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Han H, Zhou Y, Liu H, Chen X, Wang Q, Zhuang H, Sun X, Ling Q, Zhang H, Wang B, Wang J, Tang Y, Wang H, Liu H. Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis Provides Insight into Leaf Color and Photosynthesis Variation of the Yellow-Green Leaf Mutant of Hami Melon ( Cucumis melo L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1623. [PMID: 37111847 PMCID: PMC10143263 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Leaf color mutants are ideal materials for studying the regulatory mechanism of chloroplast development and photosynthesis. We isolated a cucumis melo spontaneous mutant (MT), which showed yellow-green leaf phenotype in the whole growing period and could be inherited stably. We compared its leaves with the wild type (WT) in terms of cytology, physiology, transcriptome and metabolism. The results showed that the thylakoid grana lamellae of MT were loosely arranged and fewer in number than WT. Physiological experiments also showed that MT had less chlorophyll content and more accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than WT. Furthermore, the activity of several key enzymes in C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation pathway was more enhanced in MT than WT. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that differential expression genes and differentially accumulated metabolites in MT were mainly co-enriched in the pathways related to photosystem-antenna proteins, central carbon metabolism, glutathione metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid metabolism. We also analyzed several key proteins in photosynthesis and chloroplast transport by Western blot. In summary, the results may provide a new insight into the understanding of how plants respond to the impaired photosynthesis by regulating chloroplast development and photosynthetic carbon assimilation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Han
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (H.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Xianjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (H.H.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Hongmei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (H.H.)
| | - Qihua Ling
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Baike Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (H.H.)
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The effect of solvent on the optical properties of myxoxanthophyll from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Jackson PJ, Hitchcock A, Brindley AA, Dickman MJ, Hunter CN. Absolute quantification of cellular levels of photosynthesis-related proteins in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 155:219-245. [PMID: 36542271 PMCID: PMC9958174 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying cellular components is a basic and important step for understanding how a cell works, how it responds to environmental changes, and for re-engineering cells to produce valuable metabolites and increased biomass. We quantified proteins in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 given the general importance of cyanobacteria for global photosynthesis, for synthetic biology and biotechnology research, and their ancestral relationship to the chloroplasts of plants. Four mass spectrometry methods were used to quantify cellular components involved in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll, carotenoid and bilin pigments, membrane assembly, the light reactions of photosynthesis, fixation of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and hydrogen and sulfur metabolism. Components of biosynthetic pathways, such as those for chlorophyll or for photosystem II assembly, range between 1000 and 10,000 copies per cell, but can be tenfold higher for CO2 fixation enzymes. The most abundant subunits are those for photosystem I, with around 100,000 copies per cell, approximately 2 to fivefold higher than for photosystem II and ATP synthase, and 5-20 fold more than for the cytochrome b6f complex. Disparities between numbers of pathway enzymes, between components of electron transfer chains, and between subunits within complexes indicate possible control points for biosynthetic processes, bioenergetic reactions and for the assembly of multisubunit complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Jackson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Amanda A Brindley
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Mark J Dickman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - C Neil Hunter
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Deepika C, Wolf J, Roles J, Ross I, Hankamer B. Sustainable Production of Pigments from Cyanobacteria. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 183:171-251. [PMID: 36571616 DOI: 10.1007/10_2022_211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pigments are intensely coloured compounds used in many industries to colour other materials. The demand for naturally synthesised pigments is increasing and their production can be incorporated into circular bioeconomy approaches. Natural pigments are produced by bacteria, cyanobacteria, microalgae, macroalgae, plants and animals. There is a huge unexplored biodiversity of prokaryotic cyanobacteria which are microscopic phototrophic microorganisms that have the ability to capture solar energy and CO2 and use it to synthesise a diverse range of sugars, lipids, amino acids and biochemicals including pigments. This makes them attractive for the sustainable production of a wide range of high-value products including industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and animal-feed supplements. The advantages of cyanobacteria production platforms include comparatively high growth rates, their ability to use freshwater, seawater or brackish water and the ability to cultivate them on non-arable land. The pigments derived from cyanobacteria and microalgae include chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins that have useful properties for advanced technical and commercial products. Development and optimisation of strain-specific pigment-based cultivation strategies support the development of economically feasible pigment biorefinery scenarios with enhanced pigment yields, quality and price. Thus, this chapter discusses the origin, properties, strain selection, production techniques and market opportunities of cyanobacterial pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Deepika
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Juliane Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John Roles
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian Ross
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Hankamer
