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Current Perspective on the Natural Compounds and Drug Delivery Techniques in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112765. [PMID: 34199460 PMCID: PMC8199612 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the belligerent neoplasia that metastasize to other brain regions and invade nearby healthy tissues. However, the treatments available are associated with some limitations, such as high variations in solid tumors and deregulation of multiple cellular pathways. The heterogeneity of the GBM tumor and its aggressive infiltration into the nearby tissues makes it difficult to treat. Hence, the development of multimodality therapy that can be more effective, novel, with fewer side effects, improving the prognosis for GBM is highly desired. This review evaluated the use of natural phytoconstituents as an alternative for the development of a new therapeutic strategy. The key aspects of GBM and the potential of drug delivery techniques were also assessed, for tumor site delivery with limited side-effects. These efforts will help to provide better therapeutic options to combat GBM in future. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the debilitating brain tumors, being associated with extremely poor prognosis and short median patient survival. GBM is associated with complex pathogenesis with alterations in various cellular signaling events, that participate in cell proliferation and survival. The impairment in cellular redox pathways leads to tumorigenesis. The current standard pharmacological regimen available for glioblastomas, such as radiotherapy and surgical resection following treatment with chemotherapeutic drug temozolomide, remains fatal, due to drug resistance, metastasis and tumor recurrence. Thus, the demand for an effective therapeutic strategy for GBM remains elusive. Hopefully, novel products from natural compounds are suggested as possible solutions. They protect glial cells by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting pro-oncogene events and intensifying the potent anti-tumor therapies. Targeting aberrant cellular pathways in the amelioration of GBM could promote the development of new therapeutic options that improve patient quality of life and extend survival. Consequently, our review emphasizes several natural compounds in GBM treatment. We also assessed the potential of drug delivery techniques such as nanoparticles, Gliadel wafers and drug delivery using cellular carriers which could lead to a novel path for the obliteration of GBM.
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Khathayer F, Taylor MA, Ray SK. Synergism of 4HPR and SAHA increases anti-tumor actions in glioblastoma cells. Apoptosis 2021; 25:217-232. [PMID: 32006189 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most malignant and prevalent brain tumor in adults. It can grow and spread quickly causing harm to the brain health. One of the major challenges in treatment of glioblastoma is drug resistance. Use of synergistic combination of two drugs with different anti-tumor effects is nowadays highly considered in the development of effective therapeutic strategies for many malignancies. In the present study, we showed synergistic therapeutic efficacies of two chemical compounds, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4HPR) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), for significant reduction in cell viability of rat C6 and human T98G glioblastoma cells. These compounds (4HPR and SAHA) were used alone or in synergistic combination for evaluating their various anti-tumor effects. The results showed that combination of 4HPR and SAHA significantly induced morphological and molecular features of astrocytic differentiation in C6 and T98G glioblastoma cells. Combination of 4HPR and SAHA proved to be an important therapeutic strategy for inhibiting cell growth and inducing differentiation in glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, combination of the two drugs showed more efficacies than either dug alone in reducing in vitro cell invasion (transwell assay), cell migration (wound healing assay), and angiogenesis (tube formation assay) due to down regulation of the molecules involved in these processes. The ultimate of goal of using this combination of drugs was induction of apoptosis. The results showed that these drugs in synergistic combination contributed highly to increases in morphological and molecular features of apoptotic death in the tumor cells. The results from molecular studies indicated that cell death occurred via activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis in both C6 and T98G cells. The drugs in combination also contributed to dramatic inhibition of histone deacetylase 1, an important epigenetic player in promoting growth in glioblastoma cells. This novel combination of drugs should also be considered as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Khathayer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Matthew A Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
