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Omata Y, Sato R, Mishiro-Sato E, Kano K, Ueda H, Hara-Nishimura I, Shimada TL. Lipid droplets in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves contain myosin-binding proteins and enzymes associated with furan-containing fatty acid biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1331479. [PMID: 38495375 PMCID: PMC10940516 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1331479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are lipid storage organelles in plant leaves and seeds. Seed LD proteins are well known, and their functions in lipid metabolism have been characterized; however, many leaf LD proteins remain to be identified. We therefore isolated LDs from leaves of the leaf LD-overaccumulating mutant high sterol ester 1 (hise1) of Arabidopsis thaliana by centrifugation or co-immunoprecipitation. We then performed LD proteomics by mass spectrometry and identified 3,206 candidate leaf LD proteins. In this study, we selected 31 candidate proteins for transient expression assays using a construct encoding the candidate protein fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Fluorescence microscopy showed that MYOSIN BINDING PROTEIN14 (MYOB14) and two uncharacterized proteins localized to LDs labeled with the LD marker. Subcellular localization analysis of MYOB family members revealed that MYOB1, MYOB2, MYOB3, and MYOB5 localized to LDs. LDs moved along actin filaments together with the endoplasmic reticulum. Co-immunoprecipitation of myosin XIK with MYOB2-GFP or MYOB14-GFP suggested that LD-localized MYOBs are involved in association with the myosin XIK-LDs. The two uncharacterized proteins were highly similar to enzymes for furan fatty acid biosynthesis in the photosynthetic bacterium Cereibacter sphaeroides, suggesting a relationship between LDs and furan fatty acid biosynthesis. Our findings thus reveal potential molecular functions of LDs and provide a valuable resource for further studies of the leaf LD proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Omata
- Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Reina Sato
- Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Emi Mishiro-Sato
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative-Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Kano
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative-Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Takashi L. Shimada
- Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Research Center for Space Agriculture and Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
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2
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Bowman JL, Arteaga-Vazquez M, Berger F, Briginshaw LN, Carella P, Aguilar-Cruz A, Davies KM, Dierschke T, Dolan L, Dorantes-Acosta AE, Fisher TJ, Flores-Sandoval E, Futagami K, Ishizaki K, Jibran R, Kanazawa T, Kato H, Kohchi T, Levins J, Lin SS, Nakagami H, Nishihama R, Romani F, Schornack S, Tanizawa Y, Tsuzuki M, Ueda T, Watanabe Y, Yamato KT, Zachgo S. The renaissance and enlightenment of Marchantia as a model system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3512-3542. [PMID: 35976122 PMCID: PMC9516144 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has been utilized as a model for biological studies since the 18th century. In the past few decades, there has been a Renaissance in its utilization in genomic and genetic approaches to investigating physiological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects of land plant biology. The reasons for its adoption are similar to those of other genetic models, e.g. simple cultivation, ready access via its worldwide distribution, ease of crossing, facile genetics, and more recently, efficient transformation, genome editing, and genomic resources. The haploid gametophyte dominant life cycle of M. polymorpha is conducive to forward genetic approaches. The lack of ancient whole-genome duplications within liverworts facilitates reverse genetic approaches, and possibly related to this genomic stability, liverworts possess sex chromosomes that evolved in the ancestral liverwort. As a representative of one of the three bryophyte lineages, its phylogenetic position allows comparative approaches to provide insights into ancestral land plants. Given the karyotype and genome stability within liverworts, the resources developed for M. polymorpha have facilitated the development of related species as models for biological processes lacking in M. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Arteaga-Vazquez
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa VER 91090, México
| | - Frederic Berger
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Liam N Briginshaw
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Philip Carella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Adolfo Aguilar-Cruz
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa VER 91090, México
| | - Kevin M Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Tom Dierschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Ana E Dorantes-Acosta
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa VER 91090, México
| | - Tom J Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Eduardo Flores-Sandoval
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kazutaka Futagami
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | | | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Takehiko Kanazawa
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kato
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jonathan Levins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Facundo Romani
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | | | - Yasuhiro Tanizawa
- Department of Informatics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuzuki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Division of Botany, School of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
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3
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Ishikawa K, Konno R, Hirano S, Fujii Y, Fujiwara M, Fukao Y, Kodama Y. The endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bending protein RETICULON facilitates chloroplast relocation movement in Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:205-216. [PMID: 35476214 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells alter the intracellular positions of chloroplasts to ensure efficient photosynthesis, a process controlled by the blue light receptor phototropin. Chloroplasts migrate toward weak light (accumulation response) and move away from excess light (avoidance response). Chloroplasts are encircled by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which forms a complex network throughout the cytoplasm. To ensure rapid chloroplast relocation, the ER must alter its structure in conjunction with chloroplast relocation movement, but little is known about the underlying mechanism. Here, we searched for interactors of phototropin in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and identified a RETICULON (RTN) family protein; RTN proteins play central roles in ER tubule formation and ER network maintenance by stabilizing the curvature of ER membranes in eukaryotic cells. Marchantia polymorpha RTN1 (MpRTN1) is localized to ER tubules and the rims of ER sheets, which is consistent with the localization of RTNs in other plants and heterotrophs. The Mprtn1 mutant showed an increased ER tubule diameter, pointing to a role for MpRTN1 in ER membrane constriction. Furthermore, Mprtn1 showed a delayed chloroplast avoidance response but a normal chloroplast accumulation response. The live cell imaging of ER dynamics revealed that ER restructuring was impaired in Mprtn1 during the chloroplast avoidance response. These results suggest that during the chloroplast avoidance response, MpRTN1 restructures the ER network and facilitates chloroplast movement via an interaction with phototropin. Our findings provide evidence that plant cells respond to fluctuating environmental conditions by controlling the movements of multiple organelles in a synchronized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ishikawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryota Konno
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satoyuki Hirano
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuta Fujii
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Plant Global Education Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- YANMAR HOLDINGS Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Plant Global Education Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
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4
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Dünser K, Schöller M, Rößling AK, Löfke C, Xiao N, Pařízková B, Melnik S, Rodriguez-Franco M, Stöger E, Novák O, Kleine-Vehn J. Endocytic trafficking promotes vacuolar enlargements for fast cell expansion rates in plants. eLife 2022; 11:75945. [PMID: 35686734 PMCID: PMC9187339 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuole has a space-filling function, allowing a particularly rapid plant cell expansion with very little increase in cytosolic content (Löfke et al., 2015; Scheuring et al., 2016; Dünser et al., 2019). Despite its importance for cell size determination in plants, very little is known about the mechanisms that define vacuolar size. Here, we show that the cellular and vacuolar size expansions are coordinated. By developing a pharmacological tool, we enabled the investigation of membrane delivery to the vacuole during cellular expansion. Our data reveal that endocytic membrane sorting from the plasma membrane to the vacuole is enhanced in the course of rapid root cell expansion. While this ‘compromise’ mechanism may theoretically at first decelerate cell surface enlargements, it fuels vacuolar expansion and, thereby, ensures the coordinated augmentation of vacuolar occupancy in dynamically expanding plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dünser
- Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Schöller
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ann-Kathrin Rößling
- Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Löfke
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nannan Xiao
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbora Pařízková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Melnik
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Zeng J, Xi J, Li B, Yan X, Dai Y, Wu Y, Xiao Y, Pei Y, Zhang M. Microtubules play a crucial role in regulating actin organization and cell initiation in cotton fibers. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1059-1073. [PMID: 35217893 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic organization of actin and microtubule cytoskeletons directs a distinct expansion behavior of cotton fiber initiation from cell elongation. Cotton fibers are highly elongated single cells derived from the ovule epidermis. Although actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons have been implicated in cell elongation and secondary wall deposition, their roles in fiber initiation is poorly understood. Here, we used fluorescent probes and pharmacological approaches to study the roles of these cytoskeletal components during cotton fiber initiation. Both cytoskeletons align along the growth axis in initiating fibers. The dorsal view of ovules shows that unlike the fine actin filaments (AFs) in nonfiber cells, the AFs in fiber cells are dense and bundled. MTs are randomized in fiber cells and well-ordered in nonfiber cells. The pharmacological experiments revealed that the depolymerization of AFs and MTs assisted fiber initiation. Both AF stabilization and depolymerization inhibited fiber elongation. In contrast, the proper depolymerization of MTs promoted cell elongation, although the MT-stabilizing drug consistently resulted in a negative effect. Notably, we found that the organization of AFs was correlated with MT dynamics. Stabilizing the MTs by taxol treatment promoted the formation of AF bundles (in fiber initials) and transversely aligned AFs (in elongating fibers), whereas depolymerizing the MTs by oryzalin treatment promoted the fragmentation of AFs. Collectively, our data indicates that MTs plays a crucial role in regulating AF organization and early development of cotton fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyan Zeng
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxia Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingying Yan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglu Dai
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehua Xiao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Hiroguchi A, Nakamura K, Fujita T. Abscisic acid switches cell division modes of asymmetric cell division and symmetric cell division in stem cells of protonemal filaments in the moss Physcomitrium patens. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:13-17. [PMID: 35800966 PMCID: PMC9200082 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0107a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms regulate cell numbers and cell fate by using asymmetric cell division (ACD) and symmetric cell division (SCD) during their development and to adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions. A stem cell self-renews and generates differentiated cells. In plants, various types of cells are produced by ACD or SCD; however, the molecular mechanisms of ACD or SCD and the cell division mode switch are largely unknown. The moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens is a suitable model to study plant stem cells due to its simple anatomy. Here, we report the cell division mode switch induced by abscisic acid (ABA) in P. patens. ABA is synthesized in response to abiotic stresses and induces round-shape cells, called brood cells, from cylindrical protonemal cells. Although two daughter cells with distinct sizes were produced by ACD in a protonemal stem cell on ABA-free media, the sizes of two daughter cells became similar with ABA treatment. Actin microfilaments were spatially localized on the apices of apical stem cells in protonemata on ABA-free media, but the polar accumulation was lost under the condition of ABA treatment. Moreover, ABA treatment conferred an identical cell fate to the daughter cells in terms of cell division activity. Collectively, the results indicate ABA may suppress the ACD characteristics but evoke SCD in cells. We also noticed that ABA-induced brood cells not only self-renewed but regenerated protonemal cells when ABA was removed from the media, suggesting that brood cells are novel stem cells that are induced by environmental signals in P. patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hiroguchi
