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Alharbi R, Shahi S, Cruz S, Li L, Sen S, Pedram M, Romano C, Hester J, Katsaggelos AK, Alshurafa N. SmokeMon: Unobtrusive Extraction of Smoking Topography Using Wearable Energy-Efficient Thermal. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACM ON INTERACTIVE, MOBILE, WEARABLE AND UBIQUITOUS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 6:155. [PMID: 38031552 PMCID: PMC10686292 DOI: 10.1145/3569460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Cigarette smoke includes thousands of chemicals that are harmful and cause tobacco-related diseases. To date, the causality between human exposure to specific compounds and the harmful effects is unknown. A first step in closing the gap in knowledge has been measuring smoking topography, or how the smoker smokes the cigarette (puffs, puff volume, and duration). However, current gold-standard approaches to smoking topography involve expensive, bulky, and obtrusive sensor devices, creating unnatural smoking behavior and preventing their potential for real-time interventions in the wild. Although motion-based wearable sensors and their corresponding machine-learned models have shown promise in unobtrusively tracking smoking gestures, they are notorious for confounding smoking with other similar hand-to-mouth gestures such as eating and drinking. In this paper, we present SmokeMon, a chest-worn thermal-sensing wearable system that can capture spatial, temporal, and thermal information around the wearer and cigarette all day to unobtrusively and passively detect smoking events. We also developed a deep learning-based framework to extract puffs and smoking topography. We evaluate SmokeMon in both controlled and free-living experiments with a total of 19 participants, more than 110 hours of data, and 115 smoking sessions achieving an F1-score of 0.9 for puff detection in the laboratory and 0.8 in the wild. By providing SmokeMon as an open platform, we provide measurement of smoking topography in free-living settings to enable testing of smoking topography in the real world, with potential to facilitate timely smoking cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sougata Sen
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani, Goa, India
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Diaz D, Luo X, Hatsukami DK, Donny EC, O'Connor RJ. Cigarette filter ventilation, smoking topography, and subjective effects: A mediational analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 241:109683. [PMID: 36379192 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filter ventilation in cigarettes has been associated with alterations in smoking topography in order to compensate for the lower nicotine yields. Subjective effects of cigarettes include sensations, which can be affected by how a person smokes a cigarette. We look at smoking topography as a mediator in the relationship between filter ventilation levels and subjective effects. METHODS Smoking topography and subjective effects data come from the baseline usual cigarette brand laboratory visits of participants (N = 607) in a randomized clinical trial on reduced nicotine cigarettes. Conditional process analysis was done using PROCESS macro version 3.5 in SPSS. RESULTS There was a positive indirect effect of ventilation on satisfaction through total puff volume (0.004, 95% CI: 0.002, 0.007]) as well as ventilation on satisfaction through puff count then total puff volume, sequentially (0.001, 95% CI: [0.000, 0.003]). There was a positive indirect effect of ventilation on enjoyment through puff count for individuals less than 43 years of age (0.01, 95% CI: [0.002, 0.013]). There was a positive indirect effect of ventilation on enjoyment through total puff volume for individuals who smoke less than 14.33 cigarettes per day (0.009, 95% CI: [0.004, 0.015]). CONCLUSIONS We found preliminary evidence that topography measures (puff count and total puff volume), mediate the relationship between filter ventilation and specific subjective effects of smoking (satisfaction and enjoyment). Age and cigarettes smoked per day moderated these relationships. These results could have implications regarding filter ventilation restrictions and smokers' perceptions of using such cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destiny Diaz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Eric C Donny
- Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. richard.o'
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Floyd E, Oni T, Cai C, Rehman B, Hwang J, Watson T. Validation of a High Flow Rate Puff Topography System Designed for Measurement of Sub-Ohm, Third Generation Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137989. [PMID: 35805644 PMCID: PMC9265855 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There are few known puff topography devices designed solely for gathering electronic cigarette puff topography information, and none made for high-powered sub-ohm devices. Ten replicate Bernoulli flow cells were designed and 3D printed. The relationship between square root of pressure difference and flow rate was determined across 0−70 L/min. One representative flow cell was used to estimate puff volume and flow rate under six simulated puffing regimes (0.710 L, 2.000 L and 3.000 L, at low and high flow rates) to determine the system’s accuracy and utility of using dual pressure sensors for flow measurement. The relationship between flow rate and square root of pressure differential for the ten replicate cells was best fit with a quadratic model (R2 = 0.9991, p < 0.0001). The higher-pressure sensor was accurate at both low and high flow rates for 0.71 L (102% and 111% respectively), 2.00 L (96% and 103% respectively), and 3.00 L (100.1% and 107% respectively) but the lower-pressure sensor provided no utility, underpredicting volume and flow. This puff topography system generates very little resistance to flow, easily fits between user’s atomizer and mouthpiece, and is calibrated to measure flows up to 70 L/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Floyd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (T.O.); (C.C.); (J.H.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Toluwanimi Oni
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (T.O.); (C.C.); (J.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Changjie Cai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (T.O.); (C.C.); (J.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Bilal Rehman
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Jooyeon Hwang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (T.O.); (C.C.); (J.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Tyler Watson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (T.O.); (C.C.); (J.H.); (T.W.)
