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Wang Y, Ma W, Fu H, Li L, Ruan X, Zhang X. Effects of Salinity Stress on Growth and Physiological Parameters and Related Gene Expression in Different Ecotypes of Sesuvium portulacastrum on Hainan Island. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1336. [PMID: 37510241 PMCID: PMC10380013 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a study to examine the growth and physiological changes in 12 different ecotypes of Sesuvium portulacastrum collected from Hainan Island in China. These ecotypes were subjected to different concentrations (0, 200, 400, and 600 mmol/L) of sodium chloride (NaCl) salt stress for 14 days. We also analyzed the expression of metabolic genes related to stress response. Under low salt stress, indicators such as plant height in region K (0 mmol/L: 45% and highest at 200 mmol/L: 80%), internode length (0 mmol/L: 0.38, 200 mmol/L: 0.87, 400 mmol/L: 0.25, and 600 mmol/L: 1.35), as well as leaf area, relative water content, fresh weight, and dry weight exhibited an overall increasing trend with the increase in salt concentration. However, as the salt concentration increased, these indicators showed a decreasing trend. Proline and malondialdehyde contents increased with higher salt concentrations. When the NaCl concentration was 400 mmol/L, MDA content in the leaves was highest in the regions E (196.23%), F (94.28%), J (170.10%), and K (136.08%) as compared to the control group, respectively. Most materials demonstrated a significant decrease in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content compared to the control group. Furthermore, the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b (Rab) varied among different materials. Using principal component analysis, we identified three ecotypes (L from Xinglong Village, Danzhou City; B from Shuigoupo Village, Lingshui County; and J from Haidongfang Park, Dongfang City) that represented high, medium, and low salt tolerance levels, respectively, based on the above growth and physiological indexes. To further investigate the expression changes of related genes at the transcriptional level, we employed qRT-PCR. The results showed that the relative expression of SpP5CS1, SpLOX1, and SpLOX1 genes increased with higher salt concentrations, which corresponded to the accumulation of proline and malondialdehyde content, respectively. However, the relative expression of SpCHL1a and SpCHL1b did not exhibit a consistent pattern. This study contributes to our understanding of the salt tolerance mechanism in the true halophyte S. portulacastrum, providing a solid theoretical foundation for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Haijiang Fu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Liting Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Xueyu Ruan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
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Jo M, Knapp M, Boggs DG, Brimberry M, Donnan PH, Bridwell-Rabb J. A structure-function analysis of chlorophyllase reveals a mechanism for activity regulation dependent on disulfide bonds. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102958. [PMID: 36731794 PMCID: PMC10011514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll pigments are used by photosynthetic organisms to facilitate light capture and mediate the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy. Due to the indispensable nature of this pigment and its propensity to form reactive oxygen species, organisms heavily invest in its biosynthesis, recycling, and degradation. One key enzyme implicated in these processes is chlorophyllase, an α/β hydrolase that hydrolyzes the phytol tail of chlorophyll pigments to produce chlorophyllide molecules. This enzyme was discovered a century ago, but despite its importance to diverse photosynthetic organisms, there are still many missing biochemical details regarding how chlorophyllase functions. Here, we present the 4.46-Å resolution crystal structure of chlorophyllase from Triticum aestivum. This structure reveals the dimeric architecture of chlorophyllase, the arrangement of catalytic residues, an unexpected divalent metal ion-binding site, and a substrate-binding site that can accommodate a diverse range of pigments. Further, this structure exhibits the existence of both intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide bonds. We investigated the importance of these architectural features using enzyme kinetics, mass spectrometry, and thermal shift assays. Through this work, we demonstrated that the oxidation state of the Cys residues is imperative to the activity and stability of chlorophyllase, illuminating a biochemical trigger for responding to environmental stress. Additional bioinformatics analysis of the chlorophyllase enzyme family reveals widespread conservation of key catalytic residues and the identified "redox switch" among other plant chlorophyllase homologs, thus revealing key details regarding the structure-function relationships in chlorophyllase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshik Jo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Madison Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David G Boggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marley Brimberry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick H Donnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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3
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Genes, Structural, and Biochemical Characterization of Four Chlorophyllases from Solanum lycopersicum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911716. [PMID: 36233017 PMCID: PMC9570282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed that chlorophyllase (CLH), a long-found chlorophyll (Chl) dephytylation enzyme for initiating Chl catabolism, has no function in leaf senescence-related Chl breakdown. Yet, CLH is considered to be involved in fruit degreening and responds to external and hormonal stimuli. The purpose of this work was to elucidate in detail the biochemical, structural properties, and gene expression of four CLHs from the Solanum lycopersicum genome so as to understand the roles of Solanum lycopersicum chlorophyllases (SlCLHs). SlCLH1/4 were the predominantly expressed CLH genes during leaf and fruit development/ripening stages, and SlCLH1 in mature green fruit was modulated by light. SlCLH1/2/3/4 contained a highly conserved GHSXG lipase motif and a Ser-Asp-His catalytic triad. We identified Ser159, Asp226, and His258 as the essential catalytic triad by site-directed mutagenesis in recombinant SlCLH1. Kinetic analysis of the recombinant enzymes revealed that SlCLH1 had high hydrolysis activities against Chl a, Chl b, and pheophytin a (Phein a), but preferred Chl a and Chl b over Phein a; SlCLH2/3 only showed very low activity to Chl a and Chl b, while SlCLH4 showed no Chl dephytylation activity. The recombinant SlCLH1/2/3 had different pH stability and temperature optimum. Removal of the predicted N-terminal processing peptide caused a partial loss of activity in recombinant SlCLH1/2 but did not compromise SlCLH3 activity. These different characteristics among SlCLHs imply that they may have different physiological functions in tomato.
