1
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Wen J, Yu JZ, Liu C, Ould Ismail AAO, Ma W. Exploring the Molecular Tumor Microenvironment and Translational Biomarkers in Brain Metastases of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2044. [PMID: 38396722 PMCID: PMC10889194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases represent a significant clinical challenge in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), often leading to a severe decline in patient prognosis and survival. Recent advances in imaging and systemic treatments have increased the detection rates of brain metastases, yet clinical outcomes remain dismal due to the complexity of the metastatic tumor microenvironment (TME) and the lack of specific biomarkers for early detection and targeted therapy. The intricate interplay between NSCLC tumor cells and the surrounding TME in brain metastases is pivotal, influencing tumor progression, immune evasion, and response to therapy. This underscores the necessity for a deeper understanding of the molecular underpinnings of brain metastases, tumor microenvironment, and the identification of actionable biomarkers that can inform multimodal treatment approaches. The goal of this review is to synthesize current insights into the TME and elucidate molecular mechanisms in NSCLC brain metastases. Furthermore, we will explore the promising horizon of emerging biomarkers, both tissue- and liquid-based, that hold the potential to radically transform the treatment strategies and the enhancement of patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexi Wen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Jie-Zeng Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Catherine Liu
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - A. Aziz O. Ould Ismail
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Weijie Ma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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2
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Lagou MK, Karagiannis GS. Obesity-induced thymic involution and cancer risk. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 93:3-19. [PMID: 37088128 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Declining thymic functions associated either with old age (i.e., age-related thymic involution), or with acute involution as a result of stress, infectious disease, or cytoreductive therapies (e.g., chemotherapy/radiotherapy), have been associated with cancer development. A key mechanism underlying such increased cancer risk is the thymus-dependent debilitation of adaptive immunity, which is responsible for orchestrating immunoediting mechanisms and tumor immune surveillance. In the past few years, a blooming set of evidence has intriguingly linked obesity with cancer development and progression. The majority of such studies has focused on obesity-driven chronic inflammation, steroid/sex hormone and adipokine production, and hyperinsulinemia, as principal factors affecting the tumor microenvironment and driving the development of primary malignancy. However, experimental observations about the negative impact of obesity on T cell development and maturation have existed for more than half a century. Here, we critically discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms of obesity-driven thymic involution as a previously underrepresented intermediary pathology leading to cancer development and progression. This knowledge could be especially relevant in the context of childhood obesity, because impaired thymic function in young individuals leads to immune system abnormalities, and predisposes to various pediatric cancers. A thorough understanding behind the molecular and cellular circuitries governing obesity-induced thymic involution could therefore help towards the rationalized development of targeted thymic regeneration strategies for obese individuals at high risk of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Lagou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - George S Karagiannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Integrated Imaging Program for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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3
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Olivet MM, Brown MC, Reitman ZJ, Ashley DM, Grant GA, Yang Y, Markert JM. Clinical Applications of Immunotherapy for Recurrent Glioblastoma in Adults. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3901. [PMID: 37568717 PMCID: PMC10416859 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Despite standard therapies, including resection and chemoradiation, recurrence is virtually inevitable. Current treatment for recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) is rapidly evolving, and emerging therapies aimed at targeting primary GBM are often first tested in rGBM to demonstrate safety and feasibility, which, in recent years, has primarily been in the form of immunotherapy. The purpose of this review is to highlight progress in clinical trials of immunotherapy for rGBM, including immune checkpoint blockade, oncolytic virotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, cancer vaccine and immunotoxins. Three independent reviewers covered literature, published between the years 2000 and 2022, in various online databases. In general, the efficacy of immunotherapy in rGBM remains uncertain, and is limited to subsets/small cohorts of patients, despite demonstrating feasibility in early-stage clinical trials. However, considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that may preclude rGBM patients from responding to immunotherapy, as well as in developing new approaches/combination strategies that may inspire optimism for the utility of immunotherapy in this devastating disease. Continued trials are necessary to further assess the best therapeutic avenues and ascertain which treatments might benefit each patient individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Mandabach Olivet
- Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Michael C. Brown
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.C.B.); (D.M.A.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Zachary J. Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - David M. Ashley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.C.B.); (D.M.A.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Gerald A. Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.C.B.); (D.M.A.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Yuanfan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - James M. Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
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4
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Dmello C, Zhao J, Chen L, Gould A, Castro B, Arrieta VA, Zhang DY, Kim KS, Kanojia D, Zhang P, Miska J, Yeeravalli R, Habashy K, Saganty R, Kang SJ, Fares J, Liu C, Dunn G, Bartom E, Schipma MJ, Hsu PD, Alghamri MS, Lesniak MS, Heimberger AB, Rabadan R, Lee-Chang C, Sonabend AM. Checkpoint kinase 1/2 inhibition potentiates anti-tumoral immune response and sensitizes gliomas to immune checkpoint blockade. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1566. [PMID: 36949040 PMCID: PMC10033639 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas the contribution of tumor microenvironment to the profound immune suppression of glioblastoma (GBM) is clear, tumor-cell intrinsic mechanisms that regulate resistance to CD8 T cell mediated killing are less understood. Kinases are potentially druggable targets that drive tumor progression and might influence immune response. Here, we perform an in vivo CRISPR screen to identify glioma intrinsic kinases that contribute to evasion of tumor cells from CD8 T cell recognition. The screen reveals checkpoint kinase 2 (Chek2) to be the most important kinase contributing to escape from CD8 T-cell recognition. Genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of Chek2 with blood-brain-barrier permeable drugs that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials, in combination with PD-1 or PD-L1 blockade, lead to survival benefit in multiple preclinical glioma models. Mechanistically, loss of Chek2 enhances antigen presentation, STING pathway activation and PD-L1 expression in mouse gliomas. Analysis of human GBMs demonstrates that Chek2 expression is inversely associated with antigen presentation and T-cell activation. Collectively, these results support Chek2 as a promising target for enhancement of response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crismita Dmello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Junfei Zhao
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Gould
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brandyn Castro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Section of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victor A Arrieta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Y Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ragini Yeeravalli
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karl Habashy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruth Saganty
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seong Jae Kang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Connor Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gavin Dunn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew J Schipma
- NUSeq Core, Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick D Hsu
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mahmoud S Alghamri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Adam M Sonabend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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5
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Bollu L, Bommi PV, Monsen PJ, Zhai L, Lauing KL, Bell A, Kim M, Ladomersky E, Yang X, Platanias LC, Matei DE, Bonini MG, Munshi HG, Hashizume R, Wu JD, Zhang B, James CD, Chen P, Kocherginsky M, Horbinski C, Cameron MD, Grigorescu AA, Yamini B, Lukas RV, Schiltz GE, Wainwright DA. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Protein Degrader for Glioblastoma. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15642-15662. [PMID: 36410047 PMCID: PMC9743093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a potent immunosuppressive enzyme that inhibits the antitumor immune response through both tryptophan metabolism and non-enzymatic functions. To date, most IDO1-targeted approaches have focused on inhibiting tryptophan metabolism. However, this class of drugs has failed to improve the overall survival of patients with cancer. Here, we developed and characterized proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) that degrade the IDO1 protein. IDO1-PROTACs were tested for their effects on IDO1 enzyme and non-enzyme activities. After screening a library of IDO1-PROTAC derivatives, a compound was identified that potently degraded the IDO1 protein through cereblon-mediated proteasomal degradation. The IDO1-PROTAC: (i) inhibited IDO1 enzyme activity and IDO1-mediated NF-κB phosphorylation in cultured human glioblastoma (GBM) cells, (ii) degraded the IDO1 protein within intracranial brain tumors in vivo, and (iii) mediated a survival benefit in mice with well-established brain tumors. This study identified and characterized a new IDO1 protein degrader with therapeutic potential for patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi
R. Bollu
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Prashant V. Bommi
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Paige J. Monsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lijie Zhai
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Kristen L. Lauing
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - April Bell
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Miri Kim
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University
Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United
States
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Xinyu Yang
- WuXi
AppTec, Shanghai 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- Department
of Medicine—Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Daniela E. Matei
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Marcelo G. Bonini
- Department
of Medicine—Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Hidayatullah G. Munshi
- Department
of Medicine—Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics − Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem
Cell Transplantation, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Jennifer D. Wu
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg
School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department
of Medicine—Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Charles David James
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Masha Kocherginsky
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The
Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Arabela A. Grigorescu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern
University Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bakhtiar Yamini
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of the Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Rimas V. Lukas
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg
School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Gary E. Schiltz
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Derek A. Wainwright
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Medicine—Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert
H.
Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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6
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Pre-Treatment and Preoperative Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Prognostic Value of Glioblastoma: A Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050675. [PMID: 35625061 PMCID: PMC9139478 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Although some meta-analyses have shown a correlation between a high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and low survival in patients with gliomas, their conclusions are controversial, and no study has specifically explored the relationship between a high pre-treatment and pre-operative NLR and low survival in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). Therefore, we further investigated this correlation through meta-analysis. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Metstr, and Cochrane databases in March 2022 for published literature related to high pre-treatment and pre-operative NLR and low survival in patients with GBM. The literature was rigorously searched according to inclusion and exclusion criteria to calculate the overall hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) corresponding to a high NLR using a random effects model. Results: The total HR for the pre-treatment and pre-operative NLR was 1.46 (95% CI: 1.17–1.75, p = 0.000, I2 = 76.5%), indicating a significant association between a high pre-treatment and pre-operative NLR, and low overall survival in patients with GBM. Sub-group analysis was performed because of the high heterogeneity. The results for the sub-group with a cut-off value of 4 showed an HR of 1.39 (95% CI: 1.12–1.65, p = 0.000, I2 = 22.2%), with significantly low heterogeneity, whereas those for the sub-group without a cut-off value of 4 showed an HR of 1.45 (95% CI: 1.01–1.89, p = 0.000, I2 = 83.3%). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that a high pre-treatment and pre-operative NLR suggests low survival in patients with GBM based on data from a large sample. Furthermore, the meta-regression analysis results indicate that underlying data, such as age and extent of surgical resection, lead to a high degree of heterogeneity, providing a theoretical basis for further research.
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7
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Muralidhara P, Sood V, Vinayak Ashok V, Bansal K. Pregnancy and Tumour: The Parallels and Differences in Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866937. [PMID: 35493450 PMCID: PMC9043683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological tolerance plays a critical role during pregnancy as semi-allogeneic fetus must be protected from immune responses during the gestational period. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subpopulation of CD4+ T cells that express transcription factor Foxp3, are central to the maintenance of immunological tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity. Tregs are also known to accumulate at placenta in uterus during pregnancy, and they confer immunological tolerance at maternal-fetal interface by controlling the immune responses against alloantigens. Thus, uterine Tregs help in maintaining an environment conducive for survival of the fetus during gestation, and low frequency or dysfunction of Tregs is associated with recurrent spontaneous abortions and other pregnancy-related complications such as preeclampsia. Interestingly, there are many parallels in the development of placenta and solid tumours, and the tumour microenvironment is considered to be somewhat similar to that at maternal-fetal interface. Moreover, Tregs play a largely similar role in tumour immunity as they do at placenta- they create a tolerogenic system and suppress the immune responses against the cells within tumour and at maternal-fetal interface. In this review, we discuss the role of Tregs in supporting the proper growth of the embryo during pregnancy. We also highlight the similarities and differences between Tregs at maternal-fetal interface and tumour Tregs, in an attempt to draw a comparison between their roles in these two physiologic and pathologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kushagra Bansal
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit (MBGU), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, India
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8
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Codrici E, Popescu ID, Tanase C, Enciu AM. Friends with Benefits: Chemokines, Glioblastoma-Associated Microglia/Macrophages, and Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052509. [PMID: 35269652 PMCID: PMC8910233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor and has the greatest prevalence of all brain tumors. Treatment resistance and tumor recurrence in GBM are mostly explained by considerable alterations within the tumor microenvironment, as well as extraordinary cellular and molecular heterogeneity. Soluble factors, extracellular matrix components, tissue-resident cell types, resident or newly recruited immune cells together make up the GBM microenvironment. Regardless of many immune cells, a profound state of tumor immunosuppression is supported and developed, posing a considerable hurdle to cancer cells' immune-mediated destruction. Several studies have suggested that various GBM subtypes present different modifications in their microenvironment, although the importance of the microenvironment in treatment response has yet to be determined. Understanding the microenvironment and how it changes after therapies is critical because it can influence the remaining invasive GSCs and lead to recurrence. This review article sheds light on the various components of the GBM microenvironment and their roles in tumoral development, as well as immune-related biological processes that support the interconnection/interrelationship between different cell types. Also, we summarize the current understanding of the modulation of soluble factors and highlight the dysregulated inflammatory chemokine/specific receptors cascades/networks and their significance in tumorigenesis, cancer-related inflammation, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Codrici
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (I.-D.P.); (A.-M.E.)
| | - Ionela-Daniela Popescu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (I.-D.P.); (A.-M.E.)
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Enciu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (I.-D.P.); (A.-M.E.)
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9
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Zhong C, Tao B, Li X, Xiang W, Peng L, Peng T, Chen L, Xia X, You J, Yang X. HOXA-AS2 contributes to regulatory T cell proliferation and immune tolerance in glioma through the miR-302a/KDM2A/JAG1 axis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:160. [PMID: 35181676 PMCID: PMC8857186 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been manifested to manipulate diverse biological processes, including tumor-induced immune tolerance. Thus, we aimed in this study to identify the expression pattern of lncRNA homeobox A cluster antisense RNA 2 (HOXA-AS2) in glioma and decipher its role in immune tolerance and glioma progression. We found aberrant upregulation of lncRNA HOXA-AS2, lysine demethylase 2A (KDM2A), and jagged 1 (JAG1) and a downregulation of microRNA-302a (miR-302a) in glioma specimens. Next, RNA immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay demonstrated that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 upregulated KDM2A expression by preventing miR-302a from binding to its 3′untranslated region. The functional experiments suggested that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 could promote regulatory T (Treg) cell proliferation and immune tolerance, which might be achieved through inhibition of miR-302a and activation of KDM2A/JAG1 axis. These findings were validated in a tumor xenograft mouse model. To conclude, lncRNA HOXA-AS2 facilitates KDM2A/JAG1 expression to promote Treg cell proliferation and immune tolerance in glioma by binding to miR-302a. These findings may aid in the development of novel antitumor targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhong Zhong
- Neurosurgery Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Neurological Disease and Brain Function, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bei Tao
- Rheumatism Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xianglong Li
- Neurosurgery Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Neurological Disease and Brain Function, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Neurosurgery Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Neurological Disease and Brain Function, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lilei Peng
- Neurosurgery Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Neurological Disease and Brain Function, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tangming Peng
- Neurosurgery Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Neurological Disease and Brain Function, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Neurosurgery Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Neurological Disease and Brain Function, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiangguo Xia
- Neurosurgery Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Neurological Disease and Brain Function, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jian You
- Neurosurgery Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China. .,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China. .,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China. .,Laboratory of Neurological Disease and Brain Function, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Neurosurgery Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China. .,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China. .,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China. .,Laboratory of Neurological Disease and Brain Function, 646000, Luzhou, P. R. China.
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10
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Immunotherapy for Neuro-oncology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1342:233-258. [PMID: 34972967 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-79308-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the landscape of treatment of many solid and hematological malignancies and is at the forefront of cancer breakthroughs. Several circumstances unique to the central nervous system (CNS) such as limited space for an inflammatory response, difficulties with repeated sampling, corticosteroid use for management of cerebral edema, and immunosuppressive mechanisms within the tumor and brain parenchyma have posed challenges in clinical development of immunotherapy for intracranial tumors. Nonetheless, the success of immunotherapy in brain metastases (BMs) from solid cancers such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) proves that the CNS is not an immune-privileged organ and is capable of initiating and regulating immune responses that lead to tumor control. However, the development of immunotherapeutics for the most malignant primary brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), has been challenging due to systemic and profound tumor-mediated immunosuppression unique to GBM, intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity, and lack of stably expressed clonal antigens. Here, we review recent advances in the field of immunotherapy for neuro-oncology with a focus on BM, GBM, and rare CNS cancers.
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11
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Zheng YY, Wang Y, Chen X, Wei LS, Wang H, Tao T, Zhou YW, Jiang ZH, Qiu TT, Sun ZY, Sun J, Wang P, Zhao W, Li YQ, Chen HQ, Zhu MS, Zhang XN. The thymus regulates skeletal muscle regeneration by directly promoting satellite cell expansion. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101516. [PMID: 34942145 PMCID: PMC8752954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the central immune organ, but it is known to progressively degenerate with age. As thymus degeneration is paralleled by the wasting of aging skeletal muscle, we speculated that the thymus may play a role in muscle wasting. Here, using thymectomized mice, we show that the thymus is necessary for skeletal muscle regeneration, a process tightly associated with muscle aging. Compared to control mice, the thymectomized mice displayed comparable growth of muscle mass, but decreased muscle regeneration in response to injury, as evidenced by small and sparse regenerative myofibers along with inhibited expression of regeneration-associated genes myh3, myod and myogenin. Using Pax7 immunofluorescence staining and BrdU incorporation assay, we determined that the decreased regeneration capacity was caused by a limited satellite cell pool. Interestingly, the conditioned culture medium of isolated thymocytes (TCMs) had a potent capacity to directly stimulate satellite cell expansion in vitro. These expanded cells were enriched in subpopulations of quiescent satellite cells (Pax7highMyoDlowEdUpos) and activated satellite cells (Pax7highMyoDhighEdUpos), which were efficiently incorporated into the regenerative myofibers. We thus propose that the thymus plays an essential role in muscle regeneration by directly promoting satellite cell expansion and may function profoundly in the muscle aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Li-Sha Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Tao Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Yu-Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Tian-Tian Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Ye-Qiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Hua-Qun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Min-Sheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China.
| | - Xue-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School and Gulou Hospital affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China.