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Romero DR, Pulvers K, Carter E, Barber C, Satybaldiyeva N, Novotny TE, Oren E. Naturalistic Topography Assessment in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Smoking Unfiltered Cigarettes: Challenges, Opportunities, and Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11857. [PMID: 34831613 PMCID: PMC8622580 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smoking topography (ST) is a set of measures profiling the behavioral characteristics of smoking in various settings. The CReSS portable device can measure ST in the natural environment. No standard protocol exists for measuring ST longitudinally with the CReSS. This study examined the utilization of the CReSS to measure ST and highlights challenges and opportunities in a naturalistic setting. This study is part of a randomized cross-over clinical trial of smoking filtered or unfiltered cigarettes. Participants (n = 43) smoked in each study condition for two weeks using the CReSS device for five days in their naturalistic smoking setting. The devices were calibrated and cleaned during the washout period, and data were downloaded every visit. Five test puffs were administered to calibrate each device. Moderate compliance rates (74.1%) were found with device usage, and the issues encountered were overheating/clogging, incorrectly registered date/time-stamped data, and device repair/replacement. Routine inspection/cleaning and training in device usage were instrumental in mitigating device malfunctioning. The CReSS device proved to be a feasible tool to examine naturalistic smoking topography and the potential impact of changes in tobacco product design on smoking unfiltered cigarettes. This is the first study to examine ST variables longitudinally, measured at multiple time points, and using unfiltered cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devan R. Romero
- Department of Kinesiology and Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA; (K.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Kim Pulvers
- Department of Kinesiology and Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA; (K.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Erika Carter
- Department of Kinesiology and Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA; (K.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Casey Barber
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA;
| | - Nora Satybaldiyeva
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 91282, USA; (N.S.); (T.E.N.); (E.O.)
| | - Thomas E. Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 91282, USA; (N.S.); (T.E.N.); (E.O.)
| | - Eyal Oren
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 91282, USA; (N.S.); (T.E.N.); (E.O.)
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Kimber CF, Soar K, Dawkins LE. Changes in puffing topography and subjective effects over a 2-week period in e-cigarette naïve smokers: Effects of device type and nicotine concentrations. Addict Behav 2021; 118:106909. [PMID: 33756301 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to document changes in puffing topography and, the effects of device type and nicotine concentration on puffing topography, subjective effects and smoking behaviour over two weeks of e-cigarette (EC) use. METHODS EC naïve smokers (N = 50; 64% female) were randomly allocated to a cigalike (18 mg/mL) or tank containing either 18 (Tank18) or 6 mg/mL nicotine concentrations (Tank6). In 3 separate sessions (Baseline, 1 and 2 weeks post-baseline), participants vaped 20 min ad-libitum. Puff duration, puff number, inter-puff intervals (IPI), exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), cigarettes per day (CPD), cigarette dependence, craving, withdrawal, and subjective effects were recorded. RESULTS Two weeks post-baseline, puff duration and IPI significantly increased whilst puff number decreased. Cigalikes were associated with greater puff number and shorter IPI compared to Tanks; there was no difference between Tank18 and Tank6. CPD, CO and cigarette dependence reduced significantly from baseline to week1 but did not differ between conditions. During each session, there was a significant reduction in craving, whilst withdrawal symptoms were only alleviated in week1 and 2; there was no difference between conditions. Tank18 consistently rated highest on positive effects including satisfaction; satisfaction scores for Cigalikes and Tank6 declined overtime. CONCLUSIONS Cigalikes and tanks were both effective for reducing craving, withdrawal symptoms and CPD although for the former, this may only be achieved through more frequent puffing. That the Tank18 yielded greater satisfaction suggests tank devices and higher nicotine concentrations may be more suitable in the early stage of a smoking cessation attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Kimber
- London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom.
