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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Choudhury S. Computational analysis of the AP2/ERF family in crops genome. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:102. [PMID: 38262942 PMCID: PMC10807240 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Apetala 2/ethylene-responsive factor family has diverse functions that enhance development and torment resistance in the plant genome. In variation, the ethylene-responsive factor (ERF) family of TF's genes is extensive in the crop genome. Generally, the plant-specific ethylene-responsive factor family may divided by the dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) subfamily. So, the AP2/ERF super-family demonstrated the repeated AP2 domain during growth. The sole AP2 domain function represents abiotic stress resistance. Also, the AP2 with B3 domain enhances during the replication of brassinosteroid. OBJECTIVE The study objective is to investigate the Apetala 2/ethylene-responsive factor family in a model organism of the Arabidopsis thaliana for comparative analysis towards Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato), Brassica juncea (Indian and Chinese mustard), Zea mays L. (Maize) and Oryza sativa (Indian and Japanese Rice). So, examinations of the large AP2/ERF super-family are mandatory to explore the Apetala 2 (AP2) family, ERF family, DREB subfamily, and RAV family involved during growth and abiotic stress stimuli in crops. METHODS Therefore, perform bioinformatics and computational methods to the current knowledge of the Apetala 2/ethylene-responsive factor family and their subfamilies in the crop genome. This method may be valuable for functional analysis of particular genes and their families in the plant genome. RESULTS Observation data provided evidence of the Apetala 2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) super-family and their sub-family present in Arabidopsis thaliana (Dicots) and compared with Solanum lycopersicum (Dicots), Brassica juncea (Dicots), Zea mays L. (Monocots) and Oryza sativa (Monocots). Also, remarks genes in Oryza sativa. This report upgraded the Apetala 2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) family in the crop genome. So, the analysis documented the conserved domain, motifs, and phylogenetic tree towards Dicots and Monocots species. Those outcomes will be valuable for future studies of the defensive Apetala 2/ethylene-responsive factor family in crops. CONCLUSION Therefore, the study concluded that the several species-specific TF genes in the Apetala 2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) family in Arabidopsis thaliana and compared with crop-species of Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica juncea, Zea mays L. and Oryza sativa. Those plant-specific genes regulate during growth and abiotic stress control in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhartha Choudhury
- Har Gobind Khorana School of Life Sciences, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India.
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India.
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Ai Y, Qian X, Wang X, Chen Y, Zhang T, Chao Y, Zhao Y. Uncovering early transcriptional regulation during adventitious root formation in Medicago sativa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:176. [PMID: 37016323 PMCID: PMC10074720 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as an important legume plant can quickly produce adventitious roots (ARs) to form new plants by cutting. But the regulatory mechanism of AR formation in alfalfa remains unclear. RESULTS To better understand the rooting process of alfalfa cuttings, plant materials from four stages, including initial separation stage (C stage), induction stage (Y stage), AR primordium formation stage (P stage) and AR maturation stage (S stage) were collected and used for RNA-Seq. Meanwhile, three candidate genes (SAUR, VAN3 and EGLC) were selected to explore their roles in AR formation. The numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of Y-vs-C (9,724) and P-vs-Y groups (6,836) were larger than that of S-vs-P group (150), indicating highly active in the early AR formation during the complicated development process. Pathways related to cell wall and sugar metabolism, root development, cell cycle, stem cell, and protease were identified, indicating that these genes were involved in AR production. A large number of hormone-related genes associated with the formation of alfalfa ARs have also been identified, in which auxin, ABA and brassinosteroids are thought to play key regulatory roles. Comparing with TF database, it was found that AP2/ERF-ERF, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, MYB, C2H2, bZIP, GRAS played a major regulatory role in the production of ARs of alfalfa. Furthermore, three identified genes showed significant promotion effect on AR formation. CONCLUSIONS Stimulation of stem basal cells in alfalfa by cutting induced AR production through the regulation of various hormones, transcription factors and kinases. This study provides new insights of AR formation in alfalfa and enriches gene resources in crop planting and cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ai
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xu Qian
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Beijing Tide Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yinglong Chen
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, and UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuehui Chao
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources (IMAU), Ministry of Education, Hohhot, 010021, China.
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Ren L, Wan W, Yin D, Deng X, Ma Z, Gao T, Cao X. Genome-wide analysis of WRKY transcription factor genes in Toona sinensis: An insight into evolutionary characteristics and terpene synthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1063850. [PMID: 36743538 PMCID: PMC9895799 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1063850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors (TFs), one of the largest TF families, serve critical roles in the regulation of secondary metabolite production. However, little is known about the expression pattern of WRKY genes during the germination and maturation processes of Toona sinensis buds. In the present study, the new assembly of the T. sinensis genome was used for the identification of 78 TsWRKY genes, including gene structures, phylogenetic features, chromosomal locations, conserved protein domains, cis-regulatory elements, synteny, and expression profiles. Gene duplication analysis revealed that gene tandem and segmental duplication events drove the expansion of the TsWRKYs family, with the latter playing a key role in the creation of new TsWRKY genes. The synteny and evolutionary constraint analyses of the WRKY proteins among T. sinensis and several distinct species provided more detailed evidence of gene evolution for TsWRKYs. Besides, the expression patterns and co-expression network analysis show TsWRKYs may multi-genes co-participate in regulating terpenoid biosynthesis. The findings revealed that TsWRKYs potentially play a regulatory role in secondary metabolite synthesis, forming the basis for further functional characterization of WRKY genes with the intention of improving T. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ren
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Biological and Food Engineering School, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
- Horticultural Institute, Fuyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuyang, China
| | - Wenyang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Biological and Food Engineering School, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Dandan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Biological and Food Engineering School, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Xianhui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Biological and Food Engineering School, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Zongxin Ma
- Horticultural Institute, Fuyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuyang, China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Biological and Food Engineering School, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
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Wang Y, Feng G, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Ma Y, Wang Y, Ma F, Zhou Y, Gross R, Xu H, Wang R, Xiao F, Liu Y, Niu X. Overexpression of Pti4, Pti5, and Pti6 in tomato promote plant defense and fruit ripening. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110702. [PMID: 33288015 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) is a pathogenic microorganism that causes bacterial speck disease and affects tomato yield and quality. Pto is a disease resistant gene for plant to recognize and defense against Pst. Pto interacts with Pti (Pto interacting) proteins, which include three transcription factors, Pti4, Pti5, Pti6, and they were thought to be downstream of Pto-mediated pathway to promote the expression of disease-related genes. In the present work, the overexpression plants of Pti4, Pti5 or Pti6 were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in tomato. The Pti4/5/6-overexpressed lines indicated enhanced expression of pathogenesis-related genes and resistance to pathogenic bacteria Pst DC3000. Meanwhile, the transgenic plants showed that Pti4/5/6 function in ripening but performed no obvious adverse influence on flowering time, seed-setting rate, weight and soluble solids content of fruits. Furthermore, Pti-overexpressed fruits exhibited increased enzymatic activities of phenylalnine ammonialyase, catalase, peroxidase and decreased content of malondialdehyde. Additionally, cell-free and in vivo ubiquitination assay indicated that Pti4, Pti5 and Pti6 degraded by 26S proteasome which suggested that these Pti transcription regulators' functions could be regulated by ubiquitin-mediated post translational regulation in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Guodong Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yilong Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Fei Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Rachel Gross
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Huanhuan Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Ruipeng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Fangming Xiao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Xiangli Niu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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Wang C, Lin T, Wang M, Qi X. An AC-Rich Bean Element Serves as an Ethylene-Responsive Element in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9081033. [PMID: 32823972 PMCID: PMC7465537 DOI: 10.3390/plants9081033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene-responsive elements (EREs), such as the GCC box, are critical for ethylene-regulated transcription in plants. Our previous work identified a 19-bp AC-rich element (ACE) in the promoter of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) metal response element-binding transcription factor 1 (PvMTF-1). Ethylene response factor 15 (PvERF15) directly binds ACE to enhance PvMTF-1 expression. As a novel ERF-binding element, ACE exhibits a significant difference from the GCC box. Here, we demonstrated that ACE serves as an ERE in Arabidopsis. It conferred the minimal promoter to respond to the ethylene stress and inhibition of ethylene. Moreover, the cis-acting element ACE could specifically bind the nuclear proteins in vitro. We further revealed that the first 9-bp sequence of ACE (ACEcore) is importantly required by the binding of nuclear proteins. In addition, PvERF15 and PvMTF-1 were strongly induced by ethylene in bean seedlings. Since PvERF15 activates PvMTF-1 via ACE, ACE is involved in ethylene-induced PvMTF-1 expression. Taken together, our findings provide genetic and biochemical evidence for a new ERE.
