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Khan MS, Lea JP. Kidney and cardiovascular-protective benefits of combination drug therapies in chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes. BMC Nephrol 2024; 25:248. [PMID: 39090593 PMCID: PMC11293206 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the substantial burden of chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes, an aggressive approach to treatment is required. Despite the benefits of guideline-directed therapy, there remains a high residual risk of continuing progression of chronic kidney disease and of cardiovascular events. Historically, a linear approach to pharmacologic management of chronic kidney disease has been used, in which drugs are added, then adjusted, optimized, or stopped in a stepwise manner based on their efficacy, toxicity, effects on a patient's quality of life, and cost. However, there are disadvantages to this approach, which may result in missing a window of opportunity to slow chronic kidney disease progression. Instead, a pillar approach has been proposed to enable earlier treatment that simultaneously targets multiple pathways involved in disease progression. Combination therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes is being investigated in several clinical trials. In this article, we discuss current treatment options for patients with chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes and provide a rationale for tailored combinations of therapies with complementary mechanisms of action to optimize therapy using a pillar-based treatment strategy. [This article includes a plain language summary as an additional file].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janice P Lea
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Palomo-Piñón S, Aguilar-Alonso JA, Chávez-Iñiguez JS, Hernández-Arellanes FE, Mariano-Murga JA, Flores-Rodríguez JC, Pérez-López MJ, Pazos-Pérez F, Treviño-Becerra A, Guillen-Graf AE, Ramos-Gordillo JM, Trinidad-Ramos P, Antonio-Villa NE. Strategies to address diabetic kidney disease burden in Mexico: a narrative review by the Mexican College of Nephrologists. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1376115. [PMID: 38962740 PMCID: PMC11219582 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1376115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global public health challenge worldwide. In Mexico, CKD prevalence is alarmingly high and remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a severe complication of diabetes, is a leading determinant of CKD. The escalating diabetes prevalence and the complex regional landscape in Mexico underscore the pressing need for tailored strategies to reduce the burden of CKD. This narrative review, endorsed by the Mexican College of Nephrologists, aims to provide a brief overview and specific strategies for healthcare providers regarding preventing, screening, and treating CKD in patients living with diabetes in all care settings. The key topics covered in this review include the main cardiometabolic contributors of DKD (overweight/obesity, hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia), the identification of kidney-related damage markers, and the benefit of novel pharmacological approaches based on Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2i) and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RA). We also address the potential use of novel therapies based on Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists (MRAs) and their future implications. Emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary treatment, this narrative review aims to promote strategies that may be useful to alleviate the burden of DKD and its associated complications. It underscores the critical role of healthcare providers and advocates for collaborative efforts to enhance the quality of life for millions of patients affected by DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Palomo-Piñón
- Vicepresidente del Colegio de Nefrólogos de México AC, Mexico City, Mexico
- Directora General del Registro Nacional de Hipertensión Arterial México (RIHTA) Grupo de Expertos en Hipertensión Arterial México (GREHTA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Felipe Ericel Hernández-Arellanes
- Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - María Juana Pérez-López
- Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Pazos-Pérez
- Nefrología, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez, Centro Medico Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
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Arici M, Altun B, Araz M, Atmaca A, Demir T, Ecder T, Guz G, Gogas Yavuz D, Yildiz A, Yilmaz T. The significance of finerenone as a novel therapeutic option in diabetic kidney disease: a scoping review with emphasis on cardiorenal outcomes of the finerenone phase 3 trials. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1384454. [PMID: 38947237 PMCID: PMC11214281 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1384454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This scoping review prepared by endocrinology and nephrology experts aimed to address the significance of finerenone, as a novel therapeutic option, in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), based on the biological prospect of cardiorenal benefit due to non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) properties, and the recent evidence from the finerenone phase 3 program clinical trials. The importance of finerenone in slowing DKD progression was critically reviewed in relation to the role of MR overactivation in the pathogenesis of cardiorenal disease and unmet needs in the current practice patterns. The efficacy and safety outcomes of finerenone phase III study program including FIDELIO-DKD, FIGARO-DKD and FIDELITY were presented. Specifically, perspectives on inclusion of patients with preserved estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or high albuminuria, concomitant use of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) or glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and insulin treatment, clinically meaningful heart failure outcomes and treatment-induced hyperkalemia were addressed. Finerenone has emerged as a new therapeutic agent that slows DKD progression, reduces albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular complications, regardless of the baseline HbA1c levels and concomitant treatments (SGLT2i, GLP-1 RA, or insulin) and with a favorable benefit-risk profile. The evolving data on the benefit of SGLT2is and non-steroidal MRAs in slowing or reducing cardiorenal risk seem to provide the opportunity to use these pillars of therapy in the management of DKD, after a long-period of treatment scarcity in this field. Along with recognition of the albuminuria as a powerful marker to detect those patients at high risk of cardiorenal disease, these important developments would likely to impact standard-of-care options in the setting of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Arici
- Department of Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Bulent Altun
- Department of Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Araz
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Aysegul Atmaca
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Tevfik Demir
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Tevfik Ecder
- Department of Nephrology, Istinye University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Galip Guz
- Department of Nephrology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Dilek Gogas Yavuz
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Alaattin Yildiz
- Department of Nephrology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Temel Yilmaz
- Clinics of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Adhikary K, Sarkar R, Maity S, Banerjee I, Chatterjee P, Bhattacharya K, Ahuja D, Sinha NK, Maiti R. The underlying causes, treatment options of gut microbiota and food habits in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 35:153-168. [PMID: 38748886 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2024-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a long-lasting endocrine disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia, which is often triggered by an entire or relative inadequacy of insulin production or insulin resistance. As a result of resistance to insulin (IR) and an overall lack of insulin in the body, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic illness that is characterized by hyperglycaemia. Notably, the occurrence of vascular complications of diabetes and the advancement of IR in T2DM are accompanied by dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Due to the difficulties in managing the disease and the dangers of multiple accompanying complications, diabetes is a chronic, progressive immune-mediated condition that plays a significant clinical and health burden on patients. The frequency and incidence of diabetes among young people have been rising worldwide. The relationship between the gut microbiota composition and the physio-pathological characteristics of T2DM proposes a novel way to monitor the condition and enhance the effectiveness of therapies. Our knowledge of the microbiota of the gut and how it affects health and illness has changed over the last 20 years. Species of the genus Eubacterium, which make up a significant portion of the core animal gut microbiome, are some of the recently discovered 'generation' of possibly helpful bacteria. In this article, we have focused on pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches towards T2DM, with a special reference to gut bacteria from ancient times to the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Adhikary
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science, Centurion University of Technology & Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Riya Sarkar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, 231513 Dr. B. C. Roy Academy of Professional Courses , Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sriparna Maity
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, 231513 Dr. B. C. Roy Academy of Professional Courses , Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Ipsita Banerjee
- Department of Nutrition, Paramedical College Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Prity Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Paramedical College Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Koushik Bhattacharya
- School of Paramedics and Allied Health Sciences, Centurion University of Technology & Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Deepika Ahuja
- School of Paramedics and Allied Health Sciences, Centurion University of Technology & Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nirmalya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Nutrition and Department of NSS, Raja Narendra Lal Khan Women's College (Autonomous), Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajkumar Maiti
- Department of Physiology, 326624 Bankura Christian College , Bankura, West Bengal, India
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Schaefer F, Montini G, Kang HG, Walle JV, Zaritsky J, Schreuder MF, Litwin M, Scalise A, Scott H, Potts J, Iveli P, Breitenstein S, Warady BA. Investigating the use of finerenone in children with chronic kidney disease and proteinuria: design of the FIONA and open-label extension studies. Trials 2024; 25:203. [PMID: 38509517 PMCID: PMC10956186 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteinuria is a modifiable risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in children. Finerenone, a selective, non-steroidal, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) has been approved to treat adults with CKD associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) following results from the phase III clinical trials FIDELIO-DKD (NCT02540993) and FIGARO-DKD (NCT02545049). In a pre-specified pooled analysis of both studies (N = 13,026), finerenone was shown to have an acceptable safety profile and was efficacious in decreasing the risk of adverse kidney and cardiovascular outcomes and of proteinuria. OBJECTIVE FIONA and the associated open-label extension (OLE) study aim to demonstrate that combining finerenone with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) is safe, well-tolerated, and effective in sustainably reducing urinary protein excretion in children with CKD and proteinuria. DESIGN FIONA (NCT05196035; Eudra-CT: 2021-002071-19) is a randomized (2:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, phase III study of 6 months' duration in approximately 219 pediatric patients. Patients must have a clinical diagnosis of CKD (an eGFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 if ≥ 1 to < 18 years or a serum creatinine level ≤ 0.40 mg/dL for infants 6 months to < 1 year) with significant proteinuria despite ACEi or ARB usage. The primary objective is to demonstrate that finerenone, added to an ACEi or ARB, is superior to placebo in reducing urinary protein excretion. FIONA OLE (NCT05457283; Eudra-CT: 2021-002905-89) is a single-arm, open-label study, enrolling participants who have completed FIONA. The primary objective of FIONA OLE is to provide long-term safety data. FIONA has two primary endpoints: urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR) reduction of ≥ 30% from baseline to day 180 and percent change in UPCR from baseline to day 180. A sample size of 198 participants (aged 2 to < 18 years) in FIONA will provide at least 80% power to reject the null hypothesis of either of the two primary endpoints. CONCLUSION FIONA is evaluating the use of finerenone in children with CKD and proteinuria. Should safety, tolerability, and efficacy be demonstrated, finerenone could become a useful additional therapeutic agent in managing proteinuria and improving kidney outcomes in children with CKD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05196035. Registered on 19 January 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Schaefer
- Pediatric Nephrology Division, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Giovanni Montini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Hee Gyung Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Johan Vande Walle
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Erknet Center, C4C, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joshua Zaritsky
- Department of Nephrology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michiel F Schreuder
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mieczyslaw Litwin
- Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Helen Scott
- Bayer U.S Pharmaceuticals, Whippany, NJ, USA
| | - James Potts
- Bayer U.S Pharmaceuticals, Whippany, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Bradley A Warady
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Solis-Herrera C, Triplitt C. Non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:417-430. [PMID: 37885354 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major health challenge associated with a disproportionately high burden of end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease and death. This review summarizes the rationale, clinical evidence and practical implementation for non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (nsMRAs), a drug class now approved and recommended for patients with T2D and CKD at risk of cardiorenal disease progression. Three nsMRAs (finerenone, esaxerenone and apararenone) have been evaluated but finerenone is currently the only approved nsMRA for this indication. Two large-scale, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 studies evaluated finerenone added to a maximally tolerated dose of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker. Over >2 years of treatment, finerenone was associated with a significant reduction in composite endpoints of renal and cardiovascular outcomes versus placebo. Esaxerenone or apararenone have both shown significant improvements in albuminuria versus placebo. In general, nsMRAs were well tolerated. Hyperkalaemia was the most notable treatment-related adverse event and could generally be managed through serum potassium monitoring and dose adjustments. The nsMRAs are now an important component of recommended treatment for CKD associated with T2D, providing a significant reduction in the risk of cardiorenal progression beyond what can be achieved with glucose and blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Solis-Herrera
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Curtis Triplitt
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Chen X, Li X, Zhang K, Lian K, Zhang W, Song Y, Kan C, Zhang J, Han F, Sun X, Guo Z. The role of a novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, finerenone, in chronic kidney disease: mechanisms and clinical advances. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024; 28:125-135. [PMID: 37847437 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-023-02413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a significant health risk in contemporary society. Current CKD treatments primarily involve renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, albeit associated with hyperkalemia risks. A novel selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, finerenone, offers a promising, safer alternative for CKD therapy. This review comprehensively assesses the role and efficacy of finerenone in CKD treatment by analyzing clinical and animal studies. Emerging evidence consistently supports finerenone's ability to effectively slow the progression of CKD. By targeting the mineralocorticoid receptor, finerenone not only mitigates renal damage but also exhibits a favorable safety profile, minimizing hyperkalemia concerns. CONCLUSION Finerenone emerges as a valuable addition to CKD therapy, demonstrating potential benefits in delaying CKD progression while minimizing side effects. Nevertheless, further clinical trials are necessary to provide a comprehensive understanding of its safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Kexin Lian
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Yixin Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Chengxia Kan
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China.