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12
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Kim M, Ladomersky E, Mozny A, Kocherginsky M, O'Shea K, Reinstein ZZ, Zhai L, Bell A, Lauing KL, Bollu L, Rabin E, Dixit K, Kumthekar P, Platanias LC, Hou L, Zheng Y, Wu J, Zhang B, Hrachova M, Merrill SA, Mrugala MM, Prabhu VC, Horbinski C, James CD, Yamini B, Ostrom QT, Johnson MO, Reardon DA, Lukas RV, Wainwright DA. Glioblastoma as an age-related neurological disorder in adults. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab125. [PMID: 34647022 PMCID: PMC8500689 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced age is a major risk factor for the development of many diseases including those affecting the central nervous system. Wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase glioblastoma (IDHwt GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain cancer and accounts for ≥90% of all adult GBM diagnoses. Patients with IDHwt GBM have a median age of diagnosis at 68–70 years of age, and increasing age is associated with an increasingly worse prognosis for patients with this type of GBM. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results, The Cancer Genome Atlas, and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas databases were analyzed for mortality indices. Meta-analysis of 80 clinical trials was evaluated for log hazard ratio for aging to tumor survivorship. Results Despite significant advances in the understanding of intratumoral genetic alterations, molecular characteristics of tumor microenvironments, and relationships between tumor molecular characteristics and the use of targeted therapeutics, life expectancy for older adults with GBM has yet to improve. Conclusions Based upon the results of our analysis, we propose that age-dependent factors that are yet to be fully elucidated, contribute to IDHwt GBM patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andreas Mozny
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Masha Kocherginsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kaitlyn O'Shea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zachary Z Reinstein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - April Bell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lakshmi Bollu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erik Rabin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Karan Dixit
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Priya Kumthekar
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer Wu
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maya Hrachova
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sarah A Merrill
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Maciej M Mrugala
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Vikram C Prabhu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bakhtiar Yamini
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center & Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Quinn T Ostrom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret O Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rimas V Lukas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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13
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Karachi A, Dastmalchi F, Nazarian S, Huang J, Sayour EJ, Jin L, Yang C, Mitchell DA, Rahman M. Optimizing T Cell-Based Therapy for Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705580. [PMID: 34421912 PMCID: PMC8374079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evading T cell surveillance is a hallmark of cancer. Patients with solid tissue malignancy, such as glioblastoma (GBM), have multiple forms of immune dysfunction, including defective T cell function. T cell dysfunction is exacerbated by standard treatment strategies such as steroids, chemotherapy, and radiation. Reinvigoration of T cell responses can be achieved by utilizing adoptively transferred T cells, including CAR T cells. However, these cells are at risk for depletion and dysfunction as well. This review will discuss adoptive T cell transfer strategies and methods to avoid T cell dysfunction for the treatment of brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Karachi
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida (UF) Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Farhad Dastmalchi
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida (UF) Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Saina Nazarian
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida (UF) Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jianping Huang
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida (UF) Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Elias J Sayour
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida (UF) Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Linchun Jin
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida (UF) Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Changlin Yang
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida (UF) Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida (UF) Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Maryam Rahman
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida (UF) Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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14
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Recruitment and Expansion of Tregs Cells in the Tumor Environment-How to Target Them? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081850. [PMID: 33924428 PMCID: PMC8069615 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The immune response against cancer is generated by effector T cells, among them cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that destroy cancer cells and helper CD4+ T cells that mediate and support the immune response. This antitumor function of T cells is tightly regulated by a particular subset of CD4+ T cells, named regulatory T cells (Tregs), through different mechanisms. Even if the complete inhibition of Tregs would be extremely harmful due to their tolerogenic role in impeding autoimmune diseases in the periphery, the targeted blockade of their accumulation at tumor sites or their targeted depletion represent a major therapeutic challenge. This review focuses on the mechanisms favoring Treg recruitment, expansion and stabilization in the tumor microenvironment and the therapeutic strategies developed to block these mechanisms. Abstract Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present in a large majority of solid tumors and are mainly associated with a poor prognosis, as their major function is to inhibit the antitumor immune response contributing to immunosuppression. In this review, we will investigate the mechanisms involved in the recruitment, amplification and stability of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We will also review the strategies currently developed to inhibit Tregs’ deleterious impact in the TME by either inhibiting their recruitment, blocking their expansion, favoring their plastic transformation into other CD4+ T-cell subsets, blocking their suppressive function or depleting them specifically in the TME to avoid severe deleterious effects associated with Treg neutralization/depletion in the periphery and normal tissues.
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15
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Decipher the Glioblastoma Microenvironment: The First Milestone for New Groundbreaking Therapeutic Strategies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030445. [PMID: 33804731 PMCID: PMC8003887 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumour in adults. Despite the combination of novel therapeutical approaches, it remains a deadly malignancy with an abysmal prognosis. GBM is a polymorphic tumour from both molecular and histological points of view. It consists of different malignant cells and various stromal cells, contributing to tumour initiation, progression, and treatment response. GBM’s microenvironment is multifaceted and is made up of soluble factors, extracellular matrix components, tissue-resident cell types (e.g., neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts) together with resident (e.g., microglia) or recruited (e.g., bone marrow-derived macrophages) immune cells. These latter constitute the so-called immune microenvironment, accounting for a substantial GBM’s tumour volume. Despite the abundance of immune cells, an intense state of tumour immunosuppression is promoted and developed; this represents the significant challenge for cancer cells’ immune-mediated destruction. Though literature data suggest that distinct GBM’s subtypes harbour differences in their microenvironment, its role in treatment response remains obscure. However, an in-depth investigation of GBM’s microenvironment may lead to novel therapeutic opportunities to improve patients’ outcomes. This review will elucidate the GBM’s microenvironment composition, highlighting the current state of the art in immunotherapy approaches. We will focus on novel strategies of active and passive immunotherapies, including vaccination, gene therapy, checkpoint blockade, and adoptive T-cell therapies.