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Liu Y, Xin J, Liu L, Song A, Guan Z, Fang W, Chen F. A temporal gene expression map of Chrysanthemum leaves infected with Alternaria alternata reveals different stages of defense mechanisms. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:23. [PMID: 32140232 PMCID: PMC7049303 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) black spot disease (CBS) poses a major threat to Chrysanthemum cultivation owing to suitable climate conditions and current lack of resistant cultivars for greenhouse cultivation. In this study, we identified a number of genes that respond to Alternaria alternata infection in resistant and susceptible Chrysanthemum cultivars. Based on RNA sequencing technology and a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), we constructed a model to elucidate the response of Chrysanthemum leaves to A. alternata infection at different stages and compared the mapped response of the resistant cultivar 'Jinba' to that of the susceptible cultivar 'Zaoyihong'. In the early stage of infection, when lesions had not yet formed, abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and EDS1-mediated resistance played important roles in the Chrysanthemum defense system. With the formation of necrotic lesions, ethylene (ET) metabolism and the Ca2+ signal transduction pathway strongly responded to A. alternata infection. During the late stage, when necrotic lesions continued to expand, members of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) gene family were highly expressed, and their products may be involved in defense against A. alternata invasion by exporting toxins produced by the pathogen, which plays important roles in the pathogenicity of A. alternata. Furthermore, the function of hub genes was verified by qPCR and transgenic assays. The identification of hub genes at different stages, the comparison of hub genes between the two cultivars and the highly expressed genes in the resistant cultivar 'Jinba' provide a theoretical basis for breeding cultivars resistant to CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weimin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Kong W, Ding L, Cheng J, Wang B. Identification and expression analysis of genes with pathogen-inducible cis-regulatory elements in the promoter regions in Oryza sativa. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 11:52. [PMID: 30209707 PMCID: PMC6135729 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-018-0243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex co-regulatory networks in plants may elicit responses during pathogen infections. A number of genes are activated when these responses take place. Identification of these genes would shed new light on understanding the mechanisms of rice response to pathogen infections and the elucidation of crosstalk among diverse signaling networks in rice disease resistance/susceptibility. RESULTS Here we report the identification of genes with pathogen-inducible cis-regulatory elements (PICEs) (AS-1, G-box, GCC-box, and H-box) in the promoter regions in rice. Our results showed that a set of 882 rice genes contained these four elements in their promoter regions. Of these genes, 190 encode disease resistance/susceptibility related proteins, and 70 encode transcription factors. Analyses of the available microarray data demonstrated that 357 transcripts were differentially expressed after pathogen infections. 48 out of 53 differentially expressed transcription factors are up-regulated or down-regulated by more than 1.1-fold in response to pathogen infections. Analyses of the public mRNA-Seq data showed that 327 transcripts were differently expressed after pathogen infections. A total of 100 up-regulated genes and 37 down-regulated genes were found in common between the microarray and mRNA-Seq data. CONCLUSIONS We report here a set of rice genes that contain the four PICEs, i.e., AS-1, G-box, GCC-box, and H-box, in their promoter regions, of which, 53.5% were up- or down-regulated when pathogens attack. The PICEs in the gene promoters are critical for rice response to pathogen infections. They are also useful markers for identification of rice genes involved in response to pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Kong
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Li Ding
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Jia Cheng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
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Jin JH, Wang M, Zhang HX, Khan A, Wei AM, Luo DX, Gong ZH. Genome-wide identification of the AP2/ERF transcription factor family in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Genome 2018; 61:663-674. [PMID: 29958096 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The AP2/ERF family is one of the largest transcription factor families in the plant kingdom. AP2/ERF genes contributing to various processes including plant growth, development, and response to various stresses have been identified. In this study, 175 putative AP2/ERF genes were identified in the latest pepper genome database and classified into AP2, RAV, ERF, and Soloist subfamilies. Their chromosomal localization, gene structure, conserved motif, cis-acting elements within the promoter region, and subcellular locations were analyzed. Transient expression of CaAP2/ERF proteins in tobacco revealed that CaAP2/ERF064, CaAP2/ERF109, and CaAP2/ERF127 were located in the nucleus, while CaAP2/ERF171 was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Most of the CaAP2/ERF genes contained cis-elements within their promoter regions that responded to various stresses (HSE, LTR, MBS, Box-W1/W-box, and TC-rich repeats) and phytohormones (ABRE, CGTCA-motif, and TCA-element). Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed that CaAP2/ERF genes showed differential expression profiles in various tissues as well as under biotic stresses. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis of eight selected CaAP2/ERF genes also showed differential expression patterns in response to infection with Phytophthora capsici (HX-9) and in response to phytohormones (SA, MeJA, and ETH). This study will provide basic insights for further studies of the CaAP2/ERF genes involved in the interaction between pepper and P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hao Jin
- a College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- a College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Huai-Xia Zhang
- a College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Abid Khan
- a College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Min Wei
- b Tianjin Vegetable Research Center, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - De-Xu Luo
- c Xuhuai Region Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Huaian, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- a College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
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Lim H, Paek SH, Oh SE. Effect of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-induced ethylene on cellulose synthase A (CesA) genes in flax (Linum usitatissimum L. 'Nike') seedlings. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:1237-1248. [PMID: 30032481 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellulose microfibril is a major cell wall polymer that plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. The gene cellulose synthase A (CesA), encoding cellulose synthases, is involved in the synthesis of cellulose microfibrils. However, the regulatory mechanism of CesA gene expression is not well understood, especially during the early developmental stages. OBJECTIVE To identify factor(s) that regulate the expression of CesA genes and ultimately control seedling growth and development. METHODS The presence of cis-elements in the promoter region of the eight CesA genes identified in flax (Linum usitatissimum L. 'Nike') seedlings was verified, and three kinds of ethylene-responsive cis-elements were identified in the promoters. Therefore, the effect of ethylene on the expression of four selected CesA genes classified into Clades 1 and 6 after treatment with 10-4 and 10-3 M 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) was examined in the hypocotyl of 4-6-day-old flax seedlings. RESULTS ACC-induced ethylene either up- or down-regulated the expression of the CesA genes depending on the clade to which these genes belonged, age of seedlings, part of the hypocotyl, and concentration of ACC. CONCLUSION Ethylene might be one of the factors regulating the expression of CesA genes in flax seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Paek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Cloning and Functional Analysis of Phosphoethanolamine Methyltransferase Promoter from Maize (Zea mays L.). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010191. [PMID: 29316727 PMCID: PMC5796140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Betaine, a non-toxic osmoprotectant, is believed to accumulate considerably in plants under stress conditions to maintain the osmotic pressure and promote a variety of processes involved in growth and development. Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT), a key enzyme for betaine synthesis, is reported to be regulated by its upstream promoter. In the present investigation, by using the transgenic approach, a 1048 bp long promoter region of ZmPEAMT gene from Zea mays was cloned and functionally characterized in tobacco. Computational analysis affirmed the existence of abiotic stress responsive cis-elements like ABRE, MYC, HST, LST etc., as well as pathogen, wound and phytohormone responsive motifs. For transformation in tobacco, four 5′-deletion constructs of 826 bp (P2), 642 bp (P3), 428 bp (P4) and 245 bp (P5) were constructed from the 1048 bp (P1) promoter fragment. The transgenic plants generated through a single event exhibited a promising expression of GUS reporter protein in the leaf tissues of treated with salt, drought, oxidative and cold stress as well as control plants. The GUS expression level progressively reduced from P1 to P5 in the leaf tissues, whereas a maximal expression was observed with the P3 construct in the leaves of control plants. The expression of GUS was noted to be higher in the leaves of osmotically- or salt-treated transgenic plants than that in the untreated (control) plants. An effective expression of GUS in the transgenic plants manifests that this promoter can be employed for both stress-inducible and constitutive expression of gene(s). Due to this characteristic, this potential promoter can be effectively used for genetic engineering of several crops.
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Ali S, Mir ZA, Bhat JA, Tyagi A, Chandrashekar N, Yadav P, Rawat S, Sultana M, Grover A. Isolation and characterization of systemic acquired resistance marker gene PR1 and its promoter from Brassica juncea. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:10. [PMID: 29259885 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-1027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense response in plants that provides enhanced resistance against a variety of pathogens. In this regard, SAR marker gene PR1 (pathogenesis-related gene 1) was isolated from Brassica juncea and was named as BjPR1. The amino acid sequence of BjPR1 protein showed 99, 92, and 78% similarity with known PR1 proteins of Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed increased expression of BjPR1 gene both in local (infected) and distal (non-infected) leaves of B. juncea after Alternaria brassicae infection, whereas mechanical wounding showed expression only in local (wounded) leaves but not in distal (unwounded) leaves. Moreover, BjPR1 gene was strongly induced by salicylic acid (SA), whereas no such induction was observed following jasmonic acid (JA) or abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. To further elucidate gene regulation pattern of BjPR1, 2 kb promoter region of BjPR1 was isolated and subjected to in silico analysis which identified many potential cis-regulatory elements associated with plant defense as well as signaling pathways. The transient GUS expression analysis showed strong expression of GUS gene driven by BjPR1 promoter after SA treatment, while as ABA and JA downregulates GUS gene expression compared to control. In addition, BjPR1 promoter was significantly induced by wounding at local tissues. Hence, these results highlight the multiple role of BjPR1 gene in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the present study also reported BjPR1 promoter as stress-specific inducible promoter that can be ideal candidate for controlling the expression of biotic stress response genes in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ali
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
- Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Presidency College, Chennai, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Mir
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Anshika Tyagi
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - N Chandrashekar
- Division of Microbiology, CCUBGA, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Yadav
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Sandhya Rawat
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Mazher Sultana
- Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Presidency College, Chennai, India
| | - Anita Grover
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Genome-wide identification and tissue-specific expression analysis of nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat gene family in Cicer arietinum (kabuli chickpea). GENOMICS DATA 2017; 14:24-31. [PMID: 28840100 PMCID: PMC5558467 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) proteins play an important role in the defense mechanisms against pathogens. Using bioinformatics approach, we identified and annotated 104 NBS-LRR genes in chickpea. Phylogenetic analysis points to their diversification into two families namely TIR-NBS-LRR and non-TIR-NBS-LRR. Gene architecture revealed intron gain/loss events in this resistance gene family during their independent evolution into two families. Comparative genomics analysis elucidated its evolutionary relationship with other fabaceae species. Around 50% NBS-LRRs reside in macro-syntenic blocks underlining positional conservation along with sequence conservation of NBS-LRR genes in chickpea. Transcriptome sequencing data provided evidence for their transcription and tissue-specific expression. Four cis-regulatory elements namely WBOX, DRE, CBF, and GCC boxes, that commonly occur in resistance genes, were present in the promoter regions of these genes. Further, the findings will provide a strong background to use candidate disease resistance NBS-encoding genes and identify their specific roles in chickpea.
