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Li ZL, Wang FM, Wen Y, Ni HF, Zhang XL, Wang B. Renal cell carcinoma in an adult-onset ESRD patient with nephronophthisis harboring NPHP3 deletion: A case report. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28985. [PMID: 38617907 PMCID: PMC11015401 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited tubulointerstitial nephropathy, the most prevalent genetic cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children. Convincing evidence indicated that the overall prevalence of NPHP in adult-onset ESRD is very likely to be an underestimation. Therefore, understanding the genetic background and clinicopathologic features of adult-onset NPHP is warranted. Case presentation we reported one intriguing case with concurrent NPHP3 c.2694-2_2694-1delAG (splicing) variant and c.1082C > G (p.S361C) variant. A 48-year-old male was admitted to our hospital, complained about renal dysfunction for 10 years, and found right renal space-occupying lesion for 1 week. One of the most interesting clinical features is adult-onset ESRD, which differs from previous cases. Another discovery of this study is that the NPHP harboring NPHP3 deletion may be associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Conclusion In conclusion, we report two mutations in the NPHP3 gene that cause NPHP with adult-onset ESRD and renal clear cell carcinoma in a Chinese family, enriching the clinical features of NPHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Lin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng-Mei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Feng Ni
- Department of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Ilg MM, Harding S, Lapthorn AR, Kirvell S, Ralph DJ, Bustin SA, Ball G, Cellek S. Temporal gene signature of myofibroblast transformation in Peyronie's disease: first insights into the molecular mechanisms of irreversibility. J Sex Med 2024; 21:278-287. [PMID: 38383071 DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transformation of resident fibroblasts to profibrotic myofibroblasts in the tunica albuginea is a critical step in the pathophysiology of Peyronie's disease (PD). We have previously shown that myofibroblasts do not revert to the fibroblast phenotype and we suggested that there is a point of no return at 36 hours after induction of the transformation. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive this proposed irreversibility are not known. AIM Identify molecular pathways that drive the irreversibility of myofibroblast transformation by analyzing the expression of the genes involved in the process in a temporal fashion. METHODS Human primary fibroblasts obtained from tunica albuginea of patients with Peyronie's disease were transformed to myofibroblasts using transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). The mRNA of the cells was collected at 0, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours after stimulation with TGF-β1 and then analyzed using a Nanostring nCounter Fibrosis panel. The gene expression results were analyzed using Reactome pathway analysis database and ANNi, a deep learning-based inference algorithm based on a swarm approach. OUTCOMES The study outcome was the time course of changes in gene expression during transformation of PD-derived fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. RESULTS The temporal analysis of the gene expression revealed that the majority of the changes at the gene expression level happened within the first 24 hours and remained so throughout the 72-hour period. At 36 hours, significant changes were observed in genes involved in MAPK-Hedgehog signaling pathways. CLINICAL TRANSLATION This study highlights the importance of early intervention in clinical management of PD and the future potential of new drugs targeting the point of no return. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS The use of human primary cells and confirmation of results with further RNA analysis are the strengths of this study. The study was limited to 760 genes rather than the whole transcriptome. CONCLUSION This study is to our knowledge the first analysis of temporal gene expression associated with the regulation of the transformation of resident fibroblasts to profibrotic myofibroblasts in PD. Further research is warranted to investigate the role of the MAPK-Hedgehog signaling pathways in reversibility of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M Ilg
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Harding
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alice R Lapthorn
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Kirvell
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Ralph
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
- Urology Department, University College London, London, W1G 8PH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ball
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Selim Cellek
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
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Song L, Zhang W, Tang SY, Luo SM, Xiong PY, Liu JY, Hu HC, Chen YQ, Jia B, Yan QH, Tang SQ, Huang W. Natural products in traditional Chinese medicine: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets of renal fibrosis and state-of-the-art drug delivery systems. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116039. [PMID: 38157643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis (RF) is the end stage of several chronic kidney diseases. Its series of changes include excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular cells, fibroblast activation, immune cell infiltration, and renal cell apoptosis. RF can eventually lead to renal dysfunction or even renal failure. A large body of evidence suggests that natural products in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have great potential for treating RF. In this article, we first describe the recent advances in RF treatment by several natural products and clarify their mechanisms of action. They can ameliorate the RF disease phenotype, which includes apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and EMT, by affecting relevant signaling pathways and molecular targets, thereby delaying or reversing fibrosis. We also present the roles of nanodrug delivery systems, which have been explored to address the drawback of low oral bioavailability of natural products. This may provide new ideas for using natural products for RF treatment. Finally, we provide new insights into the clinical prospects of herbal natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shi-Yun Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China
| | - Si-Min Luo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Pei-Yu Xiong
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jun-Yu Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Heng-Chang Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ying-Qi Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Bo Jia
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qian-Hua Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210000, China.
| | - Song-Qi Tang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Elbaset MA, Mohamed BMSA, Moustafa PE, Mansour DF, Afifi SM, Esatbeyoglu T, Abdelrahman SSM, Fayed HM. Erythropoietin Suppresses the Hepatic Fibrosis Caused by Thioacetamide: Role of the PI3K/Akt and TLR4 Signaling Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:5514248. [PMID: 37649466 PMCID: PMC10465256 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5514248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is recognized for its function in erythropoiesis; however, its potential antifibrotic effect against liver fibrosis remains unknown. This study examined whether EPO affects thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis by concentrating on the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) cascade and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway as possible pathways. Male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups, which included: the negative control group, the TAA group (intraperitoneal; TAA 100 mg/kg three times per week for 2 weeks), and EPO-treated groups (150 and 300 IU/kg, i.p.) for 2 weeks after TAA injections. EPO attenuated hepatic fibrosis in a dosage-dependent way, as manifested by the diminution in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, as well as the increase in albumin level. EPO inhibited the increase in tissue levels of tumor necrosis factors-α, interleukin-1β, transforming growth factor-β1, and TLR4 and raised tissue levels of PI3K and p-PI3K. EPO antioxidant properties were demonstrated by restoring hepatic glutathione and superoxide dismutase by preventing the accumulation of hepatic malondialdehyde. Further, EPO increased the protein expression of PI3K and Akt and decreased TLR4 protein expression. Immunohistochemically, EPO treatment altered tissue histology and downregulated mitogen-activated protein kinase protein expression. Overall, the research suggested that EPO could prevent TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis through upregulating the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade and downregulation the TLR4 downstream axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan A. Elbaset
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bassim M. S. A. Mohamed
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Passant E. Moustafa
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina F. Mansour
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, Attaka, Suez, Egypt
| | - Sherif M. Afifi
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Department of Food Development and Food Quality, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Sahar S. M. Abdelrahman
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany M. Fayed
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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Tang C, Wang M, Liu J, Zhang C, Li L, Wu Y, Chu Y, Wu D, Liu H, Yuan X. A Cyclopentanone Compound Attenuates the Over-Accumulation of Extracellular Matrix and Fibrosis in Diabetic Nephropathy via Downregulating the TGF-β/p38MAPK Axis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123270. [PMID: 36552026 PMCID: PMC9775671 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a crucial pathological process in chronic kidney diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy, etc. The underlying mechanisms of how to decrease ECM deposition to improve diabetic nephropathy remain elusive. The present study investigated whether cyclopentanone compound H8 alleviated ECM over-deposition and fibrosis to prevent and treat diabetic nephropathy. HK-2 cell viability after treatment with H8 was measured by an MTT assay. ECM alterations and renal fibrosis were identified in vitro and in vivo. A pharmacological antagonist was used to detect associations between H8 and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) signaling pathway. H8 binding was identified through computer simulation methods. Studies conducted on high glucose and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-stimulated HK-2 cells revealed that the p38MAPK inhibitor SB 202190 and H8 had similar pharmacological effects. In addition, excessive ECM accumulation and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy were remarkably improved after H8 administration in vivo and in vitro. Finally, the two molecular docking models further proved that H8 is a specific p38MAPK inhibitor that forms a hydrogen bond with the LYS-53 residue of p38MAPK. The cyclopentanone compound H8 alleviated the over-deposition of ECM and the development of fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by suppressing the TGF-β/p38MAPK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haifeng Liu
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-0453-6984403 (H.L.); +86-0453-6984401 (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaohuan Yuan
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-0453-6984403 (H.L.); +86-0453-6984401 (X.Y.)