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakamura
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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7
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Aini H, Sato Y, Uno K, Higashiyama T, Okamoto T. Dynamics of mitochondrial distribution during development and asymmetric division of rice zygotes. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2022; 35:47-60. [PMID: 34633536 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria change their distribution from nuclear peripheral to uniformly distributed in cytoplasm during zygotic development of rice, and the mitochondria re-distribute around nucleus for even segregation into daughter cells. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that actively move and change their localization along with actin filaments during the cell cycle. Studies of mitochondrial dynamics and distribution in plant cells have mainly been conducted on somatic cells, and our understanding about these aspects during the formation and development of zygotes remains limited. In this study, mitochondrial nucleoids of rice egg cells and zygotes were successfully stained by using N-aryl pyrido cyanine 3 (PC3), and their intracellular localization and distribution were demonstrated. Mitochondria in rice egg cells were small and coccoid in shape and were primarily distributed around the nucleus. Upon gamete fusion, the resulting zygotes showed mitochondrial dispersion and accumulation equivalent to those in rice egg cells until 8 h after fusion (HAF). Around 12 HAF, the mitochondria started to disperse throughout the cytoplasm of the zygotes, and this dispersive distribution pattern continued until the zygotes entered the mitotic phase. At early prophase, the mitochondria redistributed from dispersive to densely accumulated around the nucleus, and during the metaphase and anaphase, the mitochondria were depleted from possible mitotic spindle region. Thereafter, during cell plate formation between daughter nuclei, the mitochondria distributed along the phragmoplast, where the new cell wall was formed. Finally, relatively equivalent amounts of mitochondria were detected in the apical and basal cells which were produced through asymmetric division of the zygotes. Further observation by treating the egg cell with latrunculin B revealed that the accumulation of mitochondria around the nuclear periphery in egg cells and early zygotes depended on the actin meshwork converging toward the egg or zygote nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanifah Aini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kakishi Uno
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
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8
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Ma Z, Sun Y, Zhu X, Yang L, Chen X, Miao Y. Membrane nanodomains modulate formin condensation for actin remodeling in Arabidopsis innate immune responses. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:374-394. [PMID: 34726756 PMCID: PMC8774048 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of macromolecules on the plasma membrane concentrates cell surface biomolecules into nanometer- to micrometer-scale clusters (nano- or microdomains) that help the cell initiate or respond to signals. In plant-microbe interactions, the actin cytoskeleton undergoes rapid remodeling during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). The nanoclustering of formin-actin nucleator proteins at the cell surface has been identified as underlying actin nucleation during plant innate immune responses. Here, we show that the condensation of nanodomain constituents and the self-assembly of remorin proteins enables this mechanism of controlling formin condensation and activity during innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Through intrinsically disordered region-mediated remorin oligomerization and formin interaction, remorin gradually recruits and condenses formins upon PTI activation in lipid bilayers, consequently increasing actin nucleation in a time-dependent manner postinfection. Such nanodomain- and remorin-mediated regulation of plant surface biomolecules is expected to be a general feature of plant innate immune responses that creates spatially separated biochemical compartments and fine tunes membrane physicochemical properties for transduction of immune signals in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yanbiao Sun
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinlu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Colin L, Martin-Arevalillo R, Bovio S, Bauer A, Vernoux T, Caillaud MC, Landrein B, Jaillais Y. Imaging the living plant cell: From probes to quantification. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:247-272. [PMID: 34586412 PMCID: PMC8774089 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
At the center of cell biology is our ability to image the cell and its various components, either in isolation or within an organism. Given its importance, biological imaging has emerged as a field of its own, which is inherently highly interdisciplinary. Indeed, biologists rely on physicists and engineers to build new microscopes and imaging techniques, chemists to develop better imaging probes, and mathematicians and computer scientists for image analysis and quantification. Live imaging collectively involves all the techniques aimed at imaging live samples. It is a rapidly evolving field, with countless new techniques, probes, and dyes being continuously developed. Some of these new methods or reagents are readily amenable to image plant samples, while others are not and require specific modifications for the plant field. Here, we review some recent advances in live imaging of plant cells. In particular, we discuss the solutions that plant biologists use to live image membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeleton components, hormones, and the mechanical properties of cells or tissues. We not only consider the imaging techniques per se, but also how the construction of new fluorescent probes and analysis pipelines are driving the field of plant cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia Colin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Raquel Martin-Arevalillo
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Simone Bovio
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
- LYMIC-PLATIM imaging and microscopy core facility, Univ Lyon, SFR Biosciences, ENS de Lyon, Inserm US8, CNRS UMS3444, UCBL-50 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Amélie Bauer
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Cecile Caillaud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Benoit Landrein
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
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10
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Prusicki MA, Balboni M, Sofroni K, Hamamura Y, Schnittger A. Caught in the Act: Live-Cell Imaging of Plant Meiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:718346. [PMID: 34992616 PMCID: PMC8724559 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.718346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Live-cell imaging is a powerful method to obtain insights into cellular processes, particularly with respect to their dynamics. This is especially true for meiosis, where chromosomes and other cellular components such as the cytoskeleton follow an elaborate choreography over a relatively short period of time. Making these dynamics visible expands understanding of the regulation of meiosis and its underlying molecular forces. However, the analysis of meiosis by live-cell imaging is challenging; specifically in plants, a temporally resolved understanding of chromosome segregation and recombination events is lacking. Recent advances in live-cell imaging now allow the analysis of meiotic events in plants in real time. These new microscopy methods rely on the generation of reporter lines for meiotic regulators and on the establishment of ex vivo culture and imaging conditions, which stabilize the specimen and keep it alive for several hours or even days. In this review, we combine an overview of the technical aspects of live-cell imaging in plants with a summary of outstanding questions that can now be addressed to promote live-cell imaging in Arabidopsis and other plant species and stimulate ideas on the topics that can be addressed in the context of plant meiotic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Bibeau JP, Galotto G, Wu M, Tüzel E, Vidali L. Quantitative cell biology of tip growth in moss. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:227-244. [PMID: 33825083 PMCID: PMC8492783 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Here we review, from a quantitative point of view, the cell biology of protonemal tip growth in the model moss Physcomitrium patens. We focus on the role of the cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, and cell wall mechanics, including reviewing some of the existing mathematical models of tip growth. We provide a primer for existing cell biological tools that can be applied to the future study of tip growth in moss. Polarized cell growth is a ubiquitous process throughout the plant kingdom in which the cell elongates in a self-similar manner. This process is important for nutrient uptake by root hairs, fertilization by pollen, and gametophyte development by the protonemata of bryophytes and ferns. In this review, we will focus on the tip growth of moss cells, emphasizing the role of cytoskeletal organization, cytoplasmic zonation, vesicle trafficking, cell wall composition, and dynamics. We compare some of the existing knowledge on tip growth in protonemata against what is known in pollen tubes and root hairs, which are better-studied tip growing cells. To fully understand how plant cells grow requires that we deepen our knowledge in a variety of forms of plant cell growth. We focus this review on the model plant Physcomitrium patens, which uses tip growth as the dominant form of growth at its protonemal stage. Because mosses and vascular plants shared a common ancestor more than 450 million years ago, we anticipate that both similarities and differences between tip growing plant cells will provide mechanistic information of tip growth as well as of plant cell growth in general. Towards this mechanistic understanding, we will also review some of the existing mathematical models of plant tip growth and their applicability to investigate protonemal morphogenesis. We attempt to integrate the conclusions and data across cell biology and physical modeling to our current state of knowledge of polarized cell growth in P. patens and highlight future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Bibeau
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Galotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Bioengineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
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12
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Tian X, Wang X, Li Y. Myosin XI-B is involved in the transport of vesicles and organelles in pollen tubes of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1145-1161. [PMID: 34559914 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The movement of organelles and vesicles in pollen tubes depends on F-actin. However, the molecular mechanism through which plant myosin XI drives the movement of organelles is still controversial, and the relationship between myosin XI and vesicle movement in pollen tubes is also unclear. In this study, we found that the siliques of the myosin xi-b/e mutant were obviously shorter than those of the wild-type (WT) and that the seed set of the mutant was severely deficient. The pollen tube growth of myosin xi-b/e was significantly inhibited both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching showed that the velocity of vesicle movement in the pollen tube tip of the myosin xi-b/e mutant was lower than that of the WT. It was also found that peroxisome movement was significantly inhibited in the pollen tubes of the myosin xi-b/e mutant, while the velocities of the Golgi stack and mitochondrial movement decreased relatively less in the pollen tubes of the mutant. The endoplasmic reticulum streaming in the pollen tube shanks was not significantly different between the WT and the myosin xi-b/e mutant. In addition, we found that myosin XI-B-GFP colocalized obviously with vesicles and peroxisomes in the pollen tubes of Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results indicate that myosin XI-B may bind mainly to vesicles and peroxisomes, and drive their movement in pollen tubes. These results also suggest that the mechanism by which myosin XI drives organelle movement in plant cells may be evolutionarily conserved compared with other eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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13
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Methods to Visualize the Actin Cytoskeleton During Plant Cell Division. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34705230 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1744-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell division in plants consists of separating the mother cell in two daughter cells by the centrifugal growth of a new wall. This process involves the reorganization of the structural elements of the cell, namely the microtubules and actin cytoskeleton which allow the coordination, the orientation, and the progression of mitosis. In addition to its implication in those plant-specific structures, the actin cytoskeleton, in close association with the plasma membrane, exhibits specific patterning at the cortex of the dividing cells, and might act as a signaling component. This review proposes an overview of the techniques available to visualize the actin cytoskeleton in fixed tissues or living cells during division, including electron, fluorescent, and super-resolution microscopy techniques.
