hoshina M, Kii I, Okabe T, Kojima H, Inoue N, Okuno Y, Denawa M, Yoshida S, Fukuhara J, Ninomiya K, Ikura T, Furuya T, Nagano T, Noda K, Ishida S, Hosoya T, Ito N, Yoshimura N, Hagiwara M. Identification of a Dual Inhibitor of SRPK1 and CK2 That Attenuates Pathological Angiogenesis of Macular Degeneration in Mice. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:316-25. [PMID: 25993998 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.097345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive angiogenesis contributes to numerous diseases, including cancer and blinding retinopathy. Antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been approved and are widely used in clinical treatment. Our previous studies using SRPIN340, a small molecule inhibitor of SRPK1 (serine-arginine protein kinase 1), demonstrated that SRPK1 is a potential target for the development of antiangiogenic drugs. In this study, we solved the structure of SRPK1 bound to SRPIN340 by X-ray crystallography. Using pharmacophore docking models followed by in vitro kinase assays, we screened a large-scale chemical library, and thus identified a new inhibitor of SRPK1. This inhibitor, SRPIN803, prevented VEGF production more effectively than SRPIN340 owing to the dual inhibition of SRPK1 and CK2 (casein kinase 2). In a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration, topical administration of eye ointment containing SRPIN803 significantly inhibited choroidal neovascularization, suggesting a clinical potential of SRPIN803 as a topical ointment for ocular neovascularization. Thus SRPIN803 merits further investigation as a novel inhibitor of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Morooka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Mitsuteru Hoshina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Isao Kii
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Takayoshi Okabe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Yukiko Okuno
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Masatsugu Denawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Junichi Fukuhara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Kensuke Ninomiya
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Teikichi Ikura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Toshio Furuya
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (S.M., N.Y.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (S.M., I.K., Ke.N., Ma.H.), and Medical Research Support Center (Y.O., M.D.), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute (Mi.H., No.I., T.I.), and Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (S.Y., T.H.), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., H.K., T.N.); PharmaDesign, Inc., Tokyo, Japan (Na.I., T.F.); and Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (J.F., Ko.N., S.I.)
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21
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Kershaw RM, Siddiqui YH, Roberts D, Jayaraman PS, Gaston K. PRH/HHex inhibits the migration of breast and prostate epithelial cells through direct transcriptional regulation of Endoglin. Oncogene 2013; 33:5592-600. [PMID: 24240683 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PRH/HHex (proline-rich homeodomain protein) is a transcription factor that controls cell proliferation and cell differentiation in a variety of tissues. Aberrant subcellular localisation of PRH is associated with breast cancer and thyroid cancer. Further, in blast crisis chronic myeloid leukaemia, and a subset of acute myeloid leukaemias, PRH is aberrantly localised and its activity is downregulated. Here we show that PRH is involved in the regulation of cell migration and cancer cell invasion. We show for the first time that PRH is expressed in prostate cells and that a decrease in PRH protein levels increases the migration of normal prostate epithelial cells. We show that a decrease in PRH protein levels also increases the migration of normal breast epithelial cells. Conversely, PRH overexpression inhibits cell migration and cell invasion by PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Previous work has shown that the transforming growth factor-β co-receptor Endoglin inhibits the migration of prostate and breast cancer cells. Here we show that PRH can bind to the Endoglin promoter in immortalised prostate and breast cells. PRH overexpression in these cells results in increased Endoglin protein expression, whereas PRH knockdown results in decreased Endoglin protein expression. Moreover, we demonstrate that Endoglin overexpression abrogates the increased migration shown by PRH knockdown cells. Our data suggest that PRH controls the migration of multiple epithelial cell lineages in part at least through the direct transcriptional regulation of Endoglin. We discuss these results in terms of the functions of PRH in normal cells and the mislocalisation of PRH seen in multiple cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Kershaw
- Division of Immunity and Infection, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Y H Siddiqui
- School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D Roberts
- Division of Immunity and Infection, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - P-S Jayaraman
- Division of Immunity and Infection, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - K Gaston
- School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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22
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Uehara R, Tsukada Y, Kamasaki T, Poser I, Yoda K, Gerlich DW, Goshima G. Aurora B and Kif2A control microtubule length for assembly of a functional central spindle during anaphase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:623-36. [PMID: 23960144 PMCID: PMC3747305 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201302123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A gradient of Aurora B activity determines the distribution of the microtubule depolymerase Kif2A at the central spindle and specifies the subsequent spindle structure necessary for proper cytokinesis. The central spindle is built during anaphase by coupling antiparallel microtubules (MTs) at a central overlap zone, which provides a signaling scaffold for the regulation of cytokinesis. The mechanisms underlying central spindle morphogenesis are still poorly understood. In this paper, we show that the MT depolymerase Kif2A controls the length and alignment of central spindle MTs through depolymerization at their minus ends. The distribution of Kif2A was limited to the distal ends of the central spindle through Aurora B–dependent phosphorylation and exclusion from the spindle midzone. Overactivation or inhibition of Kif2A affected interchromosomal MT length and disorganized the central spindle, resulting in uncoordinated cell division. Experimental data and model simulations suggest that the steady-state length of the central spindle and its symmetric position between segregating chromosomes are predominantly determined by the Aurora B activity gradient. On the basis of these results, we propose a robust self-organization mechanism for central spindle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Uehara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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23
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Guévélou E, Huvet A, Sussarellu R, Milan M, Guo X, Li L, Zhang G, Quillien V, Daniel JY, Quéré C, Boudry P, Corporeau C. Regulation of a truncated isoform of AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) in response to hypoxia in the muscle of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. J Comp Physiol B 2013; 183:597-611. [PMID: 23354411 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-013-0743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) is a key regulator of energy balance in many model species during hypoxia. In a marine bivalve, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, we analyzed the protein content of adductor muscle in response to hypoxia during 6 h. In both smooth and striated muscles, the amount of full-length AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) remained unchanged during hypoxia. However, hypoxia induced a rapid and muscle-specific response concerning truncated isoforms of AMPKα. In the smooth muscle, a truncated isoform of AMPKα was increased from 1 to 6 h of hypoxia, and was linked with accumulation of AKT kinase, a key enzyme of the insulin signaling pathway which controls intracellular glucose metabolism. In this muscle, aerobic metabolism was maintained over the 6 h of hypoxia, as mitochondrial citrate synthase activity remained constant. In contrast, in striated muscle, hypoxia did not induce any significant modification of neither truncated AMPKα nor AKT protein content, and citrate synthase activity was altered after 6 h of hypoxia. Together, our results demonstrate that hypoxia response is specific to muscle type in Pacific oyster, and that truncated AMPKα and AKT proteins might be involved in maintaining aerobic metabolism in smooth muscle. Such regulation might occur in vivo during tidal intervals that cause up to 6 h of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Guévélou
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 LEMAR, Centre Bretagne Z.I. Pointe du Diable, 29280, Plouzané, France.
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