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Zhang C, Zhang Q, Yang D, Qiao Y, Wang B, Yan J, Li Z, Huang Z, Zhou Y, Hu K, Zhang Y. Chitosan degradation products promote healing of burn wounds of rat skin. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1002437. [PMID: 36304900 PMCID: PMC9592717 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1002437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Burns can impair the barrier function of the skin, and small burns can also cause high mortality. The WHO has described that over 180,000 people die of burns worldwide each year. Thus, the treatment of burn wounds is a major clinical challenge. Chitooligosaccharides (COS) are alkaline amino oligosaccharides with small molecular weights obtained by enzyme or chemical degradation of chitosan. With the characteristics of biocompatibility, water solubility and degradability, it has attracted increasing attention in the fields of biomedicine. In the present study, we used COS to treat deep second-degree burn wounds of rat skin and found that COS was able to promote wound healing. We also revealed that COS could promote fibroblast proliferation. Transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed on COS-treated fibroblasts to identify the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that COS was able to promote wound healing through regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and growth factor Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF). Our results provide a potential drug for burn wound therapy and the related molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwei Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingrong Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Outpatient Treatment Center, Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yating Qiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Bolin Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhanghao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Youlang Zhou
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Youlang Zhou, ; Kesu Hu, ; Yi Zhang,
| | - Kesu Hu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Youlang Zhou, ; Kesu Hu, ; Yi Zhang,
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Youlang Zhou, ; Kesu Hu, ; Yi Zhang,
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Xiao L, Chen A, Gao Q, Xu B, Guo X, Guan T. Pentosan polysulfate ameliorates fibrosis and inflammation markers in SV40 MES13 cells by suppressing activation of PI3K/AKT pathway via miR-446a-3p. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:105. [PMID: 35291969 PMCID: PMC8925175 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal fibrosis is a common outcome of various renal damage, including diabetic nephropathy (DN), the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Currently, there are no effective therapies for renal fibrosis. The present study aimed to determine whether pentosan polysulphate sodium (PPS), a FDA approved medication for interstitial cystitis, protects diabetic renal fibrosis. METHODS Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated in mouse mesangial cells (SV40-MES13) after incubating with the advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which play important roles in the pathogenesis of DN. Western blot and ELISA were performed to determine the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and fibronectin (FN), two biomarkers of renal fibrosis, as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), two biomarkers of inflammation. The miRNA-mRNA regulatory network involved in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Ser and Thr Kinase (AKT) signalling was investigated by miRNA deep sequencing and validated by RT-PCR and miRNA transfection. RESULTS AGEs significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis, which was associated with the overexpression of TGF-β1, FN, IL-6, and TNFα. PPS almost completely reversed AGEs-induced biomarkers of fibrosis and inflammation, and significantly altered the miRNA expression profile in AGEs-treated cells. Notably, the PI3K/AKT signalling was one of the most significantly enriched pathways targeted by PPS-related differentially expressed miRNAs. PPS significantly up-regulated miR-466a-3p, which was shown to target PIK3CA, and mediated the inhibitory effect of PPS on AGEs-induced activation of PI3K/AKT pathway. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of PPS protected against AGEs-induced toxicity in SV40 MES13 cells via miR-466a-3p-mediated inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxiang Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xamen University, No 203, Hubin South Road, Siming district, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian, China
| | - Anqun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xamen University, No 203, Hubin South Road, Siming district, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xamen University, No 203, Hubin South Road, Siming district, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xamen University, No 203, Hubin South Road, Siming district, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaodan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xamen University, No 203, Hubin South Road, Siming district, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian, China
| | - Tianjun Guan
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xamen University, No 203, Hubin South Road, Siming district, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian, China.
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Li Z, Dai A, Yang M, Chen S, Deng Z, Li L. p38MAPK Signaling Pathway in Osteoarthritis: Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:723-734. [PMID: 35140502 PMCID: PMC8820459 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s348491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an aging-related joint disease, pathologically featured with degenerated articular cartilage and deformation of subchondral bone. OA has become the fourth major cause of disability in the world, imposing a huge economic burden. At present, the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of OA are still unclear. Complex regulating networks containing different biochemical signaling pathways are involved in OA pathogenesis and progression. The p38MAPK signaling pathway is a member of the MAPK signaling pathway family, which participates in the induction of cellular senescence, the differentiation of chondrocytes, the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and the production of pro-inflammatory factors. In recent years, studies on the regulating role of p38MAPK signaling pathway and the application of its inhibitors have attracted growing attention, with an increasing number of in vivo and in vitro studies. One interesting finding is that the inhibition of p38MAPK could suppress chondrocyte inflammation and ameliorate OA, indicating its therapeutic role in OA treatment. Based on this, we reviewed the mechanisms of p38MAPK signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of OA, hoping to provide new ideas for future research and OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongchao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aonan Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhenhan Deng, Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, 3002 Sungang West Road, Shenzhen City, 518035, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13928440786, Fax +86 755-83366388, Email ; Liangjun Li, Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 161 Shaoshan South Road, Changsha City, 410018, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13875822004, Fax +86 731-85668156, Email
| | - Liangjun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhenhan Deng, Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, 3002 Sungang West Road, Shenzhen City, 518035, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13928440786, Fax +86 755-83366388, Email ; Liangjun Li, Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 161 Shaoshan South Road, Changsha City, 410018, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13875822004, Fax +86 731-85668156, Email
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Cao Q, Huang C, Yi H, Gill AJ, Chou A, Foley M, Hosking CG, Lim KK, Triffon CF, Shi Y, Chen XM, Pollock CA. A single domain i-body (AD-114) attenuates renal fibrosis through blockade of CXCR4. JCI Insight 2022; 7:143018. [PMID: 35015734 PMCID: PMC8876455 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein–coupled CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a candidate therapeutic target for tissue fibrosis. A fully human single-domain antibody-like scaffold i-body AD-114-PA600 (AD-114) with specific high binding affinity to CXCR4 has been developed. To define its renoprotective role, AD-114 was administrated in a mouse model of renal fibrosis induced by folic acid (FA). Increased extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, macrophage infiltration, inflammatory response, TGF-β1 expression, and fibroblast activation were observed in kidneys of mice with FA-induced nephropathy. These markers were normalized or partially reversed by AD-114 treatment. In vitro studies demonstrated AD-114 blocked TGF-β1–induced upregulated expression of ECM, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and downstream p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways in a renal proximal tubular cell line. Additionally, these renoprotective effects were validated in a second model of unilateral ureteral obstruction using a second generation of AD-114 (Fc-fused AD-114, also named AD-214). Collectively, these results suggest a renoprotective role of AD-114 as it inhibited the chemotactic function of CXCR4 as well as blocked CXCR4 downstream p38 MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, which establish a therapeutic strategy for AD-114 targeting CXCR4 to limit renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Cao
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chunling Huang
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hao Yi
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angela Chou
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Foley
- The Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chris G Hosking
- The Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin K Lim
- The Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cristina F Triffon
- The Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ying Shi
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xin-Ming Chen
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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SB203580-A Potent p38 MAPK Inhibitor Reduces the Profibrotic Bronchial Fibroblasts Transition Associated with Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312790. [PMID: 34884593 PMCID: PMC8657816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Subepithelial fibrosis is a component of the remodeling observed in the bronchial wall of patients diagnosed with asthma. In this process, human bronchial fibroblasts (HBFs) drive the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT) in response to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), which activates the canonical Smad-dependent signaling. However, the pleiotropic properties of TGF-β1 also promote the activation of non-canonical signaling pathways which can affect the FMT. In this study we investigated the effect of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibition by SB203580 on the FMT potential of HBFs derived from asthmatic patients using immunocytofluorescence, real-time PCR and Western blotting methods. Our results demonstrate for the first time the strong effect of p38 MAPK inhibition on the TGF-β1-induced FMT potential throughout the strong attenuation of myofibroblast-related markers: α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I, fibronectin and connexin 43 in HBFs. We suggest the pleiotropic mechanism of SB203580 on FMT impairment in HBF populations by the diminishing of TGF-β/Smad signaling activation and disturbances in the actin cytoskeleton architecture along with the maturation of focal adhesion sites. These observations justify future research on the role of p38 kinase in FMT efficiency and bronchial wall remodeling in asthma.