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Casazza AP, Lombardi A, Menin B, Santabarbara S. Temperature-induced zeaxanthin overproduction in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 22:783-794. [PMID: 36536270 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The exogenous crtZ gene from Brevundimonas sp. SD212, coding for a 3,3' β-car hydroxylase, was expressed in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 under the control of a temperature-inducible promoter in an attempt to engineer the carotenoid metabolic pathway, to increase the content of zeaxanthin and its further hydroxylated derivatives caloxanthin and nostoxanthin. These molecules are of particular interest due to their renowned antioxidant properties. Cultivation of the engineered strain S7942Z-Ti at 35 °C, a temperature which is well tolerated by the wild-type strain and at which the inducible expression system is activated, led to a significant redistribution of the relative carotenoid content. β-Carotene decreased to about 10% of the pool that is an excess of a threefold decrease with respect to the control, and concomitantly, zeaxanthin became the dominant carotenoid accounting for about half of the pool. As a consequence, zeaxanthin and its derivatives caloxanthin and nostoxanthin collectively accounted for about 90% of the accumulated carotenoids. Yet, upon induction of CrtZ expression at 35 °C the S7942Z-Ti strain displayed a substantial growth impairment accompanied, initially, by a relative loss of carotenoids and successively by the appearance of chlorophyll degradation products which can be interpreted as markers of cellular stress. These observations suggest a limit to the exploitation of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 for biotechnological purposes aimed at increasing the production of hydroxylated carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paola Casazza
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Lombardi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Menin
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Sun Y, Xin Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Liu R, Li X, Zhou C, Zhang L, Han J. Enhancement of violaxanthin accumulation in Nannochloropsis oceanica by overexpressing a carotenoid isomerase gene from Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:942883. [PMID: 36118188 PMCID: PMC9471142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.942883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nannochloropsis has been considered as a promising feedstock for the industrial production of violaxanthin. However, a rational breeding strategy for the enhancement of violaxanthin content in this microalga is still vacant, thereby limiting its industrial application. All-trans-lycopene locates in the first branch point of carotenogenesis. The carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO), catalyzing the lycopene formation, is thus regarded as a key enzyme for carotenogenesis. Phaeodactylum tricornutum can accumulate high-level carotenoids under optimal conditions. Therefore, it is feasible to improve violaxanthin level in Nannochloropsis by overexpression of PtCRTISO. Protein targeting analysis of seven PtCRTISO candidates (PtCRTISO1–6 and PtCRTISO-like) demonstrated that PtCRTISO4 was most likely the carotenoid isomerase of P. tricornutum. Moreover, the transcriptional pattern of PtCRTISO4 at different cultivation periods was quite similar to other known carotenogenesis genes. Thus, PtCRTISO4 was transformed into N. oceanica. Compared to the wild type (WT), all three transgenic lines (T1–T3) of N. oceanica exhibited higher levels of total carotenoid and violaxanthin. Notably, T3 exhibited the peak violaxanthin content of 4.48 mg g–1 dry cell weight (DCW), which was 1.68-folds higher than WT. Interestingly, qRT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results demonstrated that phytoene synthase (NoPSY) rather than ζ-carotene desaturase (NoZDS) and lycopene β-cyclase (NoLCYB) exhibited the highest upregulation, suggesting that PtCRTISO4 played an additional regulatory role in terms of carotenoid accumulation. Moreover, PtCRTISO4 overexpression increased C18:1n-9 but decreased C16:1n-7, implying that C18:1 may serve as a main feedstock for xanthophyll esterification in Nannochloropsis. Our results will provide valuable information for the violaxanthin production from Nannochloropsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yi Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ruolan Liu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chengxu Zhou
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Zhang,
| | - Jichang Han
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Jichang Han,
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Huang K, Su Z, He M, Wu Y, Wang M. Simultaneous accumulation of astaxanthin and β-carotene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by the introduction of foreign β-carotene hydroxylase gene in response to high light stress. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:321-331. [PMID: 35119571 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important photosynthetic pigments with many physiological functions, nutritional properties and high commercial value. β-carotene hydroxylase is one of the key enzymes in the carotenoid synthesis pathway of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for the conversion of β-carotene to astaxanthin. The vector p64DZ containing the β-carotene hydroxylase gene crtZ from Haematococcus pluvialis was transformed into C. reinhardtii CC-503. The transformants were selected by alternate culture in solid-liquid medium containing spectinomycin (100 µg mL-1). PCR results indicated that the gene crtZ and aadA were integrated into the genome of C. reinhardtii. RT-PCR analysis showed that the gene crtZ was transcribed in Chlamydomonas transformants. HPLC analysis showed that the content of astaxanthin and β-carotene in cells of C. reinhardtii were simultaneously increased. Under medium light intensity cultivation (60 µmol m-2 s-1), transgenic C. reinhardtii had an 85.8% increase in β-carotene content compared with the wild type. The content of astaxanthin and β-carotene reached 1.97 ± 0.13 mg g-1 fresh cell weight (FCW) and 105.94 ± 5.84 µg g-1 FCW, which were increased 18% and 42.4% than the wild type after 6 h of high light treatment (200 µmol m-2 s-1), respectively. Our results indicate the regulatory effect on pigments in C. reinhardtii by β-carotene hydroxylase gene of H. pluvialis, and demonstrate the positive effect of high light stress on pigment accumulation in transgenic C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunmei Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zhongliang Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Mingyan He
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yaoyao Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Meiqi Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
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Roles of Close Homologues SigB and SigD in Heat and High Light Acclimation of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020162. [PMID: 35207450 PMCID: PMC8875361 DOI: 10.3390/life12020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acclimation of cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 to suboptimal conditions is largely dependent on adjustments of gene expression, which is highly controlled by the σ factor subunits of RNA polymerase (RNAP). The SigB and SigD σ factors are close homologues. Here we show that the sigB and sigD genes are both induced in high light and heat stresses. Comparison of transcriptomes of the control strain (CS), ΔsigB, ΔsigD, ΔsigBCE (containing SigD as the only functional group 2 σ factor), and ΔsigCDE (SigB as the only functional group 2 σ factor) strains in standard, high light, and high temperature conditions revealed that the SigB and SigD factors regulate different sets of genes and SigB and SigD regulons are highly dependent on stress conditions. The SigB regulon is bigger than the SigD regulon at high temperature, whereas, in high light, the SigD regulon is bigger than the SigB regulon. Furthermore, our results show that favoring the SigB or SigD factor by deleting other group 2 σ factors does not lead to superior acclimation to high light or high temperature, indicating that all group 2 σ factors play roles in the acclimation processes.