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Chen Y, Huang L, Yan H, Zhang X, Xu B, Ma X. Cloning and characterization of an ABA-independent DREB transcription factor gene, HcDREB2, in Hemarthria compressa. Hereditas 2016; 153:3. [PMID: 28096765 PMCID: PMC5224587 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-016-0008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemarthria compressa is a stoloniferous perennial tropical forage grass with a wide geographic distribution; however, environmental stress has a great influence on its growth. The DREB transcription factor family genes contains candidate genes for improving plant stress tolerance. Results From cold-treated H. compressa plants, a putative DREB2 gene (HcDREB2) was cloned using the RACE-PCR method. HcDREB2 was 1296 bp in length and encoded a putative protein 264 amino acid residues long. HcDREB2 shared the highest sequence identity with DREB2 in sorghum. The expression of HcDREB2 was independent of ABA treatment, but inducible by low temperatures as well as drought and high salinity treatments. Yeast one-hybrid assays showed that HcDREB2 directly bound the DRE cis-acting element to transactivate the expression of the downstream reporter genes. Conclusions HcDREB2, a stress-inducible but ABA-independent transcription factor gene, can transactivate downstream genes by binding to the DRE cis-element. The current results are a foundation for making use of this stress tolerance gene in future H. compressa studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s41065-016-0008-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Chen
- Animal Science Department, Xichang college, Xichang, 615000 China.,Grassland Science Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Linkai Huang
- Grassland Science Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Haidong Yan
- Grassland Science Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Grassland Science Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Grassland Science Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
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Druege U, Franken P, Hajirezaei MR. Plant Hormone Homeostasis, Signaling, and Function during Adventitious Root Formation in Cuttings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:381. [PMID: 27064322 PMCID: PMC4814496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious root (AR) formation in cuttings is a multiphase developmental process, resulting from wounding at the cutting site and isolation from the resource and signal network of the whole plant. Though, promotive effects of auxins are widely used for clonal plant propagation, the regulation and function of plant hormones and their intricate signaling networks during AR formation in cuttings are poorly understood. In this focused review, we discuss our recent publications on the involvement of polar auxin transport (PAT) and transcriptional regulation of auxin and ethylene action during AR formation in petunia cuttings in a broad context. Integrating new findings on cuttings of other plant species and general models on plant hormone networks, a model on the regulation and function of auxin, ethylene, and jasmonate in AR formation of cuttings is presented. PAT and cutting off from the basipetal auxin drain are considered as initial principles generating early accumulation of IAA in the rooting zone. This is expected to trigger a self-regulatory process of auxin canalization and maximization to responding target cells, there inducing the program of AR formation. Regulation of auxin homeostasis via auxin influx and efflux carriers, GH3 proteins and peroxidases, of flavonoid metabolism, and of auxin signaling via AUX/IAA proteins, TOPLESS, ARFs, and SAUR-like proteins are postulated as key processes determining the different phases of AR formation. NO and H2O2 mediate auxin signaling via the cGMP and MAPK cascades. Transcription factors of the GRAS-, AP2/ERF-, and WOX-families link auxin signaling to cell fate specification. Cyclin-mediated governing of the cell cycle, modifications of sugar metabolism and microtubule and cell wall remodeling are considered as important implementation processes of auxin function. Induced by the initial wounding and other abiotic stress factors, up-regulation of ethylene biosynthesis, and signaling via ERFs and early accumulation of jasmonic acid stimulate AR formation, while both pathways are linked to auxin. Future research on the function of candidate genes should consider their tissue-specific role and regulation by environmental factors. Furthermore, the whole cutting should be regarded as a system of physiological units with diverse functions specifically responding to the environment and determining the rooting response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Druege
- Department Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental CropsErfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence:
| | - Philipp Franken
- Department Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental CropsErfurt, Germany
| | - Mohammad R. Hajirezaei
- Department of Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
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Zhu Z, Gao J, Yang JX, Wang XY, Ren GD, Ding YL, Kuai BK. Synthetic promoters consisting of defined cis-acting elements link multiple signaling pathways to probenazole-inducible system. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 16:253-63. [PMID: 25845359 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Probenazole (3-allyloxy-1,2-benzisothiazole-1,1-dioxide, PBZ), the active component of Oryzemate, could induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants through the induction of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. As a widely used chemical inducer, PBZ is a good prospect for establishing a new chemical-inducible system. We first designed artificially synthetic promoters with tandem copies of a single type of cis-element (SARE, JERE, GCC, GST1, HSRE, and W-box) that could mediate the expression of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in plants upon PBZ treatment. Then we combined different types of elements in order to improve inducibility in the PBZ-inducible system. On the other hand, we were surprised to find that the cis-elements, which are responsive to jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene, also responded to PBZ, implying that SA, JA, and ethylene pathways also would play important roles in PBZ's action. Further analysis demonstrated that PBZ also induced early events of innate immunity via a signaling pathway in which Ca(2+) influx and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity were involved. We constructed synthesized artificial promoters to establish a PBZ chemical-inducible system, and preliminarily explored SA, JA, ethylene, calcium, and MAPK signaling pathways via PBZ-inducible system, which could provide an insight for in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhu
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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de los Reyes BG, Mohanty B, Yun SJ, Park MR, Lee DY. Upstream regulatory architecture of rice genes: summarizing the baseline towards genus-wide comparative analysis of regulatory networks and allele mining. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 8:14. [PMID: 25844119 PMCID: PMC4385054 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-015-0041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dissecting the upstream regulatory architecture of rice genes and their cognate regulator proteins is at the core of network biology and its applications to comparative functional genomics. With the rapidly advancing comparative genomics resources in the genus Oryza, a reference genome annotation that defines the various cis-elements and trans-acting factors that interface each gene locus with various intrinsic and extrinsic signals for growth, development, reproduction and adaptation must be established to facilitate the understanding of phenotypic variation in the context of regulatory networks. Such information is also important to establish the foundation for mining non-coding sequence variation that defines novel alleles and epialleles across the enormous phenotypic diversity represented in rice germplasm. This review presents a synthesis of the state of knowledge and consensus trends regarding the various cis-acting and trans-acting components that define spatio-temporal regulation of rice genes based on representative examples from both foundational studies in other model and non-model plants, and more recent studies in rice. The goal is to summarize the baseline for systematic upstream sequence annotation of the rapidly advancing genome sequence resources in Oryza in preparation for genus-wide functional genomics. Perspectives on the potential applications of such information for gene discovery, network engineering and genomics-enabled rice breeding are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bijayalaxmi Mohanty
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
| | - Song Joong Yun
- />Department of Crop Science and Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, 561-756 Korea
| | - Myoung-Ryoul Park
- />School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
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Wang Y, Wang H, Ma Y, Du H, Yang Q, Yu D. Identification of transcriptional regulatory nodes in soybean defense networks using transient co-transactivation assays. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:915. [PMID: 26579162 PMCID: PMC4621403 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to major environmental stressors, such as insect feeding, not only occur via the functions of defense genes but also involve a series of regulatory factors. Our previous transcriptome studies proposed that, in addition to two defense-related genes, GmVSPβ and GmN:IFR, a high proportion of transcription factors (TFs) participate in the incompatible soybean-common cutworm interaction networks. However, the regulatory mechanisms and effects of these TFs on those induced defense-related genes remain unknown. In the present work, we isolated and identified 12 genes encoding MYB, WRKY, NAC, bZIP, and DREB TFs from a common cutworm-induced cDNA library of a resistant soybean line. Sequence analysis of the promoters of three co-expressed genes, including GmVSPα, GmVSPβ, and GmN:IFR, revealed the enrichment of various TF-binding sites for defense and stress responses. To further identify the regulatory nodes composed of these TFs and defense gene promoters, we performed extensive transient co-transactivation assays to directly test the transcriptional activity of the 12 TFs binding at different levels to the three co-expressed gene promoters. The results showed that all 12 TFs were able to transactivate the GmVSPβ and GmN:IFR promoters. GmbZIP110 and GmMYB75 functioned as distinct regulators of GmVSPα/β and GmN:IFR expression, respectively, while GmWRKY39 acted as a common central regulator of GmVSPα/β and GmN:IFR expression. These corresponding TFs play crucial roles in coordinated plant defense regulation, which provides valuable information for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in insect-induced transcriptional regulation in soybean. More importantly, the identified TFs and suitable promoters can be used to engineer insect-resistant plants in molecular breeding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yujie Ma
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Haiping Du
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Deyue Yu,
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Vijayan J, Devanna BN, Singh NK, Sharma TR. Cloning and functional validation of early inducible Magnaporthe oryzae responsive CYP76M7 promoter from rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:371. [PMID: 26052337 PMCID: PMC4441127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cloning and functional characterization of plant pathogen inducible promoters is of great significance for their use in the effective management of plant diseases. The rice gene CYP76M7 was up regulated at 24, 48, and 72 hours post inoculation (hpi) with two isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae Mo-ei-11 and Mo-ni-25. In this study, the promoter of CYP76M7 gene was cloned from rice cultivar HR-12, characterized and functionally validated. The Transcription Start Site of CYP76M7 was mapped at 45 bases upstream of the initiation codon. To functionally validate the promoter, 5' deletion analysis of the promoter sequences was performed and the deletion fragments fused with the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene were used for generating stable transgenic Arabidopsis plants as well as for transient expression in rice. The spatial and temporal expression pattern of GUS in transgenic Arabidopsis plants and also in transiently expressed rice leaves revealed that the promoter of CYP76M7 gene was induced by M. oryzae. The induction of CYP76M7 promoter was observed at 24 hpi with M. oryzae. We report that, sequences spanning -222 bp to -520 bp, with the cluster of three W-boxes, two ASF1 motifs and a single GT-1 element may contribute to the M. oryzae inducible nature of CYP76M7 promoter. The promoter characterized in this study would be an ideal candidate for the overexpression of defense genes in rice for developing durable blast resistance rice lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tilak R. Sharma
- *Correspondence: Tilak R. Sharma, National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110 012, India ;
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Arango-Velez A, González LMG, Meents MJ, El Kayal W, Cooke BJ, Linsky J, Lusebrink I, Cooke JEK. Influence of water deficit on the molecular responses of Pinus contorta × Pinus banksiana mature trees to infection by the mountain pine beetle fungal associate, Grosmannia clavigera. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:1220-39. [PMID: 24319029 PMCID: PMC4277265 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Conifers exhibit a number of constitutive and induced mechanisms to defend against attack by pests and pathogens such as mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) and their fungal associates. Ecological studies have demonstrated that stressed trees are more susceptible to attack by mountain pine beetle than their healthy counterparts. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that water deficit affects constitutive and induced responses of mature lodgepole pine × jack pine hybrids (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats. × Pinus banksiana Lamb.) to inoculation with the mountain pine beetle fungal associate Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffrey and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer and Wingfield. The degree of stress induced by the imposed water-deficit treatment was sufficient to reduce photosynthesis. Grosmannia clavigera-induced lesions exhibited significantly reduced dimensions in water-deficit trees relative to well-watered trees at 5 weeks after inoculation. Treatment-associated cellular-level changes in secondary phloem were also observed. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze transcript abundance profiles of 18 genes belonging to four families classically associated with biotic and abiotic stress responses: aquaporins (AQPs), dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB), terpene synthases (TPSs) and chitinases (CHIs). Transcript abundance profiles of a TIP2 AQP and a TINY-like DREB decreased significantly in fungus-inoculated trees, but not in response to water deficit. One TPS, Pcb(+)-3-carene synthase, and the Class II CHIs PcbCHI2.1 and PcbCHI2.2 showed increased expression under water-deficit conditions in the absence of fungal inoculation, while another TPS, Pcb(E)-β-farnesene synthase-like, and two CHIs, PcbCHI1.1 and PcbCHI4.1, showed attenuated expression under water-deficit conditions in the presence of fungal inoculation. The effects were observed both locally and systemically. These results demonstrate that both constitutive and induced carbon- and nitrogen-based defenses are affected by water deficit, suggesting potential consequences for mountain pine beetle dynamics, particularly in novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Arango-Velez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Leonardo M Galindo González