| | - K Soar
- London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - L E Dawkins
- London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom
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Mercincavage M, Karelitz JL, Kreider CL, Souprountchouk V, Albelda B, Strasser AA. Comparing video observation to electronic topography device as a method for measuring cigarette puffing behavior. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 221:108623. [PMID: 33618196 PMCID: PMC8026715 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking topography, or puffing behavior, is an important measure of how consumers may use tobacco products. However, numerous issues may prevent collection of this data via in-person, electronic topography device (e.g., CReSS). This study compared cigarette topography measures collected by video observation and electronic device. METHODS Laboratory smoking sessions were video recorded and scored for 96 cigarettes collected from 34 daily, adult non-treatment-seeking smokers (73.5 % male, 82.4 % White). Participants smoked three of their preferred brand cigarettes using an electronic topography device, providing carbon monoxide (CO) samples before and after each cigarette. Analyses compared measures from both assessment methods and examined associations with device-obtained total puff volume and CO boost. RESULTS Agreement analyses indicated robust similarity between methods for measures of puff count and total interpuff interval (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient [ICC]'s > 0.96,p's < 0.001; Bland-Altman [B-A] plotted differences within a priori limit of clinical significance) but diverged on total duration (ICC's > .93, p's < .001, yet B-A plots outside a priori limits). Regardless of assessment method, total duration and puff count (but not total interpuff interval) predicted total puff volume (p's < .001). None predicted CO boost (p's = .07-.90)." CONCLUSIONS Although some topography outcomes (e.g., total puff volume) cannot be assessed via video observation, video-observed measures of puff count, total duration, and total interpuff interval are generally interchangeable with their topography device-obtained counterparts. Thus, video observation is likely a sufficient substitute method for assessing cigarette topography when using an electronic device is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Mercincavage
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Pennsylvania-Rutgers University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Joshua L. Karelitz
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Publich Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Catherine L. Kreider
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Valentina Souprountchouk
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Benjamin Albelda
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrew A. Strasser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,University of Pennsylvania-Rutgers University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Philadelphia, PA
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Robinson RJ, Jayasekera S, DiFrancesco G, Hensel EC. Characterization and Validation of the Second-generation wPUM Topography Monitors. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:390-396. [PMID: 32804236 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the natural use behavior of new and emerging tobacco products due to the limited availability of reliable puff topography monitors suitable for ambulatory deployment. An understanding of use behavior is needed to assess the health impact of emerging tobacco products and inform realistic standardized topography profiles for emissions studies. The purpose of this study is to validate four monitors: the wPUM cigalike, vapepen, hookah, and cigarette monitors. AIMS AND METHODS Each wPUM monitor was characterized and validated for range, accuracy, and resolution for puff flow rate, duration, volume, and interpuff gap in a controlled laboratory environment. Monitor repeatability was assessed for each wPUM monitor using four separate week-long natural environment monitoring studies including cigalike, vapepen, hookah, and cigarette users. RESULTS The valid flow rate range was 10 to 100 mL/s for cigalike and cigarette monitors, 10 to 95 mL/s for vapepen monitors, and 50 to 400 mL/s hookah monitors. Flow rate accuracy was within ±2 mL/s for cigalike, vapepen, and cigarette monitors and ±6 mL/s for the hookah monitor. Durations and interpuff gaps as small as 0.2 s were measured to within ±0.07 s. Monitor calibrations changed by 4.7% (vapepen), 1.5% (cigarette), 0.5% (cigalike), and 0.1% (hookah) after 1 week of natural environment use. CONCLUSIONS The wPUM topography monitors were demonstrated to be reliable when deployed in the natural environment for a range of emerging tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS The current study addresses the lack of available techniques to reliably monitor topography in the natural environment, across multiple emerging tobacco products. Natural environment topography data will inform standardized puffing protocols for premarket tobacco product applications. The ability to quantify topography over extended periods of time will lead to a better understanding of use behavior and better-informed regulations to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa J Robinson
- Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shehan Jayasekera
- Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gary DiFrancesco
- Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward C Hensel
- Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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Gunawan T, Juliano LM. Differences in Smoking Topography and Subjective Responses to Smoking Among African American and White Menthol and Non-Menthol Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:1718-1725. [PMID: 32391555 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that menthol increases exposure to harmful elements of smoking and makes smoking more rewarding, easier to initiate, and harder to quit. Isolating the direct effects of menthol is challenging as African American (AA) race and menthol preference are highly overlapping. This study evaluated smoking behavior and subjective responses among a balanced sample of AA and white menthol and non-menthol smokers. In addition, smoking topography (ST) was compared to naturalistic smoking (NS) and interactions with menthol and race were explored. AIMS AND METHODS Smokers (N = 100) smoked and rated their preferred brand of cigarettes via ST or NS during two laboratory visits (counterbalanced). RESULTS Controlling for baseline differences among the groups (eg, nicotine dependence), menthol smokers took shorter and smaller puffs and AA smokers took longer puffs, but there were no differences in total puff volume, carbon monoxide, or other ST parameters. Menthol smokers reported greater urge reduction and lower sensory stimulation. The smoking method (ST vs. NS) had no effects on smoking behavior or exposure. Cigarettes smoked via ST were rated stronger. Differences in satisfaction based on the smoking method interacted with race and menthol status. Ratings of aversion differed by race and menthol status. CONCLUSIONS Menthol was not associated with increased smoke exposure or reward (except for urge reduction). ST caused minimal experimental reactivity relative to NS. Additional research that isolates the effects of menthol and examines potential interactive effects with race and other variables is needed to better understand its role in smoking-related health disparities. IMPLICATIONS Menthol and non-menthol smokers differed on some demographic variables and menthol preference was associated with greater nicotine dependence and greater urge reduction after smoking. Menthol was not associated with greater smoke exposure. Future research that investigates the unique risks associated with menthol and examines potential interactive effects with race and other related variables is warranted to better understand the role of menthol in smoking-related health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Gunawan
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC
| | - Laura M Juliano
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL. A Procedure to Standardize Puff Topography During Evaluations of Acute Tobacco or Electronic Cigarette Exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:689-698. [PMID: 30590778 PMCID: PMC7171283 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Documenting factors that influence differential sensitivity to acutely inhaled nicotine products requires carefully controlling the amount of exposure (dose), and thus a procedure by which to control such exposure. METHODS We evaluated consistency of puff volume from intermittent acute exposures to smoked tobacco cigarettes (study 1, n = 45, plus a comparison study of uninstructed use with n = 59) and to vaped electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes; study 2, n = 27 naive to e-cigarettes) in adult-dependent smokers. All in primary studies 1 and 2 participated in research administering different nicotine levels in each product under blind conditions, one per session using within-subject designs. In both studies, participants followed an automated instructional procedure on a computer monitor standardizing the timing and amount of exposure to each product during a given trial, with four trials per session, each separated by 20 minutes. Puff volume per trial via Clinical Research Support System (CReSS) was the primary dependent measure to determine consistency across trials via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS Control over topography with both inhaled products was demonstrated by highly significant ICCs for puff volume across trials. Instructed control with own brand was generally better in study 1 than with uninstructed smoking in the comparison sample, as expected. As intended, reliability of puff volume generally did not differ by menthol preference or sex in either study, but ICCs in study 2 tended to be lower for some men using the placebo e-cigarette. CONCLUSIONS This instructional procedure may substantially improve control over amounts of acute exposure to tobacco or e-cigarette use. IMPLICATIONS Control over topography in studies of acute exposure to these inhaled products can potentially aid validity of research into differential sensitivity to use, so findings can be attributed to factors of interest and not to variable exposure. Our procedure minimized variability in exposure to the same product and between moderate nicotine products, but remaining differences suggest that compensation for very low or no nicotine commercial products may be difficult to totally eliminate with these instructions alone. Further study is needed to determine this procedure's utility with other inhaled products among experienced users and when comparing different products in between-groups analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joshua L Karelitz