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Sutherland GA, Qian P, Hunter CN, Swainsbury DJ, Hitchcock A. Engineering purple bacterial carotenoid biosynthesis to study the roles of carotenoids in light-harvesting complexes. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:137-184. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang J, Huang X, Ge H, Wang Y, Chen W, Zheng L, Huang C, Yang H, Li L, Sui N, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Lu D, Fang L, Xu W, Jiang Y, Huang F, Wang Y. The Quantitative Proteome Atlas of a Model Cyanobacterium. J Genet Genomics 2021; 49:96-108. [PMID: 34775074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a group of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria with great potentials in biotechnological applications and advantages as models for photosynthesis research. The subcellular locations of the majority of proteins in any cyanobacteria remain undetermined, representing a major challenge in using cyanobacteria for both basic and industrial researches. Here, using label free quantitative proteomics we mapped 2027 proteins of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, a model cyanobacterium, to different subcellular compartments, and generated a proteome atlas with such information. The atlas leads to numerous unexpected but important findings, including the predominant localization of the histidine kinases Hik33 and Hik27 on the thylakoid but not the plasma membrane. Such information completely changes the concept regarding how the two kinases are activated. Together, the atlas provides subcellular localization information for nearly 60% proteome of a model cyanobacterium, and will serve as an important resource for the cyanobacterial research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haitao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengcheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haomeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing 100093, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing 100093, China
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dandan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Longfa Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Yuqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing 100093, China.
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Dobson Z, Ahad S, Vanlandingham J, Toporik H, Vaughn N, Vaughn M, Williams D, Reppert M, Fromme P, Mazor Y. The structure of photosystem I from a high-light-tolerant cyanobacteria. eLife 2021; 10:e67518. [PMID: 34435952 PMCID: PMC8428864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms have adapted to survive a myriad of extreme environments from the earth's deserts to its poles, yet the proteins that carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis are highly conserved from the cyanobacteria to modern day crops. To investigate adaptations of the photosynthetic machinery in cyanobacteria to excessive light stress, we isolated a new strain of cyanobacteria, Cyanobacterium aponinum 0216, from the extreme light environment of the Sonoran Desert. Here we report the biochemical characterization and the 2.7 Å resolution structure of trimeric photosystem I from this high-light-tolerant cyanobacterium. The structure shows a new conformation of the PsaL C-terminus that supports trimer formation of cyanobacterial photosystem I. The spectroscopic analysis of this photosystem I revealed a decrease in far-red absorption, which is attributed to a decrease in the number of long- wavelength chlorophylls. Using these findings, we constructed two chimeric PSIs in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 demonstrating how unique structural features in photosynthetic complexes can change spectroscopic properties, allowing organisms to thrive under different environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Dobson
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
- BiodesignCenter for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Safa Ahad
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Jackson Vanlandingham
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
- BiodesignCenter for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Hila Toporik
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
- BiodesignCenter for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Natalie Vaughn
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
- BiodesignCenter for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Michael Vaughn
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
- BiodesignCenter for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Dewight Williams
- John M. Cowley Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Michael Reppert
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Petra Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
- BiodesignCenter for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Yuval Mazor
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
- BiodesignCenter for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
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Yu H, Hamaguchi T, Nakajima Y, Kato K, Kawakami K, Akita F, Yonekura K, Shen JR. Cryo-EM structure of monomeric photosystem II at 2.78 Å resolution reveals factors important for the formation of dimer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148471. [PMID: 34216574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) functions mainly as a dimer to catalyze the light energy conversion and water oxidation reactions. However, monomeric PSII also exists and functions in vivo in some cases. The crystal structure of monomeric PSII has been solved at 3.6 Å resolution, but it is still not clear which factors contribute to the formation of the dimer. Here, we solved the structure of PSII monomer at a resolution of 2.78 Å using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). From our cryo-EM density map, we observed apparent differences in pigments and lipids in the monomer-monomer interface between the PSII monomer and dimer. One β-carotene and two sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG) molecules are found in the monomer-monomer interface of the dimer structure but not in the present monomer structure, although some SQDG and other lipid molecules are found in the analogous region of the low-resolution crystal structure of the monomer, or cryo-EM structure of an apo-PSII monomer lacking the extrinsic proteins from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. In the current monomer structure, a large part of the PsbO subunit was also found to be disordered. These results indicate the importance of the β-carotene, SQDG and PsbO in formation of the PSII dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Yu
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Picobiology, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hamaguchi
- Biostructural Mechanism Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakajima
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Koji Kato
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kawakami
- Biostructural Mechanism Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Fusamichi Akita
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Koji Yonekura
- Biostructural Mechanism Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan; Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan; Advanced Electron Microscope Development Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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13
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Biochemistry of Terpenes and Recent Advances in Plant Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115710. [PMID: 34071919 PMCID: PMC8199371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is adversely affected by the growing levels of synthetic chemicals released into the environment due to agricultural activities. This has been the driving force for embracing sustainable agriculture. Plant secondary metabolites offer promising alternatives for protecting plants against microbes, feeding herbivores, and weeds. Terpenes are the largest among PSMs and have been extensively studied for their potential as antimicrobial, insecticidal, and weed control agents. They also attract natural enemies of pests and beneficial insects, such as pollinators and dispersers. However, most of these research findings are shelved and fail to pass beyond the laboratory and greenhouse stages. This review provides an overview of terpenes, types, biosynthesis, and their roles in protecting plants against microbial pathogens, insect pests, and weeds to rekindle the debate on using terpenes for the development of environmentally friendly biopesticides and herbicides.