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Miranda J Meents
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Walid El Kayal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Barry J Cooke
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6H 3S5
| | - Jean Linsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Inka Lusebrink
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6E 2E3
| | - Janice E K Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
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Haichar FEZ, Santaella C, Heulin T, Achouak W. Root exudates mediated interactions belowground. SOIL BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 77:69-80. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Druege U, Franken P, Lischewski S, Ahkami AH, Zerche S, Hause B, Hajirezaei MR. Transcriptomic analysis reveals ethylene as stimulator and auxin as regulator of adventitious root formation in petunia cuttings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:494. [PMID: 25400641 PMCID: PMC4212214 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious root (AR) formation in the stem base (SB) of cuttings is the basis for propagation of many plant species and petunia is used as model to study this developmental process. Following AR formation from 2 to 192 hours post-excision (hpe) of cuttings, transcriptome analysis by microarray revealed a change of the character of the rooting zone from SB to root identity. The greatest shift in the number of differentially expressed genes was observed between 24 and 72 hpe, when the categories storage, mineral nutrient acquisition, anti-oxidative and secondary metabolism, and biotic stimuli showed a notable high number of induced genes. Analyses of phytohormone-related genes disclosed multifaceted changes of the auxin transport system, auxin conjugation and the auxin signal perception machinery indicating a reduction in auxin sensitivity and phase-specific responses of particular auxin-regulated genes. Genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and action showed a more uniform pattern as a high number of respective genes were generally induced during the whole process of AR formation. The important role of ethylene for stimulating AR formation was demonstrated by the application of inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and perception as well as of the precursor aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, all changing the number and length of AR. A model is proposed showing the putative role of polar auxin transport and resulting auxin accumulation in initiation of subsequent changes in auxin homeostasis and signal perception with a particular role of Aux/IAA expression. These changes might in turn guide the entrance into the different phases of AR formation. Ethylene biosynthesis, which is stimulated by wounding and does probably also respond to other stresses and auxin, acts as important stimulator of AR formation probably via the expression of ethylene responsive transcription factor genes, whereas the timing of different phases seems to be controlled by auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Druege
- Department of Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ)Großbeeren/Erfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Franken
- Department of Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ)Großbeeren/Erfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Lischewski
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle, Germany
| | - Amir H. Ahkami
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
| | - Siegfried Zerche
- Department of Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ)Großbeeren/Erfurt, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle, Germany
| | - Mohammad R. Hajirezaei
- Department of Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
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Morales AMAP, O Rourke JA, van de Mortel M, Scheider KT, Bancroft TJ, Bor M AZ, Nelson RT, Nettleton D, Baum TJ, Shoemaker RC, Frederick RD, Abdelnoor RV, Pedley KF, Whitham SA, Graham MA. Transcriptome analyses and virus induced gene silencing identify genes in the Rpp4-mediated Asian soybean rust resistance pathway. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:1029-1047. [PMID: 32481171 DOI: 10.1071/fp12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rpp4 (Resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi 4) confers resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR). By combining expression profiling and virus induced gene silencing (VIGS), we are developing a genetic framework for Rpp4-mediated resistance. We measured gene expression in mock-inoculated and P. pachyrhizi-infected leaves of resistant soybean accession PI459025B (Rpp4) and the susceptible cultivar (Williams 82) across a 12-day time course. Unexpectedly, two biphasic responses were identified. In the incompatible reaction, genes induced at 12h after infection (hai) were not differentially expressed at 24 hai, but were induced at 72 hai. In contrast, genes repressed at 12 hai were not differentially expressed from 24 to 144 hai, but were repressed 216 hai and later. To differentiate between basal and resistance-gene (R-gene) mediated defence responses, we compared gene expression in Rpp4-silenced and empty vector-treated PI459025B plants 14 days after infection (dai) with P. pachyrhizi. This identified genes, including transcription factors, whose differential expression is dependent upon Rpp4. To identify differentially expressed genes conserved across multiple P. pachyrhizi resistance pathways, Rpp4 expression datasets were compared with microarray data previously generated for Rpp2 and Rpp3-mediated defence responses. Fourteen transcription factors common to all resistant and susceptible responses were identified, as well as fourteen transcription factors unique to R-gene-mediated resistance responses. These genes are targets for future P. pachyrhizi resistance research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aguida M A P Morales
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitotecnia, 36.570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Jamie A O Rourke
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Martijn van de Mortel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA
| | - Katherine T Scheider
- USDA- Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MA 21702, USA
| | | | - Alu Zio Bor M
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitotecnia, 36.570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Rex T Nelson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50014, USA
| | - Dan Nettleton
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA
| | - Randy C Shoemaker
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50014, USA
| | - Reid D Frederick
- USDA- Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MA 21702, USA
| | - Ricardo V Abdelnoor
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioinformática, Embrapa Soja, Rod. Carlos João Strass, 86001-970, Londrina - PR, Brazil
| | - Kerry F Pedley
- USDA- Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MA 21702, USA
| | - Steven A Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA
| | - Michelle A Graham
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50014, USA
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Duan X, Wang X, Fu Y, Tang C, Li X, Cheng Y, Feng H, Huang L, Kang Z. TaEIL1, a wheat homologue of AtEIN3, acts as a negative regulator in the wheat-stripe rust fungus interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:728-39. [PMID: 23730729 PMCID: PMC6638698 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) play crucial roles in the transcriptional regulation of plant development and defence responses. Increasing evidence has implicated ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) in the plant defence response to pathogen infection and environmental stimuli. However, the role of EIN3 in wheat resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is not clear. Here, TaEIL1 was isolated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) based on a sequence fragment from a wheat-Pst interaction cDNA library. The TaEIL1 protein contains a typical EIN3-binding domain, and transient expression analyses indicated that TaEIL1 is localized in the nucleus. Yeast one-hybrid assay revealed that TaEIL1 exhibits transcriptional activity, and its C-terminus is necessary for the activation of transcription. TaEIL1 transcripts were regulated by environmental stress stimuli and were decreased under salicylic acid (SA) treatment. When wheat leaves were challenged with Pst, the transcript level of TaEIL1 in the compatible interaction was approximately three times higher than that in the incompatible interaction. Knocking down TaEIL1 through the Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system attenuated the growth of Pst, with shortened hyphae and reduced hyphal branches, haustorial mother cells and colony size. Moreover, enhanced necrosis was triggered by the Pst avirulent race CYR23, indicating that the hypersensitive response was strengthened in TaEIL1-silenced wheat plants. Thus, the up-regulation of defence-related genes and increased sucrose abundance might contribute to the enhanced disease resistance of wheat to the virulent race CYR31. Taken together, the results suggested that the suppression of TaEIL1 transcripts could enhance the resistance of wheat to stripe rust fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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25
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Phillips SM, Dubery IA, van Heerden H. Molecular characterisation of two homoeologous elicitor-responsive lipin genes in cotton. Mol Genet Genomics 2013; 288:519-33. [PMID: 23897433 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-013-0770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The identification and molecular characterisation of two lipin-like gene copies (GhLIPN) in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, an allotetraploid derived from two progenitor diploid Gossypium species, is described. Sequence analyses of the GhLIPN copies, designated GhLIPN-1 and -2, revealed that they contain 11 exons, separated by ten introns. They each have a 2,643 bp open reading frame that encodes 880 aa proteins, and share a 97.7 and 95.5 % sequence similarity at the translated nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. The GhLIPN genes have a distinct domain architecture consisting of an archetypical N-terminal lipin domain, followed by a haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) domain towards the C-terminus. A Southern blot did not distinguish between the two gene copies, which suggests that they may be homoeologs rather than paralogs. GhLIPN-2 is more similar to a homoeologous sequence from G. raimondii, representing the ancestral D-genome, compared to GhLIPN-1 that matches G. herbaceum and that represents the A-genome. Our data indicate that GhLIPN-1 and GhLIPN-2 are homoeologs that derive from the A- and the D-diploid genomes, respectively. The promoter sequences of GhLIPN-1 and -2 differ by 56 %, as a result of multiple indels. In silico analysis of the promoter regions revealed that both genes contain numerous putative defence-related and elicitor-responsive cis-elements that support a role for GhLIPN in defence responses. Relative quantification real-time PCR confirmed the up-regulation in response to a cell-wall-derived V. dahliae elicitor, which supported the association of GhLIPN with defence signalling. The results add a new dimension to the proposed roles of lipins in plants by suggesting that lipins may have a role in defence signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
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26
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Uji T, Mizuta H, Saga N. Characterization of the sporophyte-preferential gene promoter from the red alga Porphyra yezoensis using transient gene expression. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:188-196. [PMID: 22865243 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle of plants entails an alternation of generations, the diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stages. There is little information about the characteristics of gene expression during each phase of marine macroalgae. Promoter analysis is a useful method for understanding transcriptional regulation; however, there is no report of promoter analyses in marine macroalgae. In this study, with the aim of elucidating the differences in the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms between the gametophyte and sporophyte stages in the marine red alga Porphyra yezoensis, we isolated the promoter from the sporophyte preferentially expressed gene PyKPA1, which encodes a sodium pump, and analyzed its promoter using a transient gene expression system with a synthetic β-glucuronidase (PyGUS) reporter. The deletion of -1432 to -768 relative to the transcription start site resulted in decreased GUS activity in sporophytes. In contrast, deletion from -767 to -527 increased GUS activity in gametophytes. Gain-of-function analyses showed that the -1432 to -760 region enhanced the GUS activity of a heterologous promoter in sporophytes, whereas the -767 to -510 region repressed it in gametophytes. Further mutation and gain-of-function analyses of the -767 to -510 region revealed that a 20-bp GC-rich sequence (-633 to -614) is responsible for the gametophyte-specific repressed expression. These results showed that the sporophyte-specific positive regulatory region and gametophyte-specific negative regulatory sequence play a crucial role in the preferential expression of PyKPA1 in P. yezoensis sporophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Uji