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Xu W, Hu J, Liu W, Zhu Q, Gong X, Zhu P, Yang X, Xia R, Xue R. Remimazolan inhibits glioma cell growth and induces apoptosis through down-regulation of NF-κB pathway. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:341-348. [PMID: 33368968 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioma alone accounts for 30% of various kinds of primary brain tumors and is the highest cause of mortality associated with intracranial malignant cancers. In the present study, Suzuki-coupling products of remimazolan were synthesized and investigated for anti-neoplastic property against glioma cells. RFMSP treatment for 48 hr suppressed viabilities of U-118MG and U87MG cells in dose dependent manner. Exposure of primary astrocytes to RFMSP at 2-20 μM concentration range minimally affected viabilities. RFMSP treatment at 5 μM doses raised apoptotic cell count to 53.8 ± 2.3% and 48.2 ± 1.8%, respectively in U-118MG and U87MG cells. Treatment of the cells with RFMSP induced nuclear condensation and subsequent fragmentation. In RFMSP treated U-118MG and U87MG cells, NF-κB p65 expression was markedly suppressed compared to the control cells. Additionally, RFMSP treatment decreased the ratio of nuclear to total NF-κB p65 level in both the cell lines. Treatment of U-118MG and U87MG cells with 5 μM RFMSP for 48 hr caused a marked down-regulation in survivin and XIAP levels. Treatment with RFMSP promoted Bax expression and suppressed Bcl-2 level. The caspase-9 and -3 activation was markedly induced by RFMSP treatment in U-118MG and U87MG cells compared to the control cells. In summary, the RFMSP synthesized by Suzuki-coupling of RFMSP inhibited glioma cell survival via DNA damage mediated apoptosis. The anti-glioma potential of RFMSP involved down-regulation of NF-κB expression, targeted survivin & XIAP levels and induced caspase activation in glioma cells. Therefore, RFMSP may be studied further as therapeutic agent for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jiamei Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Third People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Qiong Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xuan Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, People's Hospital of Shiyan, People's Hospital affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the prognostic role of survivin in patients with glioma through performing a meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE were searched for potentially eligible literature. The study characteristics and relevant data were extracted. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to estimate the prognostic role of survivin in patients with glioma. RESULTS Sixteen studies with 1260 patients were included. The pooled HR of higher survivin expression for overall survival was 1.96 (95% CI, 1.57-2.45). The pooled HRs of higher survivin expression for progression- and disease-free survival were 1.62 (95% CI, 0.91-2.90) and 2.41 (95% CI, 0.98-5.90), respectively. Subgroup analyses were also performed. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that higher survivin expression was associated with worse overall survival in patients with glioma. The findings may assist future exploration on pathogenesis, diagnosis, anti-survivin therapy, and prognosis in glioma. However, due to the limited study number, more studies are warranted to verify our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunfu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, The First People's Hospital of Yibin
| | - Changwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, The First People's Hospital of Yibin
| | - Yanlin Song
- West China Medical School of Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, The First People's Hospital of Yibin
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, The First People's Hospital of Yibin
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Natural Bioactive Compounds: Alternative Approach to the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9363040. [PMID: 29359162 PMCID: PMC5735581 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9363040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent, primary malignant brain tumor prevalent in humans. GBM characteristically exhibits aggressive cell proliferation and rapid invasion of normal brain tissue resulting in poor patient prognosis. The current standard of care of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide is not very effective. The inefficacy of the chemotherapeutic agents may be attributed to the challenges in drug delivery to the tumor. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated the chemopreventive role of natural, dietary compounds in the development and progression of cancer. Many of these studies have reported the potential of using natural compounds in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy as a novel approach for the effective treatment of cancer. In this paper, we review the role of several natural compounds individually and in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of GBM. We also assess the potential of drug delivery approaches such as the Gliadel wafers and role of nanomaterial based drug delivery systems for the effective treatment of GBM.