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14
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Ueda T. Editorial Feature: Meet the PCP Editor - Takashi Ueda. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:745-746. [PMID: 33439258 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI
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15
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Plant egg cell fate determination depends on its exact position in female gametophyte. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017488118. [PMID: 33597298 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017488118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant fertilization involves both an egg cell, which fuses with a sperm cell, and synergid cells, which guide pollen tubes for sperm cell delivery. Therefore, egg and synergid cell functional specifications are prerequisites for successful fertilization. However, how the egg and synergid cells, referred to as the "egg apparatus," derived from one mother cell develop into distinct cell types remains an unanswered question. In this report, we show that the final position of the nuclei in female gametophyte determines the cell fate of the egg apparatus. We established a live imaging system to visualize the dynamics of nuclear positioning and cell identity establishment in the female gametophyte. We observed that free nuclei should migrate to a specific position before egg apparatus specialization. Artificial changing in the nuclear position on disturbance of the actin cytoskeleton, either in vitro or in vivo, could reset the cell fate of the egg apparatus. We also found that nuclei of the same origin moved to different positions and then showed different cell identities, whereas nuclei of different origins moved to the same position showed the same cell identity, indicating that the final positions of the nuclei, rather than specific nucleus lineage, play critical roles in the egg apparatus specification. Furthermore, the active auxin level was higher in the egg cell than in synergid cells. Auxin transport inhibitor could decrease the auxin level in egg cells and impair egg cell identity, suggesting that directional and accurate auxin distribution likely acts as a positional cue for egg apparatus specialization.
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16
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Sun H, Zhu X, Li C, Ma Z, Han X, Luo Y, Yang L, Yu J, Miao Y. Xanthomonas effector XopR hijacks host actin cytoskeleton via complex coacervation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4064. [PMID: 34210966 PMCID: PMC8249405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsically disordered region (IDR) is a preserved signature of phytobacterial type III effectors (T3Es). The T3E IDR is thought to mediate unfolding during translocation into the host cell and to avoid host defense by sequence diversification. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism of host subversion via the T3E IDR. We report that the Xanthomonas campestris T3E XopR undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) via multivalent IDR-mediated interactions that hijack the Arabidopsis actin cytoskeleton. XopR is gradually translocated into host cells during infection and forms a macromolecular complex with actin-binding proteins at the cell cortex. By tuning the physical-chemical properties of XopR-complex coacervates, XopR progressively manipulates multiple steps of actin assembly, including formin-mediated nucleation, crosslinking of F-actin, and actin depolymerization, which occurs through competition for actin-depolymerizing factor and depends on constituent stoichiometry. Our findings unravel a sophisticated strategy in which bacterial T3E subverts the host actin cytoskeleton via protein complex coacervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinlu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuanxi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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17
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Oikawa K, Imai T, Thagun C, Toyooka K, Yoshizumi T, Ishikawa K, Kodama Y, Numata K. Mitochondrial movement during its association with chloroplasts in Arabidopsis thaliana. Commun Biol 2021; 4:292. [PMID: 33674706 PMCID: PMC7935954 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant mitochondria move dynamically inside cells and this movement is classified into two types: directional movement, in which mitochondria travel long distances, and wiggling, in which mitochondria travel short distances. However, the underlying mechanisms and roles of both types of mitochondrial movement, especially wiggling, remain to be determined. Here, we used confocal laser-scanning microscopy to quantitatively characterize mitochondrial movement (rate and trajectory) in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll cells. Directional movement leading to long-distance migration occurred at high speed with a low angle-change rate, whereas wiggling leading to short-distance migration occurred at low speed with a high angle-change rate. The mean square displacement (MSD) analysis could separate these two movements. Directional movement was dependent on filamentous actin (F-actin), whereas mitochondrial wiggling was not, but slightly influenced by F-actin. In mesophyll cells, mitochondria could migrate by wiggling, and most of these mitochondria associated with chloroplasts. Thus, mitochondria migrate via F-actin-independent wiggling under the influence of F-actin during their association with chloroplasts in Arabidopsis. Oikawa et al. investigate the rate and trajectory of mitochondria in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll cells, using confocal laser-scanning microscopy. They find that mitochondria migrate via wiggling during their association with chloroplasts, providing insights into how mitochondria-chloroplast interaction affects the movement of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuto Imai
- Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chonprakun Thagun
- Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshizumi
- Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan. .,Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan.
| | - Keiji Numata
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan.
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18
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Ma Z, Liu X, Nath S, Sun H, Tran TM, Yang L, Mayor S, Miao Y. Formin nanoclustering-mediated actin assembly during plant flagellin and DSF signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108884. [PMID: 33789103 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to bacterial infection acutely with actin remodeling during plant immune responses. The mechanisms by which bacterial virulence factors (VFs) modulate plant actin polymerization remain enigmatic. Here, we show that plant-type-I formin serves as the molecular sensor for actin remodeling in response to two bacterial VFs: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) diffusible signal factor (DSF), and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Both VFs regulate actin assembly by tuning the clustering and nucleation activity of formin on the plasma membrane (PM) at the nano-sized scale. By being integrated within the cell-wall-PM-actin cytoskeleton (CW-PM-AC) continuum, the dynamic behavior and function of formins are highly dependent on each scaffold layer's composition within the CW-PM-AC continuum during both DSF and PTI signaling. Our results reveal a central mechanism for rapid actin remodeling during plant-bacteria interactions, in which bacterial signaling molecules fine tune plant formin nanoclustering in a host mechanical-structure-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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19
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Wang X, Sheng X, Tian X, Zhang Y, Li Y. Organelle movement and apical accumulation of secretory vesicles in pollen tubes of Arabidopsis thaliana depend on class XI myosins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1685-1697. [PMID: 33067901 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
F-actin and myosin XI play important roles in plant organelle movement. A few myosin XI genes in the genome of Arabidopsis are mainly expressed in mature pollen, which suggests that they may play a crucial role in pollen germination and pollen tube tip growth. In this study, a genetic complementation assay was conducted in a myosin xi-c (myo11c1) myosin xi-e (myo11c2) double mutant, and fluorescence labeling combined with microscopic observation was applied. We found that myosin XI-E (Myo11C2)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) restored the slow pollen tube growth and seed deficiency phenotypes of the myo11c1 myo11c2 double mutant and Myo11C2-GFP partially colocalized with mitochondria, peroxisomes and Golgi stacks. Furthermore, decreased mitochondrial movement and subapical accumulation were detected in myo11c1 myo11c2 double mutant pollen tubes. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments showed that the fluorescence recoveries of GFP-RabA4d and AtPRK1-GFP at the pollen tube tip of the myo11c1 myo11c2 double mutant were lower than those of the wild type were after photobleaching. These results suggest that Myo11C2 may be associated with mitochondria, peroxisomes and Golgi stacks, and play a crucial role in organelle movement and apical accumulation of secretory vesicles in pollen tubes of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaojing Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiulin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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20
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Du M, Wang Y, Chen H, Han R. Actin filaments mediated root growth inhibition by changing their distribution under UV-B and hydrogen peroxide exposure in Arabidopsis. Biol Res 2020; 53:54. [PMID: 33228803 PMCID: PMC7685599 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-00321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND UV-B signaling in plants is mediated by UVR8, which interacts with transcriptional factors to induce root morphogenesis. However, research on the downstream molecules of UVR8 signaling in roots is still scarce. As a wide range of functional cytoskeletons, how actin filaments respond to UV-B-induced root morphogenesis has not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of actin filaments on root morphogenesis under UV-B and hydrogen peroxide exposure in Arabidopsis. RESULTS A Lifeact-Venus fusion protein was used to stain actin filaments in Arabidopsis. The results showed that UV-B inhibited hypocotyl and root elongation and caused an increase in H2O2 content only in the root but not in the hypocotyl. Additionally, the actin filaments in hypocotyls diffused under UV-B exposure but were gathered in a bundle under the control conditions in either Lifeact-Venus or uvr8 plants. Exogenous H2O2 inhibited root elongation in a dose-dependent manner. The actin filaments changed their distribution from filamentous to punctate in the root tips and mature regions at a lower concentration of H2O2 but aggregated into thick bundles with an abnormal orientation at H2O2 concentrations up to 2 mM. In the root elongation zone, the actin filament arrangement changed from lateral to longitudinal after exposure to H2O2. Actin filaments in the root tip and elongation zone were depolymerized into puncta under UV-B exposure, which showed the same tendency as the low-concentration treatments. The actin filaments were hardly filamentous in the maturation zone. The dynamics of actin filaments in the uvr8 group under UV-B exposure were close to those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that UV-B inhibited Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation by reorganizing actin filaments from bundles to a loose arrangement, which was not related to H2O2. UV-B disrupted the dynamics of actin filaments by changing the H2O2 level in Arabidopsis roots. All these results provide an experimental basis for investigating the interaction of UV-B signaling with the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiting Du
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response, Shanxi Normal University in Shanxi Province, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, China
| | - Huize Chen
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response, Shanxi Normal University in Shanxi Province, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, China.
| | - Rong Han
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response, Shanxi Normal University in Shanxi Province, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, China.