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16
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Hu J, Zhao Q, Kong LY, Wang J, Yan J, Xia X, Jia Z, Heimberger AB, Li S. Regulation of tumor immune suppression and cancer cell survival by CXCL1/2 elevation in glioblastoma multiforme. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/5/eabc2511. [PMID: 33571109 PMCID: PMC7840139 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The invasiveness and high immune suppression of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) produce poor survival of afflicted patients. Unfortunately, in the past decades, no therapeutic approach has remarkably improved the survival time of patients with GBM. Our analysis of the TCGA database and brain tumor tissue arrays indicated that CXCL1 and CXCL2 overexpression is closely associated with GBM's aggressiveness. Our results showed that elevation of CXCL1 or CXCL2 facilitated myeloid cell migration and simultaneously disrupted CD8+ T cell accumulation at tumor sites, causing accelerated tumor progression. Yet, blockade of CXCL1/2 significantly prevented myeloid-derived suppressor cell migration and thereby increased CD8+ T cell accumulation in vitro and in vivo. CXCL1/2 also promoted the paracrine factor S100A9 and further activated Erk1/2 and p70S60k, whereas blocking CXCL1/2 down-regulated these prosurvival factors. The combination of targeting CXCL1/2 and standard temozolomide chemotherapy improved upon the antitumor efficacy of chemotherapy alone, extending the overall survival time in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemiao Hu
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qingnan Zhao
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ling-Yuan Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xueqing Xia
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiliang Jia
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Shulin Li
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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17
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Khasraw M, Reardon DA, Weller M, Sampson JH. PD-1 Inhibitors: Do they have a Future in the Treatment of Glioblastoma? Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5287-5296. [PMID: 32527943 PMCID: PMC7682636 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (WHO grade IV glioma) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Survival has remained largely static for decades, despite significant efforts to develop new effective therapies. Immunotherapy and especially immune checkpoint inhibitors and programmed cell death (PD)-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have transformed the landscape of cancer treatment and improved patient survival in a number of different cancer types. With the exception of few select cases (e.g., patients with Lynch syndrome) the neuro-oncology community is still awaiting evidence that PD-1 blockade can lead to meaningful clinical benefit in glioblastoma. This lack of progress in the field is likely to be due to multiple reasons, including inherent challenges in brain tumor drug development, the blood-brain barrier, the unique immune environment in the brain, the impact of corticosteroids, as well as inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity. Here we critically review the clinical literature, address the unique aspects of glioma immunobiology and potential immunobiological barriers to progress, and contextualize new approaches to increase the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in glioblastoma that may identify gaps and testable relevant hypotheses for future basic and clinical research and to provide a novel perspective to further stimulate preclinical and clinical research to ultimately help patients with glioma, including glioblastoma, which is arguably one of the greatest areas of unmet need in cancer. Moving forward, we need to build on our existing knowledge by conducting further fundamental glioma immunobiology research in parallel with innovative and methodologically sound clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Khasraw
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
| | | | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John H Sampson
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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18
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Martins TA, Schmassmann P, Shekarian T, Boulay JL, Ritz MF, Zanganeh S, Vom Berg J, Hutter G. Microglia-Centered Combinatorial Strategies Against Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571951. [PMID: 33117364 PMCID: PMC7552736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated microglia (MG) and macrophages (MΦ) are important components of the glioblastoma (GBM) immune tumor microenvironment (iTME). From the recent advances in understanding how MG and GBM cells evolve and interact during tumorigenesis, we emphasize the cooperation of MG with other immune cell types of the GBM-iTME, mainly MΦ and T cells. We provide a comprehensive overview of current immunotherapeutic clinical trials and approaches for the treatment of GBM, which in general, underestimate the counteracting contribution of immunosuppressive MG as a main factor for treatment failure. Furthermore, we summarize new developments and strategies in MG reprogramming/re-education in the GBM context, with a focus on ways to boost MG-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis and associated experimental models and methods. This ultimately converges in our proposal of novel combinatorial regimens that locally modulate MG as a central paradigm, and therefore may lead to additional, long-lasting, and effective tumoricidal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás A Martins
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Tala Shekarian
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Boulay
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Françoise Ritz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven Zanganeh
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Johannes Vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Luzzi S, Giotta Lucifero A, Brambilla I, Magistrali M, Mosconi M, Savasta S, Foiadelli T. Adoptive immunotherapies in neuro-oncology: classification, recent advances, and translational challenges. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:18-31. [PMID: 32608373 PMCID: PMC7975830 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i7-s.9952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Adoptive immunotherapies are among the pillars of ongoing biological breakthroughs in neuro-oncology, as their potential applications are tremendously wide. The present literature review comprehensively classified adoptive immunotherapies in neuro-oncology, provides an update, and overviews the main translational challenges of this approach. Methods: The PubMed/MEDLINE platform, Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) database, and ClinicalTrials.gov website were the sources. The MeSH terms “Immunotherapy, Adoptive,” “Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy,” “Tissue Engineering,” and “Cell Engineering” were combined with “Central Nervous System,” and “Brain.” “Brain tumors” and “adoptive immunotherapy” were used for a further unrestricted search. Only articles published in the last 5 years were selected and further sorted based on the best match and relevance. The search terms “Central Nervous System Tumor,” “Malignant Brain Tumor,” “Brain Cancer,” “Brain Neoplasms,” and “Brain Tumor” were used on the ClinicalTrials.gov website. Results: A total of 79 relevant articles and 16 trials were selected. T therapies include chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy and T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic therapy. Natural killer (NK) cell-based therapies are another approach; combinations are also possible. Trials in phase 1 and 2 comprised 69% and 31% of the studies, respectively, 8 of which were concluded. CAR T cell therapy targeting epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) was demonstrated to reduce the recurrence rate of glioblastoma after standard-of-care treatment. Conclusion: Adoptive immunotherapies can be classified as T, NK, and NKT cell-based. CAR T cell therapy redirected against EGFRvIII has been shown to be the most promising treatment for glioblastoma. Overcoming immune tolerance and immune escape are the main translational challenges in the near future of neuro-oncology. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Alice Giotta Lucifero
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Brambilla
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mariasole Magistrali
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mario Mosconi
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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20
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Zhai L, Bell A, Ladomersky E, Lauing KL, Bollu L, Sosman JA, Zhang B, Wu JD, Miller SD, Meeks JJ, Lukas RV, Wyatt E, Doglio L, Schiltz GE, McCusker RH, Wainwright DA. Immunosuppressive IDO in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Animal Models, and Targeting Strategies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1185. [PMID: 32612606 PMCID: PMC7308527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO; IDO1; INDO) is a rate-limiting enzyme that metabolizes the essential amino acid, tryptophan, into downstream kynurenines. Canonically, the metabolic depletion of tryptophan and/or the accumulation of kynurenine is the mechanism that defines how immunosuppressive IDO inhibits immune cell effector functions and/or facilitates T cell death. Non-canonically, IDO also suppresses immunity through non-enzymic effects. Since IDO targeting compounds predominantly aim to inhibit metabolic activity as evidenced across the numerous clinical trials currently evaluating safety/efficacy in patients with cancer, in addition to the recent disappointment of IDO enzyme inhibitor therapy during the phase III ECHO-301 trial, the issue of IDO non-enzyme effects have come to the forefront of mechanistic and therapeutic consideration(s). Here, we review enzyme-dependent and -independent IDO-mediated immunosuppression as it primarily relates to glioblastoma (GBM); the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Our group's recent discovery that IDO levels increase in the brain parenchyma during advanced age and regardless of whether GBM is present, highlights an immunosuppressive synergy between aging-increased IDO activity in cells of the central nervous system that reside outside of the brain tumor but collaborate with GBM cell IDO activity inside of the tumor. Because of their potential value for the in vivo study of IDO, we also review current transgenic animal modeling systems while highlighting three new constructs recently created by our group. This work converges on the central premise that maximal immunotherapeutic efficacy in subjects with advanced cancer requires both IDO enzyme- and non-enzyme-neutralization, which is not adequately addressed by available IDO-targeting pharmacologic approaches at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - April Bell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kristen L. Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lakshmi Bollu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Sosman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer D. Wu
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joshua J. Meeks
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rimas V. Lukas
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eugene Wyatt
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Transgenic and Targeted Mutagenesis Laboratory, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lynn Doglio
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Transgenic and Targeted Mutagenesis Laboratory, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gary E. Schiltz
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert H. McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Derek A. Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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21
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Miska J, Lee-Chang C, Rashidi A, Muroski ME, Chang AL, Lopez-Rosas A, Zhang P, Panek WK, Cordero A, Han Y, Ahmed AU, Chandel NS, Lesniak MS. HIF-1α Is a Metabolic Switch between Glycolytic-Driven Migration and Oxidative Phosphorylation-Driven Immunosuppression of Tregs in Glioblastoma. Cell Rep 2020; 27:226-237.e4. [PMID: 30943404 PMCID: PMC6461402 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which regulatory T cells (Tregs) migrate to and function within the hypoxic tumor microenvironment are unclear. Our studies indicate that specific ablation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in Tregs results in enhanced CD8+ T cell suppression versus wild-type Tregs under hypoxia, due to increased pyruvate import into the mitochondria. Importantly, HIF-1α-deficient Tregs are minimally affected by the inhibition of lipid oxidation, a fuel that is critical for Treg metabolism in tumors. Under hypoxia, HIF-1α directs glucose away from mitochondria, leaving Tregs dependent on fatty acids for mitochondrial metabolism within the hypoxic tumor. Indeed, inhibition of lipid oxidation enhances the survival of mice with glioma. Interestingly, HIF-1α-deficient-Treg mice exhibit significantly enhanced animal survival in a murine model of glioma, due to their stymied migratory capacity, explaining their reduced abundance in tumor-bearing mice. Thus HIF-1α acts as a metabolic switch for Tregs between glycolytic-driven migration and oxidative phosphorylation-driven immunosuppression. Miska et al. demonstrate that regulatory T cell (Treg)-specific depletion of HIF-1α promotes enhanced immune suppression at the cost of migration under hypoxic conditions. Within the hypoxic brain-tumor environment, Tregs are uniquely able to metabolize extracellular free fatty acids to promote their immunosuppressive functionality, which can be targeted in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Megan E Muroski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alan L Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aurora Lopez-Rosas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wojciech K Panek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alex Cordero
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Atique U Ahmed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2330, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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22
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Wang W, Thomas R, Sizova O, Su DM. Thymic Function Associated With Cancer Development, Relapse, and Antitumor Immunity - A Mini-Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:773. [PMID: 32425946 PMCID: PMC7203483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the central lymphoid organ for T cell development, a cradle of T cells, and for central tolerance establishment, an educator of T cells, maintaining homeostatic cellular immunity. T cell immunity is critical to control cancer occurrence, relapse, and antitumor immunity. Evidence on how aberrant thymic function influences cancer remains largely insufficient, however, there has been recent progress. For example, the involuted thymus results in reduced output of naïve T cells and a restricted T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, inducing immunosenescence and potentially dampening immune surveillance of neoplasia. In addition, the involuted thymus relatively enhances regulatory T (Treg) cell generation. This coupled with age-related accumulation of Treg cells in the periphery, potentially provides a supportive microenvironment for tumors to escape T cell-mediated antitumor responses. Furthermore, acute thymic involution from chemotherapy can create a tumor reservoir, resulting from an inflammatory microenvironment in the thymus, which is suitable for disseminated tumor cells to hide, survive chemotherapy, and become dormant. This may eventually result in cancer metastatic relapse. On the other hand, if thymic involution is wisely taken advantage of, it may be potentially beneficial to antitumor immunity, since the involuted thymus increases output of self-reactive T cells, which may recognize certain tumor-associated self-antigens and enhance antitumor immunity, as demonstrated through depletion of autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene in the thymus. Herein, we briefly review recent research progression regarding how altered thymic function modifies T cell immunity against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikan Wang
- Cell Biology, Immunology, and Microbiology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Rachel Thomas
- Cell Biology, Immunology, and Microbiology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Olga Sizova
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dong-Ming Su
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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23
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Modulation of regulatory T cell function and stability by co-inhibitory receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:680-693. [PMID: 32269380 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells constitute a dynamic population that is essential for controlling immune responses in health and disease. Defects in Treg cell function and decreases in Treg cell numbers have been observed in patients with autoimmunity and the opposite effects on Treg cells occur in cancer settings. Current research on new therapies for these diseases is focused on modulating Treg cell function to increase or decrease suppressive activity in autoimmunity and cancer, respectively. In this regard, several co-inhibitory receptors that are preferentially expressed by Treg cells under homeostatic conditions have recently been shown to control Treg cell function and stability in different disease settings. These receptors could be amenable to therapeutic targeting aimed at modulating Treg cell function and plasticity. This Review summarizes recent data regarding the role of co-inhibitory molecules in the control of Treg cell function and stability, with a focus on their roles and potential therapeutic use in autoimmunity and cancer.