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Zhao K, Wang Q, Wang Y, Huang K, Yang C, Li Y, Yi K, Kang C. EGFR/c-myc axis regulates TGFβ/Hippo/Notch pathway via epigenetic silencing miR-524 in gliomas. Cancer Lett 2017; 406:12-21. [PMID: 28778566 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) frequently undergoes high-level genomic amplification and variant III (vIII) deletion in adult glioblastoma. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized to participate in gene expression regulation. We found that miR-524-3p and miR-524-5p were suppressed in the classical molecular subtype of glioblastoma (GBM) from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) data, and the suppression was associated with EGFR overexpression and EGFRvIII mutation. These two miRNAs improved overall survival time of patients with glioma, and their overexpression could restrain glioma cell migration, proliferation, and cell cycle, and control tumor formation in vivo. Interestingly, both of the miRNAs had a synergistic inhibitory effect on glioma cells. Furthermore, we confirmed that EGFR amplification/EGFRvIII mutation can repress the expression of Pri-miR-524 by histone modification. MiR-524-3p and miR-524-5p inhibited TGF/β, Notch and the Hippo pathway by targeting Smad2, Hes1 and Tead1, respectively; these pathways repressed their common downstream transcription factor, C-myc. More interestingly, C-myc bound to the promoter region of EGFR/EGFRvIII and activated its expression. These findings indicate that miR-524 mediates the EGFR/EGFRvIII stimulating effect. It may serve as a potential therapeutic agent and classical-specific biomarker for the development of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qixue Wang
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yansheng Li
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaikai Yi
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunsheng Kang
- Lab of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Hardie J, Jiang Y, Tetrault E, Ghazi P, Tonga GY, Farkas M, Rotello VM. Simultaneous cytosolic delivery of a chemotherapeutic and siRNA using nanoparticle-stabilized nanocapsules. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:374001. [PMID: 27505356 PMCID: PMC5011398 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/37/374001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on nanoparticle-stabilized capsules (NPSCs) as a platform for the co-delivery of survivin-targeted siRNA and tamoxifen. These capsules feature an inner oil core that provides a carrier for tamoxifen, and is coated on the surface with positively charged nanoparticles self-assembled with siRNA. The multifaceted chemical nature of the NPSC system enables the simultaneous delivery of both payloads directly into the cytosol in vitro. The NPSC co-delivery of tamoxifen and survivin-targeted siRNA into breast cancer cells disables the pathways that inhibit apoptosis, resulting in enhanced breast cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily Tetrault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Phaedra Ghazi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Gulen Yesilbag Tonga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Michelle Farkas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Survivin, caspase-3 and MIB-1 expression in astrocytic tumors of various grades. Adv Med Sci 2016; 61:237-243. [PMID: 26995334 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. The etiology is still unclear and the progression from low to high-grade gliomas is frequent. The molecular mechanisms are quite established, however the heterogeneity of glioblastomas force the scientist to look for the new therapeutic targets. The aim of the study was to evaluate the caspase-3 and survivin expression in correlation with MIB-1 expression in gliomas of various grade to assess the apoptosis in gliomas and to determinate new possible targets for the future therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We identified 131 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of astrocytic tumors (diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma). The evaluation of caspase-3, survivin and MIB-1 expression was done using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS Caspase-3 and survivin expression was observed both in low- and high-grade astrocytomas. The differences in expression were the most evident in glioblastoma group. All primary glioblastomas (31 cases) expressed caspase-3. In secondary glioblastoma group only 17 out of 30 specimens were positive for caspase-3. Survivin expression was observed in 80.6% primary glioblastomas and in all examined secondary glioblastomas and the staining was strong and diffuse in all cases. MIB-1 expression was low in diffuse astrocytomas (DA) and ranged between 1 and 5%. In anaplastic astrocytoma group it was ranged between 5 and 10% and the highest percentage of the positive cells was observed in glioblastoma cases and ranged from 10% even to 30%. The most evident MIB-1 expression was observed in the cells surrounding the pathological blood vessels and necrosis. CONCLUSIONS The high incidence of survivin and caspase-3 expression in diffuse and anaplastic astrocytoma cases may suggest, that the regulation between pro- and antiapoptotic proteins may play an important role in tumor growth and progression. The overexpression of survivin and MIB-1 expression in glioblastoma cases also may confirm the theory about the important role of anti-apoptotic and proliferation processes in glioblastoma progression and as such may be potential therapeutic targets.