| | - Zhentao Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China.
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China.
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Albakr RB, Sridhar VS, Cherney DZI. Novel Therapies in Diabetic Kidney Disease and Risk of Hyperkalemia: A Review of the Evidence From Clinical Trials. Am J Kidney Dis 2023; 82:737-742. [PMID: 37517546 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about hyperkalemia may result in the underuse of established and novel therapies that improve kidney and/or cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hyperkalemia-related issues are of particular relevance in patients with CKD, who are commonly receiving other hyperkalemia-inducing agents such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. In contrast, sodium/glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors mitigate the risk of serious hyperkalemia in clinical trials. We aim to review recent evidence surrounding the risk of hyperkalemia in patients with T2DM and CKD treated with established and novel therapies for diabetic kidney disease, focusing on SGLT2 inhibitors and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. We conclude that SGLT2 inhibitors can be used safely in patients with T2DM at high CV risk with CKD without increasing the risk of hyperkalemia. Routine potassium monitoring is generally required when finerenone is used as a kidney- and CV-protective agent in patients with T2DM. Based on existing data, when added to the standard of care, combining SGLT2 inhibitors with finerenone is safe and has the potential to exert additional cardiorenal benefits in patients with diabetic kidney disease. The use of potassium binders should be considered to enable optimal doses of guideline-based therapies for patients with diabetic kidney disease to maximize the kidney and CV benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab B Albakr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Nephrology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vikas S Sridhar
- Division of Nephrology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Z I Cherney
- Division of Nephrology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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González-Juanatey JR, Górriz JL, Ortiz A, Valle A, Soler MJ, Facila L. Cardiorenal benefits of finerenone: protecting kidney and heart. Ann Med 2023; 55:502-513. [PMID: 36719097 PMCID: PMC9891162 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2171110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Persons with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high residual risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) complications despite treatment with renin-angiotensin system blockers and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors. Overactivation of mineralocorticoid receptors plays a key role in the progression of renal and CV disease, mainly by promoting inflammation and fibrosis. Finerenone is a nonsteroidal selective mineralocorticoid antagonist. Recent clinical trials, such as FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD and the combined analysis FIDELITY have demonstrated that finerenone decreases albuminuria, risk of CKD progression, and CV risk in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and CKD. As a result, finerenone should thus be considered as part of a holistic approach to kidney and CV risk in persons with T2D and CKD. In this narrative review, the impact of finerenone treatment on the CV system in persons with type 2 diabetes and CKD is analyzed from a practical point of view.Key messages:Despite inhibition of renin-angiotensin system and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2, persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain on high cardiovascular (CV) residual risk.Overactivation of mineralocorticoid receptors plays a key role in the progression of renal and CV disease, mainly by promoting inflammation and fibrosis that is not targeted by traditional treatments.Finerenone is a nonsteroidal selective mineralocorticoid antagonist that decreases not only albuminuria, but also the risk of CKD progression, and CV risk in subjects with T2D and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. González-Juanatey
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Santiago de Compostela, Centro de investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Górriz
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Nephrology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valle
- Cardiology Department, Hospital La Salud, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Soler
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d‘Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Facila
- Cardiology Department, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Quist SW, van Schoonhoven AV, Bakker SJL, Pochopień M, Postma MJ, van Loon JMT, Paulissen JHJ. Cost-effectiveness of finerenone in chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes in The Netherlands. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:328. [PMID: 38017448 PMCID: PMC10685667 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-02053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Netherlands, more than one million patients have type 2 diabetes (T2D), and approximately 36% of these patients have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Yearly medical costs related to T2D and CKD account for approximately €1.3 billion and €805 million, respectively. The FIDELIO-DKD trial showed that the addition of finerenone to the standard of care (SoC) lowers the risk of CKD progression and cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with CKD stages 2-4 associated with T2D. This study investigates the cost-effectiveness of adding finerenone to the SoC of patients with advanced CKD and T2D compared to SoC monotherapy. METHODS The validated FINE-CKD model is a Markov cohort model which simulates the disease pathway of patients over a lifetime time horizon. The model was adapted to reflect the Dutch societal perspective. The model estimated the incremental costs, utilities, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Sensitivity and scenario analyses were performed to assess the effect of parameter uncertainty on model robustness. RESULTS When used in conjunction with SoC, finerenone extended time free of CV events and renal replacement therapy by respectively 0.30 and 0.31 life years compared to SoC alone, resulting in an extension of 0.20 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The reduction in renal and CV events led to a €6136 decrease in total lifetime costs per patient compared to SoC alone, establishing finerenone as a dominant treatment option. Finerenone in addition to SoC had a 83% probability of being dominant and a 93% probability of being cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of €20,000. CONCLUSION By reducing the risk of CKD progression and CV events, finerenone saves costs to society while gaining QALYs in patients with T2D and advanced CKD in the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara W Quist
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Asc Academics, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexander V van Schoonhoven
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Asc Academics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten J Postma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, Econometrics and Finance, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen H J Paulissen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Asc Academics, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Dąbek B, Dybiec J, Frąk W, Fularski P, Lisińska W, Radzioch E, Młynarska E, Rysz J, Franczyk B. Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2746. [PMID: 37893119 PMCID: PMC10604464 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and incurable disease that impairs kidney function. Its prevalence is estimated to affect up to 800 million individuals within the general population, and patients with diabetes and hypertension are particularly at risk. This disorder disrupts the physiological mechanisms of the body, including water and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, the excretion of toxins, and vitamin D metabolism. Consequently, patients are exposed to risks such as hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, metabolic acidosis, and blood pressure abnormalities. These risks can be reduced by implementing appropriate diagnostic methods, followed by non-pharmacological (such as physical activity, dietary, and lifestyle adjustment) and pharmacological strategies after diagnosis. Selecting the appropriate diet and suitable pharmacological treatment is imperative in maintaining kidney function as long as possible. Drugs such as finerenone, canakinumab, and pentoxifylline hold promise for improved outcomes among CKD patients. When these interventions prove insufficient, renal replacement therapy becomes essential. This is particularly critical in preserving residual renal function while awaiting renal transplantation or for patients deemed ineligible for such a procedure. The aim of this study is to present the current state of knowledge and recent advances, providing novel insights into the treatment of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Dąbek
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jill Dybiec
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Weronika Frąk
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Fularski
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Lisińska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Radzioch
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Młynarska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
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12
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Shah M, Awad AS, Abdel-Rahman EM. Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist (Finerenone) in Cardiorenal Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6285. [PMID: 37834929 PMCID: PMC10573495 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) present a promising therapeutic option in cardiorenal diseases, mitigating the limitations of steroidal MRAs. Finerenone, a third-generation nonsteroidal MRA, has demonstrated beneficial effects in heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Clinical trials, including FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD, revealed finerenone's efficacy in improving kidney and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on finerenone experienced reduced rates of cardiovascular events, including hospitalization for HF. However, these trials excluded symptomatic HF patients, focusing on asymptomatic or early-stage HF. The ongoing FINEARTS-HF trial evaluates finerenone in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Additionally, studies exploring finerenone and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors' (Empagliflozin) combination effects in CKD and T2DM (CONFIDENCE) and the selective MR modulator AZD9977 with another SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin) in HF and CKD (MIRACLE) aim to expand treatment options. While SGLT-2 inhibitors were shown to reduce hyperkalemia risk in FIDELIO-DKD and potentially lower new-onset HF incidence in FIGARO-DKD, further research is essential. So far, the evidence for the beneficial effect of finerenone in the spectrum of cardiorenal diseases is based only on the results of studies conducted in patients with T2DM, and clinical trials of finerenone in patients with nondiabetic kidney disease are ongoing. Nonsteroidal MRAs hold significant potential as pivotal treatment targets across the cardiorenal disease spectrum. This review will focus on the effects of finerenone on cardiorenal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monarch Shah
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA;
| | - Alaa S. Awad
- Division of Nephrology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
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13
