1
|
Steeger CM, Harlow AF, Barrington-Trimis JL, Simon P, Hill KG, Leventhal AM. Longitudinal associations between flavored tobacco use and tobacco product cessation in a national sample of adults. Prev Med 2022; 161:107143. [PMID: 35803351 PMCID: PMC9994601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Use of flavored tobacco has been associated with lower likelihood of short-term abstinence from tobacco. It is unknown whether longer-term associations exist, particularly for a variety of products and specific flavor categories. This study used adult survey data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study (2013-2018). We tested associations of past 30-day tobacco product use at wave 2 using both a 2-category any flavor versus unflavored variable and 4-category specific flavor (menthol/mint, sweet, and both menthol/mint and sweet) versus unflavored variable with past 12-month cessation from the same product two years later at wave 4. Separate models were run for each product (combustible cigarettes, cigars, hookah, e-cigarettes, and smokeless), adjusting for wave 1 sociodemographic characteristics. For all five products, past 30-day use of any flavored (versus unflavored) product at wave 2 was associated with reduced likelihood of same-product cessation at wave 4. Most specific flavor categories were associated with reduced odds of same-product cessation across all products. Any flavor use was also associated with reduced likelihood of longer-term cessation (i.e., past 24-months at both waves 3 and 4) and cessation from all five tobacco products in several analyses. Exploratory moderation results indicated that the association between e-cigarette flavor use and lower likelihood of cessation was stronger for young adults (18-24) versus older adults (25+). Current use of flavored tobacco products is associated with lower likelihood of product cessation. Flavored tobacco products warrant consideration in regulatory policy to reduce the adverse public health impact of tobacco use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Steeger
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 1440 15(th) St., Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Alyssa F Harlow
- School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSC 271, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
| | - Jessica L Barrington-Trimis
- School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSC 271, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
| | - Patricia Simon
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Karl G Hill
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 1440 15(th) St., Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSC 271, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vedoy TF, Lund KE. The greater use of flavoured snus among ever-smokers versus never-smokers in Norway. Harm Reduct J 2020; 17:76. [PMID: 33066793 PMCID: PMC7568365 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-020-00419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Similar to the debate around e-cigarettes, an increase in snus use among Norwegian adolescents has prompted debate on whether flavour options in snus should be limited. To this end, we compared use of flavoured snus among snus users with different smoking status. Methods Questions about flavoured snus use were included in an online omnibus study conducted from 2015 to 2019 (N = 65,445) that included 16,295 ever snus users (aged 15+). Current snus users (N = 9783) were asked “Do you usually use snus that has a flavouring (liquorice, mint, wintergreen, etc.)? Adjusted predicted probabilities and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated from a logistic regression model. Results Less than 25% of the snus users reported never having smoked. The overall probability of using flavoured snus was .45 (95% CI .44–.46), highest among daily (.51, 95% CI .47–.54) and former daily smokers (.50, 95% CI .48–.52), and lowest among never (.41, 95% CI .39–.43) and occasional smokers without any prior history of daily smoking (.41, 95% CI .38–.44). Use of flavoured products was higher among female snus users (p = .67, 95% CI .65–.69) compared to males (p = .35, 95% CI .34–.36), highest among the youngest age group, 15–24 years (p = .58, 95% CI .56–.60) and decreased with increasing age. Conclusion Regulation that would ban or limit flavoured snus use may affect smokers—an at risk population—more than never smokers. The health authorities should be mindful of the real-world complexity governing potential harms and benefits of flavour restrictions on snus. A further assessment of flavour limitations should acknowledge that flavoured snus products also function as alternatives to cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tord Finne Vedoy
- Department Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Erik Lund
- Department Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, 0213, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Groom AL, Vu THT, Kesh A, Hart JL, Walker KL, Giachello AL, Sears CG, Tompkins LK, Mattingly DT, Landry RL, Robertson RM, Payne TJ. Correlates of youth vaping flavor preferences. Prev Med Rep 2020; 18:101094. [PMID: 32373447 PMCID: PMC7191037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Among youth who use electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), e-cigarettes are often the first tobacco product tried. Flavor is a common reason for experimentation with e-cigarettes. This study assessed flavor preferences and the choice of ENDS as an initial product among youth by selected demographic characteristics. The analysis sample included 1549 participants who had ever tried ENDS, drawn from a national online survey of youth aged 13-18 in 2017. Fruit was the most common favorite flavor among ENDS users, followed by menthol/mint/wintergreen. Preference