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Enhancing glioblastoma cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutics: A strategy involving survivin gene silencing mediated by gemini surfactant-based complexes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 104:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jenkins R, Bandera YP, Daniele MA, Ledford LL, Tietje A, Kelso AA, Sehorn MG, Wei Y, Chakrabarti M, Ray SK, Foulger SH. Sequestering survivin to functionalized nanoparticles: a strategy to enhance apoptosis in cancer cells. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:614-26. [PMID: 26845086 PMCID: PMC4803599 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00580a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Survivin belongs to the family of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) and is present in most cancers while being below detection limits in most terminally differentiated adult tissues, making it an attractive protein to target for diagnostic and, potentially, therapeutic roles. Sub-100 nm poly(propargyl acrylate) (PA) particles were surface modified through the copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition of an azide-terminated survivin ligand derivative (azTM) originally proposed by Abbott Laboratories and speculated to bind directly to survivin (protein) at its dimer interface. Using affinity pull-down studies, it was determined that the PA/azTM nanoparticles selectively bind survivin and the particles can enhance apoptotic cell death in glioblastoma cell lines and other survivin over-expressing cell lines such as A549 and MCF7 relative to cells incubated with the original Abbott-derived small molecule inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Jenkins
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Mohammad RM, Muqbil I, Lowe L, Yedjou C, Hsu HY, Lin LT, Siegelin MD, Fimognari C, Kumar NB, Dou QP, Yang H, Samadi AK, Russo GL, Spagnuolo C, Ray SK, Chakrabarti M, Morre JD, Coley HM, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Niccolai E, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Helferich WG, Yang X, Boosani CS, Guha G, Bhakta D, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, Chen S, Mohammed SI, Keith WN, Bilsland A, Halicka D, Nowsheen S, Azmi AS. Broad targeting of resistance to apoptosis in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S78-S103. [PMID: 25936818 PMCID: PMC4720504 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is natural way of removing aged cells from the body. Most of the anti-cancer therapies trigger apoptosis induction and related cell death networks to eliminate malignant cells. However, in cancer, de-regulated apoptotic signaling, particularly the activation of an anti-apoptotic systems, allows cancer cells to escape this program leading to uncontrolled proliferation resulting in tumor survival, therapeutic resistance and recurrence of cancer. This resistance is a complicated phenomenon that emanates from the interactions of various molecules and signaling pathways. In this comprehensive review we discuss the various factors contributing to apoptosis resistance in cancers. The key resistance targets that are discussed include (1) Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 proteins; (2) autophagy processes; (3) necrosis and necroptosis; (4) heat shock protein signaling; (5) the proteasome pathway; (6) epigenetic mechanisms; and (7) aberrant nuclear export signaling. The shortcomings of current therapeutic modalities are highlighted and a broad spectrum strategy using approaches including (a) gossypol; (b) epigallocatechin-3-gallate; (c) UMI-77 (d) triptolide and (e) selinexor that can be used to overcome cell death resistance is presented. This review provides a roadmap for the design of successful anti-cancer strategies that overcome resistance to apoptosis for better therapeutic outcome in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi M Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Interim translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Irfana Muqbil
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Clement Yedjou
- C-SET, [Jackson, #229] State University, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Markus David Siegelin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Nagi B Kumar
- Moffit Cancer Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Q Ping Dou
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit MI, United States
| | - Huanjie Yang
- The School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | | | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - James D Morre
- Mor-NuCo, Inc, Purdue Research Park, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Helen M Coley
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, university of florence, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, university of florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAE University, United Arab Emirates
| | - William G Helferich
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Xujuan Yang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine Creighton University, Omaha NE, United States
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Ireland
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Ireland
| | - Dorota Halicka
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Atif F, Yousuf S, Stein DG. Anti-tumor effects of progesterone in human glioblastoma multiforme: role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 146:62-73. [PMID: 24787660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor with a mean patient survival of 13-15 months despite surgical resection, radiation therapy and standard-of-care chemotherapy. We investigated the chemotherapeutic effects of the hormone progesterone (P4) on the growth of human GBM in four genetically different cell lines (U87MG, U87dEGFR, U118MG, LN-229) in vitro and in a U87MG subcutaneous xenograft mouse model. At high concentrations (20, 40, and 80 μM), P4 significantly (P<0.05) decreased tumor cell viability in all cell lines except LN-229. This effect was not blocked by the P4 receptor antagonist RU468. Conversely, at low physiological concentrations (0.1, 1, and 5 μM) P4 showed a proliferative effect in all cell lines which was blocked by RU486. In nude mice, P4 (100 and 200 mg/kg) inhibited tumor growth significantly (P<0.05) over 5 weeks of treatment and extended survival time of tumor-bearing mice by 60% without signs of systemic toxicity. P4 suppressed tumor vascularization as indicated by the expression of CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Apoptosis in tumor tissue was detected by the expression of cleaved caspase-3, BCl-2, BAD and p53 proteins and confirmed by TUNEL assay. P4 treatment also suppressed PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, which regulates tumor growth, as demonstrated by the suppression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Our data can be interpreted to suggest that P4 suppresses the growth of human GBM cells both in vitro and in vivo and enhances survival time in mice without any demonstrable side effects. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Sex steroids and brain disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Atif