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Kumar M, Dev S, Khalid MU, Siddenthi SM, Noman M, John C, Akubuiro C, Haider A, Rani R, Kashif M, Varrassi G, Khatri M, Kumar S, Mohamad T. The Bidirectional Link Between Diabetes and Kidney Disease: Mechanisms and Management. Cureus 2023; 15:e45615. [PMID: 37868469 PMCID: PMC10588295 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex and mutually influential connection between diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant focal point in the current healthcare landscape. Diabetes, a medical condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels resulting from impaired insulin action or secretion, has become a significant global epidemic. It poses considerable challenges to healthcare systems and affects millions of individuals worldwide. Concurrently, CKD, characterized by the gradual decline of kidney function, has become a persistent health challenge. This narrative review explores the complex relationship between these two conditions, shedding light on their significant implications for public health, clinical practice, and biomedical research. The correlation between diabetes and kidney disease is not merely coincidental. Diabetes is recognized as a significant risk factor for CKD, as individuals with diabetes are considerably more vulnerable to developing renal complications. Diabetic nephropathy, a distinct type of kidney disease closely associated with diabetes, is a significant factor in developing end-stage renal disease. It is imperative to implement efficient diabetes management strategies to regulate blood sugar levels and prevent potential kidney damage. On the other hand, kidney disease may contribute to the development of diabetes. The kidneys regulate glucose levels by filtering the blood and selectively reabsorbing glucose as necessary. In compromised kidney function, such as CKD, impaired glucose metabolism can give rise to insulin resistance and diabetes. As a result, the management of kidney disease plays a dual role in both preserving renal function and preventing diabetes in individuals who are at risk. The coexistence of diabetes and kidney disease in a patient presents complex clinical challenges. Achieving effective management requires a meticulous balance between glycemic control and preservation of renal function. Failing to maintain this delicate equilibrium can lead to cardiovascular complications and subsequent hospitalizations. This comprehensive narrative review aims to thoroughly examine the pathophysiological mechanisms that connect diabetes and kidney disease. It will provide insights into the clinical manifestations and diagnostic methods, explore various approaches to managing the condition, discuss the crucial role of nutrition, delve into pharmacological interventions, emphasize the importance of patient education and self-care, and shed light on emerging research areas. In addition to impacting individual health outcomes, this reciprocal relationship has significant implications for healthcare systems, socioeconomic landscapes, and public health policy. Comprehending this complex interaction is crucial for making well-informed clinical judgments, improving patient care, and developing a more efficient public health approach to address the interconnected issues of diabetes and kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shah Dev
- Internal Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | | | | | | | - Chris John
- Internal Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, IRL
| | | | - Anum Haider
- Internal Medicine, Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Riya Rani
- Internal Medicine, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, PAK
| | - Maham Kashif
- Medicine, Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College, Sialkot, PAK
| | | | - Mahima Khatri
- Medicine and Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Satesh Kumar
- Medicine and Surgery, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Tamam Mohamad
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
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14
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Qiu C, Liu S, Li X, Li W, Hu G, Liu F. Prognostic value of monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio for 90-day all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13136. [PMID: 37573470 PMCID: PMC10423199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation and the correlation between inflammatory markers and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been studied. In clinical work, a large number of T2DM patients complicated with CKD, but the cause of CKD was not clear. Our study aimed to evaluate the relationship between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and mortality in T2DM patients with CKD. The data from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III was analyzed. The primary outcome was 90-day all-cause mortality; the secondary outcomes were the length of ICU stay, hospital mortality and 30-day all-cause mortality. Cox regression was used to evaluate the association between MLR and 90-day mortality. We performed subgroup analyses to determine the consistency of this association, and used Kaplan-Meier survival curve to analysis the survival of different levels of MLR. A total of 1830 patients were included in study retrospectively. The length of ICU stay, 30-day all-cause mortality, and 90-day all-cause mortality in the MLR > 0.71 group were significantly higher than those in the MLR < 0.28 and 0.28 ≤ MLR ≤ 0.71 group. In Cox regression analysis, high MLR level was significantly associated with increased greater risk of 90-day all-cause mortality. The adjusted HR (95%CIs) for the model 1, model 2, and model 3 were 2.429 (1.905-3.098), 2.070 (1.619-2.647), and 1.898 (1.478-2.437), respectively. Subgroup analyses also showed the consistency of association between MLR and 90-day all-cause mortality. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis revealed that MLR > 0.71 had worst prognosis. In T2DM patients with CKD in the intensive care unit, high MLR was significantly associated with increased risk 90-day all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangye Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shizhen Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xingai Li
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenxia Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fanna Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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15
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Di Lullo L, Lavalle C, Scatena A, Mariani MV, Ronco C, Bellasi A. Finerenone: Questions and Answers-The Four Fundamental Arguments on the New-Born Promising Non-Steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3992. [PMID: 37373685 PMCID: PMC10299719 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12123992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Despite guideline-directed therapy of CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes, the risk of renal failure and cardiovascular events still remains high, and diabetes remains the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in affected patients. To date, current medications for CKD and type 2 diabetes mellitus have not reset residual risk in patients due to a high grade of inflammation and fibrosis contributing to kidney and heart disease. This question-and-answer-based review will discuss the pharmacological and clinical differences between finerenone and other mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and then move on to the main evidence in the cardiovascular and renal fields, closing, finally, on the potential role of therapeutic combination with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Di Lullo
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, L. Parodi—Delfino Hospital, 00034 Colleferro, Italy
| | - Carlo Lavalle
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologist and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (M.V.M.)
| | | | - Marco Valerio Mariani
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologist and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Claudio Ronco
- International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), S. Bortolo Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Bellasi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
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16
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Gregg LP, Navaneethan SD. Steroidal or non-steroidal MRAs: should we still enable RAASi use through K binders? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:1355-1365. [PMID: 36264349 PMCID: PMC10229268 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) are important interventions to improve outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and heart failure, but their use is limited in some patients by the development of hyperkalemia. The risk of hyperkalemia may differ between agents, with one trial showing lower risk of hyperkalemia with the novel non-steroidal MRA finerenone compared with steroidal MRA spironolactone. Novel potassium binders, including patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, are available interventions to manage hyperkalemia and enable continuation of RAASi and MRAs in patients who could benefit from these treatments. These agents bind free potassium ions in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract to prevent the absorption of dietary potassium and increase potassium secretion. Several studies showed that potassium binders are effective compared with placebo for preventing hyperkalemia or steroidal MRA discontinuation, but none has evaluated whether this strategy impacts clinically important endpoints such as cardiovascular events. Due to this and other limitations related to cost, clinical availability, pill burden and patient selection, alternative potential strategies to mitigate hyperkalemia may be more practical. Conservative strategies include increased monitoring and use of loop or thiazide diuretics to increase urinary potassium excretion. Non-steroidal MRAs may have a lower risk of hyperkalemia than steroidal MRAs and have stronger anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects with resultant reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors also decrease hyperkalemia risk in patients on MRAs and decrease cardiovascular events and kidney disease progression. These may be better first-line interventions to obviate the need for potassium binders and offer additional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Parker Gregg
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Nephrology, Medical Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sankar D Navaneethan
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Nephrology, Medical Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Rastogi A, Weir MR. Multimodal efforts to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108515. [PMID: 37356235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), slowing kidney disease progression is an important therapeutic goal. Many patients with T2DM and CKD also have cardiovascular (CV) comorbidities. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASis), which include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), are drugs with known antihypertensive effects as well as CV and kidney protective effects in patients with CKD. Studies have shown that adding a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor to ACEI or ARB therapy has additive benefits in terms of kidney and CV protection in patients with CKD (with/without T2DM). For patients with CKD associated with T2DM who have persistent albuminuria despite taking the maximum tolerated dose of a RAASi, adding a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (finerenone) has demonstrated CV and kidney benefits in clinical trials. In this article, we review the use of ACEIs and ARBs for their kidney and CV protective effects when used alone or in combination with a drug with a different mechanism of action. From reviewing the available evidence, it seems clear that a multimodal drug effort is needed to achieve maximum kidney and CV protective effects for patients with CKD associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjay Rastogi
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Matthew R Weir
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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18
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Ortiz A, Alcázar Arroyo R, Casado Escribano PP, Fernández-Fernández B, Martínez Debén F, Mediavilla JD, Michan-Doña A, Soler MJ, Gorriz JL. Optimization of potassium management in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes on finerenone. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37190957 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2213888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of CKD progression and cardiovascular events. Despite treatment with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and SGLT-2 inhibitors, the residual risk is substantial. There is preclinical and clinical evidence supporting a key role of mineralocorticoid receptor in cardiorenal injury in T2DM. AREAS COVERED Finerenone is a selective and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that reduces -on preclinical studies- heart and kidney inflammation and fibrosis. Clinical trials have demonstrated that among patients with T2DM and CKD, finerenone reduces CKD progression and the risk of cardiovascular events. The incidence of adverse events is similar than for placebo. Permanent discontinuation of study drug due to hyperkalemia was low (1.7% of finerenone and 0.6% of placebo participants) as was the risk of hyperkalemia-related severe-adverse events (1.1%). We provide an overview of risk factors for hyperkalemia and management of serum potassium in people with CKD and T2DM on finerenone. EXPERT OPINION As finerenone increases potassium levels in a predictable way, patients at risk of hyperkalemia can be identified early in clinical practice and monitored for an easy management. This will allow people with T2DM and CKD to safely benefit from improved cardiorenal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ortiz
- Nephrology and Hypertension Department, IIS-FJD and Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Beatriz Fernández-Fernández
- Nephrology and Hypertension Department, IIS-FJD and Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez Debén
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Naval, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol. Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de La Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan Diego Mediavilla
- Internal Medicine Department, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Alfredo Michan-Doña
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Jerez, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Soler
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Gorriz