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11
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Pro-Inflammatory Serum Amyloid a Stimulates Renal Dysfunction and Enhances Atherosclerosis in Apo E-Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212582. [PMID: 34830462 PMCID: PMC8623330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute serum amyloid A (SAA) is an apolipoprotein that mediates pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic pathways. SAA-mediated signalling is diverse and includes canonical and acute immunoregulatory pathways in a range of cell types and organs. This study aimed to further elucidate the roles for SAA in the pathogenesis of vascular and renal dysfunction. Two groups of male ApoE-deficient mice were administered SAA (100 µL, 120 µg/mL) or vehicle control (100 µL PBS) and monitored for 4 or 16 weeks after SAA treatment; tissue was harvested for biochemical and histological analyses at each time point. Under these conditions, SAA administration induced crosstalk between NF-κB and Nrf2 transcriptional factors, leading to downstream induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and antioxidant response elements 4 weeks after SAA administration, respectively. SAA treatment stimulated an upregulation of renal IFN-γ with a concomitant increase in renal levels of p38 MAPK and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities, which is linked to tissue fibrosis. In the kidney of SAA-treated mice, the immunolocalisation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was markedly increased, and this was localised to the parietal epithelial cells lining Bowman’s space within glomeruli, which led to progressive renal fibrosis. Assessment of aortic root lesion at the study endpoint revealed accelerated atherosclerosis formation; animals treated with SAA also showed evidence of a thinned fibrous cap as judged by diffuse collagen staining. Together, this suggests that SAA elicits early renal dysfunction through promoting the IFN-γ-iNOS-p38 MAPK axis that manifests as the fibrosis of renal tissue and enhanced cardiovascular disease.
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12
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Ong CH, Tham CL, Harith HH, Firdaus N, Israf DA. TGF-β-induced fibrosis: A review on the underlying mechanism and potential therapeutic strategies. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 911:174510. [PMID: 34560077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays multiple homeostatic roles in the regulation of inflammation, proliferation, differentiation and would healing of various tissues. Many studies have demonstrated that TGF-β stimulates activation and proliferation of fibroblasts, which result in extracellular matrix deposition. Its increased expression can result in many fibrotic diseases, and the level of expression is often correlated with disease severity. On this basis, inhibition of TGF-β and its activity has great therapeutic potential for the treatment of various fibrotic diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, systemic sclerosis and etc. By understanding the molecular mechanism of TGF-β signaling and activity, researchers were able to develop different strategies in order to modulate the activity of TGF-β. Antisense oligonucleotide was developed to target the mRNA of TGF-β to inhibit its expression. There are also neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that can target the TGF-β ligands or αvβ6 integrin to prevent binding to receptor or activation of latent TGF-β respectively. Soluble TGF-β receptors act as ligand traps that competitively bind to the TGF-β ligands. Many small molecule inhibitors have been developed to inhibit the TGF-β receptor at its cytoplasmic domain and also intracellular signaling molecules. Peptide aptamer technology has been used to target downstream TGF-β signaling. Here, we summarize the underlying mechanism of TGF-β-induced fibrosis and also review various strategies of inhibiting TGF-β in both preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hao Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Hanis Hazeera Harith
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Nazmi Firdaus
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Daud Ahmad Israf
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia.
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13
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Qin T, Wang M, Zhang T, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Hasnat M, Zhuang Z, Ding Y, Peng Y. Total C-21 Steroidal Glycosides From Baishouwu Ameliorate Hepatic and Renal Fibrosis by Regulating IL-1β/MyD88 Inflammation Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:775730. [PMID: 34764877 PMCID: PMC8576092 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.775730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a worldwide public health problem, which typically results from chronic diseases and often leads to organ malfunction. Chronic inflammation has been suggested to be the major trigger for fibrogenesis, yet mechanisms by which inflammatory signals drive fibrogenesis have not been fully elucidated. Total C-21 steroidal glycosides (TCSG) from Baishouwu are the main active components of the root of Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight, which exert hepatoprotective and anti-inflammation properties. In this study, we established a mouse model with the coexistence of hepatic and renal fibrosis and aimed to investigate the effects of TCSG from Baishouwu on fibrosis and explored the potential mechanisms. The results of biochemical and pathological examinations showed that TCSG from Baishouwu improved liver and kidney function and alleviated hepatic and renal fibrosis by reducing collagen and extracellular matrix deposition in bile duct ligation and unilateral ureteral occlusion (BDL&UUO) mice. According to network pharmacology analysis, the mechanisms underlying the effects of TCSG from Baishouwu on hepatic and renal fibrosis were associated with inflammatory response pathways, including “Signaling by interleukins”, “MAP kinase activation”, “MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane”, and “Interleukin-1 family signaling”. Regression analysis and western blot results revealed that IL-1β/MyD88 inflammation signaling played an essential role in the anti-fibrotic effects of TCSG from Baishouwu. Further data displayed that TCSG from Baishouwu affected inflammatory response and extracellular matrix deposition via suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK/JNK and NF-κB p65 signaling cascades both in the liver and kidney of BDL&UUO mice. Thus, our findings suggest TCSG from Baishouwu as a natural regimen against hepatic and renal fibrosis and provide direct evidence that IL-1β/MyD88 signaling crucially contributes to hepatic and renal fibrosis and modulates liver-kidney crosstalk by maintaining tight control over inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Qin
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingliang Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingyu Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnat
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zirui Zhuang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfang Ding
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunru Peng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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14
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Zhu W, Ding Q, Wang L, Xu G, Diao Y, Qu S, Chen S, Shi Y. Vitamin D3 alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by regulating the MAPK pathway via targeting PSAT1 expression in vivo and in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108212. [PMID: 34656907 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal fibrotic lung disease. However, there are insufficient drugs available for IPF treatment, and the currently used drugs are accompanied by many adverse reactions. Deficiency of vitamin D3 (VD3) in the development of IPF and the potential role of VD3 in the treatment of IPF have attracted increasing attention. In vivo experimental results showed that VD3 could increase the survival rate in bleomycin (BLM)-induced models, relieve lung inflammation, reduce hydroxyproline content, and inhibit collagen deposition and cell apoptosis. We further performed proteomics analysis and screened 251 target proteins that reflect VD3 intervention in BLM-induced animal models. These target proteins were involved in acute inflammation, oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and extracellular matrix binding. Combined with the comprehensive analysis of clinical samples, PSAT1 was screened out as a candidate target related to IPF disease and VD3 treatment. Through further computational analysis, the MAPK signaling pathway was considered to be the most probable candidate pathway for VD3 function targeting IPF. In in vivo experiments, VD3 inhibited BLM-induced expression of PSAT1 and phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in mouse lung tissue. The experiments of cell proliferation and western blot confirmed that VD3 inhibited the expression of PSAT1 and the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in human pulmonary fibroblasts (HPF). Furthermore, experiments with transfection plasmids overexpressing PSAT1 proved that VD3 could attenuate the proliferation and differentiation of HPF by suppressing the effect of PSAT1 on the MAPK signaling pathway. Finally, we confirmed that vitamin D receptor (VDR) could occupy the PSAT1 promoter to reveal the transcriptional regulation effect of VD3 on PSAT1. In conclusion, VD3 exerted a therapeutic effect on IPF by down-regulating the MAPK signaling pathway via targeting the expression of PSAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Zhu
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Ding
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gonghao Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yirui Diao
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sihao Qu
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Shenzhen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
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15
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Sofias AM, De Lorenzi F, Peña Q, Azadkhah Shalmani A, Vucur M, Wang JW, Kiessling F, Shi Y, Consolino L, Storm G, Lammers T. Therapeutic and diagnostic targeting of fibrosis in metabolic, proliferative and viral disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113831. [PMID: 34139255 PMCID: PMC7611899 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common denominator in many pathologies and crucially affects disease progression, drug delivery efficiency and therapy outcome. We here summarize therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for fibrosis targeting in atherosclerosis and cardiac disease, cancer, diabetes, liver diseases and viral infections. We address various anti-fibrotic targets, ranging from cells and genes to metabolites and proteins, primarily focusing on fibrosis-promoting features that are conserved among the different diseases. We discuss how anti-fibrotic therapies have progressed over the years, and how nanomedicine formulations can potentiate anti-fibrotic treatment efficacy. From a diagnostic point of view, we discuss how medical imaging can be employed to facilitate the diagnosis, staging and treatment monitoring of fibrotic disorders. Altogether, this comprehensive overview serves as a basis for developing individualized and improved treatment strategies for patients suffering from fibrosis-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Marios Sofias
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Mildred Scheel School of Oncology (MSSO), Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO(ABCD)), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Federica De Lorenzi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Quim Peña
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Armin Azadkhah Shalmani
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lorena Consolino
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
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16
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Dissecting the Involvement of Ras GTPases in Kidney Fibrosis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060800. [PMID: 34073961 PMCID: PMC8225075 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many different regulatory mechanisms of renal fibrosis are known to date, and those related to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced signaling have been studied in greater depth. However, in recent years, other signaling pathways have been identified, which contribute to the regulation of these pathological processes. Several studies by our team and others have revealed the involvement of small Ras GTPases in the regulation of the cellular processes that occur in renal fibrosis, such as the activation and proliferation of myofibroblasts or the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Intracellular signaling mediated by TGF-β1 and Ras GTPases are closely related, and this interaction also occurs during the development of renal fibrosis. In this review, we update the available in vitro and in vivo knowledge on the role of Ras and its main effectors, such as Erk and Akt, in the cellular mechanisms that occur during the regulation of kidney fibrosis (ECM synthesis, accumulation and activation of myofibroblasts, apoptosis and survival of tubular epithelial cells), as well as the therapeutic strategies for targeting the Ras pathway to intervene on the development of renal fibrosis.