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
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27
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Kale SM, Pardeshi VC, Barvkar VT, Gupta VS, Kadoo NY. Genome-wide identification and characterization of nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat genes in linseed reveal distinct patterns of gene structure. Genome 2012; 56:91-9. [PMID: 23517318 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2012-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants employ different disease-resistance genes to detect pathogens and to induce defense responses. The largest class of these genes encodes proteins with nucleotide binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains. To identify the putative NBS-LRR encoding genes from linseed, we analyzed the recently published linseed genome sequence and identified 147 NBS-LRR genes. The NBS domain was used for phylogeny construction and these genes were classified into two well-known families, non-TIR (CNL) and TIR related (TNL), and formed eight clades in the neighbor-joining bootstrap tree. Eight different gene structures were observed among these genes. An unusual domain arrangement was observed in the TNL family members, predominantly in the TNL-5 clade members belonging to class D. About 12% of the genes observed were linseed specific. The study indicated that the linseed genes probably have an ancient origin with few progenitor genes. Quantitative expression analysis of five genes showed inducible expression. The in silico expression evidence was obtained for a few of these genes, and the expression was not correlated with the presence of any particular regulatory element or with unusual domain arrangement in those genes. This study will help in understanding the evolution of these genes, the development of disease resistant varieties, and the mechanism of disease resistance in linseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip M Kale
- Biochemical Sciences Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
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28
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Chen L, Hu W, Tan S, Wang M, Ma Z, Zhou S, Deng X, Zhang Y, Huang C, Yang G, He G. Genome-wide identification and analysis of MAPK and MAPKK gene families in Brachypodium distachyon. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46744. [PMID: 23082129 PMCID: PMC3474763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
MAPK cascades are universal signal transduction modules and play important roles in plant growth, development and in response to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. Although MAPKs and MAPKKs have been systematically investigated in several plant species including Arabidopsis, rice and poplar, no systematic analysis has been conducted in the emerging monocot model plant Brachypodium distachyon. In the present study, a total of 16 MAPK genes and 12 MAPKK genes were identified from B. distachyon. An analysis of the genomic evolution showed that both tandem and segment duplications contributed significantly to the expansion of MAPK and MAPKK families. Evolutionary relationships within subfamilies were supported by exon-intron organizations and the architectures of conserved protein motifs. Synteny analysis between B. distachyon and the other two plant species of rice and Arabidopsis showed that only one homolog of B. distachyon MAPKs was found in the corresponding syntenic blocks of Arabidopsis, while 13 homologs of B. distachyon MAPKs and MAPKKs were found in that of rice, which was consistent with the speciation process of the three species. In addition, several interactive protein pairs between the two families in B. distachyon were found through yeast two hybrid assay, whereas their orthologs of a pair in Arabidopsis and other plant species were not found to interact with each other. Finally, expression studies of closely related family members among B. distachyon, Arabidopsis and rice showed that even recently duplicated representatives may fulfill different functions and be involved in different signal pathways. Taken together, our data would provide a foundation for evolutionary and functional characterization of MAPK and MAPKK gene families in B. distachyon and other plant species to unravel their biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Chen
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan) HUST Part, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Hu
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan) HUST Part, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Shenglong Tan
- Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan) HUST Part, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Zhanbing Ma
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan) HUST Part, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyi Zhou
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan) HUST Part, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Deng
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan) HUST Part, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan) HUST Part, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Huang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan) HUST Part, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Guangxiao Yang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan) HUST Part, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (GY); (GH)
| | - Guangyuan He
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan) HUST Part, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (GY); (GH)
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29
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Wathugala DL, Hemsley PA, Moffat CS, Cremelie P, Knight MR, Knight H. The Mediator subunit SFR6/MED16 controls defence gene expression mediated by salicylic acid and jasmonate responsive pathways. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:217-30. [PMID: 22494141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
• Arabidopsis SENSITIVE TO FREEZING6 (SFR6) controls cold- and drought-inducible gene expression and freezing- and osmotic-stress tolerance. Its identification as a component of the MEDIATOR transcriptional co-activator complex led us to address its involvement in other transcriptional responses. • Gene expression responses to Pseudomonas syringae, ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were investigated in three sfr6 mutant alleles by quantitative real-time PCR and susceptibility to UV-C irradiation and Pseudomonas infection were assessed. • sfr6 mutants were more susceptible to both Pseudomonas syringae infection and UV-C irradiation. They exhibited correspondingly weaker PR (pathogenesis-related) gene expression than wild-type Arabidopsis following these treatments or after direct application of SA, involved in response to both UV-C and Pseudomonas infection. Other genes, however, were induced normally in the mutants by these treatments. sfr6 mutants were severely defective in expression of plant defensin genes in response to JA; ectopic expression of defensin genes was provoked in wild-type but not sfr6 by overexpression of ERF5. • SFR6/MED16 controls both SA- and JA-mediated defence gene expression and is necessary for tolerance of Pseudomonas syringae infection and UV-C irradiation. It is not, however, a universal regulator of stress gene transcription and is likely to mediate transcriptional activation of specific regulons only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi L Wathugala
- Durham Centre for Crop Improvement Technology, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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30
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Kurusu T, Yamanaka T, Nakano M, Takiguchi A, Ogasawara Y, Hayashi T, Iida K, Hanamata S, Shinozaki K, Iida H, Kuchitsu K. Involvement of the putative Ca²⁺-permeable mechanosensitive channels, NtMCA1 and NtMCA2, in Ca²⁺ uptake, Ca²⁺-dependent cell proliferation and mechanical stress-induced gene expression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY-2 cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2012; 125:555-68. [PMID: 22080252 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To gain insight into the cellular functions of the mid1-complementing activity (MCA) family proteins, encoding putative Ca²⁺-permeable mechanosensitive channels, we isolated two MCA homologs of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY-2 cells, named NtMCA1 and NtMCA2. NtMCA1 and NtMCA2 partially complemented the lethality and Ca²⁺ uptake defects of yeast mutants lacking mechanosensitive Ca²⁺ channel components. Furthermore, in yeast cells overexpressing NtMCA1 and NtMCA2, the hypo-osmotic shock-induced Ca²⁺ influx was enhanced. Overexpression of NtMCA1 or NtMCA2 in BY-2 cells enhanced Ca²⁺ uptake, and significantly alleviated growth inhibition under Ca²⁺ limitation. NtMCA1-overexpressing BY-2 cells showed higher sensitivity to hypo-osmotic shock than control cells, and induced the expression of the touch-inducible gene, NtERF4. We found that both NtMCA1-GFP and NtMCA2-GFP were localized at the plasma membrane and its interface with the cell wall, Hechtian strands, and at the cell plate and perinuclear vesicles of dividing cells. NtMCA2 transcript levels fluctuated during the cell cycle and were highest at the G1 phase. These results suggest that NtMCA1 and NtMCA2 play roles in Ca²⁺-dependent cell proliferation and mechanical stress-induced gene expression in BY-2 cells, by regulating the Ca²⁺ influx through the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Kurusu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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31
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Tan S, Wu S. Genome Wide Analysis of Nucleotide-Binding Site Disease Resistance Genes in Brachypodium distachyon. Comp Funct Genomics 2012; 2012:418208. [PMID: 22693425 PMCID: PMC3368180 DOI: 10.1155/2012/418208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding site (NBS) disease resistance genes play an important role in defending plants from a variety of pathogens and insect pests. Many R-genes have been identified in various plant species. However, little is known about the NBS-encoding genes in Brachypodium distachyon. In this study, using computational analysis of the B. distachyon genome, we identified 126 regular NBS-encoding genes and characterized them on the bases of structural diversity, conserved protein motifs, chromosomal locations, gene duplications, promoter region, and phylogenetic relationships. EST hits and full-length cDNA sequences (from Brachypodium database) of 126 R-like candidates supported their existence. Based on the occurrence of conserved protein motifs such as coiled-coil (CC), NBS, leucine-rich repeat (LRR), these regular NBS-LRR genes were classified into four subgroups: CC-NBS-LRR, NBS-LRR, CC-NBS, and X-NBS. Further expression analysis of the regular NBS-encoding genes in Brachypodium database revealed that these genes are expressed in a wide range of libraries, including those constructed from various developmental stages, tissue types, and drought challenged or nonchallenged tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Tan
- Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
- School of Information Management, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Song Wu
- Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
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32
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Li L, Yi H. Differential expression of Arabidopsis defense-related genes in response to sulfur dioxide. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:718-724. [PMID: 22265681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) is one of the most common and harmful air pollutants. To analyze cellular responses to SO(2), we investigated the transcript alterations, antioxidant enzyme activities and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in Arabidopsisthaliana (Col-0) exposed to SO(2). Transcriptional profiling using Affymetrix GeneChip technology identified 494 genes differentially expressed (≥2-fold change) in plants exposed to 30 mg m(-3) SO(2) for 72 h, including up-regulation of some defense-related genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins. Moreover, numerous genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins and enzymes required for the phenylpropanoid pathway and for cell wall modification were highly activated upon SO(2) exposure. We selected eight of the significantly differentially expressed defense-related genes for analysis using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed that their expression was up-regulated under SO(2) stress. In addition, SO(2) exposure caused the enhancement of ROS production, and also increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase) in Arabidopsis plants. Our results indicated that increased ROS may act as a signal to induce defense responses, which provide enhanced defense capacity to protect plants against SO(2) and other environmental stress. This is the first transcriptional profiling that identifies novel genes and pathways involved in SO(2) stress responses in plant cells. These data will be helpful for better understanding the molecular basis for plant adaptation to SO(2) stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Li
- School of Life Science, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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33
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Akagi A, Dandekar AM, Stotz HU. Resistance of Malus domestica fruit to Botrytis cinerea depends on endogenous ethylene biosynthesis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 101:1311-21. [PMID: 21809978 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-11-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene regulates fruit ripening, other developmental processes, and a subset of defense responses. Here, we show that 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS)-silenced apple (Malus domestica) fruit that express a sense construct of ACS were more susceptible to Botrytis cinerea than untransformed apple, demonstrating that ethylene strengthens fruit resistance to B. cinerea infection. Because ethylene response factors (ERFs) are known to contribute to resistance against B. cinerea via the ethylene-signaling pathway, we cloned four ERF cDNAs from fruit of M. domestica: MdERF3, -4, -5, and -6. Expression of all four MdERF mRNAs was ethylene dependent and induced by wounding or by B. cinerea infection. B. cinerea infection suppressed rapid induction of wound-related MdERF expression. MdERF3 was the only mRNA induced by wounding and B. cinerea infection in ACS-suppressed apple fruit, although its induction was reduced compared with wild-type apple. Promoter regions of all four MdERF genes were cloned and putative cis-elements were identified in each promoter. Transient expression of MdERF3 in tobacco increased expression of the GCC-box containing gene chitinase 48.