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Xanthophyll carotenoids stabilise the association of cyanobacterial chlorophyll synthase with the LHC-like protein HliD. Biochem J 2021; 477:4021-4036. [PMID: 32990304 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll synthase (ChlG) catalyses a terminal reaction in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway, attachment of phytol or geranylgeraniol to the C17 propionate of chlorophyllide. Cyanobacterial ChlG forms a stable complex with high light-inducible protein D (HliD), a small single-helix protein homologous to the third transmembrane helix of plant light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). The ChlG-HliD assembly binds chlorophyll, β-carotene, zeaxanthin and myxoxanthophyll and associates with the YidC insertase, most likely to facilitate incorporation of chlorophyll into translated photosystem apoproteins. HliD independently coordinates chlorophyll and β-carotene but the role of the xanthophylls, which appear to be exclusive to the core ChlG-HliD assembly, is unclear. Here we generated mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 lacking specific combinations of carotenoids or HliD in a background with FLAG- or His-tagged ChlG. Immunoprecipitation experiments and analysis of isolated membranes demonstrate that the absence of zeaxanthin and myxoxanthophyll significantly weakens the interaction between HliD and ChlG. ChlG alone does not bind carotenoids and accumulation of the chlorophyllide substrate in the absence of xanthophylls indicates that activity/stability of the 'naked' enzyme is perturbed. In contrast, the interaction of HliD with a second partner, the photosystem II assembly factor Ycf39, is preserved in the absence of xanthophylls. We propose that xanthophylls are required for the stable association of ChlG and HliD, acting as a 'molecular glue' at the lateral transmembrane interface between these proteins; roles for zeaxanthin and myxoxanthophyll in ChlG-HliD complexation are discussed, as well as the possible presence of similar complexes between LHC-like proteins and chlorophyll biosynthesis enzymes in plants.
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15
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Amuah CLY, Eghan MJ, Anderson B, Osei-Wusu Adueming P, Opoku-Ansah J, Buah-Bassuah PK. Laser-induced fluorescence combined with multivariate techniques identifies the geographical origin of antimalarial herbal plants. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2020; 37:C103-C110. [PMID: 33175736 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.396701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) combined with multivariate techniques has been used in identifying antimalarial herbal plants (AMHPs) based on their geographical origin. The AMHP samples were collected from four geographical origins (Abrafo, Jukwa, Nfuom, and Akotokyere) in the Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana. LIF spectra data were recorded from the AMHP samples. Utilizing multivariate techniques, a training set for the first two principal components of the AMHP spectra data was modeled through the use of K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector nachine (SVM), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) methods. The SVM and KNN methods performed best with 100% success for the prediction data, while the LDA had a 99% success rate. The KNN and SVM methods are recommended for the identification of AMHPs based on their geographical origins. Deconvoluted peaks from the LIF spectra of all the AMHP samples revealed compounds such as quercetin and berberine as being present in all the AMHP samples.
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16
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Xu P, Chukhutsina VU, Nawrocki WJ, Schansker G, Bielczynski LW, Lu Y, Karcher D, Bock R, Croce R. Photosynthesis without β-carotene. eLife 2020; 9:e58984. [PMID: 32975516 PMCID: PMC7609050 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential in oxygenic photosynthesis: they stabilize the pigment-protein complexes, are active in harvesting sunlight and in photoprotection. In plants, they are present as carotenes and their oxygenated derivatives, xanthophylls. While mutant plants lacking xanthophylls are capable of photoautotrophic growth, no plants without carotenes in their photosystems have been reported so far, which has led to the common opinion that carotenes are essential for photosynthesis. Here, we report the first plant that grows photoautotrophically in the absence of carotenes: a tobacco plant containing only the xanthophyll astaxanthin. Surprisingly, both photosystems are fully functional despite their carotenoid-binding sites being occupied by astaxanthin instead of β-carotene or remaining empty (i.e. are not occupied by carotenoids). These plants display non-photochemical quenching, despite the absence of both zeaxanthin and lutein and show that tobacco can regulate the ratio between the two photosystems in a very large dynamic range to optimize electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengqi Xu
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Volha U Chukhutsina
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Wojciech J Nawrocki
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Gert Schansker
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Ludwik W Bielczynski
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Yinghong Lu
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Daniel Karcher
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam and LaserLab AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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17
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Diao J, Song X, Zhang L, Cui J, Chen L, Zhang W. Tailoring cyanobacteria as a new platform for highly efficient synthesis of astaxanthin. Metab Eng 2020; 61:275-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Vajravel S, Laczkó-Dobos H, Petrova N, Herman É, Kovács T, Zakar T, Todinova S, Taneva S, Kovács L, Gombos Z, Tóth T, Krumova S. Phycobilisome integrity and functionality in lipid unsaturation and xanthophyll mutants in Synechocystis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 145:179-188. [PMID: 32720110 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The major light-harvesting system in cyanobacteria, the phycobilisome, is an essential component of the photosynthetic apparatus that regulates the utilization of the natural light source-the Sun. Earlier works revealed that the thylakoid membrane composition and its physical properties might have an important role in antennas docking. Polyunsaturated lipids and xanthophylls are among the most significant modulators of the physical properties of thylakoid membranes. In the nature, the action of these molecules is orchestrated in response to environmental stimuli among which the growth temperature is the most influential. In order to further clarify the significance of thylakoid membrane physical properties for the phycobilisomes assembly (i.e. structural integrity) and their ability to efficiently direct the excitation energy towards the photosynthetic complexes, in this work, we utilize cyanobacterial Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 mutants deficient in polyunsaturated lipids (AD mutant) and xanthophylls (RO mutant), as well as a strain depleted of both xanthophylls and polyunsaturated lipids (ROAD multiple mutant). For the first time, we discuss the effect of those mutations on the phycobilisomes assembly, integrity and functionality at optimal (30 °C) and moderate low (25 °C) and high (35 °C) temperatures. Our results show that xanthophyll depletion exerts a much stronger effect on both phycobilisome's integrity and the response of cells to growth at suboptimal temperatures than lipid unsaturation level. The strongest effects were observed for the combined ROAD mutant, which exhibited thermally destabilized phycobilisomes and a population of energetically uncoupled phycocyanin units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhujaa Vajravel