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17
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Budi EH, Schaub JR, Decaris M, Turner S, Derynck R. TGF-β as a driver of fibrosis: physiological roles and therapeutic opportunities. J Pathol 2021; 254:358-373. [PMID: 33834494 DOI: 10.1002/path.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many chronic diseases are marked by fibrosis, which is defined by an abundance of activated fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in loss of normal function of the affected organs. The initiation and progression of fibrosis are elaborated by pro-fibrotic cytokines, the most critical of which is transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). This review focuses on the fibrogenic roles of increased TGF-β activities and underlying signaling mechanisms in the activated fibroblast population and other cell types that contribute to progression of fibrosis. Insight into these roles and mechanisms of TGF-β as a universal driver of fibrosis has stimulated the development of therapeutic interventions to attenuate fibrosis progression, based on interference with TGF-β signaling. Their promise in preclinical and clinical settings will be discussed. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Pliant Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Turner
- Pliant Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Stokman MF, Saunier S, Benmerah A. Renal Ciliopathies: Sorting Out Therapeutic Approaches for Nephronophthisis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653138. [PMID: 34055783 PMCID: PMC8155538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPH) is an autosomal recessive ciliopathy and a major cause of end-stage renal disease in children. The main forms, juvenile and adult NPH, are characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis whereas the infantile form is more severe and characterized by cysts. NPH is caused by mutations in over 20 different genes, most of which encode components of the primary cilium, an organelle in which important cellular signaling pathways converge. Ciliary signal transduction plays a critical role in kidney development and tissue homeostasis, and disruption of ciliary signaling has been associated with cyst formation, epithelial cell dedifferentiation and kidney function decline. Drugs have been identified that target specific signaling pathways (for example cAMP/PKA, Hedgehog, and mTOR pathways) and rescue NPH phenotypes in in vitro and/or in vivo models. Despite identification of numerous candidate drugs in rodent models, there has been a lack of clinical trials and there is currently no therapy that halts disease progression in NPH patients. This review covers the most important findings of therapeutic approaches in NPH model systems to date, including hypothesis-driven therapies and untargeted drug screens, approached from the pathophysiology of NPH. Importantly, most animal models used in these studies represent the cystic infantile form of NPH, which is less prevalent than the juvenile form. It appears therefore important to develop new models relevant for juvenile/adult NPH. Alternative non-orthologous animal models and developments in patient-based in vitro model systems are discussed, as well as future directions in personalized therapy for NPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn F Stokman
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
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19
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Metformin ameliorates the severity of experimental Alport syndrome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7053. [PMID: 33782421 PMCID: PMC8007696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and increasing numbers of studies have shown that metformin also ameliorates tumor progression, inflammatory disease, and fibrosis. However, the ability of metformin to improve non-diabetic glomerular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been explored. To investigate the effect of metformin on non-diabetic glomerular disease, we used a mouse model of Alport syndrome (Col4a5 G5X) which were treated with metformin or losartan, used as a control treatment. We also investigated the effect of metformin on adriamycin-induced glomerulosclerosis model. Pathological and biochemical analysis showed that metformin or losartan suppressed proteinuria, renal inflammation, fibrosis, and glomerular injury and extended the lifespan in Alport syndrome mice. Transcriptome analysis showed that metformin and losartan influenced molecular pathways-related to metabolism and inflammation. Metformin altered multiple genes including metabolic genes not affected by losartan. Metformin also suppressed proteinuria and glomerular injury in the adriamycin-induced glomerulosclerosis mouse model. Our results showed that metformin ameliorates the glomerular sclerosis and CKD phenotype in non-diabetic chronic glomerular diseases. Metformin may have therapeutic potential for not only diabetic nephropathy but also non-diabetic glomerular disease including Alport syndrome.
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20
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Dolivo D, Weathers P, Dominko T. Artemisinin and artemisinin derivatives as anti-fibrotic therapeutics. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:322-339. [PMID: 33643815 PMCID: PMC7893118 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological reparative process that can occur in most organs and is responsible for nearly half of deaths in the developed world. Despite considerable research, few therapies have proven effective and been approved clinically for treatment of fibrosis. Artemisinin compounds are best known as antimalarial therapeutics, but they also demonstrate antiparasitic, antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-fibrotic effects. Here we summarize literature describing anti-fibrotic effects of artemisinin compounds in in vivo and in vitro models of tissue fibrosis, and we describe the likely mechanisms by which artemisinin compounds appear to inhibit cellular and tissue processes that lead to fibrosis. To consider alternative routes of administration of artemisinin for treatment of internal organ fibrosis, we also discuss the potential for more direct oral delivery of Artemisia plant material to enhance bioavailability and efficacy of artemisinin compared to administration of purified artemisinin drugs at comparable doses. It is our hope that greater understanding of the broad anti-fibrotic effects of artemisinin drugs will enable and promote their use as therapeutics for treatment of fibrotic diseases.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ASP, aspartate aminotransferase
- Artemisia
- Artemisinin
- Artesunate
- BAD, BCL-2-associated agonist of cell death
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- Col I, type I collagen
- DHA, dihydroartemisinin
- DLA, dried leaf Artemisia
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- FLS, fibroblast-like synoviocyte
- Fibroblast
- Fibrosis
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- LAP, latency-associated peptide
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- Myofibroblast
- NAG, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase
- NICD, Notch intracellular domain
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PHN, passive heymann nephritis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Scar
- TGF, β-transforming growth factor-β
- TGF-β
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase
- UUO, unilateral ureteral obstruction
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- sCr, serum creatinine
- α-SMA, smooth muscle α-actin
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dolivo
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Pamela Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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21
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Irnaten M, Duff A, Clark A, O’Brien C. Intra-Cellular Calcium Signaling Pathways (PKC, RAS/RAF/MAPK, PI3K) in Lamina Cribrosa Cells in Glaucoma. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010062. [PMID: 33375386 PMCID: PMC7795259 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lamina cribrosa (LC) is a key site of fibrotic damage in glaucomatous optic neuropathy and the precise mechanisms of LC change remain unclear. Elevated Ca2+ is a major driver of fibrosis, and therefore intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathways are relevant glaucoma-related mechanisms that need to be studied. Protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated MAPK kinases (p38 and p42/44-MAPK), and the PI3K/mTOR axis are key Ca2+ signal transducers in fibrosis and we therefore investigated their expression and activity in normal and glaucoma cultured LC cells. We show, using Western immune-blotting, that hyposmotic-induced cellular swelling activates PKCα, p42/p44, and p38 MAPKs, the activity is transient and biphasic as it peaks between 2 min and 10 min. The expression and activity of PKCα, p38 and p42/p44-MAPKs are significantly (p < 0.05) increased in glaucoma LC cells at basal level, and at different time-points after hyposmotic stretch. We also found elevated mRNA expression of mRNA expression of PI3K, IP3R, mTOR, and CaMKII in glaucoma LC cells. This study has identified abnormalities in multiple calcium signaling pathways (PKCα, MAPK, PI3K) in glaucoma LC cells, which might have significant functional and therapeutic implications in optic nerve head (ONH) fibrosis and cupping in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Irnaten
- Department Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-851-334-932
| | - Aisling Duff
- Milton Medical Centre New South Wales, Milton, NSW 2538, Australia;
| | - Abbot Clark
- Department Pharmacology & Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Colm O’Brien
- Department Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland;
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Fibrotic Changes and Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Promoted by VEGFR2 Antagonism Alter the Therapeutic Effects of VEGFA Pathway Blockage in a Mouse Model of Choroidal Neovascularization. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092057. [PMID: 32917003 PMCID: PMC7563259 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with wet age-related macular degeneration do not respond well to anti- vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) therapy for choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and the efficacy of anti-VEGFA decreases over time. We investigated the hypothesis that fibrotic changes, in particular via endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), play a role in CNV and alter the therapeutic effects of VEGFA pathway blockage. Induction of EndoMT of primary human retinal endothelial cells led to a significantly reduced response to VEGFA at the level of gene expression, cellular proliferation, migration, and tube formation. Suppression of EndoMT restored cell responsiveness to VEGFA. In a mouse model of spontaneous CNV, fibrotic changes and EndoMT persisted as the CNV lesions became more established over time. VEGFA receptor-2 (VEGFR2) antagonism further induced fibrosis and EndoMT in the CNV. The combination of VEGFR2 antagonism and fibrosis/EndoMT inhibition was more effective than either individual treatment in reducing CNV. Our data indicate that fibrosis and EndoMT are involved in the progression of CNV, are exacerbated by VEGFR2 inhibition, and could provide an explanation for the reduced efficacy of anti-VEGFA treatment over time.