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24
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Daneshvar Kakhaki R, Kouchaki E, Dadgostar E, Behnam M, Tamtaji OR, Nikoueinejad H, Akbari H. The correlation of helios and neuropilin-1 frequencies with parkinson disease severity. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 192:105833. [PMID: 32305590 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parkinson disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disease, has also some immunologic basis in which several regulatory factors, like Helios and Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) may show some roles in its pathogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the circulatory frequency of T regulatory cells (Tregs) expressing Helios and NRP-1 in PD. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this case-control study, 83 patients with PD and 83 healthy controls were enrolled. The diagnosis of PD was accomplished in accordance with clinical diagnostic criteria of the UK Parkinson Disease Society Brain Bank. The modified Hoehn and Yahr (H and Y) were used to measure the severity of PD. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the circulatory frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs expressing and Helios and NRP-1 in all participants. Also, correlation of H and Y with such frequencies was evaluated. RESULTS Our findings showed that frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs expressing NRP-1 (P = 0.04) and Helios (P = 0.01) in patients with PD was significantly higher than those in healthy subjects. The frequency of Tregs expressing Helios and NRP-1 showed a negative correlation with H and Y criteria and disease duration. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the severity of PD is the only effective factor on the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+NRP-1+Tregs (P = 0.012) and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Helios + Tregs (P = 0.038). CONCLUSION Our study showed that the increased frequency of Tregs expressing Helios and NRP-1 is associated with the severity of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Daneshvar Kakhaki
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Kouchaki
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Behnam
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Hassan Nikoueinejad
- Department of Immunology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Baqiyatallah Hospital, Mollasadra Ave., Vanak Sq., P.O. Box: 19395-5487, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Akbari
- Department of Biostatistics and Public Health, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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25
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Pombo Antunes AR, Scheyltjens I, Duerinck J, Neyns B, Movahedi K, Van Ginderachter JA. Understanding the glioblastoma immune microenvironment as basis for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies. eLife 2020; 9:52176. [PMID: 32014107 PMCID: PMC7000215 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy by immune checkpoint blockade has proven its great potential by saving the lives of a proportion of late stage patients with immunogenic tumor types. However, even in these sensitive tumor types, the majority of patients do not sufficiently respond to the therapy. Furthermore, other tumor types, including glioblastoma, remain largely refractory. The glioblastoma immune microenvironment is recognized as highly immunosuppressive, posing a major hurdle for inducing immune-mediated destruction of cancer cells. Scattered information is available about the presence and activity of immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory cell types in glioblastoma tumors, including tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. These cell types are heterogeneous at the level of ontogeny, spatial distribution and functionality within the tumor immune compartment, providing insight in the complex cellular and molecular interplay that determines the immune refractory state in glioblastoma. This knowledge may also yield next generation molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Pombo Antunes
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Scheyltjens
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology, UZ Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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26
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27
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Adhikaree J, Moreno-Vicente J, Kaur AP, Jackson AM, Patel PM. Resistance Mechanisms and Barriers to Successful Immunotherapy for Treating Glioblastoma. Cells 2020; 9:E263. [PMID: 31973059 PMCID: PMC7072315 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is inevitably refractory to surgery and chemoradiation. The hope for immunotherapy has yet to be realised in the treatment of GBM. Immune checkpoint blockade antibodies, particularly those targeting the Programme death 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) pathway, have improved the prognosis in a range of cancers. However, its use in combination with chemoradiation or as monotherapy has proved unsuccessful in treating GBM. This review focuses on our current knowledge of barriers to immunotherapy success in treating GBM, such as diminished pre-existing anti-tumour immunity represented by low levels of PD-L1 expression, low tumour mutational burden and a severely exhausted T-cell tumour infiltrate. Likewise, systemic T-cell immunosuppression is seen driven by tumoural factors and corticosteroid use. Furthermore, unique anatomical differences with primary intracranial tumours such as the blood-brain barrier, the type of antigen-presenting cells and lymphatic drainage contribute to differences in treatment success compared to extracranial tumours. There are, however, shared characteristics with those known in other tumours such as the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. We conclude with a summary of ongoing and future immune combination strategies in GBM, which are representative of the next wave in immuno-oncology therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Adhikaree
- Host-Tumour Interactions Group, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (A.P.K.); (A.M.J.); (P.M.P.)
| | - Julia Moreno-Vicente
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hants SO16 6YD, UK;
| | - Aanchal Preet Kaur
- Host-Tumour Interactions Group, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (A.P.K.); (A.M.J.); (P.M.P.)
| | - Andrew Mark Jackson
- Host-Tumour Interactions Group, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (A.P.K.); (A.M.J.); (P.M.P.)
| | - Poulam M. Patel
- Host-Tumour Interactions Group, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (A.P.K.); (A.M.J.); (P.M.P.)