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Nia Petrova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Éva Herman
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Terézia Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tomas Zakar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Svetla Todinova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stefka Taneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lászlo Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Gombos
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tünde Tóth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sashka Krumova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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19
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Izuhara T, Kaihatsu I, Jimbo H, Takaichi S, Nishiyama Y. Elevated Levels of Specific Carotenoids During Acclimation to Strong Light Protect the Repair of Photosystem II in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1030. [PMID: 32733521 PMCID: PMC7358549 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The tolerance of photosynthesis to strong light increases in photosynthetic organisms during acclimation to strong light. We investigated the role of carotenoids in the protection of photosystem II (PSII) from photoinhibition after acclimation to strong light in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. In cells that had been grown under strong light at 1,000 μmol photons m-2 s-1 (SL), specific carotenoids, namely, zeaxanthin, echinenone, and myxoxanthophyll, accumulated at high levels, and the photoinhibition of PSII was less marked than in cells that had been grown under standard growth light at 70 μmol photons m-2 s-1 (GL). The rate of photodamage to PSII, as monitored in the presence of lincomycin, did not differ between cells grown under SL and GL, suggesting that the mitigation of photoinhibition after acclimation to SL might be attributable to the enhanced ability to repair PSII. When cells grown under GL were transferred to SL, the mitigation of photoinhibition of PSII occurred in two distinct stages: a first stage that lasted 4 h and the second stage that occurred after 8 h. During the second stage, the accumulation of specific carotenoids was detected, together with enhanced synthesis de novo of proteins that are required for the repair of PSII, such as the D1 protein, and suppression of the production of singlet oxygen (1O2). In the ΔcrtRΔcrtO mutant of Synechocystis, which lacks zeaxanthin, echinenone, and myxoxanthophyll, the mitigation of photoinhibition of PSII, the enhancement of protein synthesis, and the suppression of production of 1O2 were significantly impaired during the second stage of acclimation. Thus, elevated levels of the specific carotenoids during acclimation to strong light appeared to protect protein synthesis from 1O2, with the resultant mitigation of photoinhibition of PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Izuhara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ikumi Kaihatsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Jimbo
- Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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20
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Yang W, Wang F, Liu LN, Sui N. Responses of Membranes and the Photosynthetic Apparatus to Salt Stress in Cyanobacteria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:713. [PMID: 32582247 PMCID: PMC7292030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are autotrophs whose photosynthetic process is similar to that of higher plants, although the photosynthetic apparatus is slightly different. They have been widely used for decades as model systems for studying the principles of photosynthesis, especially the effects of environmental stress on photosynthetic activities. Salt stress, which is the most common abiotic stress in nature, combines ionic and osmotic stresses. High cellular ion concentrations and osmotic stress can alter normal metabolic processes and photosynthesis. Additionally, salt stress increases the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents. Excessive amounts of ROS will damage the photosynthetic apparatus, inhibit the synthesis of photosystem-related proteins, including the D1 protein, and destroy the thylakoid membrane structure, leading to inhibited photosynthesis. In this review, we mainly introduce the effects of salt stress on the cyanobacterial membranes and photosynthetic apparatus. We also describe specific salt tolerance mechanisms. A thorough characterization of the responses of membranes and photosynthetic apparatus to salt stress may be relevant for increasing agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Lu-Ning Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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21
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Mosadegh H, Trivellini A, Lucchesini M, Ferrante A, Maggini R, Vernieri P, Sodi AM. UV-B Physiological Changes Under Conditions of Distress and Eustress in Sweet Basil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E396. [PMID: 31590329 PMCID: PMC6843199 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UV-B radiation has been previously reported to induce protective or deleterious effects on plants depending on the UV-B irradiation doses. To elucidate how these contrasting events are physiologically coordinated, we exposed sweet basil plants to two UV-B doses: low (8.5 kJ m-2 day-1, 30 min exposure) and high (68 kJ m-2 day-1, 4 h exposure), with the plants given both doses once continuously in a single day. Physiological tests during and after both UV-B exposures were performed by comparing the stress-induced damage and adverse effects on photosynthetic activity, the concentration and composition of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic pigments, and stress-related hormones biosynthesis in basil plants. Our results showed that upon receiving a high UV-B dose, a severe inactivation of oxygen evolving complex (OEC) activity at the PSII donor side and irreversible PSII photodamage caused primarily by limitation of the acceptor side occurred, which overloaded protective mechanisms and finally led to the death of the plants. In contrast, low UV-B levels did not induce any signs of UV-B stress injuries. The OEC partial limitation and the inactivation of the electron transport chain allowed the activation of photoprotective mechanisms, avoiding irreversible damage to PSII. Overall results indicate the importance of a specific response mechanisms regulating photoprotection vs irreversible photoinhibition in basil that were modulated depending on the UV-B doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haana Mosadegh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pz. Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alice Trivellini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pz. Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mariella Lucchesini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Rita Maggini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paolo Vernieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Anna Mensuali Sodi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pz. Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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22