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21
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Duan Z, Tanaka M, Kanazawa T, Haraguchi T, Takyu A, Era A, Ueda T, Ito K, Tominaga M. Characterization of ancestral myosin XI from Marchantia polymorpha by heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:460-473. [PMID: 32717107 PMCID: PMC7689712 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed duplications and diversification of myosin XI genes between angiosperms and bryophytes; however, the functional differentiation and conservation of myosin XI between them remain unclear. Here, we identified a single myosin XI gene from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha (Mp). The molecular properties of Mp myosin XI are similar to those of Arabidopsis myosin XIs responsible for cytoplasmic streaming, suggesting that the motor function of myosin XI is able to generate cytoplasmic streaming. In cultured Arabidopsis cells, transiently expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused Mp myosin XI was observed as some intracellular structures moving along the F-actin. These intracellular structures were co-localized with motile endoplasmic reticulum (ER) strands, suggesting that Mp myosin XI binds to the ER and generates intracellular transport in Arabidopsis cells. The tail domain of Mp myosin XI was co-localized with that of Arabidopsis myosin XI-2 and XI-K, suggesting that all these myosin XIs bind to common cargoes. Furthermore, expression of GFP-fused Mp myosin XI rescued the defects of growth, cytoplasmic streaming and actin organization in Arabidopsis multiple myosin XI knockout mutants. The heterologous expression experiments demonstrated the cellular and physiological competence of Mp myosin XI in Arabidopsis. However, the average velocity of organelle transport in Marchantia rhizoids was 0.04 ± 0.01 μm s-1 , which is approximately one-hundredth of that in Arabidopsis cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the molecular properties of myosin XI are conserved, but myosin XI-driven intracellular transport in vivo would be differentiated from bryophytes to angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrui Duan
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and SciencesWaseda University2‐2 Wakamatsu‐cho, Shinjuku‐kuTokyo162‐8480Japan
| | - Misato Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringWaseda University2‐2 Wakamatsu‐cho, Shinjuku‐kuTokyo162‐8480Japan
| | - Takehiko Kanazawa
- Division of Cellular DynamicsNational Institute for Basic BiologyNishigonaka 38, MyodaijiOkazakiAichi444‐8585Japan
- Department of Basic BiologySOKENDAINishigonaka 38, MyodaijiOkazakiAichi444‐8585Japan
| | - Takeshi Haraguchi
- Department of BiologyGraduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityInage‐kuChiba263‐8522Japan
| | - Akiko Takyu
- Department of BiologyGraduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityInage‐kuChiba263‐8522Japan
| | - Atsuko Era
- Department of Biological SciencesGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular DynamicsNational Institute for Basic BiologyNishigonaka 38, MyodaijiOkazakiAichi444‐8585Japan
- Department of Basic BiologySOKENDAINishigonaka 38, MyodaijiOkazakiAichi444‐8585Japan
| | - Kohji Ito
- Department of BiologyGraduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityInage‐kuChiba263‐8522Japan
| | - Motoki Tominaga
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and SciencesWaseda University2‐2 Wakamatsu‐cho, Shinjuku‐kuTokyo162‐8480Japan
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringWaseda University2‐2 Wakamatsu‐cho, Shinjuku‐kuTokyo162‐8480Japan
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22
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Close Temporal Relationship between Oscillating Cytosolic K + and Growth in Root Hairs of Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176184. [PMID: 32867067 PMCID: PMC7504304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Root hair elongation relies on polarized cell expansion at the growing tip. As a major osmotically active ion, potassium is expected to be continuously assimilated to maintain cell turgor during hair tip growth. However, due to the lack of practicable detection methods, the dynamics and physiological role of K+ in hair growth are still unclear. In this report, we apply the small-molecule fluorescent K+ sensor NK3 in Arabidopsis root hairs for the first time. By employing NK3, oscillating cytoplasmic K+ dynamics can be resolved at the tip of growing root hairs, similar to the growth oscillation pattern. Cross-correlation analysis indicates that K+ oscillation leads the growth oscillations by approximately 1.5 s. Artificially increasing cytoplasmic K+ level showed no significant influence on hair growth rate, but led to the formation of swelling structures at the tip, an increase of cytosolic Ca2+ level and microfilament depolymerization, implying the involvement of antagonistic regulatory factors (e.g., Ca2+ signaling) in the causality between cytoplasmic K+ and hair growth. These results suggest that, in each round of oscillating root hair elongation, the oscillatory cell expansion accelerates on the heels of cytosolic K+ increment, and decelerates with the activation of antagonistic regulators, thus forming a negative feedback loop which ensures the normal growth of root hairs.
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23
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Hsiao AS, Wang K, Ho THD. An Intrinsically Disordered Protein Interacts with the Cytoskeleton for Adaptive Root Growth under Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:570-587. [PMID: 32238442 PMCID: PMC7271773 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins function as flexible stress modulators in vivo through largely unknown mechanisms. Here, we elucidated the mechanistic role of an intrinsically disordered protein, REPETITIVE PRO-RICH PROTEIN (RePRP), in regulating rice (Oryza sativa) root growth under water deficit. With nearly 40% Pro, RePRP is induced by water deficit and abscisic acid (ABA) in the root elongation zone. RePRP is sufficient and necessary for repression of root development by water deficit or ABA. We showed that RePRP interacts with the highly ordered cytoskeleton components actin and tubulin both in vivo and in vitro. Binding of RePRP reduces the abundance of actin filaments, thus diminishing noncellulosic polysaccharide transport to the cell wall and increasing the enzyme activity of Suc synthase. RePRP also reorients the microtubule network, which leads to disordered cellulose microfibril organization in the cell wall. The cell wall modification suppresses root cell elongation, thereby generating short roots, whereas increased Suc synthase activity triggers starch accumulation in "heavy" roots. Intrinsically disordered proteins control cell elongation and carbon reserves via an order-by-disorder mechanism, regulating the highly ordered cytoskeleton for development of "short-but-heavy" roots as an adaptive response to water deficit in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Shan Hsiao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kuan Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tuan-Hua David Ho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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24
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Rozier F, Riglet L, Kodera C, Bayle V, Durand E, Schnabel J, Gaude T, Fobis-Loisy I. Live-cell imaging of early events following pollen perception in self-incompatible Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2513-2526. [PMID: 31943064 PMCID: PMC7210763 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Early events occurring at the surface of the female organ are critical for plant reproduction, especially in species with a dry stigma. After landing on the stigmatic papilla cells, the pollen hydrates and germinates a tube, which penetrates the cell wall and grows towards the ovules to convey the male gametes to the embryo sac. In self-incompatible species within the Brassicaceae, these processes are blocked when the stigma encounters an incompatible pollen. Based on the generation of self-incompatible Arabidopsis lines and by setting up a live imaging system, we showed that control of pollen hydration has a central role in pollen selectivity. The faster the pollen pumps water from the papilla during an initial period of 10 min, the faster it germinates. Furthermore, we found that the self-incompatibility barriers act to block the proper hydration of incompatible pollen and, when hydration is promoted by high humidity, an additional control prevents pollen tube penetration into the stigmatic wall. In papilla cells, actin bundles focalize at the contact site with the compatible pollen but not with the incompatible pollen, raising the possibility that stigmatic cells react to the mechanical pressure applied by the invading growing tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Rozier
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Lucie Riglet
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Chie Kodera
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Eléonore Durand
- CNRS, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Jonathan Schnabel
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Gaude
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Fobis-Loisy
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
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25
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González-Gutiérrez AG, Verdín J, Rodríguez-Garay B. Simple Whole-Mount Staining Protocol of F-Actin for Studies of the Female Gametophyte in Agavoideae and Other Crassinucellate Ovules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:384. [PMID: 32328076 PMCID: PMC7161591 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During plant sexual reproduction, F-actin takes part in the elongation of the pollen tube and the movement of sperm cells along with it. Moreover, F-actin is involved in the transport of sperm cells throughout the embryo sac when double fertilization occurs. Different techniques for analysis of F-actin in plant cells have been developed: from classical actin-immunolocalization in fixed tissues to genetically tagged actin with fluorescent proteins for live imaging of cells. Despite the implementation of live cell imaging tools, fixed plant tissue methods for cytoskeletal studies remain an essential tool for genetically intractable systems. Also, most of the work on live imaging of the cytoskeleton has been conducted on cells located on the plant's surface, such as epidermal cells, trichomes, and root hairs. In cells situated in the plant's interior, especially those from plant species with thicker organ systems, it is necessary to utilize conventional sectioning and permeabilization methods to allow the label access to the cytoskeleton. Studies about the role of F-actin cytoskeleton during double fertilization in plants with crassinucellate ovules (e.g., Agave, Yucca, Polianthes, Prochnyantes, and Manfreda) remain scarce due to the difficulties to access the female gametophyte. Here, we have developed a straightforward method for analysis of F-actin in the female gametophyte of different Agavoideae sub-family species. The procedure includes the fixation of whole ovules with formaldehyde, followed by membrane permeabilization with cold acetone, a prolonged staining step with rhodamine-phalloidin, and Hoechst 33342 as a counterstain and two final steps of dehydration of samples in increasing-concentration series of cold isopropanol and clarification of tissues with methyl salicylate. This technique allows the analysis of a large number of samples in a short period, cell positioning relative to neighbor cells is maintained, and, with the help of a confocal microscope, reconstruction of a single 3D image of F-actin structures into the embryo sac can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra G González-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Jorge Verdín
