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Gatzke-Kopp LM, Riis JL, Ahmadi H, Piccerillo HL, Granger DA, Blair CB, Thomas EA. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure is associated with increased levels of metals in children's saliva. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:903-910. [PMID: 37147431 PMCID: PMC10733142 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been associated with detectable levels of cotinine (a nicotine metabolite) in children's saliva. However, tobacco smoke also contains toxic and essential trace metals, including chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). OBJECTIVE The current study examines whether there is a relationship between ETS exposure, as gauged by salivary cotinine, and salivary levels of these metals in a subset (n = 238) of children from the Family Life Project. METHODS Using inductively-coupled-plasma optical emission spectrophotometry, we measured levels of metals in saliva from children at ~90 months of age. Salivary cotinine was measured using a commercial immunoassay. RESULTS We found that Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn were detected in most samples (85-99%) with lower levels of detection for Pb and Ni (9.3% and 13.9% respectively). There were no significant differences in any of the metal concentrations between males and females, nor were levels associated with body mass index, although significant differences in salivary Cr and Mn by race, state and income-to-needs ratio were observed. Children with cotinine levels >1 ng/ml had higher levels of Zn (b = 0.401, 95% CI: 0.183 to 0.619; p = 0.0003) and Cu (b = 0.655, 95% CI: 0.206 to 1.104; p = 0.004) compared to children with levels <1 ng/ml, after controlling for multiple confounders, including sex, race, BMI and income-to-needs ratio. Further, we show that children whose cotinine levels were >1 μg/L were more likely to have detectable levels of Pb in their saliva (b = 1.40, 95% CI: 0.424 to 2.459; p = 0.006) compared to children with cotinine levels <1 ng/ml, also considering confounders. IMPACT STATEMENT This is the first study to demonstrate significant associations between salivary cotinine and salivary levels of Cu, Zn and Pb, suggesting that environmental tobacco smoke exposure my be one source of increased children's exposure to heavy metals. This study also demonstrates that saliva samples can be used to measure heavy metal exposure, and thus serve as a non-invasive tool for assessing a broader range of risk indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Gatzke-Kopp
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jenna L Riis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hedyeh Ahmadi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- University Statistical Consulting, LLC, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hillary L Piccerillo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clancy B Blair
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Thomas
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Merianos AL, Jandarov RA, Mahabee-Gittens EM. Carcinogenic and tobacco smoke-derived particulate matter biomarker uptake and associated healthcare patterns among children. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:143-153. [PMID: 35383260 PMCID: PMC9535039 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to assess the associations of child tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) biomarkers (urinary cotinine, NNAL, and nicotelline N-oxides) and parent-reported smoking and child TSE patterns with total hospital visits, pediatric emergency department (PED) visits, urgent care (UC), revisits, and hospital admissions among 0-9-year-olds. METHODS A convenience sample of PED/UC patients (N = 242) who presented to a large, US children's hospital who had baseline urine samples assayed for the TSE biomarkers of interest were included. Biomarker levels were log-transformed, and linear and Poisson regression models were built. RESULTS The geometric means of child cotinine, creatinine-adjusted NNAL, and N-oxide levels were 11.2 ng/ml, 30.9 pg/mg creatinine, and 24.1 pg/ml, respectively. The mean (SD) number of daily cigarettes smoked by parents was 10.2 (6.1) cigarettes. Each one-unit increase in log-NNAL levels was associated with an increase in total UC visits (aRR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.18-2.39) among 0-9-year-olds, while controlling for the covariates. Each one-unit increase in child log-NNAL/cotinine ratio (×103) values was associated with an increase in total hospital visits (aRR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.10-1.75) and UC visits (aRR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.14-2.13) over 6 months. CONCLUSION Systematic screening for