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Mikheev VB, Buehler SS, Brinkman MC, Granville CA, Lane TE, Ivanov A, Cross KM, Clark PI. The Application of Commercially Available Mobile Cigarette Topography Devices for E-cigarette Vaping Behavior Measurements. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:681-688. [PMID: 30215774 PMCID: PMC7171281 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ability to reliably measure real-world vaping behavior is critical to understand exposures to potential toxins. Commercially available mobile topography devices were originally designed to measure cigarette puffing behavior. Information regarding how applicable these devices are to the measurement of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vaping topography is needed. METHODS Clinical Research Support System (CReSS; Pocket) and Smoking Puff Analyzer Mobile (SPA-M) topography devices were tested against the calibrated laboratory-based smoking puff analyzer duplicator (SPA-D) device combined with an analytical smoking machine that generates programmable puffs with high precision. Puff topography of e-cigarettes was measured over a range of puff volumes (10-130 mL) at 2 and 5 s puff durations (using bell- and square-shaped puffs). "Real-world" topography data collected from 10 participants during 1 week of at-home vaping were also analyzed. Recording anomalies and limitations of the devices, such as accuracy of detection of the puff end, flow rate dropouts, unreported puffs, and abandoned vaping sessions for the CReSS, and multi-peak puffs for the SPA-M were defined. RESULTS The accuracy of puff volumes and durations was determined for both devices. The error for SPA-M was generally within ±10%, whereas that for the CReSS varied more widely. The CReSS consistently underestimated puff duration at higher flow rates. CONCLUSIONS CReSS and SPA-M topography devices can be used for real-world e-cigarette topography measurements, but researchers have to be aware of the limitations. Both devices can provide accurate measurements only under certain puff parameter ranges. The SPA-M provided more accurate measurements under a wider range of puffing parameters than the CReSS. Summary data reported by both devices require thorough analysis of the raw data to avoid misleading data interpretation. IMPLICATIONS Results of this study provide researchers with valuable information about the capability of commercially available cigarette topography devices to measure real-world vaping behaviors. The differing measurement ranges of the two devices and puff recording limitations and anomalies should be taken into account during analysis and interpretation of real-world data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Timothy E Lane
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Columbus, OH
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Columbus, OH
| | - Kandice M Cross
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Columbus, OH
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Effect of e-cigarette flavors on nicotine delivery and puffing topography: results from a randomized clinical trial of daily smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:491-502. [PMID: 31773209 PMCID: PMC7691130 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is limited understanding regarding how various e-cigarette flavorings may influence the behavior of non-regular e-cigarette users who are regular cigarette smokers. OBJECTIVES To assess differences in nicotine delivery, puffing topography, subjective effects, and user satisfaction from different flavored e-liquids. METHODS Eighteen daily smokers (average age, 44.1 ± 7.0; 9 males; average CPD, 13.0 ± 5.8) smoked their tobacco cigarettes during an initial visit and returned five times to try an e-cigarette (eGo type) refilled with a nicotine solution (24 mg/ml) of five different flavors: cherry, tobacco, espresso, menthol, and vanilla (randomized order). Assessments at each visit included puffing topography, blood samples for nicotine analysis, and subjective reports of nicotine effects and flavor satisfaction. RESULTS Vaping different flavors resulted in different levels of plasma nicotine. The flavor producing the highest plasma nicotine concentration (Cmax) was cherry (median 21.2 ng/ml), which was not significantly different than nicotine delivery from a combustible cigarette (29.2 ng/ml, p > .05). Vanilla e-liquid produced the lowest Cmax (9.7 ng/ml), and participants tended to puff less frequently on vanilla compared to tobacco flavor (p = .013). Flavors did not differ significantly in the speed of nicotine delivery (Tmax). During controlled use, puff duration for all flavors was significantly longer than a combustible cigarette (p < 0.05). After controlling for nicotine delivery, significant differences in flavor enjoyment were detected. Menthol flavored e-liquid was rated as more enjoyable than vanilla and tobacco flavored e-liquids (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Flavors tested in this study yielded different patterns of nicotine delivery and led to differences in reduction in smoking urges. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: #NCT02575885.