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Gu S, Dai X, Jiang J, Liu Y. Enhancing the catalytic activity of cyanobacterial chlorophyllase from Oscillatoria acuminata PCC 6304 through rational site-directed mutagenesis. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen GE, Hitchcock A, Mareš J, Gong Y, Tichý M, Pilný J, Kovářová L, Zdvihalová B, Xu J, Hunter CN, Sobotka R. Evolution of Ycf54-independent chlorophyll biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024633118. [PMID: 33649240 PMCID: PMC7958208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024633118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls (Chls) are essential cofactors for photosynthesis. One of the least understood steps of Chl biosynthesis is formation of the fifth (E) ring, where the red substrate, magnesium protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester, is converted to the green product, 3,8-divinyl protochlorophyllide a In oxygenic phototrophs, this reaction is catalyzed by an oxygen-dependent cyclase, consisting of a catalytic subunit (AcsF/CycI) and an auxiliary protein, Ycf54. Deletion of Ycf54 impairs cyclase activity and results in severe Chl deficiency, but its exact role is not clear. Here, we used a Δycf54 mutant of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to generate suppressor mutations that restore normal levels of Chl. Sequencing Δycf54 revertants identified a single D219G amino acid substitution in CycI and frameshifts in slr1916, which encodes a putative esterase. Introduction of these mutations to the original Δycf54 mutant validated the suppressor effect, especially in combination. However, comprehensive analysis of the Δycf54 suppressor strains revealed that the D219G-substituted CycI is only partially active and its accumulation is misregulated, suggesting that Ycf54 controls both the level and activity of CycI. We also show that Slr1916 has Chl dephytylase activity in vitro and its inactivation up-regulates the entire Chl biosynthetic pathway, resulting in improved cyclase activity. Finally, large-scale bioinformatic analysis indicates that our laboratory evolution of Ycf54-independent CycI mimics natural evolution of AcsF in low-light-adapted ecotypes of the oceanic cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus, which lack Ycf54, providing insight into the evolutionary history of the cyclase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu E Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Mareš
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Yanhai Gong
- Single-Cell Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Martin Tichý
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pilný
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kovářová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Zdvihalová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jian Xu
- Single-Cell Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - C Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Sobotka
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Sharafi E, Dehestani A, Farmani J, Parizi AP, Taheri‐Kafrani A. Chlorophyllase‐Catalyzed Chlorophyll Removal from Vegetable Oils Using Recombinant Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Enzymes. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Sharafi
- Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University 578 Sari Iran
| | - Ali Dehestani
- Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University 578 Sari Iran
| | - Jamshid Farmani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University 578 Sari Iran
| | - Ali Pakdin Parizi
- Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University 578 Sari Iran
| | - Asghar Taheri‐Kafrani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746‐73441 Iran
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7
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Sharafi E, Farmani J, Parizi AP, Dehestani A. In Search of Engineered Prokaryotic Chlorophyllases: A Bioinformatics Approach. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Guyer L, Salinger K, Krügel U, Hörtensteiner S. Catalytic and structural properties of pheophytinase, the phytol esterase involved in chlorophyll breakdown. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:879-889. [PMID: 29036670 PMCID: PMC5853334 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During leaf senescence and fruit ripening, chlorophyll is degraded in a multistep pathway into linear tetrapyrroles called phyllobilins. A key feature of chlorophyll breakdown is the removal of the hydrophobic phytol chain that renders phyllobilins water soluble, an important prerequisite for their ultimate storage in the vacuole of senescent cells. Chlorophyllases had been considered for more than a century to catalyze dephytylation in vivo; however, this was recently refuted. Instead, pheophytinase was discovered as a genuine in vivo phytol hydrolase. While chlorophyllase acts rather unspecifically towards different porphyrin substrates, pheophytinase was shown to specifically dephytylate pheophytin, namely Mg-free chlorophyll. The aim of this work was to elucidate in detail the biochemical and structural properties of pheophytinase. By testing different porphyrin substrates with recombinant pheophytinase from Arabidopsis thaliana we show that pheophytinase has high specificity for the acid moiety of the ester bond, namely the porphyrin ring, while the nature of the alcohol, namely the phytol chain in pheophytin, is irrelevant. In silico modelling of the 3-dimensional structure of pheophytinase and subsequent analysis of site-directed pheophytinase mutant forms allowed the identification of the serine, histidine, and aspartic acid residues that compose the catalytic triad, a classical feature of serine-type hydrolases to which both pheophytinase and chlorophyllase belong. Based on substantial structural differences in the models of Arabidopsis pheophytinase and chlorophyllase 1, we discuss potential differences in the catalytic properties of these two phytol hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Guyer
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Salinger