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Jeon JS, Kim E, Bae YU, Yang WM, Lee H, Kim H, Noh H, Han DC, Ryu S, Kwon SH. microRNA in Extracellular Vesicles Released by Damaged Podocytes Promote Apoptosis of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061409. [PMID: 32517075 PMCID: PMC7349539 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular injury and fibrosis are associated with progressive kidney dysfunction in advanced glomerular disease. Glomerulotubular crosstalk is thought to contribute to tubular injury. microRNAs (miRNAs) in extracellular vesicles (EVs) can modulate distant cells. We hypothesized that miRNAs in EVs derived from injured podocytes lead to tubular epithelial cell damage. As proof of this concept, tubular epithelial (HK2) cells were cultured with exosomes from puromycin-treated or healthy human podocytes, and damage was assessed. Sequencing analysis revealed the miRNA repertoire of podocyte EVs. RNA sequencing identified 63 upregulated miRNAs in EVs from puromycin-treated podocytes. Among them, five miRNAs (miR-149, -424, -542, -582, and -874) were selected as candidates for inducing tubular apoptosis according to a literature-based search. To validate the effect of the miRNAs, HK2 cells were treated with miRNA mimics. EVs from injured podocytes induced apoptosis and p38 phosphorylation of HK2 cells. The miRNA-424 and 149 mimics led to apoptosis of HK2 cells. These results show that miRNAs in EVs from injured podocytes lead to damage to tubular epithelial cells, which may contribute to the development of tubular injury in glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seok Jeon
- Division of Nephrology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.L.); (H.K.); (H.N.); (D.C.H.)
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea;
| | - Eunbit Kim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungchung nam do 31151, Korea; (E.K.); (Y.-U.B.)
| | - Yun-Ui Bae
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungchung nam do 31151, Korea; (E.K.); (Y.-U.B.)
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Kyungsang buk do 42601, Korea
| | - Won Mi Yang
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea;
| | - Haekyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.L.); (H.K.); (H.N.); (D.C.H.)
| | - Hyoungnae Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.L.); (H.K.); (H.N.); (D.C.H.)
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea;
| | - Hyunjin Noh
- Division of Nephrology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.L.); (H.K.); (H.N.); (D.C.H.)
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea;
| | - Dong Cheol Han
- Division of Nephrology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.L.); (H.K.); (H.N.); (D.C.H.)
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea;
| | - Seongho Ryu
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungchung nam do 31151, Korea; (E.K.); (Y.-U.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (S.H.K.); Tel.: +82-41-530-4839 (S.R.); Tel.: +82-2-710-3274 (S.H.K.); Fax: +82-2-792-5812 (S.H.K.)
| | - Soon Hyo Kwon
- Division of Nephrology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea; (J.S.J.); (H.L.); (H.K.); (H.N.); (D.C.H.)
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (S.H.K.); Tel.: +82-41-530-4839 (S.R.); Tel.: +82-2-710-3274 (S.H.K.); Fax: +82-2-792-5812 (S.H.K.)
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Kim JY, Park JH, Jeon EJ, Leem J, Park KK. Melatonin Prevents Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Stimulated Transdifferentiation of Renal Interstitial Fibroblasts to Myofibroblasts by Suppressing Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010039. [PMID: 31906396 PMCID: PMC7022732 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the pineal hormone melatonin displays protective effects against renal fibrosis, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effect of the pineal hormone on transdifferentiation of renal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts invoked by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Increased proliferation and activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts after TGF-β1 treatment were attenuated by melatonin pretreatment. Mechanistically, melatonin suppressed Smad2/3 phosphorylation and nuclear co-localization of their phosphorylated forms and Smad4 after TGF-β1 stimulation. In addition, increased phosphorylations of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and p38 after TGF-β1 treatment were also suppressed by the hormone. These effects of melatonin were not affected by pharmacological and genetic inhibition of its membrane receptors. Furthermore, melatonin significantly reversed an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde levels, and a decrease of the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio after TGF-β1 treatment. Finally, TGF-β1-induced proliferation and activation were also suppressed by N-acetylcysteine. Altogether, these findings suggest that the pineal hormone melatonin prevents TGF-β1-induced transdifferentiation of renal interstitial fibroblasts to myofibroblasts via inhibition of Smad and non-Smad signaling cadcades by inhibiting ROS-mediated mechanisms in its receptor-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea;
| | - Jae-Hyung Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Eon Ju Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea
- Correspondence: (E.J.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea;
- Correspondence: (E.J.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea;
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Non-canonical (non-SMAD2/3) TGF-β signaling in fibrosis: Mechanisms and targets. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 101:115-122. [PMID: 31883994 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β uses several intracellular signaling pathways besides canonical ALK5-Smad2/3 signaling to regulate a diverse array of cellular functions. Several of these so-called non-canonical (non-Smad2/3) pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and may therefore represent targets for therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the mechanisms of non-canonical TGF-β signaling in fibrosis, the potential molecular targets and the use of agonists/antagonists for therapeutic intervention.
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Xiao Y, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Shan H, Cui S, Wu J. GSTA3 regulates TGF- β1-induced renal interstitial fibrosis in NRK-52E cells as a component of the PI3K-Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:5787-5801. [PMID: 31617428 PMCID: PMC6862875 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519876796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of GSTA3 within the PI3K–Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). Methods An in vitro RIF model with TGF-β1 stimulation in NRK-52E cells was established to identify potential signaling pathways that modulate GSTA3. Changes in GSTA3 expression were observed in the RIF model after silencing or enhancing Nrf2 expression. Changes in GSTA3, Keap1, and Nrf2 expression were detected after blocking the upstream of the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway (including MAPK and PI3K/Akt). The effect of Nrf2 on GSTA3 expression was evaluated by overexpressing Nrf2. Results Protein and mRNA levels of GSTA3, FN, Nrf2, and Keap1 were significantly increased after TGF-β1 stimulation. GSTA3 was also upregulated following overexpression of Nrf2. TGF-β1 activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, leading to RIF. After blocking this pathway, the production of superoxide dismutase, reactive oxygen species, and fibronectin were reduced. The MAPK pathway was not involved in the development of RIF via regulating GSTA3 expression. Conclusions The PI3K–KEAP1/Nrf2–GSTA3 signaling pathway is a possible mechanism of resisting external stimulation of renal fibrosis factors, regulating oxidative stress, and preventing RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyu Fu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huizhi Shan
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sini Cui
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Weng J, Tu M, Wang P, Zhou X, Wang C, Wan X, Zhou Z, Wang L, Zheng X, Li J, Wang Z, Wang Z, Chen C. Amiodarone induces cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation via ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling in fibroblasts. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108889. [PMID: 31071512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amiodarone is a potent antidysrhythmic agent that can cause potentially life-threatening pulmonary fibrosis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that myofibroblast differentiation is related to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. In the present study, we treated human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELFs) with amiodarone, and investigated the relative molecular mechanism of amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis and pathway determinants PD98059 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor). Cell proliferation was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The secretion of collagen Ⅰ was detected by ELISA. The expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), ERK1/2, phosphorylated p38 MAPK (p-p38), and p38 MAPK were investigated using Western blot analysis. The levels of α-SMA and vimentin were also determined by immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. We report that amiodarone promoted cell proliferation and collagen Ⅰ secretion, induced α-SMA and vimentin protein and mRNA expression accompanied by increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, and furthermore, PD98059 and SB203580 remarkably reduced the proliferative response of HELFs compared with amiodarone group and greatly attenuated α-SMA, vimentin and collagen Ⅰ protein production induced by amiodarone. Taken together, our study suggests that amiodarone regulates cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation in HELFs through modulating ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways, and these signal pathways may therefore represent an attractive treatment modality in amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Weng
- Department of Emergency Medicine and General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Mengyun Tu
- Department of Medical laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine and General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine and General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xinlong Wan
- Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine and General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Xiaoqun Zheng
- Department of Medical laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Junjian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine and General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Chan Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Lee J, An JN, Hwang JH, Lee H, Lee JP, Kim SG. p38 MAPK activity is associated with the histological degree of interstitial fibrosis in IgA nephropathy patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213981. [PMID: 30897126 PMCID: PMC6428396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is associated with tissue fibrosis, and inhibition of p38 MAPK can attenuate the progression of fibrosis. We aimed to investigate whether p38 MAPK activity in kidney tissue confirmed by immunohistochemical staining is associated with renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in chronic kidney disease patients with IgA nephropathy. We collected kidney biopsy specimens from 341 IgA nephropathy patients and 15 control patients to identify the clinical and histopathological factors associated with kidney tubulointerstitial fibrosis and to find an association between kidney phosphorylated p38 immunoactivity and pathological grading. In addition, we aimed to investigate whether the anti-fibrotic effect of p38 MAPK inhibition can be identified by assessing the immunostaining intensity of phosphorylated p38 in kidney tissue. A renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis model was introduced using 7-week-old C57BL/6 mice subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB-731445 was injected intraperitoneally every day for 7 days, and changes in renal fibrosis-associated markers were investigated. Assessment of kidney biopsy specimens from IgA nephropathy patients revealed that the degree of interstitial fibrosis was significantly associated with the tissue immunoactivity of phosphorylated p38. High-grade interstitial fibrosis was associated with a low glomerular filtration rate, high proteinuria, and high-grade histopathological changes, including tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation, and glomerular sclerosis. In a mouse UUO model, renal protein expression of COL1 and phosphorylated p38 were significantly increased, and the protein expression of COL1 and phosphorylated p38 decreased in mice administered 10 mg/kg/day p38 MAPK inhibitor. We found that kidney interstitial fibrosis is associated with increased immunoactivity of phosphorylated p38 in a UUO mouse model and in human IgA nephropathy patients and that the anti-fibrotic effect of p38 MAPK inhibition can be confirmed using immunohistochemical staining for phosphorylated p38 in kidney tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jung Nam An