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
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26
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Fatema U, Ali MF, Hu Z, Clark AJ, Kawashima T. Gamete Nuclear Migration in Animals and Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:517. [PMID: 31068960 PMCID: PMC6491811 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The migration of male and female gamete nuclei to each other in the fertilized egg is a prerequisite for the blending of genetic materials and the initiation of the next generation. Interestingly, many differences have been found in the mechanism of gamete nuclear movement among animals and plants. Female to male gamete nuclear movement in animals and brown algae relies on microtubules. By contrast, in flowering plants, the male gamete nucleus is carried to the female gamete nucleus by the filamentous actin cytoskeleton. As techniques have developed from light, electron, fluorescence, immunofluorescence, and confocal microscopy to live-cell time-lapse imaging using fluorescently labeled proteins, details of these differences in gamete nuclear migration have emerged in a wide range of eukaryotes. Especially, gamete nuclear migration in flowering plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, maize, and tobacco has been further investigated, and showed high conservation of the mechanism, yet, with differences among these species. Here, with an emphasis on recent developments in flowering plants, we survey gamete nuclear migration in different eukaryotic groups and highlight the differences and similarities among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umma Fatema
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mohammad F. Ali
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Zheng Hu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anthony J. Clark
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Tomokazu Kawashima
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Tomokazu Kawashima,
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27
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Norizuki T, Kanazawa T, Minamino N, Tsukaya H, Ueda T. Marchantia polymorpha, a New Model Plant for Autophagy Studies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:935. [PMID: 31379911 PMCID: PMC6652269 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process for bulk and selective degradation of cytoplasmic components in the vacuole/lysosome. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ATG genes were identified as essential genes for autophagy, and most ATG genes are highly conserved among eukaryotes, including plants. Although reverse genetic analyses have revealed that autophagy is involved in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses in land plants, our knowledge of its molecular mechanism remains limited. This limitation is partly because of the multiplication of some ATG genes, including ATG8, in widely used model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, which adds complexity to functional studies. Furthermore, due to limited information on the composition and functions of the ATG genes in basal land plants and charophytes, it remains unclear whether multiplication of ATG genes is associated with neofunctionalization of these genes. To gain insight into the diversification of ATG genes during plant evolution, we compared the composition of ATG genes in plants with a special focus on a liverwort and two charophytes, which have not previously been analyzed. Our results showed that the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and the charophytes Klebsormidium nitens and Chara braunii harbor fundamental sets of ATG genes with low redundancy compared with those of A. thaliana and the moss Physcomitrella patens, suggesting that multiplication of ATG genes occurred during land plant evolution. We also attempted to establish an experimental system for analyzing autophagy in M. polymorpha. We generated transgenic plants expressing fluorescently tagged MpATG8 to observe its dynamics in M. polymorpha and produced autophagy-defective mutants by genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These tools allowed us to demonstrate that MpATG8 is transported into the vacuole in an MpATG2-, MpATG5-, and MpATG7-dependent manner, suggesting that fluorescently tagged MpATG8 can be used as an autophagosome marker in M. polymorpha. M. polymorpha can provide a powerful system for studying the mechanisms and evolution of autophagy in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Norizuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kanazawa
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Minamino
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takashi Ueda,
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28
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Iwabuchi K, Ohnishi H, Tamura K, Fukao Y, Furuya T, Hattori K, Tsukaya H, Hara-Nishimura I. ANGUSTIFOLIA Regulates Actin Filament Alignment for Nuclear Positioning in Leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:233-247. [PMID: 30404821 PMCID: PMC6324246 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During dark adaptation, plant nuclei move centripetally toward the midplane of the leaf blade; thus, the nuclei on both the adaxial and abaxial sides become positioned at the inner periclinal walls of cells. This centripetal nuclear positioning implies that a characteristic cell polarity exists within a leaf, but little is known about the mechanism underlying this process. Here, we show that ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) and ACTIN7 regulate centripetal nuclear positioning in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Two mutants defective in the positioning of nuclei in the dark were isolated and designated as unusual nuclear positioning1 (unp1) and unp2 In the dark, nuclei of unp1 were positioned at the anticlinal walls of adaxial and abaxial mesophyll cells and abaxial pavement cells, whereas the nuclei of unp2 were positioned at the anticlinal walls of mesophyll and pavement cells on both the adaxial and abaxial sides. unp1 was caused by a dominant-negative mutation in ACTIN7, and unp2 resulted from a recessive mutation in AN Actin filaments in unp1 were fragmented and reduced in number, which led to pleiotropic defects in nuclear morphology, cytoplasmic streaming, and plant growth. The mutation in AN caused aberrant positioning of nuclei-associated actin filaments at the anticlinal walls. AN was detected in the cytosol, where it interacted physically with plant-specific dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRKPs) and itself. The DYRK inhibitor (1Z)-1-(3-ethyl-5-hydroxy-2(3H)-benzothiazolylidene)-2-propanone significantly inhibited dark-induced nuclear positioning. Collectively, these results suggest that the AN-DYRKP complex regulates the alignment of actin filaments during centripetal nuclear positioning in leaf cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Haruna Ohnishi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tamura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuya
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koro Hattori
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
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29
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Rosero A, Oulehlová D, Žárský V, Cvrčková F. Visualizing and Quantifying In Vivo Cortical Cytoskeleton Structure and Dynamics. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1992:135-149. [PMID: 31148036 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9469-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cortical microtubule and actin meshworks play a central role in the shaping of plant cells. Transgenic plants expressing fluorescent protein markers specifically tagging the two main cytoskeletal systems are available, allowing noninvasive in vivo studies. Advanced microscopy techniques, in particular confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), spinning disk confocal microscopy (SDCM), and variable angle epifluorescence microscopy (VAEM), can be nowadays used for imaging the cortical cytoskeleton of living cells with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. With the aid of free computing tools based on the publicly available ImageJ software package, quantitative information can be extracted from microscopic images and video sequences, providing insight into both architecture and dynamics of the cortical cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Rosero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Coordinación de Innovación Regional, C.I. Turipaná, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Denisa Oulehlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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30
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Novel gateway binary vectors for rapid tripartite DNA assembly and promoter analysis with various reporters and tags in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204964. [PMID: 30286137 PMCID: PMC6171868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha is an emerging model species for basal lineage plant research. In this study, two Gateway cloning-compatible binary vector series, R4pMpGWB and R4L1pMpGWB, were generated to facilitate production of transgenic M. polymorpha. The R4pMpGWB series allows tripartite recombination of any promoter and any coding sequence with a specific reporter or tag. Reporters/tags for the R4pMpGWB series are GUS, ELuc(PEST), FLAG, 3×HA, 4×Myc, mRFP1, Citrine, mCitrine, ER-targeted mCitrine and nucleus-targeted mCitrine. The R4L1pMpGWB series is suitable for promoter analysis. R4L1pMpGWB vector structure is the same as that of R4pMpGWB vectors, except that the attR2 site is replaced with attL1, enabling bipartite recombination of any promoter with a reporter or tag. Reporters/tags for the R4L1pMpGWB series are GUS, G3GFP-GUS, LUC, ELuc(PEST), Citrine, mCitrine, ER-targeted mCitrine and mCitrine-NLS. Both vector series were functional in M. polymorpha cells. These vectors will facilitate the design and assembly of plasmid constructs and generation of transgenic M. polymorpha.