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Far-Red Light Acclimation for Improved Mass Cultivation of Cyanobacteria. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9080170. [PMID: 31430925 PMCID: PMC6724174 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9080170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving mass cultivation of cyanobacteria is a goal for industrial biotechnology. In this study, the mass cultivation of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii was assessed for biomass production under light-emitting diode white light (LEDWL), far-red light (FRL), and combined white light and far-red light (WLFRL) adaptation. The induction of chl f was confirmed at 24 h after the transfer of culture from LEDWL to FRL. Using combined light (WLFRL), chl f, a, and d, maintained the same level of concentration in comparison to FRL conditions. However, phycocyanin and xanthophylls (echinone, caloxanthin, myxoxanthin, nostoxanthin) concentration increased 2.7–4.7 times compared to LEDWL conditions. The productivity of culture was double under WLFRL compared with LEDWL conditions. No significant changes in lipid, protein, and carbohydrate concentrations were found in the two different light conditions. The results are important for informing on optimum biomass cultivation of this species for biomass production and bioactive product development.
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23
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Kovacs T, Szalontai B, Kłodawska K, Vladkova R, Malec P, Gombos Z, Laczko-Dobos H. Photosystem I oligomerization affects lipid composition in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1384-1395. [PMID: 31228574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In cyanobacteria, increasing growth temperature decreases lipid unsaturation and the ratio of monomer/trimer photosystem I (PSI) complexes. In the present study we applied Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and lipidomic analysis to study the effects of PSI monomer/oligomer ratio on the physical properties and lipid composition of thylakoids. To enhance the presence of monomeric PSI, a Synechocystis sp. PCC6803/ΔpsaL mutant strain (PsaL) was used which, unlike both trimeric and monomeric PSI-containing wild type (WT) cells, contain only the monomeric form. The protein-to-lipid ratio remained unchanged in the mutant but, due to an increase in the lipid disorder in its thylakoids, the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature (Tm) is lower than in the WT. In thylakoid membranes of the mutant, digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), the most abundant bilayer-forming lipid is accumulated, whereas those in the WT contain more monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), the only non-bilayer-forming lipid in cyanobacteria. In PsaL cells, the unsaturation level of sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), a regulatory anionic lipid, has increased. It seems that merely a change in the oligomerization level of a membrane protein complex (PSI), and thus the altered protein-lipid interface, can affect the lipid composition and, in addition, the whole dynamics of the membrane. Singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis has shown that in PsaL thylakoidal protein-lipid interactions are less stable than in the WT, and proteins start losing their native secondary structure at much milder lipid packing perturbations. Conclusions drawn from this system should be generally applicable for protein-lipid interactions in biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terezia Kovacs
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Balazs Szalontai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Kinga Kłodawska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Radka Vladkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Przemysław Malec
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Zoltan Gombos
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Hajnalka Laczko-Dobos
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
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Kłodawska K, Bujas A, Turos-Cabal M, Żbik P, Fu P, Malec P. Effect of growth temperature on biosynthesis and accumulation of carotenoids in cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 under diazotrophic conditions. Microbiol Res 2019; 226:34-40. [PMID: 31284942 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoid composition has been studied in mesophilic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120 grown photoautotrophically, under diazotrophic conditions at four different temperatures (15 °C, 23 °C, 30 °C and 37 °C). The relative accumulation of chlorophyll, carotenoids and proteins was the highest at temperature of 23 °C. At a suboptimal temperature (15 °C) β-carotene was the dominant carotenoid compound, whereas the increase in temperature caused ketocarotenoids (echinenone, canthaxanthin, keto-myxoxanthophyll) to accumulate. A significant increase in the accumulation of phytoene synthase (CrtB) transcript was observed at both extreme growth temperatures (15 °C and 37 °C). The relative amount of β-carotene ketolase (CrtW) transcript directly corresponded to the accumulation of its product (keto-myxoxanthophyll) with a maximum at 30 °C and a profound decrease at 37 °C, whereas the transcription level of β-carotene ketolase (CrtO) was significantly decreased only at a suboptimal temperature (15 °C). These results show that temperature affects the functioning of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in Anabaena cells under photoautotrophic growth. Specifically, the balance between β-carotene and ketocarotenoids is altered according to temperature conditions. The transcriptional regulation of genes encoding enzymes active both at the early (CrtB) and the final steps (CrtO, CrtW) of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway may participate in the acclimation mechanism of cyanobacteria to low and high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Kłodawska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Bujas
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Turos-Cabal
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Żbik
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pengcheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228 China
| | - Przemysław Malec