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Undine Krügel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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Nowak PM, Woźniakiewicz M, Michalik M, Fiedor L, Kościelniak P. Capillary coating as an important factor in optimization of the off-line and on-line MEKC assays of the highly hydrophobic enzyme chlorophyllase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:1493-1501. [PMID: 27888314 PMCID: PMC5306352 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The choice between bare and coated capillaries is a key decision in the development and use of any methods based on capillary electrophoresis. In this work several permanently and dynamically coated capillaries were successfully implemented in a previously developed micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) assay of the plant membrane enzyme chlorophyllase. The results obtained demonstrate the rationale behind the use of capillary coating, which is crucial for successful optimization of both the off-line mode and the on-line/electrophoretically mediated microanalysis assay mode. The application of an amine permanently coated capillary (eCAP) is a simple way to significantly increase the repeatability of migration times and peak areas, and to ensure a strong electroosmotic flow that considerably decreases the overall analysis time. A dynamic coating (CEofix) allows one to apply an on-line incubation to control the reaction progress inside the capillary, and to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and peak efficiency. The dynamic coating is possible with use of both the normally applied uncoated silica capillary and the precoated amine capillary, which ensures more repeatable migration times. The strong points of the uncoated silica capillary are its attractive price and wide range of pH that can be applied. The characteristics presented may simplify the choice of capillary modification, especially in the case of hydrophobic analytes, MEKC-based separations, and other enzymatic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mateusz Nowak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Michalik
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
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Yen CC, Chuang YC, Ko CY, Chen LFO, Chen SS, Lin CJ, Chou YL, Shaw JF. Immobilization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CLH1 on APTES-Coated Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Potential in the Production of Chlorophyll Derivatives. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21080972. [PMID: 27472309 PMCID: PMC6273557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21080972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chlorophyllase 1 (CrCLH1) that could catalyze chlorophyll hydrolysis to chlorophyllide and phytol in vitro was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant CrCLH1 was immobilized through covalent binding with a cubic (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) coating on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs), which led to markedly improved enzyme performance and decreased biocatalyst costs for potential industrial application. The immobilized enzyme exhibited a high immobilization yield (98.99 ± 0.91 mg/g of gel) and a chlorophyllase assay confirmed that the immobilized recombinant CrCLH1 retained enzymatic activity (722.3 ± 50.3 U/g of gel). Biochemical analysis of the immobilized enzyme, compared with the free enzyme, showed higher optimal pH and pH stability for chlorophyll-a hydrolysis in an acidic environment (pH 3-5). In addition, compared with the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme showed higher activity in chlorophyll-a hydrolysis in a high temperature environment (50-60 °C). Moreover, the immobilized enzyme retained a residual activity of more than 64% of its initial enzyme activity after 14 cycles in a repeated-batch operation. Therefore, APTES-coated MIONP-immobilized recombinant CrCLH1 can be repeatedly used to lower costs and is potentially useful for the industrial production of chlorophyll derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Yen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Chen Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yun Ko
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Long-Fang O Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Sheau-Shyang Chen
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jung Lin
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Li Chou
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
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Teramura M, Harada J, Mizoguchi T, Yamamoto K, Tamiaki H. In Vitro Assays of BciC Showing C132-Demethoxycarbonylase Activity Requisite for Biosynthesis of Chlorosomal Chlorophyll Pigments. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1048-1057. [PMID: 26936794 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A BciC enzyme is related to the removal of the C13(2)-methoxycarbonyl group in biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) c, d and e functioning in green sulfur bacteria, filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs and phototrophic acidobacteria. These photosynthetic bacteria have the largest and the most efficient light-harvesting antenna systems, called chlorosomes, containing unique self-aggregates of BChl c, d or e pigments, that lack the C13(2)-methoxycarbonyl group which disturbs chlorosomal self-aggregation. In this study, we characterized the BciC derived from the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum, and examined the in vitro enzymatic activities of its recombinant protein. The BciC-catalyzing reactions of various substrates showed that the enzyme recognized chlorophyllide (Chlide) a and 3,8-divinyl(DV)-Chlide a as chlorin substrates to give 3-vinyl-bacteriochlorophyllide (3V-BChlide) d and DV-BChlide d, respectively. Since the BciC afforded a higher activity with Chlide a than that with DV-Chlide a and no activity with (DV-)protoChlides a (porphyrin substrates) and 3V-BChlide a (a bacteriochlorin substrate), this enzyme was effective for diverting the chlorosomal pigment biosynthetic pathway at the stage of Chlide a away from syntheses of other pigments such as BChl a and Chl a The addition of methanol to the reaction mixture did not prevent the BciC activity, and we identified this enzyme as Chlide a demethoxycarbonylase, not methylesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Teramura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Jiro Harada
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011 Japan
| | - Tadashi Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
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Chou YL, Ko CY, Yen CC, Chen LFO, Shaw JF. A Novel Recombinant Chlorophyllase1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for the Production of Chlorophyllide Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9496-9503. [PMID: 26478543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural chlorophyll metabolites have exhibited physiological activity in vitro. In this study, a recombinant chlorophyllase1 gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrCLH1) was isolated and characterized. Recombinant CrCLH1 can perform chlorophyll dephytylation and produce chlorophyllide and phytol. In a transient assay, the subcellular localization of CrCLH1-green fluorescent protein was determined to be outside the chloroplast. Biochemical analyses of the activity of recombinant CrCLH1 indicated that its optimal pH value and temperature are 6.0 and 40 °C, respectively. Enzyme kinetic data revealed that the recombinant CrCLH1 had a higher catalytic efficiency for chlorophyll a than for chlorophyll b and bacteriochlorophyll a. According to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of chlorophyll hydrolysis, recombinant CrCLH1 catalyzed the conversion of chlorophyll a to pheophorbide a at pH 5. Therefore, recombinant CrCLH1 can be used as a biocatalyst to produce chlorophyllide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Li Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Ko
