1
|
Ortega LA, Aragon-Carvajal DM, Cortes-Corso KT, Forero-Castillo F. Early developmental risks for tobacco addiction: A probabilistic epigenesis framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105499. [PMID: 38056543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in elucidating the relationships between early life psychobiological and environmental risk factors and the development of tobacco addiction. However, a comprehensive understanding of the heterogeneity in tobacco addiction phenotypes requires integrating research findings. The probabilistic epigenesis meta-theory offers a valuable framework for this integration, considering systemic, multilevel, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives. In this paper, we critically review relevant research on early developmental risks associated with tobacco addiction and highlight the integrative heuristic value of the probabilistic epigenesis framework for this research. For this, we propose a four-level systems approach as an initial step towards integration, analyzing complex interactions among different levels of influence. Additionally, we explore a coaction approach to examine key interactions between early risk factors. Moreover, we introduce developmental pathways to understand interindividual differences in tobacco addiction risk during development. This integrative approach holds promise for advancing our understanding of tobacco addiction etiology and informing potentially effective intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Ortega
- Facultad de Psicologia, Fundacion Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Colombia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goldberg LR, Gould TJ. Genetic influences impacting nicotine use and abuse during adolescence: Insights from human and rodent studies. Brain Res Bull 2022; 187:24-38. [PMID: 35738503 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine use continues to be a major public health concern, with an alarming recent rise in electronic cigarette consumption. Heritability estimates of nicotine use and abuse range from 40% to 80%, providing strong evidence that genetic factors impact nicotine addiction-relevant phenotypes. Although nicotine use during adolescence is a key factor in the development of addiction, it remains unclear how genetic factors impact adolescent nicotine use and abuse. This review will discuss studies investigating genetic factors impacting nicotine use during adolescence. Evidence from both rodent and human studies will be summarized and integrated when possible. Human adolescent studies have largely included candidate gene studies for genes identified in adult populations, such as genes involved in nicotine metabolism, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling, dopaminergic signaling, and other neurotransmitter signaling systems. Alternatively, rodent studies have largely taken a discovery-based approach identifying strain differences in adolescent nicotine addiction-relevant behaviors. Here, we aim to answer the following three questions by integrating human and rodent findings: (1) Are there genetic variants that uniquely impact nicotine use during adolescence? (2) Are there genetic variants that impact both adolescent and adult nicotine use? and (3) Do genetic factors in adolescence significantly impact long-term consequences of adolescent nicotine use? Determining answers for these three questions will be critical for the development of preventative measures and treatments for adolescent nicotine use and addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Goldberg
- Department of Biobehavioral Heatlh, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Heatlh, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Olfson E, Bloom J, Bertelsen S, Budde JP, Breslau N, Brooks A, Culverhouse R, Chan G, Chen LS, Chorlian D, Dick DM, Edenberg HJ, Hartz S, Hatsukami D, Hesselbrock VM, Johnson EO, Kramer JR, Kuperman S, Meyers JL, Nurnberger J, Porjesz B, Saccone NL, Schuckit MA, Stitzel J, Tischfield JA, Rice JP, Goate A, Bierut LJ. CYP2A6 metabolism in the development of smoking behaviors in young adults. Addict Biol 2018; 23:437-447. [PMID: 28032407 PMCID: PMC5491369 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) encodes the enzyme responsible for the majority of nicotine metabolism. Previous studies support that slow metabolizers smoke fewer cigarettes once nicotine dependent but provide conflicting results on the role of CYP2A6 in the development of dependence. By focusing on the critical period of young adulthood, this study examines the relationship of CYP2A6 variation and smoking milestones. A total of 1209 European American young adults enrolled in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism were genotyped for CYP2A6 variants to calculate a previously well-validated metric that estimates nicotine metabolism. This metric was not associated with the transition from never smoking to smoking initiation nor with the transition from initiation to daily smoking (P > 0.4). But among young adults who had become daily smokers (n = 506), decreased metabolism was associated with increased risk of nicotine dependence (P = 0.03) (defined as Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score ≥4). This finding was replicated in the Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence with 335 young adult daily smokers (P = 0.02). Secondary meta-analysis indicated that slow metabolizers had a 53 percent increased odds (OR = 1.53, 95 percent CI 1.11-2.11, P = 0.009) of developing nicotine dependence compared with normal metabolizers. Furthermore, secondary analyses examining four-level response of time to first cigarette after waking (>60, 31-60, 6-30, ≤5 minutes) demonstrated a robust effect of the metabolism metric in Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (P = 0.03) and Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence (P = 0.004), illustrating the important role of this measure of dependence. These findings highlight the complex role of CYP2A6 variation across different developmental stages of smoking behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Olfson
- Child Study Center and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph Bloom
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John P Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Naomi Breslau
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Brooks
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Robert Culverhouse
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Grace Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Li-Shiun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Chorlian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah Hartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Victor M Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Eric O Johnson
- Behavioral Health Epidemiology Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John R Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - John Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Nancy L Saccone
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marc A Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego Medical School, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jerry Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jay A Tischfield
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baurley JW, Edlund CK, Pardamean CI, Conti DV, Krasnow R, Javitz HS, Hops H, Swan GE, Benowitz NL, Bergen AW. Genome-Wide Association of the Laboratory-Based Nicotine Metabolite Ratio in Three Ancestries. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1837-1844. [PMID: 27113016 PMCID: PMC4978985 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Metabolic enzyme variation and other patient and environmental characteristics influence smoking behaviors, treatment success, and risk of related disease. Population-specific variation in metabolic genes contributes to challenges in developing and optimizing pharmacogenetic interventions. We applied a custom genome-wide genotyping array for addiction research (Smokescreen), to three laboratory-based studies of nicotine metabolism with oral or venous administration of labeled nicotine and cotinine, to model nicotine metabolism in multiple populations. The trans-3′-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratio, the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), was the nicotine metabolism measure analyzed. Methods: Three hundred twelve individuals of self-identified European, African, and Asian American ancestry were genotyped and included in ancestry-specific genome-wide association scans (GWAS) and a meta-GWAS analysis of the NMR. We modeled natural-log transformed NMR with covariates: principal components of genetic ancestry, age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status. Results: African and Asian American NMRs were statistically significantly (P values ≤ 5E-5) lower than European American NMRs. Meta-GWAS analysis identified 36 genome-wide significant variants over a 43 kilobase pair region at CYP2A6 with minimum P = 2.46E-18 at rs12459249, proximal to CYP2A6. Additional minima were located in intron 4 (rs56113850, P = 6.61E-18) and in the CYP2A6-CYP2A7 intergenic region (rs34226463, P = 1.45E-12). Most (34/36) genome-wide significant variants suggested reduced CYP2A6 activity; functional mechanisms were identified and tested in knowledge-bases. Conditional analysis resulted in intergenic variants of possible interest (P values < 5E-5). Conclusions: This meta-GWAS of the NMR identifies CYP2A6 variants, replicates the top-ranked single nucleotide polymorphism from a recent Finnish meta-GWAS of the NMR, identifies functional mechanisms, and provides pan-continental population biomarkers for nicotine metabolism. Implications: This multiple ancestry meta-GWAS of the laboratory study-based NMR provides novel evidence and replication for genome-wide association of CYP2A6 single nucleotide and insertion–deletion polymorphisms. We identify three regions of genome-wide significance: proximal, intronic, and distal to CYP2A6. We replicate the top-ranking single nucleotide polymorphism from a recent GWAS of the NMR in Finnish smokers, identify a functional mechanism for this intronic variant from in silico analyses of RNA-seq data that is consistent with CYP2A6 expression measured in postmortem lung and liver, and provide additional support for the intergenic region between CYP2A6 and CYP2A7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gary E Swan