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Seema Yousuf
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Guo H, Wang Y, Song T, Xin T, Zheng Z, Zhong P, Zhang X. Silencing of Survivin Using YM155 Inhibits Invasion and Suppresses Proliferation in Glioma Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 71:587-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Elkady AI, Hussein RAEH, Abu-Zinadah OA. Effects of crude extracts from medicinal herbs Rhazya stricta and Zingiber officinale on growth and proliferation of human brain cancer cell line in vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:260210. [PMID: 25136570 PMCID: PMC4130191 DOI: 10.1155/2014/260210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hitherto, limited clinical impact has been achieved in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBMs). Although phytochemicals found in medicinal herbs can provide mankind with new therapeutic remedies, single agent intervention has failed to bring the expected outcome in clinical trials. Therefore, combinations of several agents at once are gaining increasing attractiveness. In the present study, we investigated the effects of crude alkaloid (CAERS) and flavonoid (CFEZO) extracts prepared from medicinal herbs, Rhazya stricta and Zingiber officinale, respectively, on the growth of human GBM cell line, U251. R. stricta and Z. officinale are traditionally used in folkloric medicine and have antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and free radical scavenging properties. Combination of CAERS and CFEZO treatments synergistically suppressed proliferation and colony formation and effectively induced morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis in U251 cells. Apoptosis induction was mediated by release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, increased Bax : Bcl-2 ratio, enhanced activities of caspase-3 and -9, and PARP-1 cleavage. CAERS and CFEZO treatments decreased expression levels of nuclear NF-κBp65, survivin, XIAP, and cyclin D1 and increased expression level of p53, p21, and Noxa. These results suggest that combination of CAERS and CFEZO provides a useful foundation for studying and developing novel chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman I. Elkady
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rania Abd El Hamid Hussein
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Gamal Abd El Nasser Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Osama A. Abu-Zinadah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Li X, Zhang X, Li X, Ding F, Ding J. The role of survivin in podocyte injury induced by puromycin aminonucleoside. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6657-73. [PMID: 24747598 PMCID: PMC4013653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, which uniquely promotes mitosis and regulates apoptosis in cancer cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that survivin also expresses in several normal adult cells. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the function of survivin in the terminally differentiated epithelial cells, podocytes. Methods Survivin expression and location were detected by Quantitative Real-Time PCR, western blot and fluorescence confocal microscopy methods in normal and injured mouse podocytes. Cyto-protection function of survivin was also studied in cultured podocyte injured by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN), transfected with survivin siRNA to down-regulate survivin expression, or with survivin plasmid to transiently over-express survivin. Results In podocytes, PAN stimulated expressions of survivin and the apoptosis related molecule caspase 3. Knockdown of survivin expression by siRNA increased the activation of caspase 3, induced podocyte apoptosis and remarkable rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, over-expression of survivin inhibited PAN-induced podocyte apoptosis and cytoskeleton rearrangement. Conclusion Our data provides the evidence that survivin plays an important role in protecting podocytes from apoptosis induced by PAN. The mechanism of survivin related anti-apoptosis may, at least partially, be through the activation of caspase 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Fangrui Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing 100034, China.
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Doucette T, Latha K, Yang Y, Fuller GN, Rao A, Rao G. Survivin transcript variant 2 drives angiogenesis and malignant progression in proneural gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1220-8. [PMID: 24676140 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of survivin isoforms on outcome in glioblastoma is poorly understood. We analyzed the dominant anti-apoptotic transcript variants of survivin using expression data and modeled them in vivo to determine their impact on glioma formation and progression. METHODS Using data from low- and high-grade glioma knowledge bases, we expressed the anti-apoptotic isoforms of survivin (transcript variants 1 and 2) in vivo using the RCAS/Ntv-a model of murine glioma. RESULTS In low-grade gliomas, survivin RNA expression was increased in 22 of 167 (13.2%) of cases and was associated with shortened survival (P = .005). Survivin RNA was preferentially expressed in proneural (PN) relative to mesenchymal high-grade gliomas (P < .0001). In proneural gliomas, survivin was expressed in 94 of 141 (67%) of cases and was associated with shorter disease-free survival (P = .04). In a platelet-derived growth factor subunit B-dependent murine model of PN glioma, ectopic expression of variant 1 yielded tumors in 28 of 30 (93%) of mice, of which 25% were high-grade tumors, whereas ectopic expression of variant 2 yielded tumors in 27 of 28 (96%), of which 81% were high-grade tumors (P < .0001). Microvascular proliferation was significantly more prominent (P < .0001), and tumor-free survival was shorter in mice with variant 2 than variant 1-derived tumors (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Survivin expression in low-grade gliomas is associated with poor survival and is preferentially expressed in PN gliomas. Compared with variant 1, variant 2 was associated with poorer survival and promoted malignant progression, angiogenesis, and shorter tumor-free survival in the PN murine model. Inhibiting survivin transcript variant 2, rather than variant 1 (the common isoform), may be an effective treatment strategy for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Doucette
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (T.D., L.K., Y.Y., G.R.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (G.N.F.); Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (A.R.)
| | - Khatri Latha
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (T.D., L.K., Y.Y., G.R.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (G.N.F.); Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (A.R.)