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hajeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Malekshahabi T, Khoshdel Rad N, Serra AL, Moghadasali R. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: Disrupted pathways and potential therapeutic interventions. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12451-12470. [PMID: 30644092 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a monogenic inherited renal cystic disease that occurs in different races worldwide. It is characterized by the development of a multitude of renal cysts, which leads to massive enlargement of the kidney and often to renal failure in adulthood. ADPKD is caused by a mutation in PKD1 or PKD2 genes encoding the proteins polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, respectively. Recent studies showed that cyst formation and growth result from deregulation of multiple cellular pathways like proliferation, apoptosis, metabolic processes, cell polarity, and immune defense. In ADPKD, intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) promotes cyst enlargement by stimulating cell proliferation and transepithelial fluid secretion. Several interventions affecting many of these defective signaling pathways have been effective in animal models and some are currently being tested in clinical trials. Moreover, the stem cell therapy can improve nephropathies and according to studies were done in this field, can be considered as a hopeful therapeutic approach in future for PKD. This study provides an in-depth review of the relevant molecular pathways associated with the pathogenesis of ADPKD and their implications in development of potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talieh Malekshahabi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khoshdel Rad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andreas L Serra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reza Moghadasali
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Dolivo DM, Larson SA, Dominko T. Crosstalk between mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors and transforming growth factor-β signaling results in variable activation of human dermal fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:325-335. [PMID: 30365043 PMCID: PMC6257852 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation is a key step in the establishment of skin fibrosis induced by acute injury, and it is characterized by the differentiation of plastic resident tissue fibroblasts into contractile, extracellular matrix‑secreting myofibroblasts. As fibroblast activation must be regulated in vivo, fibroblasts receive signals from the surrounding environment that initiate their fibrotic program. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways on fibroblast activation. It was demonstrated in primary human dermal fibroblasts that small molecule‑mediated inhibition of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) potentiated fibroblast activation, and that small molecule‑mediated inhibition of p38 antagonized fibroblast activation. ERK and JNK inhibition cooperatively enhanced fibroblast activation mediated by treatment with exogenous transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β1, and p38 inhibition antagonized ERK inhibitor‑mediated or JNK inhibitor‑mediated fibroblast activation. Transcript analysis demonstrated that ERK and JNK inhibitor‑mediated fibroblast activation was accompanied by distinct changes in the expression of TGF‑β‑associated ligands and receptors, and that p38 inhibitor‑mediated antagonism of fibroblast activation was accompanied by a distinct expression paradigm of TGF‑β‑associated genes, including upregulation of betaglycan. ERK inhibitor‑mediated and JNK inhibitor‑mediated fibroblast activation was partially antagonized by small molecule‑mediated inhibition of TGF‑β receptor (R)1, indicating that these mechanisms of fibroblast activation are partially dependent on TGF‑β/TGF‑βR signaling. These data collectively demonstrate and provide partial explanations of the varied effects and pathway dependencies of MAPK inhibitor‑mediated effects on fibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Dolivo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Sara A Larson
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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31
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Dolivo DM, Larson SA, Dominko T. Tryptophan metabolites kynurenine and serotonin regulate fibroblast activation and fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3663-3681. [PMID: 30027295 PMCID: PMC11105268 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological form of aberrant tissue repair, the complications of which account for nearly half of all deaths in the industrialized world. All tissues are susceptible to fibrosis under particular pathological sets of conditions. Though each type of fibrosis has characteristics and hallmarks specific to that particular condition, there appear to be common factors underlying fibrotic diseases. One of these ubiquitous factors is the paradigm of the activated myofibroblast in the promotion of fibrotic phenotypes. Recent research has implicated metabolic byproducts of the amino acid tryptophan, namely serotonin and kynurenines, in the pathology or potential pharmacologic therapy of fibrosis, in part through their effects on development of myofibroblast phenotypes. Here, we review literature underlying what is known mechanistically about the effects of these compounds and their respective pathways on fibrosis. Pharmacologic administration of kynurenine improves scarring outcomes in vivo likely not only through its well-characterized immunosuppressive properties but also via its demonstrated antagonism of fibroblast activation and of collagen deposition. In contrast, serotonin directly promotes activation of fibroblasts via activation of canonical TGF-β signaling, and overstimulation with serotonin leads to fibrotic outcomes in vivo. Recently discovered feedback inhibition between serotonin and kynurenine pathways also reveals more information about the cellular physiology of tryptophan metabolism and may also underlie possible paradigms for anti-fibrotic therapy. Together, understanding of the effects of tryptophan metabolism on modulation of fibrosis may lead to the development of new therapeutic avenues for treatment through exploitation of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Dolivo
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Sara A Larson
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
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Meng H, Liang Y, Hao J, Lu J. Comparison of Rejection-Specific Genes in Peripheral Blood and Allograft Biopsy From Kidney Transplant. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:115-123. [PMID: 29407293 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although improved understanding and assessment of organ rejection significantly contribute to long-term allograft survival after kidney transplantation, reliable and predictive biomarkers that enable diagnoses of rejection state are lacking. Patient rejection of a kidney graft displays a specific blood and biopsy transcriptional pattern, raising the question of whether transcript biomarkers in blood could reflect events within the allograft. METHODS Differential expression genes were screened on large-scale transcriptomic data from blood and allograft biopsies, which included recipients undergoing rejection and recipients with stable renal function. RESULTS We found that the number of rejection-related genes in biopsy samples was much greater than in blood. We observed only one overlapping gene, HIST1H4A, consistently expressed in biopsy samples and blood. Functional association of the identified genes in biopsies implicated a strong involvement of inflammatory-immune pathways. Rejection-related genes in the mammalian target of rapamycin-signaling pathway were down-regulated, and genes related to allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease were up-regulated in allograft biopsy samples. We also recognized the core signaling elements (PIK3R2 and EGFR) in inflammatory-immune pathways based on biopsy samples. CONCLUSIONS We have expanded our understanding of rejection-specific gene expression pattern in allograft biopsy and peripheral blood, and provided a candidate set of overlapping genes for screening of rejection in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - J Hao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - J Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Luo F, Tao YH. Nephronophthisis: A review of genotype-phenotype correlation. Nephrology (Carlton) 2018; 23:904-911. [PMID: 29717526 PMCID: PMC6175366 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nephronophthisis is an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease and one of the most common genetic disorders causing end‐stage renal disease in children. Nephronophthisis is a genetically heterogenous disorder with more than 25 identified genes. In 10%–20% of cases, there are additional features of a ciliopathy syndrome, such as retinal defects, liver fibrosis, skeletal abnormalities, and brain developmental disorders. This review provides an update of the recent advances in the clinical features and related gene mutations of nephronophthisis, and novel approaches for therapy in nephronophthisis patients may be needed. Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a renal ciliopathy affecting children and young adults. This review gives an update on the recent advances in the clinical features and related gene mutations of NPHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglan Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Hong Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
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Dolivo DM, Larson SA, Dominko T. FGF2-mediated attenuation of myofibroblast activation is modulated by distinct MAPK signaling pathways in human dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 88:339-348. [PMID: 28899582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous human and animal studies have demonstrated the ability of exogenously administered basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) to act as an antifibrotic agent in the skin. Though the activity of FGF2 as an anti-scarring agent is well-established for fibrotic skin wounds, the mechanisms by which FGF2 exerts these actions are not entirely understood. Canonical FGF2 signaling proceeds in part via FGFR/MAPK pathways in human dermal fibroblasts, and FGF2 has been described to prevent or reverse the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, which is driven by TGFβ signaling and understood to be an important step in the formation of a fibrotic scar in vivo. Thus, we set out to investigate the antagonistic effects of FGF2 on TGFβ signaling as well as the broader effects of MAPK inhibition on the TGFβ-mediated induction of myofibroblast gene expression. OBJECTIVE To better understand the effects of FGF2 signaling pathways on myofibroblastic gene expression and cell phenotypes. METHODS Human dermal fibroblasts were cultured in vitro in the presence of FGF2, TGFβ, and/or MAPK inhibitors, and the effects of these agents were investigated by molecular biology techniques including qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and flow cytometry. RESULTS FGF2 inhibited TGFβ-mediated fibroblast activation, resulting in more rapidly proliferating, spindle-shaped cells, compared to the more slowly proliferating, flatter TGFβ-treated cells. Treatment with FGF2 also attenuated TGFβ-mediated increase in expression of myofibroblast markers smooth muscle α-actin, calponin, transgelin, connective tissue growth factor, ED-A fibronectin, and collagen I. FGF2-mediated antagonism of the TGFβ-mediated fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition was reversed by small molecule inhibition of ERK or JNK, and it was potentiated by inhibition of p38. MAPK inhibition was demonstrated to have qualitatively similar effects even in the absence of exogenous FGF2, and small molecule inhibition of p38 MAPK was sufficient to attenuate TGFβ-mediated fibroblast activation. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of select MAPK signaling pathways can reverse or potentiate anti-fibrotic FGF2 effects on human dermal fibroblasts, as well as exert their effects independently of exogenous FGF2 supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Dolivo
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, United States
| | - Sara A Larson
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, United States
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, United States.