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31
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Sun H, Qiao Z, Chua KP, Tursic A, Liu X, Gao YG, Mu Y, Hou X, Miao Y. Profilin Negatively Regulates Formin-Mediated Actin Assembly to Modulate PAMP-Triggered Plant Immunity. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1882-1895.e7. [PMID: 29861135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Profilin functions with formin in actin assembly, a process that regulates multiple aspects of plant development and immune responses. High-level eukaryotes contain multiple isoforms of profilin, formin, and actin, whose partner-specific interactions in actin assembly are not completely understood in plant development and defense responses. To examine the functionally distinct interactions between profilin and formin, we studied all five Arabidopsis profilins and their interactions with formin by using both in vitro biochemical and in vivo cell biology approaches. Unexpectedly, we found a previously undescribed negative regulatory function of AtPRF3 in AtFH1-mediated actin polymerization. The N-terminal 37 residues of AtPRF3 were identified to play a predominant role in inhibiting formin-mediated actin nucleation via their high affinity for the formin polyproline region and their triggering of the oligomerization of AtPRF3. Both in vivo and in vitro mechanistic studies of AtPRF3 revealed a universal mechanism in which the weak interaction between profilin and formin positively regulates actin assembly by ensuring rapid recycling of profilin, whereas profilin oligomerization negatively regulates actin polymerization. Upon recognition of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern, the gene transcription and protein degradation of AtPRF3 are modulated for actin assembly during plant innate immunity. The prf3 Arabidopsis plants show higher sensitivity to the bacterial flagellum peptide in both the plant growth and ROS responses. These findings demonstrate a profilin-mediated actin assembly mechanism underlying the plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Zhu Qiao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Khi Pin Chua
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Alma Tursic
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yong-Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Yuguang Mu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xingliang Hou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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32
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Minamino N, Kanazawa T, Era A, Ebine K, Nakano A, Ueda T. RAB GTPases in the Basal Land Plant Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:845-856. [PMID: 29444302 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The RAB GTPase is an evolutionarily conserved machinery component of membrane trafficking, which is the fundamental system for cell viability and higher order biological functions. The composition of RAB GTPases in each organism is closely related to the complexity and organization of the membrane trafficking pathway, which has been developed uniquely to realize the organism-specific membrane trafficking system. Comparative genomics has suggested that terrestrialization and/or multicellularization were associated with the expansion of membrane trafficking pathways in green plants, which has yet to be validated in basal land plant lineages. To obtain insight into the diversification of membrane trafficking systems in green plants, we analyzed RAB GTPases encoded in the genome of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha in a comprehensive manner. We isolated all genes for RAB GTPases in Marchantia and analyzed their expression patterns and subcellular localizations in thallus cells. While a majority of MpRAB GTPases exhibited a ubiquitous expression pattern, specific exceptions were also observed; MpRAB2b, which contains a sequence similar to an intraflagellar transport protein at the C-terminal region; and MpRAB23, which has been secondarily lost in angiosperms, were specifically expressed in the male reproductive organ. MpRAB21, which is another RAB GTPase whose homolog is absent in Arabidopsis, exhibited endosomal localization with RAB5 members in Marchantia. These results suggest that Marchantia possesses unique membrane trafficking pathways involving a unique repertoire of RAB GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Minamino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Takehiko Kanazawa
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Atsuko Era
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kazuo Ebine
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
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Arabidopsis vegetative actin isoforms, AtACT2 and AtACT7, generate distinct filament arrays in living plant cells. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29531328 PMCID: PMC5847576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22707-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering plants express multiple actin isoforms. Previous studies suggest that individual actin isoforms have specific functions; however, the subcellular localization of actin isoforms in plant cells remains obscure. Here, we transiently expressed and observed major Arabidopsis vegetative actin isoforms, AtACT2 and AtACT7, as fluorescent-fusion proteins. By optimizing the linker sequence between fluorescent protein and actin, we succeeded in observing filaments that contained these expressed actin isoforms fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Different colored fluorescent proteins fused with AtACT2 and AtACT7 and co-expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana mesophyll cells co-polymerized in a segregated manner along filaments. In epidermal cells, surprisingly, AtACT2 and AtACT7 tended to polymerize into different types of filaments. AtACT2 was incorporated into thinner filaments, whereas AtACT7 was incorporated into thick bundles. We conclude that different actin isoforms are capable of constructing unique filament arrays, depending on the cell type or tissue. Interestingly, staining patterns induced by two indirect actin filament probes, Lifeact and mTalin1, were different between filaments containing AtACT2 and those containing AtACT7. We suggest that filaments containing different actin isoforms bind specific actin-binding proteins in vivo, since the two probes comprise actin-binding domains from different actin-binding proteins.
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Liao C, Weijers D. A toolkit for studying cellular reorganization during early embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:963-976. [PMID: 29383853 PMCID: PMC5887935 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in understanding the influence of physical and genetic factors on the patterns of cell division in various model systems. However, how each of these factors directs changes in subcellular structures has remained unclear. Generic machineries for the execution of cell expansion and division have been characterized, but how these are influenced by genetic regulators and physical cell properties remains an open question. To a large degree, the complexity of growing post-embryonic tissues and a lack of precise predictability have prevented the extraction of rigid correlations between subcellular structures and future orientation of cell division. The Arabidopsis embryo offers an exquisitely predictable and simple model for studying such correlations, but so far the tools and methodology for studying subcellular structures in the early embryo have been lacking. Here, we describe a set of markers to visualize a range of subcellular structures in the early Arabidopsis embryo. We have designed a series of fluorescent cellular reporters optimized for embryos, and demonstrate the effectiveness of using these 'ACE' reporters with simple three-dimensional imaging procedures that preserve delicate cellular structures. We describe the ontogeny of subcellular structures in the early embryo and find that central/peripheral cell polarity is established much earlier than suspected. In addition, we show that the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton has distinct topologies in the embryo. These tools and methods will allow detailed analysis of the events of cellular reorganization that underlie morphogenesis in the Arabidopsis embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che‐Yang Liao
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityStippeneng 46708WE Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityStippeneng 46708WE Wageningenthe Netherlands
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Otani K, Ishizaki K, Nishihama R, Takatani S, Kohchi T, Takahashi T, Motose H. An evolutionarily conserved NIMA-related kinase directs rhizoid tip growth in the basal land plant Marchantia polymorpha. Development 2018; 145:dev.154617. [PMID: 29440300 DOI: 10.1242/dev.154617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tip growth is driven by turgor pressure and mediated by the polarized accumulation of cellular materials. How a single polarized growth site is established and maintained is unclear. Here, we analyzed the function of NIMA-related protein kinase 1 (MpNEK1) in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha In the wild type, rhizoid cells differentiate from the ventral epidermis and elongate through tip growth to form hair-like protrusions. In Mpnek1 knockout mutants, rhizoids underwent frequent changes in growth direction, resulting in a twisted and/or spiral morphology. The functional MpNEK1-Citrine protein fusion localized to microtubule foci in the apical growing region of rhizoids. Mpnek1 knockouts exhibited increases in both microtubule density and bundling in the apical dome of rhizoids. Treatment with the microtubule-stabilizing drug taxol phenocopied the Mpnek1 knockout. These results suggest that MpNEK1 directs tip growth in rhizoids through microtubule organization. Furthermore, MpNEK1 expression rescued ectopic outgrowth of epidermal cells in the Arabidopsis thaliana nek6 mutant, strongly supporting an evolutionarily conserved NEK-dependent mechanism of directional growth. It is possible that such a mechanism contributed to the evolution of the early rooting system in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Otani
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shogo Takatani
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taku Takahashi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Motose
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Kumar AS, Park E, Nedo A, Alqarni A, Ren L, Hoban K, Modla S, McDonald JH, Kambhamettu C, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Caplan JL. Stromule extension along microtubules coordinated with actin-mediated anchoring guides perinuclear chloroplast movement during innate immunity. eLife 2018; 7:e23625. [PMID: 29338837 PMCID: PMC5815851 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic tubular extensions from chloroplasts called stromules have recently been shown to connect with nuclei and function during innate immunity. We demonstrate that stromules extend along microtubules (MTs) and MT organization directly affects stromule dynamics since stabilization of MTs chemically or genetically increases stromule numbers and length. Although actin filaments (AFs) are not required for stromule extension, they provide anchor points for stromules. Interestingly, there is a strong correlation between the direction of stromules from chloroplasts and the direction of chloroplast movement. Stromule-directed chloroplast movement was observed in steady-state conditions without immune induction, suggesting it is a general function of stromules in epidermal cells. Our results show that MTs and AFs may facilitate perinuclear clustering of chloroplasts during an innate immune response. We propose a model in which stromules extend along MTs and connect to AF anchor points surrounding nuclei, facilitating stromule-directed movement of chloroplasts to nuclei during innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunsook Park
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- The Genome Center, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Alexander Nedo
- Delaware Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Ali Alqarni
- Delaware Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Kyle Hoban
- Delaware Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Shannon Modla
- Delaware Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - John H McDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Chandra Kambhamettu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, College of EngineeringUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- The Genome Center, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Jeffrey Lewis Caplan
- Delaware Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
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37
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Paez-Garcia A, Sparks JA, de Bang L, Blancaflor EB. Plant Actin Cytoskeleton: New Functions from Old Scaffold. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69944-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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Tan JJD, Ma Z, Xie Y, Yang L, Miao Y. Quantitative analysis of actin filament assembly in yeast and plant by live cell fluorescence microscopy. Micron 2017; 103:78-83. [PMID: 28992458 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells depend on a dynamic actin cytoskeleton to regulate many conserved intracellular events such as endocytosis, morphogenesis, polarized cell growth, and cytokinesis (Engqvist-Goldstein and Drubin, 2003; Salbreux et al., 2012; Pruyne et al., 2004; Pollard, 2010). These activities depend on a precise and well-organized spatiotemporal actin assembly that involves many conserved processes found in eukaryotic cells ranging from a unicellular organism, such as yeast, to multicellular organisms, such as plants and human. In particular, both budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and plant Arabidopsis thaliana have been proven to be the powerful and great model organisms to study the molecular mechanisms of the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton and the actin-driven processes in walled-cells. Here we describe the methods in imaging and image processing to analyze dynamic actin filament assembly in budding yeast and Arabidopsis using a wide-field fluorescent microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jun Dao Tan
- Ageing Research Institute for Society and Education, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ying Xie
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore.