for flavor varied by age, sex and racial/ethnic background. ENDS were the tobacco products most likely to be tried first, particularly among participants under age 17. Those who preferred fruit flavor were twice as likely to have tried ENDS first, compared to those with other flavor preferences, while those who preferred menthol/mint/wintergreen flavor were half as likely to have tried ENDS first. Our findings support an association between flavor and ENDS use. Our research supports previous findings indicating that: 1) flavor is one of the primary reasons for experimentation with ENDS among youth; 2) fruit flavor is strongly associated with use of ENDS as the first tobacco product; and 3) preference of fruit flavor varies by age, sex and racial/ethnic background. These findings have relevance for developing targeted messages for specific youth audiences and implications for tobacco regulatory policies. In addition to January 2020 federal regulations, the authors recommend tighter restrictions, specifically that the marketing and sale of all e-cigarette flavors other than tobacco be eliminated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Groom
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Thanh-Huyen T. Vu
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, 680 N Lake Shore Dr, Ste 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anshula Kesh
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Joy L. Hart
- University of Louisville, Department of Communication, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Kandi L. Walker
- University of Louisville, Department of Communication, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Aida L. Giachello
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, 680 N Lake Shore Dr, Ste 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Clara G. Sears
- University of Louisville, Department of Communication, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Lindsay K. Tompkins
- University of Louisville, Department of Communication, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Delvon T. Mattingly
- University of Louisville, Department of Communication, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Robyn L. Landry
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Rose Marie Robertson
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Thomas J. Payne
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roulet S, Chrea C, Kanitscheider C, Kallischnigg G, Magnani P, Weitkunat R. Potential predictors of adoption of the Tobacco Heating System by U.S. adult smokers: An actual use study. F1000Res 2019; 8:214. [PMID: 31559015 PMCID: PMC6743249 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17606.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This was a pre-market, observational, actual use study with the Tobacco Heating System (THS), a candidate modified risk tobacco product. The main goal of the study was to describe THS adoption within current adult daily smokers by replicating the usage of THS in real-world conditions with participants being able to consume cigarettes, THS, and any other nicotine-containing products (e.g., e-cigarettes, cigars, etc.) ad libitum. Methods: This study assessed self-reported stick-by-stick consumption of THS compared with the use of commercial cigarettes over six weeks. The aim of the analysis was to identify potential predictors for adoption of THS using stepwise logistic regression analysis. Results: By the end of the observational period (in Week 6), 14.6% of participants (n=965) had adopted THS meaning that THS formed 70% or more of their total tobacco consumption. The main predictors of adoption were the liking of the smell, taste, aftertaste, and ease of use of THS. The proportion of adoption was higher in participants aged 44 years and older and in Hispanic or Latino adult smokers. Additionally, adoption of THS was more likely in participants who had never attempted to quit smoking and in participants who smoked up to 10 cigarettes per day. Finally, the adoption of THS was higher in participants who consumed both regular and menthol THS compared with those who consumed only one THS variant. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the introduction of THS in the U.S. has the potential to result in adoption by current adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke cigarettes, and that the adoption of THS is unlikely to result in an increase of tobacco consumption. Post-marketing studies will provide further insights on THS adoption and THS use patterns to allow assessment of the impact of the THS at the individual and the overall population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Roulet
- Science and Innovation, Philip Morris International Management S.A., Lausanne, 1007, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Chrea
- Science and Innovation, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, 2000, Switzerland
| | | | - Gerd Kallischnigg
- ARGUS Statistics and Information Systems in Environment and Public Health GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierpaolo Magnani