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (T.D., L.K., Y.Y., G.R.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (G.N.F.); Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (A.R.)
| | - Gregory N Fuller
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (T.D., L.K., Y.Y., G.R.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (G.N.F.); Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (A.R.)
| | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (T.D., L.K., Y.Y., G.R.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (G.N.F.); Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (A.R.)
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (T.D., L.K., Y.Y., G.R.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (G.N.F.); Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (A.R.)
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Saponin 1 induces apoptosis and suppresses NF-κB-mediated survival signaling in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). PLoS One 2013; 8:e81258. [PMID: 24278406 PMCID: PMC3836797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponin 1 is a triterpeniod saponin extracted from Anemone taipaiensis, a traditional Chinese medicine against rheumatism and phlebitis. It has also been shown to exhibit significant anti-tumor activity against human leukemia (HL-60 cells) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2 cells). Herein we investigated the effect of saponin 1 in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) U251MG and U87MG cells. Saponin 1 induced significant growth inhibition in both glioblastoma cell lines, with a 50% inhibitory concentration at 24 h of 7.4 µg/ml in U251MG cells and 8.6 µg/ml in U87MG cells, respectively. Nuclear fluorescent staining and electron microscopy showed that saponin 1 caused characteristic apoptotic morphological changes in the GBM cell lines. Saponin 1-induced apoptosis was also verified by DNA ladder electrophoresis and flow cytometry. Additionally, immunocytochemistry and western blotting analyses revealed a time-dependent decrease in the expression and nuclear location of NF-κB following saponin 1 treatment. Western blotting data indicated a significant decreased expression of inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family members,(e.g., survivin and XIAP) by saponin 1. Moreover, saponin 1 caused a decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and initiated apoptosis by activating caspase-9 and caspase-3 in the GBM cell lines. These findings indicate that saponin 1 inhibits cell growth of GBM cells at least partially by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting survival signaling mediated by NF-κB. In addition, in vivo study also demonstrated an obvious inhibition of saponin 1 treatment on the tumor growth of U251MG and U87MG cells-produced xenograft tumors in nude mice. Given the minimal toxicities of saponin 1 in non-neoplastic astrocytes, our results suggest that saponin 1 exhibits significant in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor efficacy and merits further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for GBM.
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Enhanced anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic efficacy of a novel liposomal fenretinide on human neuroblastoma. J Control Release 2013; 170:445-51. [PMID: 23792118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is an embryonal tumor originating from the simpatico-adrenal lineage of the neural crest. It approximately accounts for about 15% of all pediatric oncology deaths. Despite advances in multimodal therapy, metastatic neuroblastoma tumors at diagnosis remain a clinical challenge. Retinoids are a class of compounds known to induce both terminal differentiation and apoptosis/necrosis of neuroblastoma cells. Among them, fenretinide (HPR) has been considered one of the most promising anti-tumor agent but it is partially efficacious due to both poor aqueous solubility and rapid metabolism. Here, we have developed a novel HPR formulation, by which the drug was encapsulated into sterically stabilized nanoliposomes (NL[HPR]) according to the Reverse Phase Evaporation method. This procedure led to a higher structural integrity of liposomes in organic fluids for a longer period of time, in comparison with our previous liposomal formulation developed by the film method. Moreover, NL[HPR] were further coupled with NGR peptides for targeting the tumor endothelial cell marker, aminopeptidase N (NGR-NL[HPR]). Orthotopically xenografted neuroblastoma-bearing mice treated with NGR-NL[HPR] lived statistically longer than mice untreated or treated with free HPR (NGR-NL[HPR] vs both control and HPR: P<0.0001). Also, NL[HPR] resulted in a statistically improved survival (NL[HPR] vs both control and HPR: P<0.001) but to a less extent if compared with that obtained with NGR-NL[HPR] (NGR-NL[HPR] vs NL[HPR]: P<0.01). Staining of tumor sections with antibodies specific for neuroblastoma and for either pericytes or endothelial cells evidenced that HPR reduced neuroblastoma growth through both anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects, mainly when delivered by NGR-NL[HPR]. Indeed, in this group of mice a marked reduction of tumor progression, of intra-tumoral vessel counts and VEGF expression, together with a marked down-modulation of matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9, was observed. In conclusion, the use of this novel targeted delivery system for the apoptotic and antiangiogenic drug, fenretinide, could be considered as an adjuvant tool in the future treatment of neuroblastoma patients.