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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19
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Desai NR, Navaneethan SD, Nicholas SB, Pantalone KM, Wanner C, Hamacher S, Gay A, Wheeler DC. Design and rationale of FINE-REAL: A prospective study of finerenone in clinical practice. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108411. [PMID: 36857997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Contemporary patterns of care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the adoption of finerenone are not known. The FINE-REAL study (NCT05348733) is a prospective observational study in patients with CKD and T2D to provide insights into the use of the nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) finerenone in clinical practice. METHODS FINE-REAL is an international, prospective, multicenter, single-arm study enrolling approximately 5500 adults with CKD and T2D in an estimated 200 sites across 22 countries. The study is anticipated to be ongoing until 2027. RESULTS The primary objective is to describe treatment patterns in patients with CKD and T2D treated with finerenone in routine clinical practice. Secondary objectives include assessment of safety with finerenone. Other endpoints include characterization of healthcare resource utilization and occurrence of newly diagnosed diabetic retinopathy or its progression from baseline in patients with existing disease. A biobank is being organized for future explorative analyses with inclusion of participants from the United States. CONCLUSIONS FINE-REAL is the first prospective observational study with a nonsteroidal MRA in a population with CKD and T2D and is expected to provide meaningful insights into the treatment of CKD associated with T2D. FINE-REAL will inform decision-making with respect to initiation of finerenone in patients with CKD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar R Desai
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Susanne B Nicholas
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M Pantalone
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christoph Wanner
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Alain Gay
- Medical Affairs & Pharmacovigilance, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - David C Wheeler
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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20
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Lerma E, White WB, Bakris G. Effectiveness of nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Postgrad Med 2023; 135:224-233. [PMID: 35392754 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2022.2060598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) are a new class of drugs developed to address the medical need for effective and safer treatment to protect the kidney and the heart in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). There are several drugs within this class at varying stages of clinical development. Finerenone is the first nonsteroidal MRA approved in the US for treating patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In clinical studies, finerenone slowed CKD progression without inducing marked antihypertensive effects. Esaxerenone is a nonsteroidal MRA with proven blood pressure-lowering efficacy that is currently licensed in Japan for treating hypertension. There are also three other nonsteroidal MRAs in mid-to-late stages of clinical development. Here we overview evidence addressing pharmacological and clinical differences between the nonsteroidal MRAs and the steroidal MRAs spironolactone and eplerenone. First, we describe a framework that highlights the role of aldosterone-mediated pathological overactivation of the mineralocorticoid receptor and inflammation as important drivers of CKD progression. Second, we discuss the benefits and adverse events profile of steroidal MRAs, the latter of which are often a limiting factor to their use in routine clinical practice. Finally, we show that nonsteroidal MRAs differ from steroidal MRAs based on pharmacology and clinical effects, giving the potential to expand the therapeutic options for patients with DKD. In the recently completed DKD outcome program comprising two randomized clinical trials - FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD - and the FIDELITY analysis of both trials evaluating more than 13,000 patients, the nonsteroidal MRA finerenone demonstrated beneficial effects on the kidney and the heart across a broad spectrum of patients with CKD and T2D. The long-term efficacy of finerenone on cardiac and renal morbidity and mortality endpoints, along with the anti-hypertensive efficacy of esaxerenone, widens the scope of available therapies for patients with DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Lerma
- Section of Nephrology, University of Illinois at Chicago/Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn, IL, USA
| | - William B White
- Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - George Bakris
- American Heart Association Comprehensive Hypertension Center, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Georgianos PI, Agarwal R. The Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid-Receptor-Antagonist Finerenone in Cardiorenal Medicine: A State-of-the-Art Review of the Literature. Am J Hypertens 2023; 36:135-143. [PMID: 36331811 PMCID: PMC9951054 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpac124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal mineralocorticoid-receptor-antagonists (MRAs), such as spironolactone and eplerenone, are guideline-directed therapies in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction or resistant hypertension. However, the associated risk of hyperkalemia and hormonal side effects limit their broad use and downstream cardiorenal protection in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and moderate-to-advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). The critical unmet need to improve long-term cardiorenal outcomes in such patients with CKD has sparked considerable efforts to the discovery and development of a new class of compounds. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal MRA that has recently received regulatory approval with the indication of cardiorenal protection in patients with CKD associated with T2DM. Two landmark phase 3 clinical trials, FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD, demonstrated that among patients with T2DM and a broad spectrum of CKD, finerenone reduced the risk of "hard" cardiovascular and kidney failure outcomes as compared with placebo, with a minimal risk of hyperkalemia. Subgroup analyses of these trials also provided preliminary evidence that the efficacy and safety profile of finerenone was similar and irrespective of background therapy with other guideline-directed therapies, such as sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagone-like peptide 1 receptor agonists. Whether the combination of finerenone with a SGLT-2 inhibitor is more beneficial in patients with T2DM and CKD as compared with either therapy alone is a crucial research question that is currently under investigation in an ongoing clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis I Georgianos
- Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Alkhatib L, Velez Diaz LA, Varma S, Chowdhary A, Bapat P, Pan H, Kukreja G, Palabindela P, Selvam SA, Kalra K. Lifestyle Modifications and Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions in Delaying the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e34572. [PMID: 36874334 PMCID: PMC9981552 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a debilitating progressive illness that affects more than 10% of the world's population. In this literature review, we discussed the roles of nutritional interventions, lifestyle modifications, hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) control, and medications in delaying the progression of CKD. Walking, weight loss, low-protein diet (LPD), adherence to the alternate Mediterranean (aMed) diet, and Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)-2010 slow the progression of CKD. However, smoking and binge alcohol drinking increase the risk of CKD progression. In addition, hyperglycemia, altered lipid metabolism, low-grade inflammation, over-activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and overhydration (OH) increase diabetic CKD progression. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines recommend blood pressure (BP) control of <140/90 mmHg in patients without albuminuria and <130/80 mmHg in patients with albuminuria to prevent CKD progression. Medical therapies aim to target epigenetic alterations, fibrosis, and inflammation. Currently, RAAS blockade, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, pentoxifylline, and finerenone are approved for managing CKD. In addition, according to the completed Study of Diabetic Nephropathy with Atrasentan (SONAR), atrasentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA), decreased the risk of renal events in diabetic CKD patients. However, ongoing trials are studying the role of other agents in slowing the progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lean Alkhatib
- Internal Medicine, Royal Medical Services, Amman, JOR
| | | | - Samyukta Varma
- Internal Medicine, Madurai Medical College, Madurai, IND
| | - Arsh Chowdhary
- Nephrology, Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital, Pune, IND
| | - Prachi Bapat
- General Medicine, Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital, Pune, IND
| | - Hai Pan
- Pathology, Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, CHN
| | - Geetika Kukreja
- Internal Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Clinton Township, USA
| | | | | | - Kartik Kalra
- Nephrology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, USA
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Cherney DZI, Bell A, Girard L, McFarlane P, Moist L, Nessim SJ, Soroka S, Stafford S, Steele A, Tangri N, Weinstein J. Management of Type 2 Diabetic Kidney Disease in 2022: A Narrative Review for Specialists and Primary Care. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2023; 10:20543581221150556. [PMID: 36726361 PMCID: PMC9884958 DOI: 10.1177/20543581221150556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review Kidney disease is present in almost half of Canadian patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and it is also the most common first cardiorenal manifestation of T2D. Despite clear guidelines for testing, opportunities are being missed to identify kidney diseases, and many Canadians are therefore not receiving the best available treatments. This has become even more important given recent clinical trials demonstrating improvements in both kidney and cardiovascular (CV) endpoints with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, finerenone. The goal of this document is to provide a narrative review of the current evidence for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) that supports this new standard of care and to provide practice points. Sources of information An expert panel of Canadian clinicians was assembled, including 9 nephrologists, an endocrinologist, and a primary care practitioner. The information the authors used for this review consisted of published clinical trials and guidelines, selected by the authors based on their assessment of their relevance to the questions being answered. Methods Panelists met virtually to discuss potential questions to be answered in the review and agreed on 10 key questions. Two panel members volunteered as co-leads to write the summaries and practice points for each of the identified questions. Summaries and practice points were distributed to the entire author list by email. Through 2 rounds of online voting, a second virtual meeting, and subsequent email correspondence, the authors reached consensus on the contents of the review, including all the practice points. Key findings It is critical that DKD be identified as early as possible in the course of the disease to optimally prevent disease progression and associated complications. Patients with diabetes should be routinely screened for DKD with assessments of both urinary albumin and kidney function. Treatment decisions should be individualized based on the risks and benefits, patients' needs and preferences, medication access and cost, and the degree of glucose lowering needed. Patients with DKD should be treated to achieve targets for A1C and blood pressure. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade and treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors are also key components of the standard of care to reduce the risk of kidney and CV events for these patients. Finerenone should also be considered to further reduce the risk of CV events and chronic kidney disease progression. Education of patients with diabetes prescribed SGLT2 inhibitors and/or finerenone is an important component of treatment. Limitations No formal guideline process was used. The practice points are not graded and are not intended to be viewed as having the weight of a clinical practice guideline or formal consensus statement. However, most practice points are well aligned with current clinical practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Z. I. Cherney
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University
of Toronto, ON, Canada,David Z. I. Cherney, Division of
Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University of
Toronto, 585 University Avenue, 8N-845, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada.