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28
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Majd N, Dasgupta P, de Groot J. Immunotherapy for Neuro-Oncology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1244:183-203. [PMID: 32301015 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41008-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the landscape of treatment of many solid and hematological malignancies and is at the forefront of cancer breakthroughs. Several circumstances unique to the central nervous system (CNS) such as limited space for an inflammatory response, difficulties with repeated sampling, corticosteroid use for management of cerebral edema, and immunosuppressive mechanisms within the tumor and brain parenchyma have posed challenges in clinical development of immunotherapy for intracranial tumors. Nonetheless, the success of immunotherapy in brain metastases (BMs) from solid cancers such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) proves that the CNS is not an immune-privileged organ and is capable of initiating and regulating immune responses that lead to tumor control. However, the development of immunotherapeutics for the most malignant primary brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), has been challenging due to systemic and profound tumor-mediated immunosuppression unique to GBM, intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity, low mutation burden, and lack of stably expressed clonal antigens. Here, we review recent advances in the field of immunotherapy for neuro-oncology with a focus on BM and GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Majd
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pushan Dasgupta
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - John de Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Luzzi S, Crovace AM, Del Maestro M, Giotta Lucifero A, Elbabaa SK, Cinque B, Palumbo P, Lombardi F, Cimini A, Cifone MG, Crovace A, Galzio R. The cell-based approach in neurosurgery: ongoing trends and future perspectives. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02818. [PMID: 31844735 PMCID: PMC6889232 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examination of the current trends and future perspectives of the cell-based therapies in neurosurgery. METHODS A PubMed/MEDLINE-based systematic review has been performed combining the main Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) regarding the cell- and tissue-based therapies with the "Brain", "Spinal Cord", "Spine" and "Skull" MeSH terms. Only articles in English published in the last 10 years and pertinent to neurosurgery have been selected. RESULTS A total of 1,173 relevant articles have been chosen. Somatic cells and gene-modification technologies have undergone the greatest development. Immunotherapies and gene therapies have been tested for the cure of glioblastoma, stem cells mainly for brain and spinal cord traumatic injuries. Stem cells have also found a rationale in the treatment of the cranial and spinal bony defects, and of the intervertebral disc degeneration, as well.Most of the completed or ongoing trials concerning the cell-based therapies in neurosurgery are on phase 2. Future perspectives involve the need to overcome issues related to immunogenicity, oncogenicity and routes for administration. Refinement and improvement of vector design and delivery are required within the gene therapies. CONCLUSION The last decade has been characterised by a progressive evolution of neurosurgery from a purely mechanical phase to a new biological one. This trend has followed the rapid and parallel development of translational medicine and nanotechnologies.The introduction of new technologies, the optimisation of the already existing ones, and the reduction of costs are among the main challenges of the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale C. Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Crovace
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza G. Cesare, 11 – Policlinico di Bari, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Mattia Del Maestro
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale C. Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- PhD School in Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alice Giotta Lucifero
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Samer K. Elbabaa
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, 1222 S. Orange Avenue, 2nd Floor, MP 154, Orlando, FL, 32806, USA
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, via Coppito, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Antonio Crovace
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza G. Cesare, 11 – Policlinico di Bari, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Renato Galzio
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale C. Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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Lv Y, Zhang S, Liu Z, Tian Y, Liang N, Zhang J. Prognostic value of preoperative neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is superior to systemic immune inflammation index for survival in patients with Glioblastoma. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2019; 181:24-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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31
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Gan Y, Zhou X, Niu X, Li J, Wang T, Zhang H, Yang Y, Liu Y, Mao Q. Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio Is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Elderly Patients with High-Grade Gliomas. World Neurosurg 2019; 127:e261-e267. [PMID: 30898756 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was performed to investigate the prognostic role of the preoperative neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in elderly patients with high-grade glioma. METHODS We collected the data from elderly patients (age ≥65 years) who had been diagnosed with high-grade glioma in our hospital from December 2014 to January 2018. The preoperative NLR was evaluated in univariate and multivariate models to examine their effect on overall survival (OS). RESULTS The study included 135 elderly patients (World Health Organization grade III, n = 22; grade IV, n = 113) with a mean age 70.61 ± 4.60 years. The mean NLR was 3.98 ± 3.28. The optimal NLR cutoff for predicting OS was 3. Of the 135 patients, 65 (48.1%) had a baseline NLR of ≥3 and 70 (51.9%) a baseline NLR <3. For patients with an NLR of ≥3 and NLR <3, the mean OS was 9.6 months and 17.1 months, respectively. The results showed that age, gender, tumor location, preoperative Karnofsky performance scale score, extent of resection (EOR), and postoperative adjuvant therapy were not associated with the NLR. The tumor grade, neutrophil count, and lymphocyte count were significantly associated with the NLR (P < 0.001). On univariate analysis, tumor grade, preoperative Karnofsky performance scale score ≥80, EOR, frontal tumor, adjuvant radiotherapy plus temozolomide, NLR of ≥3, and lymphocyte count of ≥1.6 × 109/L were significantly associated with OS. On multivariate analysis, tumor grade, EOR, adjuvant radiotherapy plus temozolomide, NLR of ≥3, and lymphocyte count of ≥1.6 × 109/L were still associated with OS after excluded related parameters. CONCLUSIONS A high NLR was an unfavorable predictor of prognosis for elderly patients with high-grade glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Gan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingwang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodong Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaoming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haodongfang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Rajani KR, Carlstrom LP, Parney IF, Johnson AJ, Warrington AE, Burns TC. Harnessing Radiation Biology to Augment Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2019; 8:656. [PMID: 30854331 PMCID: PMC6395389 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common adult primary brain tumor and carries a dismal prognosis. Radiation is a standard first-line therapy, typically deployed following maximal safe surgical debulking, when possible, in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. For other systemic cancers, standard of care is being transformed by immunotherapies, including checkpoint-blocking antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, with potential for long-term remission. Ongoing studies are evaluating the role of immunotherapies for GBM. Despite dramatic responses in some cases, randomized trials to date have not met primary outcomes. Challenges have been attributed in part to the immunologically "cold" nature of glioblastoma relative to other malignancies successfully treated with immunotherapy. Radiation may serve as a mechanism to improve tumor immunogenicity. In this review, we critically evaluate current evidence regarding radiation as a synergistic facilitator of immunotherapies through modulation of both the innate and adaptive immune milieu. Although current preclinical data encourage efforts to harness synergistic biology between radiation and immunotherapy, several practical and scientific challenges remain. Moreover, insights from radiation biology may unveil additional novel opportunities to help mobilize immunity against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma R. Rajani
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lucas P. Carlstrom
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ian F. Parney
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aaron J. Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Terry C. Burns
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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33
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Rezalotfi A, Ahmadian E, Aazami H, Solgi G, Ebrahimi M. Gastric Cancer Stem Cells Effect on Th17/Treg Balance; A Bench to Beside Perspective. Front Oncol 2019; 9:226. [PMID: 31024835 PMCID: PMC6464032 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs), a small population among tumor cells, are responsible for tumor initiation, development, metastasis, and recurrence. They play a crucial role in immune evasion, immunomodulation, and impairment of effector immunity and believed to be emerged to change the balance of the immune system, importantly CD4+ T cells in the chronic inflamed tumor site. However, different subtypes of innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the formation of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment, we would look at T cells in this study. Tumor microenvironment induces differentiation of CD4+ T cells into different subsets of T cells, mainly suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg), and T helper 17 (Th17) cells, although their exact role in tumor immunity is still under debate depending on tumor types and stages. Counterbalance between Th17 and Treg cells in the gastrointestinal system result in the homeostasis and normal function of the immune system, particularly mucosal immunity. Recent data demonstrated a high infiltration of Th17 and Treg cells into the gastric tumor site and proved that tumor microenvironment might disturb the balance between Th17 and Treg. It is possible to assume an association between activation of CSCs which contribute to metastasis in late stages, and the imbalanced Th17/Treg cells observed in advanced gastric cancer patients. This review intends to clarify the importance of gastric tumor microenvironment specifically CSCs in relation to Th17/Tregs balance firstly and to highlight the relevance of imbalanced Th17/Treg subsets in determining the stages and behavior of the tumor secondly. Finally, the present study suggests a clinical approach looking at the plasticity of T cells with a focus on Th17 as a promising dedicated arm in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaleh Rezalotfi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elmira Ahmadian
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Department of Animal Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Aazami
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Ghasem Solgi
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Marzieh Ebrahimi
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34
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Lynes J, Sanchez V, Dominah G, Nwankwo A, Nduom E. Current Options and Future Directions in Immune Therapy for Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:578. [PMID: 30568917 PMCID: PMC6290347 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is in need of innovative treatment approaches. Immune therapy for cancer refers to the use of the body's immune system to target malignant cells in the body. Such immune therapeutics have recently been very successful in treating a diverse group of cancerous lesions. As a result, many new immune therapies have gained Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of cancer, and there has been an explosion in the study of immune therapeutics for cancer treatment over the past few years. However, the immune suppression of glioblastoma and the unique immune microenvironment of the brain make immune therapeutics more challenging to apply to the brain than to other systemic cancers. Here, we discuss the existing barriers to successful immune therapy for glioblastoma and the ongoing development of immune therapeutics. We will discuss the discovery and classification of immune suppressive factors in the glioblastoma microenvironment; the development of vaccine-based therapies; the use of convection-enhanced delivery to introduce tumoricidal viruses into the tumor microenvironment, leading to secondary immune responses; the emerging use of adoptive cell therapy in the treatment of glioblastoma; and future frontiers, such as the use of cerebral microdialysis for immune monitoring and the use of sequencing to develop patient-specific therapeutics. Armed with a better understanding of the challenges inherent in immune therapy for glioblastoma, we may soon see more successes in immune-based clinical trials for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lynes
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States.,MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Victoria Sanchez
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gifty Dominah
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anthony Nwankwo
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Edjah Nduom
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
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35
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Bonin CM, Padovani CTJ, da Costa IP, Ávila LS, Ferreira AMT, Fernandes CES, dos Santos AR, Tozetti IA. Detection of regulatory T cell phenotypic markers and cytokines in patients with human papillomavirus infection. J Med Virol 2018; 91:317-325. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila M. Bonin
- Laboratory of Immunology, Bioassays, and Molecular Biology, Bioscience Institute from Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Cacilda T. J. Padovani
- Laboratory of Immunology, Bioassays, and Molecular Biology, Bioscience Institute from Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Izaías P. da Costa
- Post‐graduate Program of Health and Development of the Center Western Region, Medicine School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Leandro S. Ávila
- Laboratory of Immunology, Bioassays, and Molecular Biology, Bioscience Institute from Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Alda Maria T. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Bioassays, and Molecular Biology, Bioscience Institute from Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Carlos Eurico S. Fernandes
- Laboratory of Immunology, Bioassays, and Molecular Biology, Bioscience Institute from Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Andrielli R. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Bioassays, and Molecular Biology, Bioscience Institute from Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Inês Aparecida Tozetti
- Laboratory of Immunology, Bioassays, and Molecular Biology, Bioscience Institute from Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
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36
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Bouwens van der Vlis TAM, Kros JM, Mustafa DAM, van Wijck RTA, Ackermans L, van Hagen PM, van der Spek PJ. The complement system in glioblastoma multiforme. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:91. [PMID: 30208949 PMCID: PMC6134703 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human complement system is represents the main effector arm of innate immunity and its ambivalent function in cancer has been subject of ongoing dispute. Glioma stem-like cells (GSC) residing in specific niches within glioblastomas (GBM) are capable of self-renewal and tumor proliferation. Recent data are indicative of the influence of the complement system on the maintenance of these cells. It appears that the role of the complement system in glial tumorigenesis, particularly its influence on GSC niches and GSC maintenance, is significant and warrants further exploration for therapeutic interventions.