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Yen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Long-Fang O Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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13
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Chou YL, Lee YL, Yen CC, Chen LFO, Lee LC, Shaw JF. A novel recombinant chlorophyllase from cyanobacteriumCyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 for the production of bacteriochlorophyllide a. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:371-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Li Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lin Lee
- Biotechnology Division; Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Yen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; I-Shou University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Long-Fang O. Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiun Lee
- Department of Nutrition; I-Shou University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; I-Shou University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
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Purification and immobilization of the recombinant Brassica oleracea Chlorophyllase 1 (BoCLH1) on DIAION®CR11 as potential biocatalyst for the production of chlorophyllide and phytol. Molecules 2015; 20:3744-57. [PMID: 25719743 PMCID: PMC6272265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20033744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Brassica oleracea chlorophyllase 1 (BoCLH1) with a protein molecular weight of 38.63 kDa was successfully expressed in E. coli and could catalyze chlorophyll (Chl) hydrolysis to chlorophyllide and phytol in vitro. In this study, we used DIAION®CR11, a highly porous cross-linked polystyrene divinylbenzene-based metal chelator, for purifying and immobilizing the poly (His)-tagged enzyme. The Cu(II) showed the highest protein adsorption (9.2 ± 0.43 mg/g gel) and enzyme activity (46.3 ± 3.14 U/g gel) for the immobilization of the poly (His)-tagged recombinant BoCLH1 compared with other metal chelators. Biochemical analysis of the immobilized enzyme showed higher chlorophyllase activity for Chl a hydrolysis in a weak base environment (pH 8.0), and activity above 70% was in a high-temperature environment, compared with the free enzyme. In addition, compared with free BoCLH1, the enzyme half-life (t1/2) of the immobilized BoCLH1 increased from 25.42 to 54.35 min (approximately two-fold) at 60 °C. The immobilized enzyme retained a residual activity of approximately 60% after 17 cycles in a repeated-batch operation. Therefore, DIAION®CR11Cu(II)-immobilized recombinant BoCLH1 can be repeatedly used to lower the cost and is potentially useful for the industrial production of chlorophyllide and phytol.
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Guyer L, Hofstetter SS, Christ B, Lira BS, Rossi M, Hörtensteiner S. Different mechanisms are responsible for chlorophyll dephytylation during fruit ripening and leaf senescence in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:44-56. [PMID: 25033826 PMCID: PMC4149727 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.239541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown occurs in different green plant tissues (e.g. during leaf senescence and in ripening fruits). For different plant species, the PHEOPHORBIDE A OXYGENASE (PAO)/phyllobilin pathway has been described to be the major chlorophyll catabolic pathway. In this pathway, pheophorbide (i.e. magnesium- and phytol-free chlorophyll) occurs as a core intermediate. Most of the enzymes involved in the PAO/phyllobilin pathway are known; however, the mechanism of dephytylation remains uncertain. During Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf senescence, phytol hydrolysis is catalyzed by PHEOPHYTINASE (PPH), which is specific for pheophytin (i.e. magnesium-free chlorophyll). By contrast, in fruits of different Citrus spp., chlorophyllase, hydrolyzing phytol from chlorophyll, was shown to be active. Here, we enlighten the process of chlorophyll breakdown in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), both in leaves and fruits. We demonstrate the activity of the PAO/phyllobilin pathway and identify tomato PPH (SlPPH), which, like its Arabidopsis ortholog, was specifically active on pheophytin. SlPPH localized to chloroplasts and was transcriptionally up-regulated during leaf senescence and fruit ripening. SlPPH-silencing tomato lines were impaired in chlorophyll breakdown and accumulated pheophytin during leaf senescence. However, although pheophytin transiently accumulated in ripening fruits of SlPPH-silencing lines, ultimately these fruits were able to degrade chlorophyll like the wild type. We conclude that PPH is the core phytol-hydrolytic enzyme during leaf senescence in different plant species; however, fruit ripening involves other hydrolases, which are active in parallel to PPH or are the core hydrolases in fruits. These hydrolases remain unidentified, and we discuss the question of whether chlorophyllases might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Guyer
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (L.G., S.S.H., B.C., S.H.); andDepartemento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP05508-090 Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.S.L., M.R.)
| | - Silvia Schelbert Hofstetter
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (L.G., S.S.H., B.C., S.H.); andDepartemento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP05508-090 Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.S.L., M.R.)
| | - Bastien Christ
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (L.G., S.S.H., B.C., S.H.); andDepartemento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP05508-090 Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.S.L., M.R.)
| | - Bruno Silvestre Lira
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (L.G., S.S.H., B.C., S.H.); andDepartemento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP05508-090 Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.S.L., M.R.)