| | - Alan Bell
- Department of Family & Community
Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louis Girard
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Philip McFarlane
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louise Moist
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London,
ON, Canada
| | - Sharon J. Nessim
- Division of Nephrology, Jewish General
Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Steven Soroka
- QEII Health Sciences Centre, Nova
Scotia Health, Halifax, Canada
| | - Sara Stafford
- Fraser Health Division of
Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, Surrey, Canada
| | | | - Navdeep Tangri
- Departments of Medicine and Community
Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jordan Weinstein
- Division of Nephrology, St. Michael’s
Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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The membrane-associated protein 17 (MAP17) is up-regulated in response to empagliflozin on top of RAS blockade in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:87-104. [PMID: 36524468 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have proven to delay diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression on top of the standard of care with the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade. The molecular mechanisms underlying the synergistic effect of SGLT2i and RAS blockers is poorly understood. We gave a SGLT2i (empagliflozin), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ramipril), or a combination of both drugs for 8 weeks to diabetic (db/db) mice. Vehicle-treated db/db and db/m mice were used as controls. At the end of the experiment, mice were killed, and the kidneys were saved to perform a differential high-throughput proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry using isobaric tandem mass tags (TMT labeling) that allow relative quantification of the identified proteins. The differential proteomic analysis revealed 203 proteins differentially expressed in one or more experimental groups (false discovery rate < 0.05 and Log2 fold change ≥ ±1). Fourteen were differentially expressed in the kidneys from the db/db mice treated with empagliflozin with ramipril. Among them, MAP17 was up-regulated. These findings were subsequently validated by Western blot. The combined therapy of empagliflozin and ramipril up-regulated MAP17 in the kidney of a diabetic mice model. MAP17 is a major scaffolding protein of the proximal tubular cells that places transporters together, namely SGLT2 and NHE3. Our results suggest that SGLT2i on top of RAS blockade may protect the kidney by boosting the inactivation of NHE3 via the up-regulation of key scaffolder proteins such as MAP17.
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Bakris GL, Ruilope LM, Anker SD, Filippatos G, Pitt B, Rossing P, Fried L, Roy-Chaudhury P, Sarafidis P, Ahlers C, Brinker M, Joseph A, Lawatscheck R, Agarwal R. A prespecified exploratory analysis from FIDELITY examined finerenone use and kidney outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int 2023; 103:196-206. [PMID: 36367466 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In FIDELITY, a prespecified pooled analysis of the FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD studies, finerenone was found to improve cardiorenal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes, a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio of 30-5000 mg/g, an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 25 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or more and also receiving optimized renin-angiotensin system blockade treatment. This present analysis focused on the efficacy and safety of finerenone on kidney outcomes. Among 13,026 patients with a median follow-up of three years, finerenone significantly reduced the hazard of a kidney composite outcome (time to kidney failure, sustained 57% or more decrease in eGFR from baseline, or kidney death) by 23% versus placebo (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.88), with a three-year absolute between-group difference of 1.7% (95% confidence interval, 0.7-2.6). Hazard ratios were directionally consistent for a prespecified baseline eGFR and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio categories (Pinteraction = 0.62 and Pinteraction = 0.67, respectively), although there was a high degree of uncertainty in the 30-300 mg/g subgroup. Finerenone significantly reduced the hazard of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) by 20% versus placebo (0.80; 0.64-0.99). Adverse events were similar between treatment arms, although hyperkalemia leading to treatment discontinuation occurred significantly more frequently with finerenone versus placebo (2.4% vs 0.8% and 0.6% vs 0.3% in patients with eGFR less than 60 vs. greater than or equal to 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively). Thus, finerenone improved kidney outcomes, reduced the hazard of ESKD, and is well tolerated in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George L Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Luis M Ruilope
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research imas12, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Bertram Pitt
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda Fried
- Division of Renal-Electrolyte, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; WG (Bill) Hefner Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Meike Brinker
- Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Amer Joseph
- Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Lawatscheck
- Medical Affairs and Pharmacovigilance, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Zhang Y, Jiang L, Wang J, Wang T, Chien C, Huang W, Fu X, Xiao Y, Fu Q, Wang S, Zhao J. Network meta-analysis on the effects of finerenone versus SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:232. [DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the cardiovascular and renal benefits of finerenone, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) with network meta-analysis.
Methods
Systematic literature searches were conducted of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Medline and Embase covering January 1, 2000 to December 30, 2021. Randomized control trials (RCTs) comparing finerenone, SGLT-2i and GLP-1 RA in diabetics with CKD were selected. We performed a network meta-analysis to compare the two drugs and finerenone indirectly. Results were reported as risk ratio (RR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI).
Results
18 RCTs involving 51,496 patients were included. Finerenone reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), renal outcome and hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) (RR [95% CI]; 0.88 [0.80–0.97], 0.86 [0.79–0.93], 0.79 [0.67,0.92], respectively). SGLT-2i were associated with reduced risks of MACE (RR [95% CI]; 0.84 [0.78–0.90]), renal outcome (RR [95% CI]; 0.67 [0.60–0.74], HHF (RR [95% CI]; 0.60 [0.53–0.68]), all-cause death (ACD) (RR [95% CI]; 0.89 [0.81–0.91]) and cardiovascular death (CVD) (RR [95% CI]; 0.86 [0.77–0.96]) compared to placebo. GLP-1 RA were associated with a lower risk of MACE (RR [95% CI]; 0.86 [0.78–0.94]). SGLT2i had significant effect in comparison to finerenone (finerenone vs SGLT2i: RR [95% CI]; 1.29 [1.13–1.47], 1.31 [1.07–1.61], respectively) and GLP-1 RA (GLP-1 RA vs SGLT2i: RR [95% CI]; 1.36 [1.16–1.59], 1.49 [1.18–1.89], respectively) in renal outcome and HHF.
Conclusions
In patients with T2DM and CKD, SGLT2i, GLP-1 RA and finerenone were comparable in MACE, ACD and CVD. SGLT2i significantly decreased the risk of renal events and HHF compared with finerenone and GLP-1 RA. Among GLP-1 RA, GLP-1 analogues showed significant effect in reducing cardiovascular events compared with exendin-4 analogues.
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Filippatos G, Anker SD, Pitt B, Rossing P, Joseph A, Kolkhof P, Lambelet M, Lawatscheck R, Bakris GL, Ruilope LM, Agarwal R. Finerenone and Heart Failure Outcomes by Kidney Function/Albuminuria in Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2022; 10:860-870. [PMID: 36328655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), risks of cardiovascular mortality and heart failure (HF) increase with decreasing kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]) and increasing albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio [UACR]). Finerenone, a selective, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, improved cardiorenal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and T2D in FIDELITY (Finerenone in Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: Combined FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD Trial Programme Analysis). OBJECTIVES This study sought to evaluate the effects of finerenone on HF outcomes by eGFR and/or UACR categories. METHODS FIDELITY included 13,026 patients with T2D and CKD (UACR 30-5,000 mg/g and eGFR ≥25 mL/min/1.73 m2) randomized to finerenone or placebo. Time-to-event outcomes were first hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), cardiovascular death or first HHF, recurrent HHF, and cardiovascular death or recurrent HHF, analyzed in subgroups by baseline eGFR (<60 and ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and/or UACR (<300 and ≥300 mg/g). RESULTS Compared with placebo, finerenone significantly reduced risk of first HHF (HR: 0.78 [95% CI: 0.66-0.92]; P = 0.003), cardiovascular death or first HHF (HR: 0.83 [95% CI: 0.74-0.93]; P = 0.002), recurrent HHF (HR: 0.79 [95% CI: 0.64-0.96]; P = 0.021), and cardiovascular death or recurrent HHF (HR: 0.82 [95% CI: 0.72-0.95]; P = 0.006). The risk of outcomes increased across baseline eGFR and UACR categories; lowest incidences were seen in patients with an eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and a UACR <300 mg/g. Finerenone improved HF outcomes irrespective of baseline eGFR and/or UACR categories (all P interaction values >0.10). CONCLUSIONS Compared with placebo, finerenone improved HF-related outcomes in patients with CKD and T2D, with consistent benefits across eGFR and/or UACR categories. (Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Kidney Disease [FIDELIO-DKD], NCT02540993; Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Clinical Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease [FIGARO-DKD], NCT02545049).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Filippatos
- Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bertram Pitt
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medicine School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amer Joseph
- Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development, Research and Development, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kolkhof
- Preclinical Research Cardiovascular, Research and Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | - George L Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luis M Ruilope
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research imas12, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Wish JB, Pergola P. Evolution of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS: INNOVATIONS, QUALITY & OUTCOMES 2022; 6:536-551. [PMID: 36277502 PMCID: PMC9578990 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most frequent complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is also an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a nuclear receptor expressed in many tissue types, including kidney and heart. Aberrant and long-term activation of MR by aldosterone in patients with T2DM triggers detrimental effects (eg, inflammation and fibrosis) in these tissues. The suppression of aldosterone at the early stage of T2DM has been a therapeutic strategy for patients with T2DM-associated CKD. Although patients have been treated with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers for decades, RAS blockers alone are not sufficient to prevent CKD progression. Steroidal MR antagonists (MRAs) have been used in combination with RAS blockers; however, undesired adverse effects have restricted their usage, prompting the development of nonsteroidal MRAs with better target specificity and safety profiles. Recently conducted studies, Finerenone in Reducing Kidney Failure and Disease Progression in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIDELIO-DKD) and Finerenone in Reducing Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD), have reported that finerenone, a nonsteroidal MRA, improves both renal and cardiovascular outcomes compared with placebo. In this article, we review the history of MRA development and discuss the possibility of its combination with other treatment options, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and potassium binders for patients with T2DM-associated CKD.