child TSE should be conducted during all hospital visits. The comprehensive assessment of TSE biomarkers should be considered to objectively measure young children's exposure. IMPACT Higher levels of cotinine, a widely used tobacco smoke exposure biomarker, have been associated with higher healthcare utilization patterns among children. Less is known on the associations of carcinogenic and tobacco smoke-derived particulate matter biomarker uptake with child healthcare utilization patterns. This study assessed the associations of several biomarkers with healthcare utilization patterns among pediatric emergency department patients ages 0-9 years who lived with tobacco smokers. Higher urinary NNAL biomarker levels, in individual and ratio form with cotinine, increased children's risk for urgent care visits over 6 months. Higher parent-reported cumulative child tobacco smoke exposure increased children's risk for hospital admissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Merianos
- University of Cincinnati, School of Human Services, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Roman A Jandarov
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Moore BF, Kreitner KJ, Starling AP, Martenies SE, Magzamen S, Clark M, Dabelea D. Early-life exposure to tobacco and childhood adiposity: Identifying windows of susceptibility. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12967. [PMID: 36350199 PMCID: PMC10035041 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life exposure to tobacco is associated with obesity, but the most susceptible developmental periods are unknown. OBJECTIVE To explore windows of susceptibility in a cohort of 568 mother-child pairs. METHODS We measured seven measures of tobacco exposure (five self-reported and two biomarkers) spanning from pre-conception to age 5 years. Mothers self-reported active smoking (pre-conception, 17 weeks, and delivery) and household smokers (5 and 18 months postnatally). Cotinine was measured in maternal urine (27 weeks) and child urine (5 years). Adiposity (fat mass percentage) was measured at birth and 5 years via air displacement plethysmography. Using a multiple informant approach, we tested whether adiposity (5 years) and changes in adiposity (from birth to 5 years) differed by the seven measures of tobacco exposure. RESULTS The associations may depend on timing. For example, only pre-conception (β = 3.1%; 95% CI: 1.0-5.1) and late gestation (β = 4.0%; 95% CI: 0.4-7.6) exposures influenced adiposity accretion from birth to 5 years (p for interaction = 0.01). Early infancy exposure was also associated with 1.7% higher adiposity at 5 years (95% CI: 0.1-3.2). Mid-pregnancy and early childhood exposures did not influence adiposity. CONCLUSIONS Pre-conception, late gestation, and early infancy exposures to tobacco may have the greatest impact on childhood adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna F. Moore
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kimberly J. Kreitner
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Anne P. Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sheena E. Martenies
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Maggie Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Association between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Adaptive Behavior in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040189. [PMID: 35448450 PMCID: PMC9027185 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study focuses on current issues of adaptive behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and on the possible risk factor of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Children examined at the Academic Research Center for Autism (ARCA) in Bratislava were involved in the study. The study sample included 84 children (71 boys) with ASD (average age 5.35 years) and a non-ASD group of 24 children (20 boys; average age 8.10 years). The “ETS Questionnaire” focused on the detection of parental smoking habits and other ETS exposures. The concentrations of cotinine in urine were measured by ELISA kit. A significant delay in adaptive behavior of children with ASD in comparison with the non-ASD group was identified. The significant differences were in adaptive behavior, communication, and everyday skills. Children with ASD were more likely to be exposed to ETS, especially in the household. Good agreement was found between objective and subjective ETS exposure indicators (kappa = 0.613). Self-reported exposure to ETS corresponded significantly with the median levels of urinary cotinine. In addition to evaluation and assessment of the quality of adaptive behavior, an important goal of further research should be to identify, investigate, and eliminate environmental factors that interfere with adaptive behavior.