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MESH Headings
- Botrytis/physiology
- Chitinases/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Ethylenes/analysis
- Ethylenes/biosynthesis
- Fruit/enzymology
- Fruit/genetics
- Fruit/immunology
- Fruit/microbiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Lyases/genetics
- Malus/enzymology
- Malus/genetics
- Malus/immunology
- Malus/microbiology
- Mutation
- Phylogeny
- Plant Diseases/genetics
- Plant Diseases/immunology
- Plant Diseases/microbiology
- Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism
- Plant Immunity
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/enzymology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/microbiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Stress, Mechanical
- Time Factors
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Akagi
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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34
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Isolation and identification of an AP2/ERF factor that binds an allelic cis-element of rice gene LRK6. Genet Res (Camb) 2011; 93:319-32. [DOI: 10.1017/s0016672311000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryAllelic expression of the rice yield-related gene, leucine-rich receptor-like kinase 6 (LRK6), in the hybrid of 93-11 (Oryza sativa L. subsp. Indica var. 93-11) and Nipponbare (O. sativa L. subsp. Japonica var. Nipponbare) is determined by allelic promoter cis-elements. Using deletion analysis of the LRK6 promoter, we identified two distinct regions that might contribute to LRK6 expression. Sequence alignment revealed differences in these LRK6 promoter regions in 93-11 and Nipponbare. One of the segments, named differential sequence of LRK6 promoter 2 (DSLP2), contains potential transcription factor binding sites. Using a yeast one-hybrid assay, we isolated an ethylene-responsive factor (ERF) protein that binds to DSLP2. Sequence analysis and a GCC-box assay showed that the ERF gene, O. sativa ERF 3 (OsERF3), which belongs to ERF subfamily class II, has a conserved ERF domain and an ERF-associated amphiphilic repression repressor motif. We used an in vivo mutation assay to identify a new motif (5′-TAA(A)GT-3′) located in DSLP2, which interacts with OsERF3. These results suggest that OsERF3, an AP2 (APETALA 2 Gene)/ERF transcription factor, binds the LRK6 promoter at this new motif, which might cause differential expression of LRK6 in the 93-11/Nipponbare hybrid.
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Naqvi AR, Sarwat M, Pradhan B, Choudhury NR, Haq QMR, Mukherjee SK. Differential expression analyses of host genes involved in systemic infection of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV). Virus Res 2011; 160:395-9. [PMID: 21600246 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl viruses (ToLCV) infect tomato plants and eventually cause several phenotypic defects, notably in the leaves in the form of upward curling. The entry of virus triggers plants' basal defense responses which eventually introduce temporal changes in the transcriptome to evade the pathogen attack. In this study, we have identified about 20 tomato ESTs using subtractive hybridization that were induced in tomato leaves upon agro-infection with the constructs bearing the dimers of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) DNA-A and DNA-B components. The induced ESTs belonged to the class of genes that play crucial roles in innate immunity, plants metabolism and ethylene signaling. The expression of few of these ESTs was validated by northern blot analysis and two out of six selected genes expressed exclusively in the infected leaf tissues. Besides leaves, the expression status of selected genes was checked in a wide variety of tissues (flower, fruit, stem and root) of both healthy and infected plants by RT-PCR. These results suggest that the flower and fruit tissues, similar to leaves, exhibited induction of most of the genes while the stem and root tissues suffered from down-regulation. Overall, these results indicate that the hosts' transcriptome undergoes considerable changes in response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar Raza Naqvi
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110 025, India
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Hiraga S, Sasaki K, Hibi T, Yoshida H, Uchida E, Kosugi S, Kato T, Mie T, Ito H, Katou S, Seo S, Matsui H, Ohashi Y, Mitsuhara I. Involvement of two rice ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE genes in wound signaling. Mol Genet Genomics 2009; 282:517-29. [PMID: 19798512 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-009-0483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene and jasmonic acid (JA) have been proposed as key compounds for wound signaling in plants. In Arabidopsis, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3), which is an essential transcription factor for ethylene signaling, is regulated at the post-transcriptional level, while transcriptional regulation of EIN3 or EIN3-LIKE (EIL) genes has not been well documented. The expression of 6 rice EIL genes (OsEIL1-6) was analyzed and only OsEIL1 and 2 were found to be wound-inducible EIL. OsEIL2 was also induced by JA. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that recombinant OsEIL1 and 2 proteins bound to specific DNA sequences that are recognized by a wound-inducible tobacco EIL. Accumulation of OsEIL1 and 2 transcripts reached a maximum at 1 and 0.5 h after wounding, respectively, and the corresponding DNA-binding activity in nuclear extracts of rice leaves was increased at 1 h after wounding. Candidates for OsEIL-target genes were selected by microarray analysis of wounded rice and by promoter sequence analyses of wound-inducible genes identified by microarray analysis. In OsEIL1- and/or 2-suppressed rice plants, the expression of at least four of 18 candidate genes analyzed was down-regulated. These results indicate the importance of inducible OsEILs in wound signaling in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Hiraga
- National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
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González-Lamothe R, Boyle P, Dulude A, Roy V, Lezin-Doumbou C, Kaur GS, Bouarab K, Després C, Brisson N. The transcriptional activator Pti4 is required for the recruitment of a repressosome nucleated by repressor SEBF at the potato PR-10a gene. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:3136-47. [PMID: 19028963 PMCID: PMC2613659 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.061721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional reprogramming is critical for plant disease resistance responses. In potato (Solanum tuberosum), the marker gene PATHOGENESIS-RELATED-10a (PR-10a) is transcriptionally activated by pathogens, wounding, or elicitor treatment. Activation of PR-10a requires the recruitment of the activator Why1 to its promoter. In addition, PR-10a is negatively regulated by the repressor SEBF (for Silencer Element Binding Factor). Here, we show through a yeast two-hybrid screen that SEBF interacts with Pti4, which has been shown to be a transcriptional activator. SEBF recruits Pti4 via its consensus sequence-type RNA binding domain, while Pti4 is recruited to SEBF by means of its ethylene-response factor domain. In vivo plant transcription assays confirmed that SEBF interacts with Pti4 to form a repressosome, showing that Pti4 can also play a role in transcriptional repression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that both SEBF and Pti4 are recruited to the PR-10a promoter in uninduced conditions only and that the recruitment of Pti4 is dependent on the presence of SEBF, consistent with the fact that there is no Pti4 consensus binding site in PR-10a. Unexpectedly, we also demonstrated that recruitment of SEBF was dependent on the presence of Pti4, thereby explaining why SEBF, itself a repressor, requires Pti4 for its repressing function.