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Wallace GC, Haar CP, Vandergrift WA, Giglio P, Dixon-Mah YN, Varma AK, Ray SK, Patel SJ, Banik NL, Das A. Multi-targeted DATS prevents tumor progression and promotes apoptosis in ectopic glioblastoma xenografts in SCID mice via HDAC inhibition. J Neurooncol 2013; 114:43-50. [PMID: 23754639 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most lethal brain tumor, remains incurable despite aggressive chemotherapy and surgical interventions. New chemotherapeutics for glioblastoma have been explored in preclinical models and some agents have reached the clinical setting. However, success rates are not significant. Previous investigations involving diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a garlic compound, indicated significant anti-cancer effects in glioblastoma in vitro. DATS has also been shown to inhibit histone deacetylase activity and impede glioblastoma tumor progression. We hypothesized that DATS would block ectopic U87MG tumor by multiple pro-apoptotic pathways via inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC). To prove this, we developed ectopic U87MG tumors in SCID mice and treated them daily with intraperitoneal injections of DATS for 7 days. Results indicated that DATS (10 μg/kg-10 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced tumor mass and number of mitotic cells within tumors. Histological and biochemical assays demonstrated that DATS reduced mitosis in tumors, decreased HDAC activity, increased acetylation of H3 and H4, inhibited cell cycle progression, decreased pro-tumor markers (e.g., survivin, Bcl-2, c-Myc, mTOR, EGFR, VEGF), promoted apoptotic factors (e.g., bax, mcalpian, active caspase-3), and induced DNA fragmentation. Our data also demonstrated an increase in p21Waf1 expression, which correlated with increased p53 expression and MDM2 degradation following DATS treatment. Finally, histological assessment and enzyme assays showed that even the highest dose of DATS did not negatively impact hepatic function. Collectively, our results clearly demonstrated that DATS could be an effective therapeutic agent in preventing tumor progression and inducing apoptosis in human glioblastoma in vivo, without impairing hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Wallace
- Department of Neurosciences (Neurology and Neuro-oncology) and MUSC Brain & Spine Tumor Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Hossain M, Banik NL, Ray SK. Synergistic anti-cancer mechanisms of curcumin and paclitaxel for growth inhibition of human brain tumor stem cells and LN18 and U138MG cells. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1102-13. [PMID: 22910273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the deadliest brain tumor in humans, responds poorly to conventional chemotherapeutic agents because of existence of highly chemoresistant human brain tumor stem cells (HBTSC). An effective therapeutic strategy is urgently needed to target HBTSC as well as other glioblastoma cells. We explored synergistic efficacy of a low dose of curcumin (CCM) and a low dose of paclitaxel (PTX) in HBTSC and human glioblastoma LN18 (p53 mutant and PTEN proficient) and U138MG (p53 mutant and PTEN mutant) cells. The highest expression of the cancer stem cell markers aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) and CD133 occurred in HBTSC when compared with LN18 and U138MG cells. Combination of 20μM CCM and 10nM PTX worked synergistically and more effectively than either drug alone in decreasing viability in all cells. Combination of CCM and PTX was highly effective in inducing both morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis. Apoptosis required activation of caspase-8, cleavage of Bid to tBid, increase in Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, Smac, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 following combination therapy appeared to promote Bax homodimerization and mitochondrial release of pro-apoptotic factors into the cytosol. Increases in activities of cysteine proteases confirmed the completion of apoptotic process. Combination therapy inhibited invasion of cells, reduced expression of survival and proliferation factors and also angiogenic factors, and prevented HBTSC, LN18, and U138MG cells from promoting network formation. Collectively, the combination of CCM and PTX worked as a promising therapy for controlling the growth of HBTSC and other glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motarab Hossain