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Kaviany P, Senter JP, Collaco JM, Corrigan AE, Brigham E, Wood M, Woo H, Liu C, Koehl R, Galiatsatos P, Koehler K, Hansel N, McCormack M. Spatial analysis of tobacco outlet density on secondhand smoke exposure and asthma health among children in Baltimore City. Tob Control 2022; 32:tobaccocontrol-2021-056878. [PMID: 35046128 PMCID: PMC9294062 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tobacco outlets are concentrated in low-income neighbourhoods; higher tobacco outlet density is associated with increased smoking prevalence. Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure has significant detrimental effects on childhood asthma. We hypothesised there was an association between higher tobacco outlet density, indoor air pollution and worse childhood asthma. METHODS Baseline data from a home intervention study of 139 children (8-17 years) with asthma in Baltimore City included residential air nicotine monitoring, paired with serum cotinine and asthma control assessment. Participant addresses and tobacco outlets were geocoded and mapped. Multivariable regression modelling was used to describe the relationships between tobacco outlet density, SHS exposure and asthma control. RESULTS Within a 500 m radius of each participant home, there were on average six tobacco outlets. Each additional tobacco outlet in a 500 m radius was associated with a 12% increase in air nicotine (p<0.01) and an 8% increase in serum cotinine (p=0.01). For every 10-fold increase in air nicotine levels, there was a 0.25-point increase in Asthma Therapy Assessment Questionnaire (ATAQ) score (p=0.01), and for every 10-fold increase in serum cotinine levels, there was a 0.54-point increase in ATAQ score (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increased tobacco outlet density is associated with higher levels of bedroom air nicotine and serum cotinine. Increasing levels of SHS exposure (air nicotine and serum cotinine) are associated with less controlled childhood asthma. In Baltimore City, the health of children with asthma is adversely impacted in neighbourhoods where tobacco outlets are concentrated. The implications of our findings can inform community-level interventions to address these health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Kaviany
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James Paul Senter
- Pediatrics Residency Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Michael Collaco
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne E Corrigan
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily Brigham
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Megan Wood
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Han Woo
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachelle Koehl
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Panagis Galiatsatos
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nadia Hansel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith McCormack
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Durão ACCDS, Brandão WN, Bruno V, W. Spelta LE, Duro SDO, Barreto dos Santos N, Paranhos BAPB, Zanluqui NG, Yonamine M, Pierre Schatzmann Peron J, Munhoz CD, Marcourakis T. In Utero Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke Increases Neuroinflammation in Offspring. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:802542. [PMID: 35295109 PMCID: PMC8915864 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.802542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic stage is the most vulnerable period for congenital abnormalities. Due to its prolonged developmental course, the central nervous system (CNS) is susceptible to numerous genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences. During embryo implantation, the CNS is more vulnerable to external influences such as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), increasing the risk for delayed fetal growth, sudden infant death syndrome, and immune system abnormalities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of in utero exposure to ETS on neuroinflammation in the offspring of pregnant mice challenged or not with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After the confirmation of mating by the presence of the vaginal plug until offspring birth, pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed to either 3R4F cigarettes smoke (Kentucky University) or compressed air, twice a day (1h each), for 21 days. Enhanced glial cell and mixed cell cultures were prepared from 3-day-old mouse pups. After cell maturation, both cells were stimulated with LPS or saline. To inhibit microglia activation, minocycline was added to the mixed cell culture media 24 h before LPS challenge. To verify the influence of in utero exposure to ETS on the development of neuroinflammatory events in adulthood, a different set of 8-week-old animals was submitted to the Autoimmune Experimental Encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. The results indicate that cells from LPS-challenged pups exposed to ETS in utero presented high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and decreased cell viability. Such a proinflammatory environment could modulate fetal programming by an increase in microglia and astrocytes miRNA155. This scenario may lead to the more severe EAE observed in pups exposed to ETS in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley Nogueira Brandão
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Bruno
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lídia Emmanuela W. Spelta
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephanie de Oliveira Duro
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Barreto dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nágela Ghabdan Zanluqui
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício Yonamine
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Demarchi Munhoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Carolina Demarchi Munhoz, ; Tania Marcourakis,