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Makhlough A, Shekarchian S, Moghadasali R, Einollahi B, Hosseini SE, Jaroughi N, Bolurieh T, Baharvand H, Aghdami N. Safety and tolerability of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in ADPKD patients. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:116. [PMID: 28535817 PMCID: PMC5442691 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic ciliopathy disease characterized by progressive formation and enlargement of cysts in multiple organs. The kidneys are particularly affected and patients may eventually develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We hypothesize that bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs) are renotropic and may improve kidney function via anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we aim to assess the safety and tolerability of a BMMSC infusion in ADPKD patients. Methods We performed a single-arm phase I clinical trial with a 12-month follow-up. This study enrolled six eligible ADPKD patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 25–60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Patients received autologous cultured BMMSCs (2 × 106 cells/kg) through the cubital vein according to our infusion protocol. We investigated safety issues and kidney function during the follow-up visits, and compared the findings to baseline and 1 year prior to the intervention. Results There were no patients lost to follow-up. We observed no cell-related adverse events (AE) and serious adverse events (SAE) after 12 months of follow-up. The mean eGFR value of 33.8 ± 5.3 ml/min/1.73 m2 1 year before cell infusion declined to 26.7 ± 3.1 ml/min/1.73 m2 at baseline (P = 0.03) and 25.8 ± 6.2 ml/min/1.73 m2 at the 12-month follow-up visit (P = 0.62). The mean serum creatinine (SCr) level of 2 ± 0.3 mg/dl 1 year before the infusion increased to 2.5 ± 0.4 mg/dl at baseline (P = 0.04) and 2.5 ± 0.6 mg/dl at the 12-month follow-up (P = 0.96). This indicated significant changes between the differences of these two periods (12 months before infusion to baseline, and 12 months after infusion to baseline) in SCr (P = 0.05), but not eGFR (P = 0.09). Conclusions This trial demonstrated the safety and tolerability of an intravenous transplantation of autologous BMMSCs. BMMSC efficacy in ADPKD patients should be investigated in a randomized placebo-controlled trial with a larger population, which we intend to perform. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02166489. Registered on June 14, 2014. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0557-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Makhlough
- Department of Nephrology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Sari University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Soroosh Shekarchian
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Moghadasali
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Einollahi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Baqiyatallah Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Esmat Hosseini
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Jaroughi
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tina Bolurieh
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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36
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Meng XM, Ren GL, Gao L, Li HD, Wu WF, Li XF, Xu T, Wang XF, Ma TT, Li Z, Huang C, Huang Y, Zhang L, Lv XW, Li J. Anti-fibrotic effect of wogonin in renal tubular epithelial cells via Smad3-dependent mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:134-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhang H, Li D, Li Z, Song Y. Effect of Ligustrazine on rat peritoneal mesothelial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. Ren Fail 2016; 38:961-9. [PMID: 27056404 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2016.1165053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptosis of peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) and peritoneal fibrosis may induce failure of peritoneal membrane function. The study explored the changes of apoptosis and fibrosis in PMCs under lipopolysaccharides (LPS) culture and investigated whether Ligustrazine can affect LPS-induced apoptosis and fibrosis. We found that exposure of rat PMCs to 5 mg·L(-1) LPS for 24 h resulted in a significant induction of apoptosis and increased levels in Reactive oxygen species, and caspase-3 activity. Fibronectin, Collagen I, p-p38, and matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) levels were also significantly increased by LPS. But superoxide dismutase levels were remarkably decreased. Ligustrazine can restore the changes induced by LPS. The protective effect of Ligustrazine on LPS-induced apoptosis and fibrosis may act through inhibition of oxidative stress and p38/MAPKS, ROS/MMP-9 activation in PMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- a College of Pharmacy , Xinxiang Medical University , Xingxiang , China
| | - Dongxia Li
- b College of Basic Medicine , Xinxiang Medical University , Xingxiang , China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- c Department of Cerebral Surgery of the Third People's Hospital of Anyang City , Anyang , China
| | - Yu Song
- a College of Pharmacy , Xinxiang Medical University , Xingxiang , China
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Abstract
Ciliopathy nephronophthisis (NPHP), a common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children and young adults, is characterized by disintegration of the tubular basement membrane accompanied by irregular thickening and attenuation, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, and occasionally cortico-medullary cyst formation. Pharmacological approaches that delay the development of ESRD could potentially extend the window of therapeutic opportunity for this group of patients, generating time to find an appropriate donor or even for new treatments to mature. In this review we provide an overview of compounds that have been tested to ameliorate kidney cysts and/or fibrosis. We also revisit paclitaxel as a potential strategy to target fibrosis in NPHP. At low dosage this chemotherapy drug shows promising results in rodent models of renal fibrosis. Possible adverse events and safety of paclitaxel treatment in pediatric patients would need to be investigated, as would the efficacy, optimum dose, and administration schedule for the treatment of renal fibrosis in NPHP patients. Paclitaxel is an approved drug for human use with known pharmacokinetics, which could potentially be used in other ciliopathies through targeting the microtubule skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela G Slaats
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, F03.233, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc R Lilien
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel H Giles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, F03.233, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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39
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Hong F, Wu N, Ge Y, Zhou Y, Shen T, Qiang Q, Zhang Q, Chen M, Wang Y, Wang L, Hong J. Nanosized titanium dioxide resulted in the activation of TGF-β/Smads/p38MAPK pathway in renal inflammation and fibration of mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1452-61. [PMID: 26850371 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been demonstrated to damage the kidneys. However, whether chronic nephritis leads to renal fibration or the fibrosis is associated with the activation of TGF-β/Smads/p38MAPK pathway caused by TiO2 NPs exposure is not well understood. Forty male mice were separately exposed to 0, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg body weight TiO2 NPs for 6 months. Renal biochemical functions and levels of TGF-β/Smads/p38MAPK pathway-related markers and extracellular matrix (ECM) expression in the kidneys were investigated. The findings showed that subchronic TiO2 NPs exposure increased levels of urinary creatisix (Cr), N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, and vanin-1, resulted in severe renal inflammation and fibration. Furthermore, TiO2 NP exposure upregulated expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1, 0.07- to 2.72-fold), Smad2 (0.42- to 1.63-fold), Smad3 (0.02- to 1.94-fold), ECM (0.15- to 2.75-fold), α-smooth muscle actin (0.14- to 3.06-fold), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK, 0.11- to 3.78-fold), and nuclear factor-κB (0.4- to 2.27-fold), and downregulated Smad7 (0.05- to 0.61-fold) expression in mouse kidney. Subchronic TiO2 NPs exposure induced changes of renal characteristics towards inflammation and fibration may be mediated via TGF-β/Smads/p38MAPK pathway, and the uses of TiO2 NPs should be carried out cautiously, especially in humans. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1452-1461, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - N Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Y Ge
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - T Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Q Qiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - M Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Y Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - L Wang
- Library of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - J Hong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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Clinical and genetic characteristics of Japanese nephronophthisis patients. Clin Exp Nephrol 2015; 20:637-649. [PMID: 26499951 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-015-1180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephronophthisis (NPH) accounts for 4-5 % of end-stage renal disease occurring in childhood. METHOD We investigated the clinical context and characteristics of renal and extrarenal symptoms, as well as the NPHP genes, in 35 Japanese patients with clinical and histologic features suggesting NPH. RESULTS NPH occurred fairly uniformly throughout Japan irrespective of region or gender. In three families, NPH affected siblings. The median age of patients was 12.5 years. Renal abnormalities attributable to NPH discovered through mass screening, such as urine tests in school. However, NPH accounted for less than 50 % of children with abnormal findings, including incidentally discovered renal dysfunction during evaluation of extrarenal symptoms or during routine check-ups. Typical extrarenal manifestations leaded to discovery including anemia and delayed physical development. The urine often showed low gravity specific density and low molecular weight proteinuria. Frequent renal histologic findings included cystic dilation of tubules, mainly in the medulla, and irregularity of tubular basement membranes. Genetically abnormalities of NPHP1 were not common, with large deletions frequently noted. Compound heterozygotes showing single abnormalities in each of NPHP1, NPHP3, and NPHP4 were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings resemble those reported in Western populations.