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine , San Francisco , CA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Variation in CYP2A6 and tobacco dependence throughout adolescence and in young adult smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 158:139-46. [PMID: 26644138 PMCID: PMC4698159 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is influenced by genetic factors including variation in CYP2A6 and CYP2B6, which encode nicotine-metabolizing enzymes. In early adolescence, CYP2A6 slow nicotine metabolism was associated with higher dependence acquisition, but reduced cigarette consumption. Here we extend this work by examining associations of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 with tobacco dependence acquisition in a larger sample of smokers followed throughout adolescence. METHODS White participants from the Nicotine Dependence in Teens cohort that had ever inhaled (n=421) were followed frequently from age 12-18 years. Cox's proportional hazards models compared the risk of ICD-10 tobacco dependence acquisition (score 3+) for CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 metabolism groups. Early smoking experiences, as well as amount smoked at end of follow-up, was also computed. At age 24 (N=162), we assessed concordance between self-reported cigarette consumption and salivary cotinine. RESULTS In those who initiated inhalation during follow-up, CYP2A6 slow (vs. normal) metabolizers were at greater risk of dependence (hazards ratio (HR)=2.3; 95% CI=1.1, 4.8); CYP2B6 slow (vs. normal) metabolizers had non-significantly greater risk (HR=1.5; 95% CI=0.8, 2.6). Variation in CYP2A6 or CYP2B6 was not significantly associated with early smoking symptoms or cigarette consumption at end of follow-up. At age 24, neither gene was significantly associated with dependence status. Self-reported consumption was associated with salivary cotinine, a biomarker of tobacco exposure, acquired at age 24 (B=0.37; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings extend previous work indicating that slow nicotine metabolism mediated by CYP2A6, and perhaps CYP2B6, increases risk for tobacco dependence throughout adolescence.
Collapse
|
7
|
Cannon DS, Mermelstein RJ, Medina TR, Pugach O, Hedeker D, Weiss RB. CYP2A6 Effects on Subjective Reactions to Initial Smoking Attempt. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:637-41. [PMID: 26541911 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In very novice smokers, CYP2A6 genotypes that reduce nicotine metabolism to an intermediate rate may increase smoking risk, relative to both normal and slow rates. The present study examined the hypothesis that intermediate metabolism variants are associated with greater pleasurable effects of the initial smoking attempt than either normal or slow metabolism variants. METHODS Participants were novice smokers (N = 261, 65% female) of European descent. Predicted nicotine metabolic rate based on CYP2A6 diplotypes (CYP2A6 Diplotype Predicted Rate [CDPR]) was partitioned into Normal, Intermediate, and Slow categories using a metabolism metric. Subjective reactions to the initial smoking attempt were assessed by the Pleasurable Smoking Experiences (PSE) scale, which was collected within 3 years of the initial smoking attempt. The effect of CDPR on PSE was tested using a generalized linear model in which CDPR was dummy coded and Intermediate CDPR was the reference condition. Gender was included in the model as a control for higher PSE scores by males. RESULTS Lower PSE scores were associated with Normal CDPR, β = -0.34, P = .008, and Slow CDPR, β = -0.52, P = .001, relative to Intermediate CDPR. CONCLUSIONS Intermediate CDPR-enhanced pleasurable effects of the initial smoking attempt relative to other CYP2A6 variants. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the risk effect of Intermediate CDPR on early smoking is a function of optimal pleasurable effects. IMPLICATIONS This study supports our recent hypothesis that CYP2A6 diplotypes that encode intermediate nicotine metabolism rate are associated with enhanced pleasurable events following the initial smoking attempt, compared with diplotypes that encode either normal or slow metabolism. This hypothesis was offered to account for our unexpected previous finding of enhanced smoking risk in very novice smokers associated with intermediate metabolism rate. Our new finding encourages further investigation of time-dependent relations between CYP2A6 effects and smoking motives, and it encourages laboratory study of the mechanisms underlying the initial smoking enhancement in novice smokers associated with intermediate metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale S Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT;
| | - Robin J Mermelstein
- Institute for Health Research and Policy and Psychology Department, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Tait R Medina
- Institute for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert B Weiss
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| |
Collapse
|