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Carolina Demarchi Munhoz, ; Tania Marcourakis,
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Merianos AL, Nabors LA, Fiser KA, Mahabee-Gittens EM. Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and Temperament among U.S. Children 0-5 Years Old. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 46:454-464. [PMID: 33355348 PMCID: PMC8056209 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the association between tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) and temperament among children 0-5 years old overall and within age groups: 0-2 and 3-5 years. METHODS Data were obtained from the 2017-2018 NSCH (N = 14,345). TSE status was defined as whether children lived with a smoker who: does not smoke inside the home (no home TSE) or smokes inside the home (home TSE). We conducted logistic regression analyses while controlling for covariates. RESULTS Overall, 12.5% of children lived with a smoker with no home TSE and 1.1% had home TSE. Children with home TSE were at increased odds to not always: be affectionate and tender (aOR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.18-2.58), show interest and curiosity (aOR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.23-2.68), and smile and laugh (aOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.13-2.77) than those with no TSE. Among 0- to 2-year-olds, those with home TSE were more likely to not always be affectionate and tender (aOR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.04-3.74). Among 3- to 5-year-olds, those who lived with a smoker with no home TSE were more likely to not always: bounce back quickly (aOR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.05-1.40) and smile and laugh (aOR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.03-1.54), and those with home TSE were more likely to not always: show interest and curiosity (aOR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.40-3.59) and smile and laugh (aOR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.43-4.11). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoke-exposed children were at increased odds of not always demonstrating positive early childhood temperament behaviors, with 3- to 5-year-olds having more pronounced odds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati
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Mahabee-Gittens EM, Merianos AL, Matt GE. Comment regarding categorization of Third-hand smoke exposure in "Third-hand Exposure at Homes: Assessment Using Salivary Cotinine". ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110595. [PMID: 33556354 PMCID: PMC8195292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2008, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA.
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- University of Cincinnati, School of Human Services, PO Box 210068, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0068, USA.
| | - Georg E Matt
- San Diego State University, College of Sciences, Department of Psychology, MC4611, San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA.
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Jeong SH, Jang BN, Kang SH, Joo JH, Park EC. Association between parents' smoking status and tobacco exposure in school-age children: assessment using major urine biomarkers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4536. [PMID: 33633242 PMCID: PMC7907361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Children are at risk of exposure to secondhand smoke. We aimed to evaluate the extent of their exposure to it in relation to their parents' smoking status by using biomarkers relevant to smoking. We evaluated 847 school-age children (6-12 years) who lived with their parents, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2018. Secondhand smoke exposure in children of non-smoking and smoking parents was assessed by measuring urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and cotinine concentrations. Overall, the parents of 482 (55.1%) children smoked and those of 392 (44.9%) children did not smoke. After adjusting for covariates, significantly higher concentrations of NNAL (β = 0.482, standard error [S.E.] = 0.065, P < 0.001) and cotinine (β = 0.472, S.E. = 0.06, P < 0.001) were found in children of smoking parents than in children of non-smoking parents. Children of parents who smoked a higher number of cigarettes showed higher NNAL and cotinine concentrations than children of non-smoking parents. Children with both parents who smoked showed the highest NNAL and cotinine concentrations. Children of smoking parents are at a higher risk of exposure to secondhand smoke. A smoke-free environment must be maintained to protect children from the harmful effects of secondhand smoke. Therefore, comprehensive national anti-smoking policies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Jeong
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bich Na Jang
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kang
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hong Joo
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Park