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (L.G., S.S.H., B.C., S.H.); andDepartemento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP05508-090 Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.S.L., M.R.)
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (L.G., S.S.H., B.C., S.H.); andDepartemento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP05508-090 Sao Paulo, Brazil (B.S.L., M.R.)
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16
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Yang CH, Yen CC, Jheng JJ, Wang CY, Chen SS, Huang PY, Huang KS, Shaw JF. Immobilization of Brassica oleracea chlorophyllase 1 (BoCLH1) and Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) in magnetic alginate beads: an enzymatic evaluation in the corresponding proteins. Molecules 2014; 19:11800-15. [PMID: 25105918 PMCID: PMC6271720 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have a wide variety of applications in diverse biotechnological fields, and the immobilization of enzymes plays a key role in academic research or industrialization due to the stabilization and recyclability it confers. In this study, we immobilized the Brassica oleracea chlorophyllase 1 (BoCLH1) or Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) in magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles-loaded alginate composite beads. The catalytic activity and specific activity of the BoCLH1 and CRL entrapped in magnetic alginate composite beads were evaluated. Results show that the activity of immobilized BoCLH1 in magnetic alginate composite beads (3.36±0.469 U/g gel) was higher than that of immobilized BoCLH1 in alginate beads (2.96±0.264 U/g gel). In addition, the specific activity of BoCLH1 beads (10.90±1.521 U/mg protein) was higher than that immobilized BoCLH1 in alginate beads (8.52±0.758 U/mg protein). In contrast, the immobilized CRL in magnetic alginate composite beads exhibited a lower enzyme activity (11.81±0.618) than CRL immobilized in alginate beads (94.83±7.929), and the specific activity of immobilized CRL entrapped in magnetic alginate composite beads (1.99±0.104) was lower than immobilized lipase in alginate beads (15.01±1.255). A study of the degradation of magnetic alginate composite beads immersed in acidic solution (pH 3) shows that the magnetic alginate composite beads remain intact in acidic solution for at least 6 h, indicating the maintenance of the enzyme catalytic effect in low-pH environment. Finally, the enzyme immobilized magnetic alginate composite beads could be collected by an external magnet and reused for at least six cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Yen
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jyun Jheng
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
| | - Sheau-Shyang Chen
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Huang
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan.
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17
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Kazłowski B, Chen MR, Chao PM, Lai CC, Ko YT. Identification and roles of proteins for seed development in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) seed proteomes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6650-6659. [PMID: 23758297 DOI: 10.1021/jf401170g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of developing mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) seeds has not yet been investigated in detail. Fifty-seven proteins were separated by 2-DE, identified by nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry from the present protein databases, and categorized according to their functions. Many of the identified enzymes were involved in central carbon metabolism; thus, a pathway illustrating starch synthesis/breakdown, sugar conversion for glycolysis, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was proposed. Quantitative comparison of the protein expression revealed that during developmental process (11-21 days after flowering, DAF), proteins involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle, and alcoholic fermentation showed a trend to be down-regulated, whereas storage proteins were generally up-regulated. The downward tendency of central carbon metabolic proteins suggests a reduction in ATP and oxygen consumption associated with accumulation of storage compounds. UDP-glucose-1-pyrophosphorylase, an upstream enzyme in the starch ADP-Glc pathway, was found as a stably expressed protein throughout the growth stage, demonstrating its importance in mungbean starch biosynthesis. The temporal expression of metabolic enzymes suggests the coordination of an acclimation mechanism and cellular processes associated with accumulation of storage compounds in seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kazłowski
- Department of Food Science, Biotechnology Division, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University , 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
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18