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37
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Weng W, Chen X, Gong S, Guo L, Zhang X. Preoperative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio correlated with glioma grading and glioblastoma survival. Neurol Res 2018; 40:917-922. [PMID: 30074469 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1497271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiji Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shangrao People’s Hospital, Shangrao, China
| | - Shaohui Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shangrao People’s Hospital, Shangrao, China
| | - Liemei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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38
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Wang PF, Song HW, Cai HQ, Kong LW, Yao K, Jiang T, Li SW, Yan CX. Preoperative inflammation markers and IDH mutation status predict glioblastoma patient survival. Oncotarget 2018; 8:50117-50123. [PMID: 28223536 PMCID: PMC5564834 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that inflammation response biomarkers are prognostic indicators of solid tumor outcomes. Here, we quantify the prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in glioblastomas (GBMs), taking into consideration the role of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status. We examined 141 primary glioblastomas (pGBMs) and 25 secondary glioblastomas (sGBMs). NLRs, PLRs, and LMRs were calculated before surgery. IDH mutations were detected immunohistochemically after tumor resection, and patients' clinical outcomes were analyzed after classification into GBM, pGBM, and IDH-wild type glioblastoma (IDH-wt GBM) groups. To make comparisons, we set cutoffs for NLR, PLR and LMR of 4.0, 175.0, and 3.7, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, both NLR (HR=1.712, 95% CI 1.026-2.858, p=0.040) and PLR (HR=2.051, 95% CI 1.288-3.267, p=0.002) had independent prognostic value. While a low NLR was associated with a better prognosis only in the IDH-wt GBM group, PLR was predictive of patient survival in the GBM, pGBM, and IDH-wt GBM groups. By contrast, LMR exhibited no prognostic value for any of the 3 types of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Hong-Wang Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Hong-Qing Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Ling-Wei Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Chang-Xiang Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
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39
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Zhai L, Ladomersky E, Lenzen A, Nguyen B, Patel R, Lauing KL, Wu M, Wainwright DA. IDO1 in cancer: a Gemini of immune checkpoints. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:447-457. [PMID: 29375124 PMCID: PMC6068130 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a rate-limiting metabolic enzyme that converts the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) into downstream catabolites known as kynurenines. Coincidently, numerous studies have demonstrated that IDO1 is highly expressed in multiple types of human cancer. Preclinical studies have further introduced an interesting paradox: while single-agent treatment with IDO1 enzyme inhibitor has a negligible effect on decreasing the established cancer burden, approaches combining select therapies with IDO1 blockade tend to yield a synergistic benefit against tumor growth and/or animal subject survival. Given the high expression of IDO1 among multiple cancer types along with the lack of monotherapeutic efficacy, these data suggest that there is a more complex mechanism of action than previously appreciated. Similar to the dual faces of the astrological Gemini, we highlight the multiple roles of IDO1 and review its canonical association with IDO1-dependent tryptophan metabolism, as well as documented evidence confirming the dispensability of enzyme activity for its immunosuppressive effects. The gene transcript levels for IDO1 highlight its strong association with T-cell infiltration, but the lack of a universal prognostic significance among all cancer subtypes. Finally, ongoing clinical trials are discussed with consideration of IDO1-targeting strategies that enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Alicia Lenzen
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Brenda Nguyen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Ricky Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Meijing Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
- Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University; Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University, 60611, Chicago, IL, USA.
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40
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DiDomenico J, Lamano JB, Oyon D, Li Y, Veliceasa D, Kaur G, Ampie L, Choy W, Lamano JB, Bloch O. The immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 induces and maintains regulatory T cells in glioblastoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1448329. [PMID: 29900065 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1448329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) promotes immunosuppression through upregulation of PD-L1 and regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion, but the association of these suppressive factors has not been well elucidated. Here, we investigate a role of PD-L1 in expanding Tregs and the value of targeting the PD-1 receptor to inhibit Treg expansion. Quantitative RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas were evaluated for an association between CD274 and FOXP3 transcript expressions and impact of FOXP3 on clinical outcomes. Peripheral leukocytes from patients with newly diagnosed GBM were profiled for PD-L1+ myeloid expressions and Treg abundance. Healthy lymphocytes were assessed for impact of recombinant PD-L1 on expansion of the inducible Treg (iTreg) population. iTreg function was evaluated by the capacity to suppress effector T cell proliferation. Specificity of responses were confirmed by pharmacologic inhibition of the PD-1 receptor. Increased PD-L1 mRNA expression in GBM corresponded to increased FOXP3 mRNA (p = 0.028). FOXP3 elevation had a negative impact on overall survival (HR = 2.0; p < 0.001). Peripheral PD-L1 positivity was associated with an increased Treg fraction (p = 0.008). Lymphocyte activation with PD-L1 co-stimulation resulted in greater iTreg expansion compared to activation alone (18.3% vs. 6.5%; p < 0.001) and improved preservation of the Treg phenotype. Suppressive capacity on naïve T cell proliferation was sustained. Nivolumab inhibited PD-L1-induced Treg expansion (p < 0.001). These results suggest that PD-L1 may expand and maintain immunosuppressive Tregs, which are associated with decreased survival in glioma patients. Blockade of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis may reduce Treg expansion and further improve T cell function beyond the direct impact on effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph DiDomenico
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Jonathan B Lamano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Daniel Oyon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Yuping Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Dorina Veliceasa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Gurvinder Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Leonel Ampie
- Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Winward Choy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jason B Lamano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Orin Bloch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
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41
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Woroniecka KI, Rhodin KE, Chongsathidkiet P, Keith KA, Fecci PE. T-cell Dysfunction in Glioblastoma: Applying a New Framework. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3792-3802. [PMID: 29593027 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A functional, replete T-cell repertoire is an integral component to adequate immune surveillance and to the initiation and maintenance of productive antitumor immune responses. Glioblastoma (GBM), however, is particularly adept at sabotaging antitumor immunity, eliciting severe T-cell dysfunction that is both qualitative and quantitative. Understanding and countering such dysfunction are among the keys to harnessing the otherwise stark potential of anticancer immune-based therapies. Although T-cell dysfunction in GBM has been long described, newer immunologic frameworks now exist for reclassifying T-cell deficits in a manner that better permits their study and reversal. Herein, we divide and discuss the various T-cell deficits elicited by GBM within the context of the five relevant categories: senescence, tolerance, anergy, exhaustion, and ignorance. Categorization is appropriately made according to the molecular bases of dysfunction. Likewise, we review the mechanisms by which GBM elicits each mode of T-cell dysfunction and discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic strategies designed to overcome them. Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3792-802. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina I Woroniecka
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristen E Rhodin
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pakawat Chongsathidkiet
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristin A Keith
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. .,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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42
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Boussiotis VA, Charest A. Immunotherapies for malignant glioma. Oncogene 2018; 37:1121-1141. [PMID: 29242608 PMCID: PMC5828703 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain cancer with a dreadful overall survival and for which treatment options are limited. Recent breakthroughs in novel immune-related treatment strategies for cancer have spurred interests in usurping the power of the patient's immune system to recognize and eliminate GBM. Here, we discuss the unique properties of GBM's tumor microenvironment, the effects of GBM standard on care therapy on tumor-associated immune cells, and review several approaches aimed at therapeutically targeting the immune system for GBM treatment. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of the intricate micro-environmental landscape of GBM will abound into the development of novel immunotherapy strategies for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alain Charest
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Genetics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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43
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunotherapy has emerged as a cornerstone of modern oncology with regulatory approvals for a variety of immunotherapeutics being achieved for a spectrum of cancer indications. Nonetheless the role of these approaches for patients with glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and deadliest primary malignant brain neoplasm, remains unknown. In this review, we summarize the current status of clinical development for the major types of immunotherapeutics, including vaccines, cell-based therapies, and immune checkpoint modulators for GBM. We also highlight potential challenges confronting the development of these agents. RECENT FINDINGS Growing preclinical and clinical data is emerging regarding the potential of immunotherapy strategies for GBM. In parallel, growing data demonstrating that historical dogma classifying the brain as immunoprivileged is inaccurate but that many tumors, including GBM evoke myriad mechanisms to suppress antitumor immune responses. SUMMARY Ongoing initial trials will provide preliminary data on the role of immunotherapy for GBM patients. Subsequent clinical development steps will likely require rationally designed combinatorial regimens.