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Ameline-Torregrosa C, Wang BB, O'Bleness MS, Deshpande S, Zhu H, Roe B, Young ND, Cannon SB. Identification and characterization of nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat genes in the model plant Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:5-21. [PMID: 17981990 PMCID: PMC2230567 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.104588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) gene family accounts for the largest number of known disease resistance genes, and is one of the largest gene families in plant genomes. We have identified 333 nonredundant NBS-LRRs in the current Medicago truncatula draft genome (Mt1.0), likely representing 400 to 500 NBS-LRRs in the full genome, or roughly 3 times the number present in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Although many characteristics of the gene family are similar to those described on other plant genomes, several evolutionary features are particularly pronounced in M. truncatula, including a high degree of clustering, evidence of significant numbers of ectopic translocations from clusters to other parts of the genome, a small number of more evolutionarily stable NBS-LRRs, and numerous truncations and fusions leading to novel domain compositions. The gene family clearly has had a large impact on the structure of the genome, both through ectopic translocations (potentially, a means of seeding new NBS-LRR clusters), and through two extraordinarily large superclusters. Chromosome 6 encodes approximately 34% of all TIR-NBS-LRRs, while chromosome 3 encodes approximately 40% of all coiled-coil-NBS-LRRs. Almost all atypical domain combinations are in the TIR-NBS-LRR subfamily, with many occurring within one genomic cluster. This analysis shows the gene family not only is important functionally and agronomically, but also plays a structural role in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Ameline-Torregrosa
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, UMR CNRS-INRA 442-2594, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
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O'Rourke JA, Charlson DV, Gonzalez DO, Vodkin LO, Graham MA, Cianzio SR, Grusak MA, Shoemaker RC. Microarray analysis of iron deficiency chlorosis in near-isogenic soybean lines. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:476. [PMID: 18154662 PMCID: PMC2253546 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is one of fourteen mineral elements required for proper plant growth and development of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Soybeans grown on calcareous soils, which are prevalent in the upper Midwest of the United States, often exhibit symptoms indicative of iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC). Yield loss has a positive linear correlation with increasing severity of chlorotic symptoms. As soybean is an important agronomic crop, it is essential to understand the genetics and physiology of traits affecting plant yield. Soybean cultivars vary greatly in their ability to respond successfully to iron deficiency stress. Microarray analyses permit the identification of genes and physiological processes involved in soybean's response to iron stress. RESULTS RNA isolated from the roots of two near isogenic lines, which differ in iron efficiency, PI 548533 (Clark; iron efficient) and PI 547430 (IsoClark; iron inefficient), were compared on a spotted microarray slide containing 9,728 cDNAs from root specific EST libraries. A comparison of RNA transcripts isolated from plants grown under iron limiting hydroponic conditions for two weeks revealed 43 genes as differentially expressed. A single linkage clustering analysis of these 43 genes showed 57% of them possessed high sequence similarity to known stress induced genes. A control experiment comparing plants grown under adequate iron hydroponic conditions showed no differences in gene expression between the two near isogenic lines. Expression levels of a subset of the differentially expressed genes were also compared by real time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). The RT-PCR experiments confirmed differential expression between the iron efficient and iron inefficient plants for 9 of 10 randomly chosen genes examined. To gain further insight into the iron physiological status of the plants, the root iron reductase activity was measured in both iron efficient and inefficient genotypes for plants grown under iron sufficient and iron limited conditions. Iron inefficient plants failed to respond to decreased iron availability with increased activity of Fe reductase. CONCLUSION These experiments have identified genes involved in the soybean iron deficiency chlorosis response under iron deficient conditions. Single linkage cluster analysis suggests iron limited soybeans mount a general stress response as well as a specialized iron deficiency stress response. Root membrane bound reductase capacity is often correlated with iron efficiency. Under iron-limited conditions, the iron efficient plant had high root bound membrane reductase capacity while the iron inefficient plants reductase levels remained low, further limiting iron uptake through the root. Many of the genes up-regulated in the iron inefficient NIL are involved in known stress induced pathways. The most striking response of the iron inefficient genotype to iron deficiency stress was the induction of a profusion of signaling and regulatory genes, presumably in an attempt to establish and maintain cellular homeostasis. Genes were up-regulated that point toward an increased transport of molecules through membranes. Genes associated with reactive oxidative species and an ROS-defensive enzyme were also induced. The up-regulation of genes involved in DNA repair and RNA stability reflect the inhospitable cellular environment resulting from iron deficiency stress. Other genes were induced that are involved in protein and lipid catabolism; perhaps as an effort to maintain carbon flow and scavenge energy. The under-expression of a key glycolitic gene may result in the iron-inefficient genotype being energetically challenged to maintain a stable cellular environment. These experiments have identified candidate genes and processes for further experimentation to increase our understanding of soybeans' response to iron deficiency stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A O'Rourke
- Department of Genetics, Developmental and Cellular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Dirk V Charlson
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA
| | - Delkin O Gonzalez
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Lila O Vodkin
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Michelle A Graham
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insect and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Silvia R Cianzio
- Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Michael A Grusak
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Randy C Shoemaker
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insect and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Gandía M, Conesa A, Ancillo G, Gadea J, Forment J, Pallás V, Flores R, Duran-Vila N, Moreno P, Guerri J. Transcriptional response of Citrus aurantifolia to infection by Citrus tristeza virus. Virology 2007; 367:298-306. [PMID: 17617431 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Changes in gene expression of Mexican lime plants in response to infection with a severe (T305) or a mild (T385) isolate of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) were analyzed using a cDNA microarray containing 12,672 probes to 6875 different citrus genes. Statistically significant (P<0.01) expression changes of 334 genes were detected in response to infection with isolate T305, whereas infection with T385 induced no significant change. Induced genes included 145 without significant similarity with known sequences and 189 that were classified in seven functional categories. Genes related with response to stress and defense were the main category and included 28% of the genes induced. Selected transcription changes detected by microarray analysis were confirmed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Changes detected in the transcriptome upon infecting lime with T305 may be associated either with symptom expression, with a strain-specific defense mechanism, or with a general response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Gandía
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5, Moncada, 46113, Valencia, Spain
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Mazarei M, Elling AA, Maier TR, Puthoff DP, Baum TJ. GmEREBP1 is a transcription factor activating defense genes in soybean and Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:107-19. [PMID: 17313162 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-2-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene-responsive element-binding proteins (EREBPs) are plant-specific transcription factors, many of which have been linked to plant defense responses. Conserved EREBP domains bind to the GCC box, a promoter element found in pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. We previously identified an EREBP gene from soybean (GmEREBP1) whose transcript abundance decreased in soybean cyst-nematode-infected roots of a susceptible cultivar, whereas it increased in abundance in infected roots of a resistant cultivar. Here, we report further characterization of this gene. Transient expression analyses showed that GmEREBP1 is localized to the plant nucleus and functions as a transcriptional activator in soybean leaves. Transgenic soybean plants expressing GmEREBP1 activated the expression of the ethylene (ET)-responsive gene PR2 and the ET- and jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive gene PR3, and the salicylic acid (SA)-responsive gene PR1 but not the SA-responsive PR5. Similarly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing GmEREBP1 showed elevated mRNA abundance of the ET-regulated gene PR3 and the ET- and JA-regulated defense-related gene PDF1.2 but not the ET-regulated GST2, and the SA-regulated gene PR1 but not the SA-regulated PR2 and PR5. Transgenic soybean and Arabidopsis plants inoculated with cyst nematodes did not display a significantly altered susceptibility to nematode infection. These results collectively show that GmEREBP1 functions as a transacting inducer of defense gene expression in both soybean and Arabidopsis and mediates the expression of both ET- and JA- and SA-regulated defense-related genes in these plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Baykal U, Moyne AL, Tuzun S. A frameshift in the coding region of a novel tomato class I basic chitinase gene makes it a pseudogene with a functional wound-responsive promoter. Gene 2006; 376:37-46. [PMID: 16716538 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A putative class I basic chitinase gene, assigned as psiBCH, was cloned from a tomato breeding line NC 24E. The gene contains a coding region with two introns. The predicted psiBCH open reading frame (ORF) is 971 bp and exhibits 81-88% identity at the nucleotide level with known class I basic chitinase genes from the Solanaceae family. However, the presence of a stop codon caused by a frameshift in the ORF of psiBCH makes it unusual among the other class I plant basic chitinases. This stop codon might be involved in the lower accumulation of fully spliced psiBCH RNA caused by nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), which is an RNA surveillance system universally found in eukaryotes. Sequence analysis of the 1883-bp 5'-flanking region of the psiBCH gene revealed the presence of potential wound-response promoter elements. To study the transcriptional regulation of the psiBCH gene, its 5'-flanking region containing the putative promoter was fused to the gus reporter gene and introduced into the tobacco genome via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Transgenic plants were functionally assayed for beta-glucuronidase activity. The psiBCH promoter drives the reporter gene expression in response to wounding stimuli. psiBCH promoter-GUS analysis indicates that wound-response of the tobacco transgene was rapid and localized in the wounded area following mechanical wounding. Therefore, our results suggest that the psiBCH promoter can provide targeted expression of genes, such as protease inhibitors in response to pest attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulku Baykal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 209 Life Sciences Building, Auburn University, Auburn AL 36849, USA.