- Science and Innovation, Philip Morris International Management S.A., Lausanne, 1007, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- Science and Innovation, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, 2000, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roulet S, Chrea C, Kanitscheider C, Kallischnigg G, Magnani P, Weitkunat R. Potential predictors of adoption of the Tobacco Heating System by U.S. adult smokers: An actual use study. F1000Res 2019; 8:214. [PMID: 31559015 PMCID: PMC6743249 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17606.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This was a pre-market actual use study with the Tobacco Heating System (THS), a candidate modified risk tobacco product, conducted with adult smokers in eight cities in the United States. The main goal of the study was to describe THS adoption in a real-world setting. The aim of this analysis was to identify potential predictors for adoption of THS using stepwise logistic regression method. Methods: This actual use study was an observational study assessing self-reported stick-by-stick consumption of the THS product compared with the use of commercial cigarettes over six weeks. The study aimed at replicating the usage of THS in real-world conditions with participants being able to consume cigarettes, THS, and any other nicotine-containing products (e.g., e-cigarettes, cigars, etc.) ad libitum. Results: 14.6% of participants adopted THS, which comprised 70% or more of their total tobacco consumption by the end of the observational period (in Week 6). The main predictors of adoption were the liking of the smell, taste, aftertaste, and ease of use of THS. The proportion of adoption was higher in participants aged 44 years and older and in Hispanic or Latino adult smokers. Additionally, adoption of THS was more likely in participants who had never attempted to quit smoking and in participants who smoked up to 10 cigarettes per day. Finally, the adoption of THS was higher in participants who consumed both regular and menthol THS compared with those who consumed only one THS variant. Conclusions: The main predictors of THS adoption were positive sensory assessment and the ease of use. Socio-demographic characteristics and smoking habits appeared much less important. Post-marketing studies will provide further insights on the impact of the THS at the individual and the overall population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Roulet
- Science and Innovation, Philip Morris International Management S.A., Lausanne, 1007, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Chrea
- Science and Innovation, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, 2000, Switzerland
| | | | - Gerd Kallischnigg
- ARGUS Statistics and Information Systems in Environment and Public Health GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierpaolo Magnani
- Science and Innovation, Philip Morris International Management S.A., Lausanne, 1007, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- Science and Innovation, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, 2000, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Henningfield JE, Higgins ST, Villanti AC. Are we guilty of errors of omission on the potential role of electronic nicotine delivery systems as less harmful substitutes for combusted tobacco use? Prev Med 2018; 117:83-87. [PMID: 30261245 PMCID: PMC6396307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two of the more controversial tobacco control and regulatory strategies in recent years are the nicotine reduction and tobacco harm reduction (THR) strategies. They have become inextricably intertwined as a successful nicotine reduction policy might only be possible in an environment in which alternative, noncombusted forms of nicotine like electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are available to address the needs of those who were unable or unwilling to completely give up nicotine. Unfortunately, ENDS have emerged as particularly controversial, in part, because they are the first product to carry reduced risk potential while being broadly appealing to cigarette smokers across demographic groups and subpopulations, and to a much smaller extent nonsmokers including, and most controversial, adolescents. In an effort to better understand some of the reasons that make this a controversial topic, we review some of the relevant history and discuss a broader dilemma that faces practitioners and policy developers of medical and public health interventions, namely, weighing the potential consequences of errors of commission versus omission. Commission errors involve a salient, direct link between an action and associated adverse or unintended consequences while omission errors are typically less salient with a more indirect link between inaction and associated adverse consequences. Decision-making research demonstrates that humans have a bias towards avoidance of commission errors and insensitivity to omission errors. This bias may be contributing to some of the aforementioned difficulties in finding common ground regarding the potential contribution of ENDS to reducing the harm of combusted tobacco use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack E Henningfield
- Pinney Associates, and The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schneller LM, Lindgren BR, Shields PG, Hatsukami DK, O'Connor RJ. Strong preference for mint snus flavor among research participants. Addict Behav Rep 2018; 6:51-55. [PMID: 29450236 PMCID: PMC5800582 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 allows the US FDA to regulate tobacco products, including the banning of characterizing flavors, such as fruit and candy, cigarettes. The availability of mint flavored snus may facilitate the use of the product if consumers find it more palatable with respect to taste, odor, pleasantness, and intensity. Methods This study assessed product evaluation (PES), odor identification, odor intensity, and odor hedonics among 151 smokers enrolled in a clinical trial of snus substitution for cigarettes. Results Far more participants selected Winterchill (N = 110) than Robust (N = 41), regardless of their menthol cigarette smoking status. Nicotine dependence was higher among those who selected Winterchill (4 vs 3 on Fagerstrom scale, p = 0.017). Those who found Winterchill to be more satisfying, less aversive, and having a more intense, more pleasant odor than Robust were substantially more likely to select Winterchill for their one week trial. Conclusions Findings indicate that subjective effect measures such as the PES and DEQ are capable of differentiating products in terms of flavor preference, and that smokers express a strong preference for mint flavored snus. Subjective effect measures such as the PES and DEQ are capable of differentiating products in terms of flavor preference Odor intensity and pleasantness were positively associated with product selection Smokers express a strong preference for mint flavored snus