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44
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Workshop on challenges, insights, and future directions for mouse and humanized models in cancer immunology and immunotherapy: a report from the associated programs of the 2016 annual meeting for the Society for Immunotherapy of cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:77. [PMID: 28923102 PMCID: PMC5604351 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how murine models can elucidate the mechanisms underlying antitumor immune responses and advance immune-based drug development is essential to advancing the field of cancer immunotherapy. The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) convened a workshop titled, “Challenges, Insights, and Future Directions for Mouse and Humanized Models in Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy” as part of the SITC 31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs on November 10, 2016 in National Harbor, MD. The workshop focused on key issues in optimizing models for cancer immunotherapy research, with discussions on the strengths and weaknesses of current models, approaches to improve the predictive value of mouse models, and advances in cancer modeling that are anticipated in the near future. This full-day program provided an introduction to the most common immunocompetent and humanized models used in cancer immunology and immunotherapy research, and addressed the use of models to evaluate immune-targeting therapies. Here, we summarize the workshop presentations and subsequent panel discussion.
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45
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Lucca LE, Hafler DA. Co-inhibitory blockade while preserving tolerance: checkpoint inhibitors for glioblastoma. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:9-25. [PMID: 28258696 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of immunotherapy with checkpoint receptor blockade has changed the treatment of advanced cancers, at times inducing prolonged remission. Nevertheless, the success rate of the approach is variable across patients and different tumor types, and treatment is often accompanied by severe immune-related side effects, suggesting the importance of co-inhibitory pathway for both prevention of autoimmunity and failure of tumor rejection. A better understanding of how to uncouple anti-tumor activity from loss of self-tolerance is necessary to increase the therapeutic efficacy of checkpoint immunotherapy. In this review, we describe basic concepts of T-cell exhaustion that occur in cancer, highlighting the role of co-inhibitory receptors in contributing to this process while preventing immunopathology. By providing an overview of the current therapeutic success and immune-related burden of secondary effects of checkpoint immunotherapy, we illustrate the "double-edged sword" related to interference with immune-regulatory pathways. Finally, since achieving tumor rejection while preserving self-tolerance is particularly important for the central nervous system, we analyze the case for checkpoint immunotherapy in glioblastoma, the most common adult brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana E Lucca
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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46
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Wang S, Li Y, Zhu F, Lin F, Luo X, Zhao B, Zhang P, Li D, Gao Y, Liang R, Liu L, Tsun A, Yuan X, Wu K, Li B. DNMT1 cooperates with MBD4 to inhibit the expression of Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein in human T cells. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1929-1939. [PMID: 28542810 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) is constitutively expressed in T regulatory (Treg) cells and regulates their suppressive function. We identified two methylated CpG islands in the Gitr locus. Using a ChIP assay, we demonstrate that both DNMT1 and methyl-CpG-binding domain Protein 4 (MBD4) bind to the Gitr promoter. Moreover, knockdown of DNMT1 decreases the binding activity of MBD4. We observed much higher levels of both DNMT1 and MBD4 in human CD4+ CD25- conventional T (Tconv) cells. Moreover, co-overexpression of DNMT1 and MBD4 in Treg cells significantly inhibits GITR expression and impairs their suppressive activity. Our results reveal a novel molecular mechanism by which MBD4 inhibits GITR expression in a DNMT1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiwei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, China.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangming Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, China.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Lin
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuerui Luo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yayi Gao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Liang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyan Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Andy Tsun
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaojun Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, China
| | - Kejin Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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47
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Immune microenvironment of gliomas. J Transl Med 2017; 97:498-518. [PMID: 28287634 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas are rapidly progressing tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) with a very poor prognosis despite extensive resection combined with radiation and/or chemotherapy. Histopathological and flow cytometry analyses of human and rodent experimental gliomas revealed heterogeneity of a tumor and its niche, composed of reactive astrocytes, endothelial cells, and numerous immune cells. Infiltrating immune cells consist of CNS resident (microglia) and peripheral macrophages, granulocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and T lymphocytes. Intratumoral density of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) and MDSCs is the highest in malignant gliomas and inversely correlates with patient survival. Although GAMs have a few innate immune functions intact, their ability to be stimulated via TLRs, secrete cytokines, and upregulate co-stimulatory molecules is not sufficient to initiate antitumor immune responses. Moreover, tumor-reprogrammed GAMs release immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines shaping antitumor responses. Both GAMs and MDSCs have ability to attract T regulatory lymphocytes to the tumor, but MDSCs inhibit cytotoxic responses mediated by natural killer cells, and block the activation of tumor-reactive CD4+ T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. The presence of regulatory T cells may further contribute to the lack of effective immune activation against malignant gliomas. We review the immunological aspects of glioma microenvironment, in particular composition and various roles of the immune cells infiltrating malignant human gliomas and experimental rodent gliomas. We describe tumor-derived signals and mechanisms driving myeloid cell accumulation and reprogramming. Although, understanding the complexity of cell-cell interactions in glioma microenvironment is far from being achieved, recent studies demonstrated several glioma-derived factors that trigger migration, accumulation, and reprogramming of immune cells. Identification of these factors may facilitate development of immunotherapy for gliomas as immunomodulatory and immune evasion mechanisms employed by malignant gliomas pose an appalling challenge to brain tumor immunotherapy.
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48
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Mangani D, Weller M, Roth P. The network of immunosuppressive pathways in glioblastoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 130:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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49
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Downs-Canner S, Berkey S, Delgoffe GM, Edwards RP, Curiel T, Odunsi K, Bartlett DL, Obermajer N. Suppressive IL-17A +Foxp3 + and ex-Th17 IL-17A negFoxp3 + T reg cells are a source of tumour-associated T reg cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14649. [PMID: 28290453 PMCID: PMC5355894 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells are integral in maintaining immune homeostasis and Th17–Treg imbalance is associated with inflammatory immunosuppression in cancer. Here we show that Th17 cells are a source of tumour-induced Foxp3+ cells. In addition to natural (n)Treg and induced (i)Treg cells that develop from naive precursors, suppressive IL-17A+Foxp3+ and ex-Th17 Foxp3+ cells are converted from IL-17A+Foxp3neg cells in tumour-bearing mice. Metabolic phenotyping of Foxp3-expressing IL-17A+, ex-Th17 and iTreg cells demonstrates the dissociation between the metabolic fitness and the suppressive function of Foxp3-expressing Treg cell subsets. Although all Foxp3-expressing subsets are immunosuppressive, glycolysis is a prominent metabolic pathway exerted only by IL-17A+Foxp3+ cells. Transcriptome analysis and flow cytometry of IL-17A+Foxp3+ cells indicate that Folr4, GARP, Itgb8, Pglyrp1, Il1rl1, Itgae, TIGIT and ICOS are Th17-to-Treg cell transdifferentiation-associated markers. Tumour-associated Th17-to-Treg cell conversion identified here provides insights for targeting the dynamism of Th17–Treg cells in cancer immunotherapy. Th17 cells can transdifferentiate into regulatory T (Treg) cells. Here the authors characterize tumour-driven Th17-to-Treg cell transdifferentiation and identify potential cancer therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Downs-Canner
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sara Berkey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Tumour Microenvironment Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5115 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Magee-Womens Research Institute Ovarian Cancer Center of Excellence, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Robert P Edwards
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Magee-Womens Research Institute Ovarian Cancer Center of Excellence, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Peritoneal/Ovarian Cancer Specialty Care Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Tyler Curiel
- UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Nataša Obermajer
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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50
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Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of early myeloid progenitors and precursors at different stages of differentiation into granulocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Blockade of their differentiation into mature myeloid cells in cancer results in an expansion of this population. High-grade gliomas are the most common malignant tumours of the central nervous system (CNS), with a poor prognosis despite intensive radiation and chemotherapy. Histopathological and flow cytometry analyses of human and rodent experimental gliomas revealed the extensive heterogeneity of immune cells infiltrating gliomas and their microenvironment. Immune cell infiltrates consist of: resident (microglia) and peripheral macrophages, granulocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and T lymphocytes. Intratumoural density of glioma-associated MDSCs correlates positively with the histological grade of gliomas and patient’s survival. MDSCs have the ability to attract T regulatory lymphocytes to the tumour, but block the activation of tumour-reactive CD4+ T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Immunomodulatory mechanisms employed by malignant gliomas pose an appalling challenge to brain tumour immunotherapy. In this mini-review we describe phenotypic and functional characteristics of MDSCs in humans and rodents, and their occurrence and potential roles in glioma progression. While understanding the complexity of immune cell interactions in the glioma microenvironment is far from being accomplished, there is significant progress that may lead to the development of immunotherapy for gliomas.
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