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Chlorophyllase in Piper betle L. has a role in chlorophyll homeostasis and senescence dependent chlorophyll breakdown. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7133-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tanaka R, Kobayashi K, Masuda T. Tetrapyrrole Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0145. [PMID: 22303270 PMCID: PMC3268503 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants produce four classes of tetrapyrroles, namely, chlorophyll (Chl), heme, siroheme, and phytochromobilin. In plants, tetrapyrroles play essential roles in a wide range of biological activities including photosynthesis, respiration and the assimilation of nitrogen/sulfur. All four classes of tetrapyrroles are derived from a common biosynthetic pathway that resides in the plastid. In this article, we present an overview of tetrapyrrole metabolism in Arabidopsis and other higher plants, and we describe all identified enzymatic steps involved in this metabolism. We also summarize recent findings on Chl biosynthesis and Chl breakdown. Recent advances in this field, in particular those on the genetic and biochemical analyses of novel enzymes, prompted us to redraw the tetrapyrrole metabolic pathways. In addition, we also summarize our current understanding on the regulatory mechanisms governing tetrapyrrole metabolism. The interactions of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and other cellular processes including the plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuru Masuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Hörtensteiner S, Kräutler B. Chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1807:977-88. [PMID: 21167811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown is an important catabolic process of leaf senescence and fruit ripening. Structure elucidation of colorless linear tetrapyrroles as (final) breakdown products of chlorophyll was crucial for the recent delineation of a chlorophyll breakdown pathway which is highly conserved in land plants. Pheophorbide a oxygenase is the key enzyme responsible for opening of the chlorin macrocycle of pheophorbide a characteristic to all further breakdown products. Degradation of chlorophyll was rationalized by the need of a senescing cell to detoxify the potentially phototoxic pigment, yet recent investigations in leaves and fruits indicate that chlorophyll catabolites could have physiological roles. This review updates structural information of chlorophyll catabolites and the biochemical reactions involved in their formation, and discusses the significance of chlorophyll breakdown. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of Electron Transport in Chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Lee GC, Chepyshko H, Chen HH, Chu CC, Chou YF, Akoh CC, Shaw JF. Genes and biochemical characterization of three novel chlorophyllase isozymes from Brassica oleracea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:8651-8657. [PMID: 20681655 DOI: 10.1021/jf1016384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Three full length cDNAs (BoCLH1, 1140 bp; BoCLH2, 1104 bp; BoCLH3, 884 bp) encoding putative chlorophyllases were cloned from the cDNA pools of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) florets and characterized. The amino acid sequence analysis indicated that these three BoCLHs contained a highly conserved lipase motif (GXSXG). However, only BoCLH3 lacked the His residue which is the component of the catalytic triad (Ser-His-Asp). N-terminal sequences of BoCLH1 and BoCLH2 were predicted to have typical signal sequences for the chloroplast, whereas the plasma membrane-targeting sequence was identified in BoCLH3. The predicted molecular masses of BoCLH1, 2, and 3 were 34.7, 35.3, and 23.5 kDa, respectively. The recombinant BoCLHs were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli for the biochemical characterization. The recombinant BoCLH3 showed very low chlorophyllase activity possibly due to its incomplete catalytic triad. BoCLH1 and BoCLH2 showed significant differences in biochemical properties such as pH stability and temperature optimum. Kinetic analysis revealed that BoCLH1 preferably hydrolyzed Mg-free chlorophyll, while BoCLH2 hydrolyzed both chlorophyll and Mg-free chlorophyll at a similar level. Different characteristics between BoCLH1 and BoCLH2 implied that they may have different physiological functions in broccoli. The catalytic triad of recombinant BoCLH2 was identified as Ser141, His247, and Asp170 by site-directed mutagenesis. It suggested that the three broccoli chlorophyllase isozymes were serine hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Chiun Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Zabelin AA, Fufina TY, Vasilieva LG, Shkuropatova VA, Zvereva MG, Shkuropatov AY, Shuvalov VA. Mutant reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides I(L177)H with strongly bound bacteriochlorophyll a: Structural properties and pigment-protein interactions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:68-74. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Biochemical characterization of Alr1529, a novel SGNH hydrolase variant from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1794:324-34. [PMID: 19028609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alr1529, a serine hydrolase from the cyanobacteria Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 is a member of the SGNH hydrolase superfamily. Biochemical characterization of the purified enzyme revealed that the protein is a dimer in solution and is specific for aryl esters of short chain carboxylic acids. The enzyme was regio-selective for alpha-naphthyl esters with maximum activity at pH 7.5 and has a broad optimal temperature range (25-45 degrees C). A structure based comparison of Alr1529 with other superfamily members confirmed the presence of the catalytic triad (Ser17-Asp179-His182) and oxyanion hole (Ser17-Arg54-Asn87) residues. Alr1529 exhibits a previously undescribed variation in the active site wherein a conserved Gly, a proton donor making up the oxyanion hole in the SGNH hydrolases, is substituted by Arg54. Site-directed mutagenesis studies suggest that Arg54 is crucial for substrate binding and catalytic activity. Ser17 plays a very crucial role in catalysis as evident from the 50-fold lower activity of the S17A mutant.