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Kumar S, Mansson A. Covalent and non-covalent chemical engineering of actin for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:867-888. [PMID: 28830772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal filaments are self-assembled protein polymers with 8-25nm diameters and up to several tens of micrometres length. They have a range of pivotal roles in eukaryotic cells, including transportation of intracellular cargoes (primarily microtubules with dynein and kinesin motors) and cell motility (primarily actin and myosin) where muscle contraction is one example. For two decades, the cytoskeletal filaments and their associated motor systems have been explored for nanotechnological applications including miniaturized sensor systems and lab-on-a-chip devices. Several developments have also revolved around possible exploitation of the filaments alone without their motor partners. Efforts to use the cytoskeletal filaments for applications often require chemical or genetic engineering of the filaments such as specific conjugation with fluorophores, antibodies, oligonucleotides or various macromolecular complexes e.g. nanoparticles. Similar conjugation methods are also instrumental for a range of fundamental biophysical studies. Here we review methods for non-covalent and covalent chemical modifications of actin filaments with focus on critical advantages and challenges of different methods as well as critical steps in the conjugation procedures. We also review potential uses of the engineered actin filaments in nanotechnological applications and in some key fundamental studies of actin and myosin function. Finally, we consider possible future lines of investigation that may be addressed by applying chemical conjugation of actin in new ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India; Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Alf Mansson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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40
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Sutipatanasomboon A, Herberth S, Alwood EG, Häweker H, Müller B, Shahriari M, Zienert AY, Marin B, Robatzek S, Praefcke GJK, Ayscough KR, Hülskamp M, Schellmann S. Disruption of the plant-specific CFS1 gene impairs autophagosome turnover and triggers EDS1-dependent cell death. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8677. [PMID: 28819237 PMCID: PMC5561093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death, autophagy and endosomal sorting contribute to many physiological, developmental and immunological processes in plants. They are mechanistically interconnected and interdependent, but the molecular basis of their mutual regulation has only begun to emerge in plants. Here, we describe the identification and molecular characterization of CELL DEATH RELATED ENDOSOMAL FYVE/SYLF PROTEIN 1 (CFS1). The CFS1 protein interacts with the ENDOSOMAL SORTING COMPLEX REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT I (ESCRT-I) component ELCH (ELC) and is localized at ESCRT-I-positive late endosomes likely through its PI3P and actin binding SH3YL1 Ysc84/Lsb4p Lsb3p plant FYVE (SYLF) domain. Mutant alleles of cfs1 exhibit auto-immune phenotypes including spontaneous lesions that show characteristics of hypersensitive response (HR). Autoimmunity in cfs1 is dependent on ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1)-mediated effector-triggered immunity (ETI) but independent from salicylic acid. Additionally, cfs1 mutants accumulate the autophagy markers ATG8 and NBR1 independently from EDS1. We hypothesize that CFS1 acts at the intersection of autophagosomes and endosomes and contributes to cellular homeostasis by mediating autophagosome turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie Herberth
- Botanik III, Biocenter, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ellen G Alwood
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Heidrun Häweker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Britta Müller
- Botanik III, Biocenter, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mojgan Shahriari
- Botanik III, Biocenter, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Institut für Biologie II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Anke Y Zienert
- Institut für Genetik, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birger Marin
- Botanik I, Biocenter, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Gerrit J K Praefcke
- Institut für Genetik, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Division of Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Kathryn R Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Botanik III, Biocenter, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Swen Schellmann
- Botanik III, Biocenter, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
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41
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Montes-Rodriguez A, Kost B. Direct Comparison of the Performance of Commonly Employed In Vivo F-actin Markers (Lifeact-YFP, YFP-mTn and YFP-FABD2) in Tobacco Pollen Tubes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1349. [PMID: 28824684 PMCID: PMC5540898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In vivo markers for F-actin organization and dynamics are extensively used to investigate cellular functions of the actin cytoskeleton, which are essential for plant development and pathogen defense. The most widely employed markers are GFP variants fused to F-actin binding domains of mouse talin (GFP-mTn), Arabidopsis fimbrin1 (GFP-FABD2) or yeast Abp140 (Lifeact-GFP). Although numerous reports describing applications of one, or occasionally more, of these markers, are available in the literature, a direct quantitative comparison of the performance of all three markers at different expression levels has been missing. Here, we analyze F-actin organization and growth rate displayed by tobacco pollen tubes expressing YFP-mTn, YFP-FABD2 or Lifeact-YFP at different levels. Results obtained establish that: (1) all markers strongly affect F-actin organization and cell expansion at high expression levels, (2) YFP-mTn and Lifeact-YFP non-invasively label the same F-actin structures (longitudinally oriented filaments in the shank, a subapical fringe) at low expression levels, (3) Lifeact-YFP displays a somewhat lower potential to affect F-actin organization and cell expansion than YFP-mTn, and (4) YFP-FABD2 generally fails to label F-actin structures at the pollen tube tip and affects F-actin organization as well as cell expansion already at lowest expression levels. As pointed out in the discussion, these observations (1) are also meaningful for F-actin labeling in other cell types, which generally respond less sensitively to F-actin perturbation than pollen tubes, (2) help selecting suitable markers for future F-actin labeling experiments, and (3) support the assessment of a substantial amount of published data resulting from such experiments.
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42
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Kaufholdt D, Baillie CK, Meinen R, Mendel RR, Hänsch R. The Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis Network: In vivo Protein-Protein Interactions of an Actin Associated Multi-Protein Complex. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1946. [PMID: 29184564 PMCID: PMC5694649 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Survival of plants and nearly all organisms depends on the pterin based molybdenum cofactor (Moco) as well as its effective biosynthesis and insertion into apo-enzymes. To this end, both the central Moco biosynthesis enzymes are characterized and the conserved four-step reaction pathway for Moco biosynthesis is well-understood. However, protection mechanisms to prevent degradation during biosynthesis as well as transfer of the highly oxygen sensitive Moco and its intermediates are not fully enlightened. The formation of protein complexes involving transient protein-protein interactions is an efficient strategy for protected metabolic channelling of sensitive molecules. In this review, Moco biosynthesis and allocation network is presented and discussed. This network was intensively studied based on two in vivo interaction methods: bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and split-luciferase. Whereas BiFC allows localisation of interacting partners, split-luciferase assay determines interaction strengths in vivo. Results demonstrate (i) interaction of Cnx2 and Cnx3 within the mitochondria and (ii) assembly of a biosynthesis complex including the cytosolic enzymes Cnx5, Cnx6, Cnx7, and Cnx1, which enables a protected transfer of intermediates. The whole complex is associated with actin filaments via Cnx1 as anchor protein. After biosynthesis, Moco needs to be handed over to the specific apo-enzymes. A potential pathway was discovered. Molybdenum-containing enzymes of the sulphite oxidase family interact directly with Cnx1. In contrast, the xanthine oxidoreductase family acquires Moco indirectly via a Moco binding protein (MoBP2) and Moco sulphurase ABA3. In summary, the uncovered interaction matrix enables an efficient transfer for intermediate and product protection via micro-compartmentation.
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Kimura S, Kodama Y. Actin-dependence of the chloroplast cold positioning response in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2513. [PMID: 27703856 PMCID: PMC5045877 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subcellular positioning of chloroplasts can be changed by alterations in the environment such as light and temperature. For example, in leaf mesophyll cells, chloroplasts localize along anticlinal cell walls under high-intensity light, and along periclinal cell walls under low-intensity light. These types of positioning responses are involved in photosynthetic optimization. In light-mediated chloroplast positioning responses, chloroplasts move to the appropriate positions in an actin-dependent manner, although some exceptions also depend on microtubule. Even under low-intensity light, at low temperature (e.g., 5°C), chloroplasts localize along anticlinal cell walls; this phenomenon is termed chloroplast cold positioning. In this study, we analyzed whether chloroplast cold positioning is dependent on actin filaments and/or microtubules in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. When liverwort cells were treated with drugs for the de-polymerization of actin filaments, chloroplast cold positioning was completely inhibited. In contrast, chloroplast cold positioning was not affected by treatment with a drug for the de-polymerization of microtubules. These observations indicate the actin-dependence of chloroplast cold positioning in M. polymorpha. Actin filaments during the chloroplast cold positioning response were visualized by using fluorescent probes based on fluorescent proteins in living liverwort cells, and thus, their behavior during the chloroplast cold positioning response was documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kimura
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University , Utsunomiya , Tochigi , Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University , Utsunomiya , Tochigi , Japan
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González-Rodríguez VE, Garrido C, Cantoral JM, Schumacher J. The F-actin capping protein is required for hyphal growth and full virulence but is dispensable for septum formation in Botrytis cinerea. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1225-35. [PMID: 27647239 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous (F-) actin is an integral part of the cytoskeleton allowing for cell growth, intracellular motility, and cytokinesis of eukaryotic cells. Its assembly from G-actin monomers and its disassembly are tightly regulated processes involving a number of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) such as F-actin nucleators and cross-linking proteins. F-actin capping protein (CP) is an alpha/beta heterodimer known from yeast and higher eukaryotes to bind to the fast growing ends of the actin filaments stabilizing them. In this study, we identified the orthologs of the two CP subunits, named BcCPA1 and BcCPB1, in the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea and showed that the two proteins physically interact in a yeast two-hybrid approach. GFP-BcCPA1 fusion proteins were functional and localized to the assumed sites of F-actin accumulation, i.e. to the hyphal tips and the sites of actin ring formation. Deletion of bccpa1 had a profound effect on hyphal growth, morphogenesis, and virulence indicating the importance of F-actin capping for an intact actin cytoskeleton. As polarized growth - unlike septum formation - is impaired in the mutants, it can be concluded that the organization and/or localization of actin patches and cables are disturbed rather than the functionality of the actin rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Carlos Garrido
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Jesús M Cantoral
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
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Toda E, Ohnishi Y, Okamoto T. Development of Polyspermic Rice Zygotes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:206-14. [PMID: 26945052 PMCID: PMC4854695 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization is a general feature of eukaryotic uni- and multicellular organisms to restore a diploid genome from female and male gamete haploid genomes. In most animals and fucoid algae, polyspermy block occurs at the plasmogamy step. Because the polyspermy barrier in animals and in fucoid algae is incomplete, polyspermic zygotes are generated by multiple fertilization events. However, these polyspermic zygotes with extra centrioles from multiple sperms show aberrant nuclear and cell division. In angiosperms, polyspermy block functions in the egg cell and the central cell to promote faithful double fertilization, although the mechanism of polyspermy block remains unclear. In contrast to the case in animals and fucoid algae, polyspermic zygotes formed in angiosperms are not expected to die because angiosperms lack centrosomes. However, there have been no reports on the developmental profiles of polyspermic zygotes at cellular level in angiosperms. In this study, we produced polyspermic rice zygotes by electric fusion of an egg cell with two sperm cells, and monitored their developmental profiles. Two sperm nuclei and an egg nucleus fused into a zygotic nucleus, and the triploid zygote divided into a two-celled embryo via mitotic division with a typical bipolar microtubule spindle, as observed during mitosis of a diploid zygote. The two-celled proembryos further developed and regenerated into triploid plants. These findings suggest that polyspermic plant zygotes have the potential to form triploid embryos. Polyspermy in angiosperms might be a pathway for the formation of triploid plants, which can contribute significantly to the formation of autopolyploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Toda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan (E.T., Y.O., T.O.)