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Quiroga B, Arroyo D, de Arriba G. Present and future in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:801348. [PMID: 25945357 PMCID: PMC4405221 DOI: 10.1155/2015/801348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Albuminuria is recognized as the most important prognostic factor for chronic kidney disease progression. For this reason, blockade of renin-angiotensin system remains the main recommended strategy, with either angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers. However, other antiproteinuric treatments have begun to be studied, such as direct renin inhibitors or aldosterone blockers. Beyond antiproteinuric treatments, other drugs such as pentoxifylline or bardoxolone have yielded conflicting results. Finally, alternative pathogenic pathways are being explored, and emerging therapies including antifibrotic agents, endothelin receptor antagonists, or transcription factors show promising results. The aim of this review is to explain the advances in newer agents to treat diabetic kidney disease, along with the background of the renin-angiotensin system blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Quiroga
- Nephrology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Spain
| | - David Arroyo
- Nephrology Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gabriel de Arriba
- Nephrology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Spain
- Medicine and Medicine Specialities Department, Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Madrid, Spain
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High fat diet causes renal fibrosis in LDLr-null mice through MAPK-NF-κB pathway mediated by Ox-LDL. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 63:158-66. [PMID: 24220312 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia, particularly increased LDL-cholesterol level in serum, is associated with atherosclerosis and fibrosis in different organs. This study was designed to investigate the effects of increase in LDL-cholesterol on renal fibrosis. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and LDLr knockout (KO) mice were fed standard or high fat diet (HFD), and their kidneys were collected after 26 weeks of dietary intervention for identification of fibrosis and study of potential mechanisms. Additional studies were performed in cultured renal fibroblasts. RESULTS We observed extensive and diffuse fibrosis in the kidneys of mice given HFD (P < 0.05 vs. standard chow). Fibrosis was associated with enhanced expression of fibronectin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases and activated p38 and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). There was evidence for accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal, a lipid peroxidation product, in the kidneys and of ox-LDL in the arteries of LDLr KO mice given HFD. The expression of ox-LDL receptor LOX-1 and of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) was increased in these kidneys. All these changes were more pronounced in LDLr KO mice than in the WT mice. In in vitro studies, treatment of fibroblasts from kidneys of LDLr KO mice with ox-LDL showed intense proliferation and collagen formation (all P < 0.05, fibroblasts from WT mice kidneys). Blockade of p38 MAPK, p44/42 MAPK, or NF-κB significantly attenuated expression of profibrotic signals, collagen formation, and proliferation of fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS HFD induces renal fibrosis in LDLr-null mice primarily through activation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase MAPK-NF-κB pathway by ox-LDL.
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Madhivanan K, Aguilar RC. Ciliopathies: the trafficking connection. Traffic 2014; 15:1031-56. [PMID: 25040720 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium (PC) is a very dynamic hair-like membrane structure that assembles/disassembles in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and is present in almost every cell type. Despite being continuous with the plasma membrane, a diffusion barrier located at the ciliary base confers the PC properties of a separate organelle with very specific characteristics and membrane composition. Therefore, vesicle trafficking is the major process by which components are acquired for cilium formation and maintenance. In fact, a system of specific sorting signals controls the right of cargo admission into the cilia. Disruption to the ciliary structure or its function leads to multiorgan diseases known as ciliopathies. These illnesses arise from a spectrum of mutations in any of the more than 50 loci linked to these conditions. Therefore, it is not surprising that symptom variability (specific manifestations and severity) among and within ciliopathies appears to be an emerging characteristic. Nevertheless, one can speculate that mutations occurring in genes whose products contribute to the overall vesicle trafficking to the PC (i.e. affecting cilia assembly) will lead to more severe symptoms, whereas those involved in the transport of specific cargoes will result in milder phenotypes. In this review, we summarize the trafficking mechanisms to the cilia and also provide a description of the trafficking defects observed in some ciliopathies which can be correlated to the severity of the pathology.
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Adachi T, Sugiyama N, Gondai T, Yagita H, Yokoyama T. Blockade of Death Ligand TRAIL Inhibits Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2013; 46:161-70. [PMID: 24610963 PMCID: PMC3929614 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Many investigators have reported that cell death via apoptosis significantly contributed to the pathophysiology of renal IRI. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, and induces apoptosis and inflammation. However, the role of TRAIL in renal IRI is unclear. Here, we investigated whether TRAIL contributes to renal IRI and whether TRAIL blockade could attenuate renal IRI. AKI was induced by unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 60 min in male FVB/N mice. We found that the expression of TRAIL and its receptors were highly upregulated in renal tubular cells in renal IRI. Neutralizing anti-TRAIL antibody or its control IgG was given 24 hr before ischemia and a half-dose booster injection was administered into the peritoneal cavity immediately after reperfusion. We found that TRAIL blockade inhibited tubular apoptosis and reduced the accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages. Furthermore, TRAIL blockade attenuated renal fibrosis and atrophy after IRI. In conclusion, our study suggests that TRAIL is a critical pathogenic factor in renal IRI, and that TRAIL could be a new therapeutic target for the prevention of renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Adachi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Noriyuki Sugiyama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Life Science, Osaka Medical College
| | - Tatsuro Gondai
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Takahiko Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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Renders L, Heemann U. Chronic renal allograft damage after transplantation: what are the reasons, what can we do? Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 17:634-9. [PMID: 23080067 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835a4bfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic renal allograft damage is one of the main problems after kidney transplantation. This review enumerates causes, describes available therapeutic options, and discusses options of the future. RECENT FINDINGS Alloantigen-dependent and alloantigen-independent factors are responsible for allograft damage. Prevention of renal allograft damage starts with interventions that occur surrounding the explantation in cadaveric organs. These include the use of dopamine or machine perfusion systems.Followed by the critical phase of ischemia/reperfusion injury, the LCN2/lipocalin-2, HAVCR1, and p38 MAPK pathway are new players involved in that process. Innate immunity plays a part, too. Cold ischemia time is associated with genes of apoptosis. Nondonor-specific antibodies like antihuman leukocyte antibodies-Ia or angiotensin type 1 receptor may also play a role. Recent research indicates that genetic polymorphism like the Ficolin-2 Ala258Ser polymorphism and the mannose-binding lectin-2 polymorphism are involved in that process. New therapeutic options are rare and in the future. However, there is some evidence that drugs interfering with metalloproteinases, sexual hormones like dihydroandrosterone, and mesenchymal stem cell therapy may be of importance. SUMMARY Taken together, although the understanding of chronic rejection has improved, the available therapeutic options remain scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Renders
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munic, Munic, Germany.
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