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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Gatzke-Kopp LM, Warkentien S, Willoughby M, Fowler C, Folch DC, Blair C. Proximity to sources of airborne lead is associated with reductions in Children's executive function in the first four years of life. Health Place 2021; 68:102517. [PMID: 33540187 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although policies to remove lead from gasoline have resulted in a substantial reduction in airborne lead, multiple industries are known to generate lead that is released in the air. The present study examines the extent to which residential proximity to a documented source of airborne lead is associated with intellectual and executive function in children. Data were available for n = 849 children from the Family Life Project. Geolocation for children's residences between birth and 36 months were referenced against the Environmental Protection Agency's Risk Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) database, which estimates exposure for each ½ mile grid in the contiguous United States. Instrumental variable models were employed to estimate causal associations between exposure and cognitive outcomes measured at 36, 48, and 60 months, using census-documented density of manufacturing employment as the instrument. Models of continuous lead dosage indicated small negative effects for both child IQ and executive function (EF). These results indicate that RSEI estimates of airborne lead exposure are meaningfully associated with decrements in cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Gatzke-Kopp
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Siri Warkentien
- Education and Workforce Development, RTI International, Washington, DC, 20005, USA
| | - Michael Willoughby
- Education and Workforce Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chris Fowler
- Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David C Folch
- Department of Geography, Planning, and Recreation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Gatzke-Kopp L, Willoughby MT, Warkentien S, Petrie D, Mills-Koonce R, Blair C. Association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure across the first four years of life and manifestation of externalizing behavior problems in school-aged children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1243-1252. [PMID: 31797389 PMCID: PMC7350288 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive literature in human and animal models has documented an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and externalizing behavior in offspring. It remains unclear; however, the extent to which postnatal environmental smoke exposure is associated with behavioral development, particularly for children whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy. The present study examined whether magnitude of exposure to environmental smoke across the first four years of life demonstrated a linear association with later externalizing symptoms. METHODS Exposure was quantified through salivary cotinine measured when children were 6, 15, 24, and 48 months of age, providing a more accurate quantification of realized exposure than can be estimated from parental report of cigarettes smoked. Data were available for n = 1,096 (50% male; 44% African American) children recruited for the Family Life Project, a study of child development in areas of rural poverty. RESULTS Analyses indicate a linear association between cotinine and children's symptoms of hyperactivity and conduct problems. This association remained significant after controlling for family poverty level, parental education, parental history of ADHD, hostility, depression, caregiver IQ, and obstetric complications. Furthermore, this association was unchanged when excluding mothers who smoked during pregnancy from the model. CONCLUSIONS Findings are consistent with animal models demonstrating an effect of environmental exposure to nicotine on ongoing brain development in regions related to hyperactivity and impulsivity, and highlight the importance of mitigating children's exposure to environmental smoke, including sources that extend beyond the parents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Petrie
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Clancy Blair
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Sontag JM, Delnevo CD, Hegyi T, Ostfeld BM, Wackowski OA. Secondhand Smoke Risk Communication: Effects on Parent Smokers' Perceptions and Intentions. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2020; 25:554-565. [PMID: 32758033 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2020.1797947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined effective strategies to communicate with parent smokers about the risks of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure to children. An online, between-subjects experimental survey was administered via TurkPrime Panels to recruit participants (N = 623) comprising adult smokers living with children (aged 0-15). Participants were assigned to messages conditions that differed by message recommendation (cessation; cessation+exposure reduction) and format (video; text-only) or to a no-message control. Participants in a message condition viewed a message, and all participants responded to questions about their perceptions and intentions. Parent smokers who viewed either message recommendation reported greater harm perceptions (p <.001), self-efficacy (p <.001), and help-seeking intentions (p <.05) than the no-message control group. Cessation+exposure reduction recommendations elicited greater quit intentions than the no-message control (p <.05). Compared to text-only, videos elicited greater reduce-exposure intentions (p <.05) and interpersonal communication intentions (p <.05). Only videos elicited greater quit intentions (p <.01) and help-seeking intentions (p <.01) than the no-message control. Communication about this topic can be optimized by recommending both cessation and exposure-reduction behaviors (versus cessation only), and by using videos (versus traditional print/text-based materials).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennah M Sontag
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cristine D Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas Hegyi
- The SIDS Center of New Jersey, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Barbara M Ostfeld
- The SIDS Center of New Jersey, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Olivia A Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Hahn EJ, Butler KM. Tobacco and Social Justice. West J Nurs Res 2019; 41:1099-1102. [DOI: 10.1177/0193945919849530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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