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Hawkes TR, Langford MP, Viner R, Blain RE, Callaghan FM, Mackay EA, Hogg BV, Singh S, Dale RP. Characterization of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenases, inhibition by herbicides and engineering for herbicide tolerance in crops. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 156:9-28. [PMID: 31027586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxgenase (HPPD) enzymes from rat and from several plants contained only about a single inhibitor-binding active site per dimer which matched the content of iron in the purified Arabidopsis thaliana and Avena sativa enzymes. The dimeric HPPDs were about 10 fold more catalytically active than the tetrameric P. fluorescens enzyme with kcat/KmHPP values ranging from 0.8 to 2.5 s-1 μM-1. Most were also highly sensitive to herbicides with, for example, Ki values for mesotrione ranging from 25 to 100 pM. Curiously HPPDs from cool climate grasses were much less herbicide-sensitive. When likewise expressed in Nicotinia tabacum, Avena sativa HPPD, Ki value of 11 nM for mesotrione, conferred far greater tolerance to mesotrione (CallistoTM) than did any of the more sensitive HPPDs. Targeted mutagenesis of the Avena HPPD led to the discovery of 4 mutations imparting improved inherent tolerance, defined as the ratio of Ki to KmHPP, by about 16 fold without any loss of catalytic activity. The Nicotinia line with the highest expression of this quadruple mutant exhibited substantial resistance even up to a 3 kg/ha post-emergence application of mesotrione. The maximum observed expression level of heterologous plant HPPDs in tobacco was ca. 0.35% of the total soluble protein whereas the endogenous tobacco HPPD constituted only ca. 0.00075%. At such high expression even HPPDs with impaired catalytic activity could be effective. A quintuple mutant Avena sativa HPPD conferred substantial tolerance across a broad range of HPPD herbicide chemistries despite being only ca. 5 % as catalytically active as the wild type enzyme. Testing various wild type and mutant HPPDs in tobacco revealed that tolerance to field rates of herbicide generally requires about two order of magnitude increases in both inherent herbicide tolerance and expression relative to endogenous levels. This double hurdle may explain why target-site based resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides has been slow to evolve in weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Hawkes
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell RG426EY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Langford
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell RG426EY, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Viner
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell RG426EY, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael E Blain
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell RG426EY, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Callaghan
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell RG426EY, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine A Mackay
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell RG426EY, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget V Hogg
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell RG426EY, United Kingdom
| | - Shradha Singh
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell RG426EY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Dale
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell RG426EY, United Kingdom.
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26
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Hakkila K, Valev D, Antal T, Tyystjï Rvi E, Tyystjï Rvi T. Group 2 Sigma Factors are Central Regulators of Oxidative Stress Acclimation in Cyanobacteria. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:436-447. [PMID: 30407607 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory σ factors of the RNA polymerase (RNAP) adjust gene expression according to environmental cues when the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 acclimates to suboptimal conditions. Here we show central roles of the non-essential group 2 σ factors in oxidative stress responses. Cells missing all group 2 σ factors fail to acclimate to chemically induced singlet oxygen, superoxide or H2O2 stresses, and lose pigments in high light. SigB and SigD are the major σ factors in oxidative stress, whereas SigC and SigE play only minor roles. The SigD factor is up-regulated in high light, singlet oxygen and H2O2 stresses, and overproduction of the SigD factor in the ΔsigBCE strain leads to superior growth of ΔsigBCE cells in those stress conditions. Superoxide does not induce the production of the SigD factor but instead SigB and SigC factors are moderately induced. The SigB factor alone in ΔsigCDE can support almost as fast growth in superoxide stress as the full complement of σ factors in the control strain, but an overdose of the stationary phase-related SigC factor causes growth arrest of ΔsigBDE in superoxide stress. A drastic decrease of the functional RNAP limits the transcription capacity of the cells in H2O2 stress, which explains why cyanobacteria are sensitive to H2O2. Formation of RNAP-SigB and RNAP-SigD holoenzymes is highly enhanced in H2O2 stress, and cells containing only SigB (ΔsigCDE) or SigD (ΔsigBCE) show superior growth in H2O2 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Hakkila
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dimitar Valev
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taras Antal
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Vorobyevi Gory, Moscow, Russia
| | - Esa Tyystjï Rvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taina Tyystjï Rvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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27
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Lipid and carotenoid cooperation-driven adaptation to light and temperature stress in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:337-350. [PMID: 28188782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated lipids are important components of photosynthetic membranes. Xanthophylls are the main photoprotective agents, can assist in protection against light stress, and are crucial in the recovery from photoinhibition. We generated the xanthophyll- and polyunsaturated lipid-deficient ROAD mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (Synechocystis) in order to study the little-known cooperative effects of lipids and carotenoids (Cars). Electron microscopic investigations confirmed that in the absence of xanthophylls the S-layer of the cellular envelope is missing. In wild-type (WT) cells, as well as the xanthophyll-less (RO), polyunsaturated lipid-less (AD), and the newly constructed ROAD mutants the lipid and Car compositions were determined by MS and HPLC, respectively. We found that, relative to the WT, the lipid composition of the mutants was remodeled and the Car content changed accordingly. In the mutants the ratio of non-bilayer-forming (NBL) to bilayer-forming (BL) lipids was found considerably lower. Xanthophyll to β-carotene ratio increased in the AD mutant. In vitro and in vivo methods demonstrated that saturated, monounsaturated lipids and xanthophylls may stabilize the trimerization of Photosystem I (PSI). Fluorescence induction and oxygen-evolving activity measurements revealed increased light sensitivity of RO cells compared to those of the WT. ROAD showed a robust increase in light susceptibility and reduced recovery capability, especially at moderate low (ML) and moderate high (MH) temperatures, indicating a cooperative effect of xanthophylls and polyunsaturated lipids. We suggest that both lipid unsaturation and xanthophylls are required for providing the proper structure and functioning of the membrane environment that protects against light and temperature stress.