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24
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Masuda T. Recent overview of the Mg branch of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis leading to chlorophylls. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 96:121-43. [PMID: 18273690 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In plants, chlorophylls (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) are the most abundant tetrapyrrole molecules and are essential for photosynthesis. The first committed step of chlorophyll biosynthesis is the insertion of Mg(2+) into protoporphyrin IX, and thus subsequent steps of the biosynthesis are called the Mg branch. As the Mg branch in higher plants is complex, it was not until the last decade--after many years of intensive research--that most of the genes encoding the enzymes for the pathway were identified. Biochemical and molecular genetic analyses have certainly modified the classic metabolic map of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, and only recently have the molecular mechanisms of regulatory pathways governing chlorophyll metabolism been elucidated. As a result, novel functions of tetrapyrroles and biosynthetic enzymes have been proposed. In this review, I summarize the recent findings on enzymes involved in the Mg branch, mainly in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuru Masuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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25
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Barry CS, McQuinn RP, Chung MY, Besuden A, Giovannoni JJ. Amino acid substitutions in homologs of the STAY-GREEN protein are responsible for the green-flesh and chlorophyll retainer mutations of tomato and pepper. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:179-87. [PMID: 18359841 PMCID: PMC2330295 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.118430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Color changes often accompany the onset of ripening, leading to brightly colored fruits that serve as attractants to seed-dispersing organisms. In many fruits, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum), there is a sharp decrease in chlorophyll content and a concomitant increase in the synthesis of carotenoids as a result of the conversion of chloroplasts into chromoplasts. The green-flesh (gf) and chlorophyll retainer (cl) mutations of tomato and pepper, respectively, are inhibited in their ability to degrade chlorophyll during ripening, leading to the production of ripe fruits characterized by both chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation and are thus brown in color. Using a positional cloning approach, we have identified a point mutation at the gf locus that causes an amino acid substitution in an invariant residue of a tomato homolog of the STAY-GREEN (SGR) protein of rice (Oryza sativa). Similarly, the cl mutation also carries an amino acid substitution at an invariant residue in a pepper homolog of SGR. Both GF and CL expression are highly induced at the onset of fruit ripening, coincident with the ripening-associated decline in chlorophyll. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that there are two distinct groups of SGR proteins in plants. The SGR subfamily is required for chlorophyll degradation and operates through an unknown mechanism. A second subfamily, which we have termed SGR-like, has an as-yet undefined function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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26
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Nagata N, Tanaka R, Tanaka A. The major route for chlorophyll synthesis includes [3,8-divinyl]-chlorophyllide a reduction in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:1803-1808. [PMID: 17991629 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In most reviews on Chl biosynthesis, Chl is described as being synthesized via the route involving the reduction of [3,8-divinyl]-protochlorophyllide a. However, the possibility remains that the conversion of the divinyl form of the Chl intermediate to its monovinyl form takes place at other enzymatic steps. To determine the actual route of Chl biosynthesis, we examined the substrate specificity of the formerly named [3,8-divinyl]-protochlorophyllide a 8-vinyl reductase (DVR) in vitro. In addition, we investigated the accumulation of various Chl intermediates in etiolated seedlings in vivo. Collectively, these studies indicate that [3,8-divinyl]-chlorophyllide a is the major substrate of DVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Nagata
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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27
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The chlorophyllases AtCLH1 and AtCLH2 are not essential for senescence-related chlorophyll breakdown inArabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:5517-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Optimization of Chlorophyllase-catalyzed Hydrolysis of Chlorophyll in Monophasic Organic Solvent Media. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 142:263-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-0021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Arkus KAJ, Jez JM. Development of a high-throughput purification method and a continuous assay system for chlorophyllase. Anal Biochem 2006; 353:93-8. [PMID: 16643837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the degradation of chlorophyll, chlorophyllase catalyzes the initial hydrolysis of the phytol moiety from the pigment. Since chlorophyll degradation is a defining feature of plant senescence, compounds inhibiting chlorophyllase activity may delay senescence, thereby improving shelf life and appearance of plant products. Here we describe the development of a 96-well plate-based purification and assay system for measuring chlorophyllase activity. Integrated lysis and immobilized metal affinity chromatography plates were used for purifying recombinant hexahistidine-tagged Triticum aestivum (wheat) chlorophyllase from Escherichia coli. Chlorophyllase assays using chlorophyll as a substrate showed that the immobilized fusion protein displayed kinetic parameters similar to those of recombinant enzyme purified by affinity chromatography; however, the need to extract reaction products from a multiwell plate limits the value of this assay for high-throughput screening applications. Replacing chlorophyll with p-nitrophenyl-ester substrates eliminates the extraction step and allows for continuous measurement of chlorophyllase activity in a multiwell plate format. Determination of steady state kinetic constants, pH rate profile, the inhibitory effects of metal ions and esterase inhibitors, and the effect of functional group-modifying reagents validated the utility of the plate-based system. The combined purification and assay system provides a convenient and rapid method for the assessment of chlorophyllase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiani A J Arkus
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
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30
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Suzuki Y, Amano T, Shioi Y. Characterization and cloning of the chlorophyll-degrading enzyme pheophorbidase from cotyledons of radish. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:716-25. [PMID: 16384908 PMCID: PMC1361337 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.071290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic removal of the methoxycarbonyl group of pheophorbide (Pheid) a in chlorophyll degradation was investigated in cotyledons of radish (Raphanus sativus). The enzyme pheophorbidase (PPD) catalyzes the conversion of Pheid a to a precursor of pyropheophorbide (PyroPheid), C-13(2)-carboxylPyroPheid a, by demethylation, and then the precursor is decarboxylated nonenzymatically to yield PyroPheid a. PPD activity sharply increased with the progression of senescence in radish, suggesting de novo synthesis of PPD. The enzyme activity was separated into two peaks in anion-exchange and hydrophobic chromatography; the terms type 1 and type 2 were applied according to the order of elution of these enzymes in anion-exchange chromatography. PPD types 1 and 2 were purified 9,999- and 6,476-fold, with a yield of 0.703% and 2.73%, respectively. Among 12 substrates tested, both enzymes were extremely specific for Pheids of the dihydroporphyrin and tetrahydroporphyrin types, indicating that they are responsible for the formation of these PyroPheids. Both PPDs had molecular masses of 113,000 kD on gel filtration and showed three bands of 16.8, 15.9, and 11.8 kD by SDS-PAGE. The partial N-terminal amino acid sequences for these bands of PPD (type 2) were determined. Based on their N-terminal amino acid sequences, a full-length cDNA of PPD was cloned. The molecular structure of PPD, particularly the molecular mass and subunit structure, is discussed in relation to the results of SDS-PAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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31
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Abstract
The catabolic pathway of chlorophyll (Chl) during senescence and fruit ripening leads to the accumulation of colorless breakdown products (NCCs). This review updates an earlier review on Chl breakdown published here in 1999 ( 69 ). It summarizes recent advances in the biochemical reactions of the pathway and describes the characterization of new NCCs and their formation inside the vacuole. Furthermore, I focus on the recent molecular identification of three chl catabolic enzymes, chlorophyllase, pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), and red Chl catabolite reductase (RCCR). The analysis of Chl catabolic mutants demonstrates the importance of Chl breakdown for plant development and survival. Mutants defective in PAO or RCCR develop a lesion mimic phenotype, due to the accumulation of breakdown intermediates. Thus, Chl breakdown is a prerequisite to detoxify the potentially phototoxic pigment within the vacuoles in order to permit the remobilization of nitrogen from Chl-binding proteins to proceed during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland.