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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Lai PC, Chen SH, Yang SH, Cheng CC, Chiu TH, Huang YT. Novel survivin inhibitor YM155 elicits cytotoxicity in glioblastoma cell lines with normal or deficiency DNA-dependent protein kinase activity. Pediatr Neonatol 2012; 53:199-204. [PMID: 22770110 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric glioblastoma is a malignant disease with an extremely poor clinical outcome. Patients usually suffer from resistance to radiation therapy, so targeted drug treatment may be a new possibility for glioblastoma therapy. Survivin is also overexpressed in glioblastoma. YM155, a novel small-molecule survivin inhibitor, has not been examined for its use in glioblastoma therapy. METHODS The human glioblastoma cell line M059K, which expresses normal DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) activity and is radiation-resistant, and M059J, which is deficient in DNA-PK activity and radiation-sensitive, were used in the study. Cell viability, DNA fragmentation, and the expression of survivin and securin following YM155 treatment were examined using MTT (methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium) assay, ELISA assay, and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS YM155 caused a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect, inhibiting the cell viability of both M059K and M059J cells by 70% after 48 hours of treatment with 50 nM YM155. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was around 30-35 nM for both cell lines. Apoptosis was determined to have occurred in both cell lines because immunoreactive signals from the DNA fragments in the cytoplasm were increased 24 hours after treatment with 30 nM YM155. The expression of survivin and securin in the M059K cells was greater than that measured in the M059J cells. Treatment with 30 nM YM155, for both 24 and 48 hours, significantly suppressed the expression of survivin and securin in both cell lines. CONCLUSION The novel survivin inhibitor YM155 elicits potent cytotoxicity in glioblastoma cells in vitro via DNA-PK-independent mechanisms. YM155 could be used as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of human glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chun Lai
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Haar CP, Hebbar P, Wallace GC, Das A, Vandergrift WA, Smith JA, Giglio P, Patel SJ, Ray SK, Banik NL. Drug resistance in glioblastoma: a mini review. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1192-200. [PMID: 22228201 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is recognized as the most common and lethal form of central nervous system cancer. Currently used surgical techniques, chemotherapeutic agents, and radiotherapy strategies have done very little in extending the life expectancies of patients diagnosed with GBM. The difficulty in treating this malignant disease lies both in its inherent complexity and numerous mechanisms of drug resistance. In this review, we summarize several of the primary mechanisms of drug resistance. We reviewed available published literature in the English language regarding drug resistance in glioblastoma. The reasons for drug resistance in glioblastoma include drug efflux, hypoxic areas of tumor cells, cancer stem cells, DNA damage repair, and miRNAs. Many potential therapies target these mechanisms, including a series of investigated alternative and plant-derived agents. Future research and clinical trials in glioblastoma patients should pursue combination of therapies to help combat drug resistance. The emerging new data on the potential of plant-derived therapeutics should also be closely considered and further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine P Haar
- Divisions of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Hendruschk S, Wiedemuth R, Aigner A, Töpfer K, Cartellieri M, Martin D, Kirsch M, Ikonomidou C, Schackert G, Temme A. RNA interference targeting survivin exerts antitumoral effects in vitro and in established glioma xenografts in vivo. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:1074-89. [PMID: 21788344 PMCID: PMC3177660 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma represents the most common primary adult brain tumor in Western industrialized countries. Despite aggressive treatment modalities, the median survival duration for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the highest grade malignant glioma, has not improved significantly over past decades. One promising approach to deal with GBM is the inactivation of proteins essential for survival or progression of glioma cells by means of RNA interference (RNAi) techniques. A likely candidate for an RNAi therapy of gliomas is the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin. Survivin is involved in 2 main cellular processes-cell division and inhibition of apoptosis. We show here that stable RNAi of survivin induced polyploidy, apoptosis, and impaired proliferation of human U343-MG, U373-MG, H4, and U87-MG cells and of primary glioblastoma cells. Proteome profiler arrays using U373-MG cells identified a novel set of differentially expressed genes upon RNAi-mediated survivin knockdown. In particular, the death receptor TRAIL R2/DR5 was strongly upregulated in survivin-depleted glioma cells, inducing an enhanced cytotoxic response of allogeneic human NK cells. Moreover, an experimental in vivo therapy using polyethylenimine (PEI)/siRNA complexes for survivin knockdown efficiently blocked tumor growth of established subcutaneous U373-MG tumors and enhanced survival of NMRI(nu/nu) mice orthopically transplanted with U87-MG cells. We conclude that survivin is functionally relevant in gliomas and that PEI-mediated exogenous delivery of siRNA targeting survivin is a promising strategy for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Hendruschk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
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