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St Helen G, Shahid M, Chu S, Benowitz NL. Impact of e-liquid flavors on e-cigarette vaping behavior. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 189:42-48. [PMID: 29879680 PMCID: PMC6211798 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this pilot study was to describe the impact of e-cigarette liquid flavors on experienced e-cigarette users' vaping behavior. METHODS 11 males and 3 females participated in a 3-day inpatient crossover study using e-cigarettes with strawberry, tobacco, and their usual brand e-liquid. Nicotine levels were nominally 18 mg/mL in the strawberry and tobacco e-liquids and ranged between 3-18 mg/mL in the usual brands. On each day, participants had access to the study e-cigarette (KangerTech mini ProTank 3, 1.5 Ohms, 3.7 V) and the assigned e-liquid during a 90-minute videotaped ad libitum session. RESULTS Average puff duration was significantly longer when using the strawberry e-liquid (3.2 ± 1.3 s, mean ± SD) compared to the tobacco e-liquid (2.8 ± 1.1 s) but the average number of puffs was not significantly different (strawberry, 73 ± 35; tobacco, 69 ± 46). Compared to the strawberry- and tobacco-flavored e-liquids, average puff duration was significantly longer (4.3 ± 1.6 s) and the average number of puffs was significantly higher (106 ± 67 puffs) when participants used their usual brand of e-liquid. Participants generally puffed more frequently in small groups of puffs (1-5 puffs) with the strawberry compared to the tobacco e-liquid and more frequently in larger groups (>10 puffs) with their usual brand. The strength of the relationship between vaping topography and nicotine intake and exposure were not consistent across e-liquids. CONCLUSION Vaping behavior changes across e-liquids and influences nicotine intake. Research is needed to understand the mechanisms that underlie these behavioral changes, including e-liquid pH and related sensory effects, subjective liking, and nicotine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon St Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; UCSF Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), United States.
| | - Marian Shahid
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sherman Chu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; UCSF Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), United States; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Development, validation and application of a device to measure e-cigarette users' puffing topography. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35071. [PMID: 27721496 PMCID: PMC5056340 DOI: 10.1038/srep35071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapidly rising popularity and substantial evolution of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the past 5-6 years, how these devices are used by vapers and consumers' exposure to aerosol emissions need to be understood. We used puffing topography to measure directly product use. We adapted a cigarette puffing topography device for use with e-cigarettes. We performed validation using air and e-cigarette aerosol under multiple regimes. Consumer puffing topography was measured for 60 vapers provided with rechargeable "cig-a-like" or larger button-activated e-cigarettes, to use ad-libitum in two sessions. Under all regimes, air puff volumes were within 1 mL of the target and aerosol volumes within 5 mL for all device types, serving to validate the device. Vapers' mean puff durations (2.0 s and 2.2 s) were similar with both types of e-cigarette, but mean puff volumes (52.2 mL and 83.0 mL) and mean inter-puff intervals (23.2 s and 29.3 s) differed significantly. The differing data show that product characteristics influence puffing topography and, therefore, the results obtained from a given e-cigarette might not read across to other products. Understanding the factors that affect puffing topography will be important for standardising testing protocols for e-cigarette emissions.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize vaping behavior and nicotine intake during ad libitum e-cigarette access. METHODS Thirteen adult e-cigarette users had 90 minutes of videotaped ad libitum access to their usual e-cigarette. Plasma nicotine was measured before and every 15 minutes after the first puff; subjective effects were measured before and after the session. RESULTS Average puff duration and interpuff interval were 3.5±1.4 seconds (±SD) and 118±141 seconds, respectively. 12% of puffs were unclustered puffs while 43%, 28%, and 17% were clustered in groups of 2-5, 6-10, and >10 puffs, respectively. On average, 4.0±3.3 mg of nicotine was inhaled; the maximum plasma nicotine concentration (Cmax) was 12.8±8.5 ng/mL. Among the 8 tank users, number of puffs was positively correlated with amount of nicotine inhaled, Cmax, and area under the plasma nicotine concentration-time curve (AUC0→90min) while interpuff interval was negatively correlated with Cmax and AUC0→90. CONCLUSION Vaping patterns differ from cigarette smoking. Plasma nicotine levels were consistent with intermittent dosing of nicotine from e-cigarettes compared to the more bolus dosing from cigarettes. Differences in delivery patterns and peak levels of nicotine achieved could influence the addictiveness of e-cigarettes compared to conventional cigarettes.
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