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Key Words
- ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
- ADA, American Diabetes Association
- AR, androgen receptor
- ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker
- ARTS, minerAlocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Tolerability Study
- BP, blood pressure
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- CV, cardiovascular
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- DN, diabetic nephropathy
- ESKD, end-stage kidney disease
- FIDELIO-DKD, Finerenone in Reducing Kidney Failure and Disease Progression in Diabetic Kidney Disease
- FIGARO-DKD, Finerenone in Reducing Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease
- GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- HF, heart failure
- HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- KDIGO, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes
- MR, mineralocorticoid receptor
- MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
- PR, progesterone receptor
- RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
- RAS, renin–angiotensin system
- SGLT-2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- UACR, urinary albumin-creatine ratio
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay B. Wish
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and Indiana University Health, Indianapolis,Correspondence: Address to Jay B. Wish, MD, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and Indiana University Health, 550 N, University Blvd, Suite 6100, Indianapolis IN 46202
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Effects of Chronic Kidney Disease on Nanomechanics of the Endothelial Glycocalyx Are Mediated by the Mineralocorticoid Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810659. [PMID: 36142571 PMCID: PMC9503126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial mechanics control vascular reactivity and are regulated by the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its downstream target, the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but its mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that CKD disrupts endothelial mechanics in an MR/ENaC-dependent process. METHODS Primary human endothelial cells were cultured with uremic serum derived from children with stage 3-5 (predialysis) CKD or adult hemodialysis (HD) patients or healthy controls. The height and stiffness of the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) and cortex were monitored by atomic force microscopy (AFM) using an ultrasensitive mechanical nanosensor. RESULTS In a stage-dependent manner, sera from children with CKD induced a significant increase in eGC and cortex stiffness and an incremental reduction of the eGC height. AFM measurements were significantly associated with individual pulse wave velocity and serum concentrations of gut-derived uremic toxins. Serum from HD patients increased MR expression and mechanical stiffness of the endothelial cortex, an effect reversed by MR and ENaC antagonists, decreased eNOS expression and NO bioavailability, and augmented monocyte adhesion. CONCLUSION These data indicate progressive structural damage of the endothelial surface with diminishing kidney function and identify the MR as a mediator of CKD-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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Lerma EV, Wilson DJ. Finerenone: a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist for the treatment of chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:501-513. [PMID: 35762406 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2094770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 40% of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) also have chronic kidney disease (CKD), which substantially increases their risk of cardiovascular (CV)-related complications and mortality. Until recently, no approved therapies have directly targeted inflammatory and fibrotic pathways that drive disease progression and organ damage in patients with CKD associated with T2D. AREAS COVERED Finerenone is a potent, selective, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) that targets fibrosis and inflammation by blocking overactivation of the MR in the kidneys and heart. Finerenone has been associated with significant reductions in kidney- and CV-related endpoints compared with placebo and minimal effects on serum potassium and kidney function in phase III trials involving >13,000 patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). In addition to reviewing the clinical data, this review compares the properties of finerenone with those of the older steroidal MRAs spironolactone and eplerenone. EXPERT OPINION Unlike spironolactone and eplerenone, finerenone has demonstrated a favorable benefit-risk profile offering an effective new treatment for patients with CKD associated with T2D. Increases in serum potassium are predictable and manageable and should not discourage the use of finerenone in clinical practice. It is important to discuss where finerenone 'fits best' within the current DKD management landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar V Lerma
- Section of Nephrology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J Wilson
- US Medical Affairs, Cardiovascular and Renal, Bayer US LLC, Pharmaceuticals, Whippany, NJ, USA
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Rossing P. Clinical perspective—evolving evidence of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2022; 12:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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D'Marco L, Puchades MJ, Gandía L, Forquet C, Giménez-Civera E, Panizo N, Reque J, Juan-García I, Bermúdez V, Gorriz JL. Finerenone: A Potential Treatment for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. TOUCHREVIEWS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 17:84-87. [PMID: 35118452 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2021.17.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects an estimated 463 million people worldwide, equivalent to 1 in 11 adults. Moreover, the rapid growth of this disease has resulted in a high incidence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which, together with hypertension, is the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hyperglycaemia, low-grade inflammation, altered lipid metabolism and hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) seem to be interrelated mechanisms contributing to both T2DM and microvascular complications. The introduction of drugs such as sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists has improved the ability to slow the progression of DKD, and has also demonstrated benefits in cardiovascular disease. Beyond the effects of these novel antidiabetic drugs, a body of evidence suggests that the overactivation of the mineralocorticoid receptor also contributes to CKD progression. Moreover, new and ongoing trials have demonstrated that the selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) finerenone improves the risk of CKD progression and cardiovascular events in patients with CKD and T2DM and optimized RAAS blockade. We review the rationale for the development and use of MRA drugs to slow CKD progression in patients with DKD, as well as other pleiotropic effects, and highlight the warnings associated with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis D'Marco
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Estudios Universitarios Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Puchades
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Valencia University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorena Gandía
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudia Forquet
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Giménez-Civera
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Nayara Panizo
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Reque
- Nephrology Department, Hospital de Castellon, Castellon, Spain
| | - Isabel Juan-García
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - José Luis Gorriz
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Valencia University, Valencia, Spain
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Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, Anker SD, Bakris GL, Rossing P, Joseph A, Kolkhof P, Nowack C, Schloemer P, Ruilope LM. Cardiovascular Events with Finerenone in Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:2252-2263. [PMID: 34449181 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2110956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 188.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finerenone, a selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, has favorable effects on cardiorenal outcomes in patients with predominantly stage 3 or 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) with severely elevated albuminuria and type 2 diabetes. The use of finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and a wider range of CKD is unclear. METHODS In this double-blind trial, we randomly assigned patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes to receive finerenone or placebo. Eligible patients had a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of 30 to less than 300 and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 25 to 90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area (stage 2 to 4 CKD) or a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio of 300 to 5000 and an eGFR of at least 60 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 (stage 1 or 2 CKD). Patients were treated with renin-angiotensin system blockade that had been adjusted before randomization to the maximum dose on the manufacturer's label that did not cause unacceptable side effects. The primary outcome, assessed in a time-to-event analysis, was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. The first secondary outcome was a composite of kidney failure, a sustained decrease from baseline of at least 40% in the eGFR, or death from renal causes. Safety was assessed as investigator-reported adverse events. RESULTS A total of 7437 patients underwent randomization. Among the patients included in the analysis, during a median follow-up of 3.4 years, a primary outcome event occurred in 458 of 3686 patients (12.4%) in the finerenone group and in 519 of 3666 (14.2%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76 to 0.98; P = 0.03), with the benefit driven primarily by a lower incidence of hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.90). The secondary composite outcome occurred in 350 patients (9.5%) in the finerenone group and in 395 (10.8%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.01). The overall frequency of adverse events did not differ substantially between groups. The incidence of hyperkalemia-related discontinuation of the trial regimen was higher with finerenone (1.2%) than with placebo (0.4%). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with type 2 diabetes and stage 2 to 4 CKD with moderately elevated albuminuria or stage 1 or 2 CKD with severely elevated albuminuria, finerenone therapy improved cardiovascular outcomes as compared with placebo. (Funded by Bayer; FIGARO-DKD ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02545049.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Pitt
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens (G.F.); the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis (R.A.); the Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin (S.D.A.), and Research and Development, Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development (A.J.) and Statistics and Data Insights (P.S.), Bayer, Berlin, and Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular (P.K.) and Clinical Development Operations (C.N.), Bayer, Wuppertal - all in Germany; the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (G.L.B.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen - both in Denmark (P.R.); and the Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and the Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid - all in Madrid (L.M.R.)
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens (G.F.); the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis (R.A.); the Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin (S.D.A.), and Research and Development, Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development (A.J.) and Statistics and Data Insights (P.S.), Bayer, Berlin, and Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular (P.K.) and Clinical Development Operations (C.N.), Bayer, Wuppertal - all in Germany; the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (G.L.B.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen - both in Denmark (P.R.); and the Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and the Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid - all in Madrid (L.M.R.)