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32
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Karboune S, Neufeld R, Kermasha S. Immobilization and biocatalysis of chlorophyllase in selected organic solvent systems. J Biotechnol 2005; 120:273-83. [PMID: 16087266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyllase extract from Phaeodactylum tricornutum was immobilized by physical adsorption on DEAE-cellulose and silica gel as well as by covalent binding on Eupergit C, Eupergit C250L, Eupergit C/ethylenediamine (EDA) and Eupergit C250L/EDA. Although the highest immobilization yield (83-93%) and efficiency (51-53%) were obtained when chlorophyllase extract was immobilized on DEAE-cellulose and silica gel, there was no improvement in the thermal stability of chlorophyllase as compared to that of the free one. The immobilization of chlorophyllase extract on Eupergit C250L/EDA resulted by a high recovery of enzymatic activity, with an immobilization efficiency of 44%, and promoted a higher stabilization of chlorophyllase (four times) in the aqueous/miscible organic solvent medium. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of refined bleached deodorized (RBD) canola oil was reduced by immobilization of chlorophyllase extract onto silica gel as compared to those obtained with other enzyme preparations. However, the re-cycled chlorophyllase extract immobilized on Eupergit C250L/EDA retained more than 75% of its initial enzyme activity after 6 cycles, whereas that immobilized on silica gel was completely inactivated. The highest catalytic efficiency, for both free and immobilized chlorophyllase on Eupergit C250L/EDA, was obtained in the ternary micellar system as compared to the aqueous/miscible organic solvent and biphasic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
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33
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Arkus KAJ, Cahoon EB, Jez JM. Mechanistic analysis of wheat chlorophyllase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 438:146-55. [PMID: 15913540 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyllase catalyzes the initial step in the degradation of chlorophyll and plays a key role in leaf senescence and fruit ripening. Here, we report the cloning of chlorophyllase from Triticum aestivum (wheat) and provide a detailed mechanistic analysis of the enzyme. Purification of recombinant chlorophyllase from an Escherichia coli expression system indicates that the enzyme functions as a dimeric protein. Wheat chlorophyllase hydrolyzed the phytol moiety from chlorophyll (k(cat) = 566 min(-1); K(m) = 63 microM) and was active over a broad temperature range (10-75 degrees C). In addition, the enzyme displays carboxylesterase activity toward p-nitrophenyl (PNP)-butyrate, PNP-decanoate, and PNP-palmitate. The pH-dependence of the reaction showed the involvement of an active site residue with a pK(a) of approximately 6.5 for both k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) with chlorophyll, PNP-butyrate, and PNP-decanoate. Using these substrates, solvent kinetic isotope effects ranging from 1.5 to 1.9 and from 1.4 to 1.9 on k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m), respectively, were observed. Proton inventory experiments suggest the transfer of a single proton in the rate-limiting step. Our analysis of wheat chlorophyllase indicates that the enzyme uses a charge-relay mechanism similar to other carboxylesterases for catalysis. Understanding the activity and mechanism of chlorophyllase provides insight on the biological and chemical control of senescence in plants and lays the groundwork for biotechnological improvement of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiani A J Arkus
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
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34
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Eckhardt U, Grimm B, Hörtensteiner S. Recent advances in chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown in higher plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 56:1-14. [PMID: 15604725 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-2331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) has unique and essential roles in photosynthetic light-harvesting and energy transduction, but its biosynthesis, accumulation and degradation is also associated with chloroplast development, photomorphogenesis and chloroplast-nuclear signaling. Biochemical analyses of the enzymatic steps paved the way to the identification of their encoding genes. Thus, important progress has been made in the recent elucidation of almost all genes involved in Chl biosynthesis and breakdown. In addition, analysis of mutants mainly in Arabidopsis , genetically engineered plants and the application of photo-reactive herbicides contributed to the genetic and regulatory characterization of the formation and breakdown of Chl. This review highlights recent progress in Chl metabolism indicating highly regulated pathways from the synthesis of precursors to Chl and its degradation to intermediates, which are not longer photochemically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Eckhardt
- Institut für Biologie, Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr 13, Haus 12, Berlin, D-10115, Germany
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