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liane M Schneller
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Health Behavior, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Bruce R Lindgren
- University of Minnesota, Tobacco Research Programs, 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States
| | - Peter G Shields
- Ohio State University, College of Medicine, 460 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, United States
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- University of Minnesota, Tobacco Research Programs, 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Health Behavior, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hendlin YH, Veffer JR, Lewis MJ, Ling PM. Beyond the brotherhood: Skoal Bandits' role in the evolution of marketing moist smokeless tobacco pouches. Tob Induc Dis 2017; 15:46. [PMID: 29270101 PMCID: PMC5735793 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-017-0150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2006, "snus" smokeless tobacco has been sold in the U.S.. However, U.S. Smokeless Tobacco (USST) and Swedish Match developed and marketed pouched moist snuff tobacco (MST) since 1973. Methods Analysis of previously secret tobacco documents, advertisements and trade press. Results USST partnered with Swedish Match, forming United Scandia International to develop pouch products as part of the "Lotus Project." Pouched MST was not commonly used, either in Sweden or the U.S. prior to the Lotus Project's innovation in 1973. The project aimed to transform smokeless tobacco from being perceived as an "unsightly habit of old men" into a relevant, socially acceptable urban activity, targeting 15-35 year-old men. While USST's initial pouched product "Good Luck," never gained mainstream traction, Skoal Bandits captured significant market share after its 1983 introduction. Internal market research found that smokers generally used Skoal Bandits in smokefree environments, yet continued to smoke cigarettes in other contexts. Over time, pouch products increasingly featured increased flavor, size, nicotine strength and user imagery variation. Conclusions Marlboro and Camel Snus advertising mirrors historical advertising for Skoal Bandits, designed to recruit new users and smokers subjected to smokefree places. Despite serious efforts, pouched MST marketing has been unable to dispel its association with traditional smokeless tobacco stereotypes as macho and rural. Public education efforts to discourage new users and dual use of MST and cigarettes should emphasize that "new" pouch products are simply repackaging "old" smokeless tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogi H Hendlin
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jessica R Veffer
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - M Jane Lewis
- Rutgers School of Public Health, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Box 1390, 530 Parnassus Avenue, Suite 366, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stein JS, Wilson AG, Koffarnus MN, Judd MC, Bickel WK. Naturalistic assessment of demand for cigarettes, snus, and nicotine gum. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:245-254. [PMID: 27730273 PMCID: PMC5321131 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Behavioral economic measures of demand provide estimates of tobacco product abuse liability and may predict effects of policy-related price regulation on consumption of existing and emerging tobacco products. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we examined demand for snus, a smokeless tobacco product, in comparison to both cigarettes and medicinal nicotine. We used both a naturalistic method in which participants purchased these products for use outside the laboratory, as well as laboratory-based self-administration procedures. METHODS Cigarette smokers (N = 42) used an experimental income to purchase their usual brand of cigarettes and either snus or gum (only one product available per session) across a range of prices, while receiving all products they purchased from one randomly selected price. In a separate portion of the study, participants self-administered these products during laboratory-based, progressive ratio sessions. RESULT Demand elasticity (sensitivity of purchasing to price) was significantly greater for snus than cigarettes. Elasticity for gum was intermediate between snus and cigarettes but was not significantly different than either. Demand intensity (purchasing unconstrained by price) was significantly lower for gum compared to cigarettes, with no significant difference observed between snus and cigarettes. Results of the laboratory-based, progressive ratio sessions were generally discordant with measures of demand elasticity, with significantly higher "breakpoints" for cigarettes compared to gum and no significant differences between other study products. Moreover, breakpoints and product purchasing were generally uncorrelated across tasks. CONCLUSIONS Under naturalistic conditions, snus appears more sensitive to price manipulation than either cigarettes or nicotine gum in existing smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Stein
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - A George Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mikhail N Koffarnus
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Michael C Judd
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|