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens (G.F.); the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis (R.A.); the Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin (S.D.A.), and Research and Development, Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development (A.J.) and Statistics and Data Insights (P.S.), Bayer, Berlin, and Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular (P.K.) and Clinical Development Operations (C.N.), Bayer, Wuppertal - all in Germany; the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (G.L.B.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen - both in Denmark (P.R.); and the Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and the Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid - all in Madrid (L.M.R.)
| | - Stefan D Anker
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens (G.F.); the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis (R.A.); the Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin (S.D.A.), and Research and Development, Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development (A.J.) and Statistics and Data Insights (P.S.), Bayer, Berlin, and Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular (P.K.) and Clinical Development Operations (C.N.), Bayer, Wuppertal - all in Germany; the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (G.L.B.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen - both in Denmark (P.R.); and the Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and the Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid - all in Madrid (L.M.R.)
| | - George L Bakris
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens (G.F.); the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis (R.A.); the Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin (S.D.A.), and Research and Development, Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development (A.J.) and Statistics and Data Insights (P.S.), Bayer, Berlin, and Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular (P.K.) and Clinical Development Operations (C.N.), Bayer, Wuppertal - all in Germany; the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (G.L.B.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen - both in Denmark (P.R.); and the Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and the Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid - all in Madrid (L.M.R.)
| | - Peter Rossing
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens (G.F.); the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis (R.A.); the Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin (S.D.A.), and Research and Development, Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development (A.J.) and Statistics and Data Insights (P.S.), Bayer, Berlin, and Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular (P.K.) and Clinical Development Operations (C.N.), Bayer, Wuppertal - all in Germany; the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (G.L.B.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen - both in Denmark (P.R.); and the Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and the Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid - all in Madrid (L.M.R.)
| | - Amer Joseph
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens (G.F.); the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis (R.A.); the Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin (S.D.A.), and Research and Development, Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development (A.J.) and Statistics and Data Insights (P.S.), Bayer, Berlin, and Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular (P.K.) and Clinical Development Operations (C.N.), Bayer, Wuppertal - all in Germany; the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (G.L.B.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen - both in Denmark (P.R.); and the Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and the Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid - all in Madrid (L.M.R.)
| | - Peter Kolkhof
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens (G.F.); the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis (R.A.); the Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin (S.D.A.), and Research and Development, Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development (A.J.) and Statistics and Data Insights (P.S.), Bayer, Berlin, and Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular (P.K.) and Clinical Development Operations (C.N.), Bayer, Wuppertal - all in Germany; the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (G.L.B.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen - both in Denmark (P.R.); and the Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and the Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid - all in Madrid (L.M.R.)
| | - Christina Nowack
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens (G.F.); the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis (R.A.); the Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin (S.D.A.), and Research and Development, Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development (A.J.) and Statistics and Data Insights (P.S.), Bayer, Berlin, and Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular (P.K.) and Clinical Development Operations (C.N.), Bayer, Wuppertal - all in Germany; the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (G.L.B.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen - both in Denmark (P.R.); and the Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and the Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid - all in Madrid (L.M.R.)
| | - Patrick Schloemer
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens (G.F.); the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis (R.A.); the Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin (S.D.A.), and Research and Development, Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development (A.J.) and Statistics and Data Insights (P.S.), Bayer, Berlin, and Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular (P.K.) and Clinical Development Operations (C.N.), Bayer, Wuppertal - all in Germany; the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (G.L.B.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen - both in Denmark (P.R.); and the Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and the Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid - all in Madrid (L.M.R.)
| | - Luis M Ruilope
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (B.P.); National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens (G.F.); the Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis (R.A.); the Department of Cardiology and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Center for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin (S.D.A.), and Research and Development, Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development (A.J.) and Statistics and Data Insights (P.S.), Bayer, Berlin, and Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular (P.K.) and Clinical Development Operations (C.N.), Bayer, Wuppertal - all in Germany; the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (G.L.B.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen - both in Denmark (P.R.); and the Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, and the Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid - all in Madrid (L.M.R.)
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Agarwal R, Filippatos G, Pitt B, Anker SD, Rossing P, Joseph A, Kolkhof P, Nowack C, Gebel M, Ruilope LM, Bakris GL. Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis. Eur Heart J 2021; 43:474-484. [PMID: 35023547 PMCID: PMC8830527 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The complementary studies FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) examined cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in different, overlapping stages of CKD. The purpose of the FIDELITY analysis was to perform an individual patient-level prespecified pooled efficacy and safety analysis across a broad spectrum of CKD to provide more robust estimates of safety and efficacy of finerenone compared with placebo. METHODS AND RESULTS For this prespecified analysis, two phase III, multicentre, double-blind trials involving patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes, randomized 1:1 to finerenone or placebo, were combined. Main time-to-event efficacy outcomes were a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure, and a composite of kidney failure, a sustained ≥57% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline over ≥4 weeks, or renal death. Among 13 026 patients with a median follow-up of 3.0 years (interquartile range 2.3-3.8 years), the composite cardiovascular outcome occurred in 825 (12.7%) patients receiving finerenone and 939 (14.4%) receiving placebo [hazard ratio (HR), 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.78-0.95; P = 0.0018]. The composite kidney outcome occurred in 360 (5.5%) patients receiving finerenone and 465 (7.1%) receiving placebo (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.67-0.88; P = 0.0002). Overall safety outcomes were generally similar between treatment arms. Hyperkalaemia leading to permanent treatment discontinuation occurred more frequently in patients receiving finerenone (1.7%) than placebo (0.6%). CONCLUSION Finerenone reduced the risk of clinically important cardiovascular and kidney outcomes vs. placebo across the spectrum of CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes. KEY QUESTION Does finerenone, a novel selective, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, added to maximum tolerated renin-angiotensin system inhibition reduce cardiovascular disease and kidney disease progression over a broad range of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes? KEY FINDING In a prespecified, pooled individual-level analysis from two randomized trials, we found reductions both in cardiovascular events and kidney failure outcomes with finerenone. Because 40% of the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate of >60 mL/min/1.73m2 they were identified solely on the basis of albuminuria. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Finerenone reduces the risk of clinical cardiovascular outcomes and kidney disease progression in a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Screening for albuminuria to identify at-risk patients among patients with type 2 diabetes facilitates reduction of both cardiovascular and kidney disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Agarwal
- Indiana University School of Medicine and Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, 1481 W. 10th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Rimini 1, Chaidari 124 62, Athens, Greece
| | - Bertram Pitt
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 E. Medical Centre Dr #6303, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin, CharitéUniversitätsmedizin, Charitépl. 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Niels SteensensVej 2-4, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b 33.5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amer Joseph
- Cardiology and Nephrology Clinical Development, Bayer AG, Müllerstraße 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kolkhof
- Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular, Bayer AG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 217/333, 42117, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christina Nowack
- Research and Development, Clinical Development Operations, Bayer AG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 217/333, 42117, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Martin Gebel
- Research and Development, Integrated Analysis Statistics, Bayer AG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 217/333, 42117, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Luis M Ruilope
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research imas12, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de OctubreCentro de ActividadesAmbulatorias, 6ª Planta Bloque DAvda. de Córdoba, s/n28041 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER-CV, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, C. Tajo, s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - George L Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 6092, 60637 Chicago, IL, USA
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van den Berg P, Ruppert M, Mesic E, Snelder N, Seelmann A, Heinig R, Joseph A, Garmann D, Lippert J, Eissing T. Finerenone Dose-Exposure-Response for the Primary Kidney Outcome in FIDELIO-DKD Phase III: Population Pharmacokinetic and Time-to-Event Analysis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 61:439-450. [PMID: 34773606 PMCID: PMC8891099 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finerenone is a nonsteroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that recently demonstrated efficacy in delaying chronic kidney disease progression and reducing cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes in FIDELIO-DKD, where 5734 patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either titrated finerenone doses of 10 or 20 mg once daily or placebo, with a median follow-up of 2.6 years. METHODS Nonlinear mixed-effects population pharmacokinetic models were used to analyze the pharmacokinetics in FIDELIO-DKD, sparsely sampled in all subjects receiving finerenone. Post-hoc model parameter estimates together with dosing histories allowed the computation of individual exposures used in subsequent parametric time-to-event analyses of the primary kidney outcome. RESULTS The population pharmacokinetic model adequately captured the typical pharmacokinetics of finerenone and its variability. Either covariate effects or multivariate forward-simulations in subgroups of interest were contained within the equivalence range of 80-125% around typical exposure. The exposure-response relationship was characterized by a maximum effect model estimating a low half-maximal effect concentration at 0.166 µg/L and a maximal hazard decrease at 36.1%. Prognostic factors for the treatment-independent chronic kidney disease progression risk included a low estimated glomerular filtration rate and a high urine-to-creatinine ratio increasing the risk, while concomitant sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitor use decreased the risk. Importantly, no sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitor co-medication-related modification of the finerenone treatment effect per se could be identified. CONCLUSIONS None of the tested pharmacokinetic covariates had clinical relevance in FIDELIO-DKD. Finerenone effects on kidney outcomes approached saturation towards 20 mg once daily and sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitor use provided additive benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul van den Berg
- Leiden Experts on Advanced Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (LAP&P), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Ruppert
- Leiden Experts on Advanced Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (LAP&P), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emir Mesic
- Leiden Experts on Advanced Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (LAP&P), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nelleke Snelder
- Leiden Experts on Advanced Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (LAP&P), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Seelmann
- Pharmacometrics, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Roland Heinig
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Amer Joseph
- Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Garmann
- Pharmacometrics, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Joerg Lippert
- Pharmacometrics, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eissing
- Pharmacometrics, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.
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37
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Abstract
Finerenone (Kerendia®), a first-in-class, orally administered, selective, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), is being developed by Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and heart failure (HF), including chronic HF (CHF). Finerenone has been approved in the USA to reduce the risk of sustained estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline, end stage renal disease (ESRD), cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), and hospitalization for HF in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Finerenone is undergoing regulatory assessment in the EU and in China. A phase III trial is investigating finerenone in patients who have HF with preserved ejection fraction. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of finerenone leading to this first approval to reduce the risk of serious kidney and heart complications in adults with CKD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Frampton
- Springer Nature, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand.