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Barry CS, Giovannoni JJ. Ripening in the tomato Green-ripe mutant is inhibited by ectopic expression of a protein that disrupts ethylene signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:7923-8. [PMID: 16682641 PMCID: PMC1458509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602319103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve full ripening, climacteric fruits, such as tomato require synthesis, perception and signal transduction of the plant hormone ethylene. The nonripening phenotype of the dominant Green-ripe (Gr) and Never-ripe 2 (Nr-2) mutants of tomato is the result of reduced ethylene responsiveness in fruit tissues. In addition, a subset of ethylene responses associated with floral senescence, abscission, and root elongation are also impacted in mutant plants, but to a lesser extent. Using positional cloning, we have identified an identical 334-bp deletion in a gene of unknown biochemical function at the Gr/Nr-2 locus. Consistent with a dominant gain of function mutation, this deletion causes ectopic expression of Gr/Nr-2, which in turn leads to ripening inhibition. A CaMV35::GR transgene recreates the Gr/Nr-2 mutant phenotype but does not lead to a global reduction in ethylene responsiveness, suggesting tissue-specific modulation of ethylene responses in tomato. Gr/Nr-2 encodes an evolutionary conserved protein of unknown biochemical function that we associate here with ethylene signaling. Because Gr/Nr-2 has no sequence homology with the previously described Nr (Never-ripe) ethylene receptor of tomato we now refer to this gene only as GR. Identification of GR expands the current repertoire of ethylene signaling components in plants and provides a tool for further elucidation of ethylene response mechanisms and for controlling ethylene signal specificity in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James J. Giovannoni
- *Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service, Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14853
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Curto M, Camafeita E, Lopez JA, Maldonado AM, Rubiales D, Jorrín JV. A proteomic approach to study pea (Pisum sativum) responses to powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi). Proteomics 2006; 6 Suppl 1:S163-74. [PMID: 16511815 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As a global approach to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in pea resistance to Erysiphe pisi, changes in the leaf proteome of two pea genotypes differing in their resistance phenotype were analyzed by a combination of 2-DE and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Leaf proteins from control non-inoculated and inoculated susceptible (Messire) and resistant (JI2480) plants were resolved by 2-DE, with IEF in the 5-8 pH range and SDS-PAGE on 12% gels. CBB-stained gels revealed the existence of quantitative and qualitative differences between extracts from: (i) non-inoculated leaves of both genotypes (77 spots); (ii) inoculated and non-inoculated Messire leaves (19 spots); and (iii) inoculated and non-inoculated JI2480 leaves (12 spots). Some of the differential spots have been identified, after MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis and database searching, as proteins belonging to several functional categories, including photosynthesis and carbon metabolism, energy production, stress and defense, protein synthesis and degradation and signal transduction. Results are discussed in terms of constitutive and induced elements involved in pea resistance against Erysiphe pisi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Curto
- Agricultural and Plant Biochemistry Research Group, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Shan XC, Goodwin PH. Silencing an ACC oxidase gene affects the susceptible host response of Nicotiana benthamiana to infection by Colletotrichum orbiculare. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2006; 25:241-7. [PMID: 16397784 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-005-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase, NbACO1, was cloned from cDNA of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves infected with the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum orbiculare. Expression of NbACO1 increased approximately 3-fold by 24 h after inoculation and then continued to increase reaching a maximum that was 6-folds greater than that in healthy plants by 96 h after inoculation. A portion of NbACO1 was cloned into a PVX vector for virus-induced gene silencing, and the silencing resulted in a reduction in its expression to 7-9% of that found in the controls for fungal-infected leaf tissue. Silencing of NbACO1 also resulted in significant reductions in transcript levels of genes encoding an ethylene responsive transcription factor and two glutathione S-transferases, but not for a basic pathogenesis-related protein gene, indicating that at least some genes associated with ethylene signaling were affected by the silencing treatment. Inoculated NbACO1-silenced plants developed more lesions more quickly as a result of an accelerated switch from the symptomless, biotrophic phase to the symptomatic necrotrophic phase of infection compared to inoculated control plants. This indicates that manipulation of ACC oxidase can affect the length of the biotrophic phase of infection in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- X C Shan
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, NIG 2W1
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Harfouche AL, Shivaji R, Stocker R, Williams PW, Luthe DS. Ethylene signaling mediates a maize defense response to insect herbivory. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:189-99. [PMID: 16529381 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The signaling pathways that enable plants to mount defenses against insect herbivores are known to be complex. It was previously demonstrated that the insect-resistant maize (Zea mays L.) genotype Mp708 accumulates a unique defense cysteine proteinase, Mirl-CP, in response to caterpillar feeding. In this study, the role of ethylene in insect defense in Mp708 and an insect-susceptible line Tx601 was explored. Ethylene synthesis was blocked with either cobalt chloride or aminoethoxyvinylglycine. Alternatively, ethylene perception was inhibited with 1-methylcyclopropene. Blocking ethylene synthesis and perception resulted in Mp708 plants that were more susceptible to caterpillar feeding. In addition, fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) larvae that fed on inhibitor-treated Mp708 plants had signifycantly higher growth rates than those reared on untreated plants. In contrast, these responses were not significantly altered in Tx601. The ethylene synthesis and perception inhibitors also reduced the accumulation of Mirl-CP and its transcript mir1 in response to herbivory. These results indicate that ethylene is a component of the signal transduction pathway leading to defense against insect herbivory in the resistant genotype Mp708.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine L Harfouche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Box 9650, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
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Nasir KHB, Takahashi Y, Ito A, Saitoh H, Matsumura H, Kanzaki H, Shimizu T, Ito M, Fujisawa S, Sharma PC, Ohme-Takagi M, Kamoun S, Terauchi R. High-throughput in planta expression screening identifies a class II ethylene-responsive element binding factor-like protein that regulates plant cell death and non-host resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 43:491-505. [PMID: 16098104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We performed high-throughput screening using the potato virus X (PVX) system to overexpress Nicotiana benthamiana genes in planta and identify positive regulators of cell death. This screening identified NbCD1, a novel class II ethylene-responsive element binding factor (ERF), as a potent inducer of the hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death. NbCD1 expression was induced by treatments with INF1 elicitor and a non-host pathogen Pseudomonas cichorii. NbCD1 exhibited transcriptional repressor activity through its EAR motif, and this motif was necessary for NbCD1 to cause cell death. We identified 58 genes that displayed altered transcription following NbCD1 overexpression. NbCD1 overexpression downregulated the expression of HSR203, a negative regulator of hypersensitive death. Conditional expression of NbCD1 in Arabidopsis also caused cell death, indicating that NbCD1 downstream cascades are conserved in dicot plants. To further confirm the role of NbCD1 in defense, we used virus-induced gene silencing to demonstrate that NbCD1 is required for non-host resistance of N. benthamiana to the bacterial pathogen P. cichorii. Our data point to a model of transcriptional regulatory cascades. NbCD1 positively regulates cell death and contributes to non-host resistance, possibly by downregulating the expression of other defense response genes.
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Arimura GI, Kost C, Boland W. Herbivore-induced, indirect plant defences. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1734:91-111. [PMID: 15904867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Indirect responses are defensive strategies by which plants attract natural enemies of their herbivores that act as plant defending agents. Such defences can be either constitutively expressed or induced by the combined action of mechanical damage and low- or high-molecular-weight elicitors from the attacking herbivore. Here, we focus on two induced indirect defences, namely the de novo production of volatiles and the secretion of extrafloral nectar, which both mediate interactions with organisms from higher trophic levels (i.e., parasitoids or carnivores). We give an overview on elicitors, early signals, and signal transduction resulting in a complex regulation of indirect defences and discuss effects of cross-talks between the signalling pathways (synergistic and antagonistic effects). In the light of recent findings, we review molecular and genetic aspects of the biosynthesis of herbivore-induced plant volatiles comprising terpenoids, aromatic compounds, and metabolites of fatty acids which act as infochemicals for animals and some of which even induce defence genes in neighbouring plants. Finally, ecological aspects of these two indirect defences such as their variability, specificity, evolution as well as their ecological relevance in nature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-ichiro Arimura
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Rawat R, Xu ZF, Yao KM, Chye ML. Identification of cis-elements for ethylene and circadian regulation of the Solanum melongena gene encoding cysteine proteinase. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 57:629-43. [PMID: 15988560 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-005-0954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the expression of SmCP which encodes Solanum melongena cysteine proteinase is ethylene-inducible and is under circadian control. To understand the regulation of SmCP, a 1.34-kb SmCP 5'-flanking region and its deletion derivatives were analyzed for cis-elements using GUS and luc fusions and by in vitro binding assays. Analysis of transgenic tobacco transformed with SmCP promoter-GUS constructs confirmed that the promoter region -415/+54 containing Ethylene Responsive Element ERE(-355/-348) conferred threefold ethylene-induction of GUS expression, while -827/+54 which also contains ERE(-683/-676), produced fivefold induction. Using gel mobility shift assays, we demonstrated that each ERE binds nuclear proteins from both ethephon-treated and untreated 5-week-old seedlings, suggesting that different transcriptions factors bind each ERE under varying physiological conditions. Binding was also observed in extracts from senescent, but not young, fruits. The variation in binding at the EREs in fruits and seedlings imply that organ-specific factors may participate in binding. Analysis of transgenic tobacco expressing various SmCP promoter-luc constructs containing wild-type or mutant Evening Elements (EEs) confirmed that both conserved EEs at -795/-787 and -785/-777 are important in circadian control. We confirmed the binding of total nuclear proteins to EEs in gel mobility shift assays and in DNase I footprinting. Our results suggest that multiple proteins bind the EEs which are conserved in plants other than Arabidopsis and that functional EEs and EREs are present in the 5'-flanking region of a gene encoding cysteine proteinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Rawat
- Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Huang J, Schmelz EA, Alborn H, Engelberth J, Tumlinson JH. Phytohormones mediate volatile emissions during the interaction of compatible and incompatible pathogens: the role of ethylene in Pseudomonas syringae infected tobacco. J Chem Ecol 2005; 31:439-59. [PMID: 15898494 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-2018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between the phytohormones ethylene, salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA) are thought to regulate the specificity of induced plant defenses against microbial pathogens and herbivores. However, the nature of these interactions leading to induced plant volatile emissions during pathogen infection is unclear. We previously demonstrated that a complex volatile blend including (E)-beta-ocimene, methyl salicylate (MeSA), and numerous sesquiterpenes was released by tobacco plants, Nicotiana tabacum K326, infected with an avirulent/incompatible strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst DC3000). In contrast, a volatile blend, mainly consisting of MeSA and two unidentified sesquiterpenes, was released by plants infected with P. syringae pv. tabaci (Pstb) in a virulent/compatible interaction. In this study, we examined the interaction of multiple pathogen stresses, phytohormone signaling, and induced volatile emissions in tobacco. Combined pathogen infection involved the inoculation of one leaf with Pst DC 3000 and of a second leaf, from the same plant, with Pstb. Combined infection reduced emissions of ocimene and MeSA compared to plants infected with Pst DC 3000 alone, but with no significant changes in total sesquiterpene emissions. In the compatible interaction, Pstb elicited a large ethylene burst with a peak emission occurring 3 days after inoculation. In contrast, the incompatible interaction involving Pst DC3000 displayed no such ethylene induction. Pstb-induced ethylene production was not significantly altered by Pst DC3000 in the combined infection. We postulated that Pstb-induced ethylene production may play a regulatory role in altering the typical volatile emission in tobacco in response to Pst DC3000 infection. To clarify the role of ethylene, we dynamically applied ethylene to the headspace of tobacco plants following infection with Pst DC3000. Consistent with Pstb-induced ethylene, exogenous ethylene reduced both ocimene and MeSA emissions, and selectively altered the ratios and amounts of induced sesquiterpene emissions. Our findings suggest that ethylene can regulate the magnitude and blend of induced volatile emissions during pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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