| | - Yukinosuke Ohnishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan (E.T., Y.O., T.O.)
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan (E.T., Y.O., T.O.)
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Kaufholdt D, Baillie CK, Bikker R, Burkart V, Dudek CA, von Pein L, Rothkegel M, Mendel RR, Hänsch R. The molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis complex interacts with actin filaments via molybdenum insertase Cnx1 as anchor protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 244:8-18. [PMID: 26810449 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The pterin based molybdenum cofactor (Moco) plays an essential role in almost all organisms. Its biosynthesis is catalysed by six enzymes in a conserved four step reaction pathway. The last three steps are located in the cytoplasm, where a multimeric protein complex is formed to protect the intermediates from degradation. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation was used to test for cytoskeleton association of the Moco biosynthesis enzymes with actin filaments and microtubules using known cytoskeleton associated proteins, thus permitting non-invasive in vivo studies. Coding sequences of binding proteins were cloned via the GATEWAY system. No Moco biosynthesis enzyme showed any interaction with microtubules. However, alone the two domain protein Cnx1 exhibited interaction with actin filaments mediated by both domains with the Cnx1G domain displaying a stronger interaction. Cnx6 showed actin association only if unlabelled Cnx1 was co-expressed in comparable amounts. So Cnx1 is likely to be the anchor protein for the whole biosynthesis complex on actin filaments. A stabilization of the whole Moco biosynthesis complex on the cytoskeleton might be crucial. In addition a micro-compartmentation might either allow a localisation near the mitochondrial ATM3 exporter providing the first Moco intermediate or near one of the three molybdate transporters enabling efficient molybdate incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kaufholdt
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Humboldtstrasse 1, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Christin-Kirsty Baillie
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Humboldtstrasse 1, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Rolf Bikker
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Humboldtstrasse 1, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Valentin Burkart
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Humboldtstrasse 1, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Christian-Alexander Dudek
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Humboldtstrasse 1, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Linn von Pein
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Humboldtstrasse 1, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Martin Rothkegel
- Institut für Zoologie, Spielmannstrasse 7, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ralf R Mendel
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Humboldtstrasse 1, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Humboldtstrasse 1, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Inada N, Higaki T, Hasezawa S. Nuclear Function of Subclass I Actin-Depolymerizing Factor Contributes to Susceptibility in Arabidopsis to an Adapted Powdery Mildew Fungus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1420-34. [PMID: 26747284 PMCID: PMC4775110 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are conserved proteins that function in regulating the structure and dynamics of actin microfilaments in eukaryotes. In this study, we present evidence that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) subclass I ADFs, particularly ADF4, functions as a susceptibility factor for an adapted powdery mildew fungus. The null mutant of ADF4 significantly increased resistance against the adapted powdery mildew fungus Golovinomyces orontii. The degree of resistance was further enhanced in transgenic plants in which the expression of all subclass I ADFs (i.e. ADF1-ADF4) was suppressed. Microscopic observations revealed that the enhanced resistance of adf4 and ADF1-4 knockdown plants (ADF1-4Ri) was associated with the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and cell death specific to G. orontii-infected cells. The increased resistance and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in ADF1-4Ri were suppressed by the introduction of mutations in the salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-signaling pathways but not by a mutation in the ethylene-signaling pathway. Quantification by microscopic images detected an increase in the level of actin microfilament bundling in ADF1-4Ri but not in adf4 at early G. orontii infection time points. Interestingly, complementation analysis revealed that nuclear localization of ADF4 was crucial for susceptibility to G. orontii. Based on its G. orontii-infected-cell-specific phenotype, we suggest that subclass I ADFs are susceptibility factors that function in a direct interaction between the host plant and the powdery mildew fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- Laboratory of Plant Function Analysis, Plant Global Educational Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (N.I.); andDepartment of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan (T.H., S.H.)
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Laboratory of Plant Function Analysis, Plant Global Educational Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (N.I.); andDepartment of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan (T.H., S.H.)
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Laboratory of Plant Function Analysis, Plant Global Educational Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (N.I.); andDepartment of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan (T.H., S.H.)
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Kanazawa T, Era A, Minamino N, Shikano Y, Fujimoto M, Uemura T, Nishihama R, Yamato KT, Ishizaki K, Nishiyama T, Kohchi T, Nakano A, Ueda T. SNARE Molecules in Marchantia polymorpha: Unique and Conserved Features of the Membrane Fusion Machinery. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:307-24. [PMID: 26019268 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The membrane trafficking pathway has been diversified in a specific way for each eukaryotic lineage, probably to fulfill specific functions in the organisms. In green plants, comparative genomics has supported the possibility that terrestrialization and/or multicellularization could be associated with the elaboration and diversification of membrane trafficking pathways, which have been accomplished by an expansion of the numbers of genes required for machinery components of membrane trafficking, including soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. However, information regarding membrane trafficking pathways in basal land plant lineages remains limited. In the present study, we conducted extensive analyses of SNARE molecules, which mediate membrane fusion between target membranes and transport vesicles or donor organelles, in the liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha. The M. polymorpha genome contained at least 34 genes for 36 SNARE proteins, comprising fundamental sets of SNARE proteins that are shared among land plant lineages with low degrees of redundancy. We examined the subcellular distribution of a major portion of these SNARE proteins by expressing Citrine-tagged SNARE proteins in M. polymorpha, and the results showed that some of the SNARE proteins were targeted to different compartments from their orthologous products in Arabidopsis thaliana. For example, MpSYP12B was localized to the surface of the oil body, which is a unique organelle in liverworts. Furthermore, we identified three VAMP72 members with distinctive structural characteristics, whose N-terminal extensions contain consensus sequences for N-myristoylation. These results suggest that M. polymorpha has acquired unique membrane trafficking pathways associated with newly acquired machinery components during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Kanazawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Atsuko Era
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Department of Cell Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
| | - Naoki Minamino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yu Shikano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493 Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishiyama
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0934 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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Scheuring D, Löfke C, Krüger F, Kittelmann M, Eisa A, Hughes L, Smith RS, Hawes C, Schumacher K, Kleine-Vehn J. Actin-dependent vacuolar occupancy of the cell determines auxin-induced growth repression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:452-7. [PMID: 26715743 PMCID: PMC4720293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517445113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is an early attribute of cellular life, and its main components are composed of conserved proteins. The actin cytoskeleton has a direct impact on the control of cell size in animal cells, but its mechanistic contribution to cellular growth in plants remains largely elusive. Here, we reveal a role of actin in regulating cell size in plants. The actin cytoskeleton shows proximity to vacuoles, and the phytohormone auxin not only controls the organization of actin filaments but also impacts vacuolar morphogenesis in an actin-dependent manner. Pharmacological and genetic interference with the actin-myosin system abolishes the effect of auxin on vacuoles and thus disrupts its negative influence on cellular growth. SEM-based 3D nanometer-resolution imaging of the vacuoles revealed that auxin controls the constriction and luminal size of the vacuole. We show that this actin-dependent mechanism controls the relative vacuolar occupancy of the cell, thus suggesting an unanticipated mechanism for cytosol homeostasis during cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scheuring
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Löfke
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Falco Krüger
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maike Kittelmann
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Eisa
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Louise Hughes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Chris Hawes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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