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38
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Georgianos PI, Agarwal R. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:2281-2291. [PMID: 34514191 PMCID: PMC8418944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The overactivation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in animal models of chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases sodium retention and hypertension and provokes inflammation and fibrosis in the kidneys, blood vessels, and the heart; these processes play an important role in the progression of cardiorenal disease. Accordingly, blockade of the MR is an attractive therapeutic intervention to retard the progression of CKD and improve cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal MR antagonist (MRA) with a unique mode of action that is distinct from currently available steroidal MRAs. In animal models of CKD, finerenone has a more favorable benefit/risk ratio as compared with the steroidal MRAs such as spironolactone and eplerenone. In patients with type 2 diabetes and heart and/or kidney disease, phase II trials have revealed that compared with spironolactone, eplerenone, or placebo, finerenone displays benefits that exceed the risks of MR antagonism. In patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes, a large phase III trial has shown that, compared with placebo, finerenone improved kidney failure and cardiovascular outcomes. In the first part of this article, we explore the safety and efficacy of spironolactone and eplerenone in early- and late-stage CKD. In the second part, we describe the mechanism of action of finerenone and discuss the promising role of this nonsteroidal MRA as a novel therapeutic opportunity to improve clinical outcomes in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis I. Georgianos
- Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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39
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Kolkhof P, Joseph A, Kintscher U. Nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism for cardiovascular and renal disorders - New perspectives for combination therapy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105859. [PMID: 34461222 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the recent 30 years, there has been a dramatic increase in knowledge about the role of aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular (CV) and kidney diseases. The scientific perspective on the aldosterone/MR ensemble extended from a previously renal epithelial-centered focus on sodium-potassium exchange to a broader view as systemic modulators of extracellular matrix, inflammation and fibrosis. Spironolactone was launched as the first antagonist of aldosterone 27 years before the MR was cloned. It was classified as a potassium-sparing diuretic, based on its initial clinical characterization as a diuretic and its preferred activity to compensate for the potassium loss induced by loop diuretics when used in combination. The second steroidal MR antagonist was eplerenone which was discovered at a time when the role of aldosterone and MR in cardiac fibrosis was rediscovered. The constraint of developing potentially life-threatening hyperkalaemia when used in combination with other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) in patients with reduced kidney function initiated extensive research and development activities with the goal to identify novel nonsteroidal MR antagonists with an improved benefit-risk ratio. Here we summarize major current clinical trials with MRAs in different CV and renal diseases. Addition of the nonsteroidal MRA finerenone to optimal RAS blockade recently reduced CV and kidney outcomes in two large phase III trials in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We provide an outlook on further opportunities for combination therapy of nonsteroidal MRA finerenone with RAS inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kolkhof
- Cardiovascular Research, Research and Early Development, R&D Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Amer Joseph
- Cardiology and Nephrology, Clinical Development, R&D Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kintscher
- Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research Center, 10115 Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
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40
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Finsen SH, Hansen MR, Hoffmann‐Petersen J, Højgaard HF, Mortensen SP. Eight weeks of mineralocorticoid blockade does not improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14971. [PMID: 34350730 PMCID: PMC8339527 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A correlation between plasma aldosterone and hyperinsulinemia has been demonstrated in vivo, and hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are independently associated with the development of cardiovascular complications. We investigated if mineralocorticoid blockade (Eplerenone) improves insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy controls. We included 13 participants with type 2 diabetes (<5 years; male/female, Caucasians) and 10 healthy control participants (male/female, Caucasians). On 2 experimental days, before and at the end of the 8 weeks of treatment with mineralocorticoid blockade, a two-stage hyperinsulinemic-isoglycemic clamp (20 and 50 mU∙m-2 min-1 ) was performed for the determination of insulin sensitivity. No change in insulin sensitivity was detected at the end of the mineralocorticoid blockade in the individuals with type 2 diabetes or the healthy controls. Both before and at the end of the treatment with mineralocorticoid blockade, the individuals with type 2 diabetes had a lower insulin sensitivity compared to healthy controls. In conclusion, mineralocorticoid receptor blockade does not appear to improve insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03017703. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03017703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine H. Finsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Mie R. Hansen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | | | | | - Stefan P. Mortensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
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41
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Valdivielso JM, Balafa O, Ekart R, Ferro CJ, Mallamaci F, Mark PB, Rossignol P, Sarafidis P, Del Vecchio L, Ortiz A. Hyperkalemia in Chronic Kidney Disease in the New Era of Kidney Protection Therapies. Drugs 2021; 81:1467-1489. [PMID: 34313978 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the fastest growing global causes of death. This illustrates limitations of current therapeutic approaches and, potentially, unidentified knowledge gaps. For decades, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers have been the mainstay of therapy for CKD. However, they favor the development of hyperkalemia, which is already common in CKD patients due to the CKD-associated decrease in urinary potassium (K+) excretion and metabolic acidosis. Hyperkalemia may itself be life-threatening as it may trigger potentially lethal arrhythmia, and additionally may limit the prescription of RAAS blockers and lead to low-K+ diets associated to low dietary fiber intake. Indeed, hyperkalemia is associated with adverse kidney, cardiovascular, and survival outcomes. Recently, novel kidney protective therapies, ranging from sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors to new mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have shown efficacy in clinical trials. Herein, we review K+ pathophysiology and the clinical impact and management of hyperkalemia considering these developments and the availability of the novel K+ binders patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, recent results from clinical trials targeting metabolic acidosis (sodium bicarbonate, veverimer), and an increasing understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Valdivielso
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, UDETMA, REDinREN del ISCIII, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Olga Balafa
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Robert Ekart
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department of Dialysis, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Charles J Ferro
- Department of Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- CNR-IFC, Clinical Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Hypertension and Renal Diseases, Ospedali Riuniti, 89124, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Patrick B Mark
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patrick Rossignol
- Inserm 1433 CIC-P CHRU de Nancy, Inserm U1116 and FCRIN INI-CRCT, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Lucia Del Vecchio
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Sant'Anna Hospital, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- School of Medicine, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, University Autonoma of Madrid, FRIAT and REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
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42
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Zhang Y, Jin D, Kang X, Zhou R, Sun Y, Lian F, Tong X. Signaling Pathways Involved in Diabetic Renal Fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696542. [PMID: 34327204 PMCID: PMC8314387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), as the most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is the major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal interstitial fibrosis is a crucial metabolic change in the late stage of DKD, which is always considered to be complex and irreversible. In this review, we discuss the pathological mechanisms of diabetic renal fibrosis and discussed some signaling pathways that are closely related to it, such as the TGF-β, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, and Notch pathways. The cross-talks among these pathways were then discussed to elucidate the complicated cascade behind the tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Finally, we summarized the new drugs with potential therapeutic effects on renal fibrosis and listed related clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the mechanisms and related pathways of renal fibrosis in DKD and to provide novel therapeutic intervention insights for clinical research to delay the progression of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- Endocrinology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De Jin
- Endocrinology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Kang
- Endocrinology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Endocrinology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Endocrinology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- Endocrinology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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43
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Vodošek Hojs N, Bevc S, Ekart R, Piko N, Petreski T, Hojs R. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:561. [PMID: 34208285 PMCID: PMC8230766 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a global health issue and main cause of chronic kidney disease. Both diseases are also linked through high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is present in up to 40% of diabetic patients; therefore, prevention and treatment of DKD are of utmost importance. Much research has been dedicated to the optimization of DKD treatment. In the last few years, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) have experienced a renaissance in this field with the development of non-steroidal MRA. Steroidal MRA have known cardiorenal benefits, but their use is limited by side effects, especially hyperkalemia. Non-steroidal MRA still block the damaging effects of mineralocorticoid receptor overactivation (extracellular fluid volume expansion, inflammation, fibrosis), but with fewer side effects (hormonal, hyperkalemia) than steroidal MRA. This review article summarizes the current knowledge and newer research conducted on MRA in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vodošek Hojs
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.B.); (T.P.); (R.H.)
| | - Sebastjan Bevc
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.B.); (T.P.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Robert Ekart
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Department of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Nejc Piko
- Department of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Tadej Petreski
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.B.); (T.P.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Radovan Hojs
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.B.); (T.P.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
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44
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Verma A, Patel AB. Finerenone: A Non-steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blocker for Diabetic Kidney Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:261-263. [PMID: 33637415 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamic alterations, metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and fibrosis are the main drivers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression. Targeting inflammation and fibrosis as a driver, the FIDELIO-DKD (Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes) trial reported by Bakris et al. provides evidence of a new therapeutic class for treating DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Verma
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ankit B Patel
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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45
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Gembillo G, Ingrasciotta Y, Crisafulli S, Luxi N, Siligato R, Santoro D, Trifirò G. Kidney Disease in Diabetic Patients: From Pathophysiology to Pharmacological Aspects with a Focus on Therapeutic Inertia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4824. [PMID: 34062938 PMCID: PMC8124790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus represents a growing concern, both for public economy and global health. In fact, it can lead to insidious macrovascular and microvascular complications, impacting negatively on patients' quality of life. Diabetic patients often present diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a burdensome complication that can be silent for years. The average time of onset of kidney impairment in diabetic patients is about 7-10 years. The clinical impact of DKD is dangerous not only for the risk of progression to end-stage renal disease and therefore to renal replacement therapies, but also because of the associated increase in cardiovascular events. An early recognition of risk factors for DKD progression can be decisive in decreasing morbidity and mortality. DKD presents patient-related, clinician-related, and system-related issues. All these problems are translated into therapeutic inertia, which is defined as the failure to initiate or intensify therapy on time according to evidence-based clinical guidelines. Therapeutic inertia can be resolved by a multidisciplinary pool of healthcare experts. The timing of intensification of treatment, the transition to the best therapy, and dietetic strategies must be provided by a multidisciplinary team, driving the patients to the glycemic target and delaying or overcoming DKD-related complications. A timely nephrological evaluation can also guarantee adequate information to choose the right renal replacement therapy at the right time in case of renal impairment progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gembillo
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (R.S.)
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (Y.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Ylenia Ingrasciotta
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (Y.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Salvatore Crisafulli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (Y.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Nicoletta Luxi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy; (N.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Rossella Siligato
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Gianluca Trifirò
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy; (N.L.); (G.T.)
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