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Srivastava A, Brilisauer K, Rai AK, Ballal A, Forchhammer K, Tripathi AK. Down-Regulation of the Alternative Sigma Factor SigJ Confers a Photoprotective Phenotype to Anabaena PCC 7120. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:287-297. [PMID: 27837096 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternative sigma factors belonging to Group 3 are thought to play an important role in the adaptation of cyanobacteria to environmental challenges by altering expression of genes needed for coping with such stresses. In this study, the role of an alternative sigma factor, SigJ, was analyzed in the filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 by knocking down the expression of the sigJ gene (alr0277) employing an antisense RNA-mediated approach. In the absence of any stress, the knock-down (KD0277) or the wild-type strain both grew similarly. Upon exposure to high-intensity light, KD0277 showed substantially reduced bleaching of its pigments, higher photosynthetic activity and consequently better survival than the wild type. KD0277 also showed an enhanced accumulation of two carotenoids, which were identified as myxoxanthophyll and keto-myxoxanthophyll. Further, KD0277 was more tolerant to ammonium-triggered photodamage than the wild type. Moreover, PSII was better protected against photodamage in KD0277 than in the wild type. Down-regulation of sigJ in Anabaena PCC 7120, however, reduced its ability to cope with desiccation. This study demonstrates that down-regulation of the sigJ gene in Anabaena PCC 7120 differentially affects its ability to tolerate two environmentally relevant stresses, i.e. high-intensity light and desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Srivastava
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Klaus Brilisauer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ashutosh K Rai
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anand Ballal
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Karl Forchhammer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anil K Tripathi
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Vajravel S, Kovács L, Kis M, Rehman AU, Vass I, Gombos Z, Toth TN. β-Carotene influences the phycobilisome antenna of cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 130:403-415. [PMID: 27165097 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relation between the carotenoid composition and the structure of phycobilisome (PBS) antenna of cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PBS is a large soluble protein complex enhances the light harvesting efficiency of the cells. It is composed of a central allophycocyanin core and radial phycocyanin rods, but it does not contain carotenoids. However, the absence or low level of carotenoids were previously shown to lead the co-existence of unconnected rod units and assembled PBS with shorter peripheral rods. Here we show that the lack of β-carotene, but not of xanthophylls or the distortion of photosystem structure, evoked unconnected rods. Thus, these essential β-carotene molecules are not bound by Photosystem I or Photosystem II. Our results do not show correlation between the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and PBS distortion despite the higher singlet oxygen producing capacity and light sensitivity of the mutant cells. Reduced cellular level of those linker proteins attaching the rod units together was also observed, but the direct damage of the linkers by ROS are not supported by our data. Enzymatic PBS proteolysis induced by nitrogen starvation in carotenoid mutant cells revealed a retarded degradation of the unconnected rod units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhujaa Vajravel
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - László Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kis
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Gombos
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - Tunde N Toth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary.
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30
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Kosourov S, Murukesan G, Jokela J, Allahverdiyeva Y. Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Calothrix sp. 336/3: Composition of Carotenoids on Full Medium, During Diazotrophic Growth and After Long-Term H2 Photoproduction. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2269-2282. [PMID: 27519311 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The carotenoid composition of the filamentous heterocystous N2-fixing cyanobacterium Calothrix sp. 336/3 was investigated under three conditions: in full medium (non-diazotrophic growth); in the absence of combined nitrogen (diazotrophic growth); and after long-term H2 photoproduction (diazotrophic medium and absence of nitrogen in the atmosphere). Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and its ΔhupL mutant with disrupted uptake hydrogenase were used as reference strains. Analysis of identified carotenoids and enzymes involved in carotenogenesis showed the presence of three distinct biosynthetic pathways in Calothrix sp. 336/3. The first one is directed towards biosynthesis of myxoxanthophylls, such as myxol 2'-methylpentoside and 2-hydroxymyxol 2'-methylpentoside. The second pathway results in production of hydroxylated carotenoids, such as zeaxanthin, caloxanthin and nostoxanthin, and the last pathway is responsible for biosynthesis of echinenone and hydroxylated forms of ketocarotenoids, such as 3'-hydroxyechinenone and adonixanthin. We found that carotenogenesis in filamentous heterocystous cyanobacteria varies depending on the nitrogen status of the cultures, with significant accumulation of echinenone during diazotrophic growth at the expense of β-carotene. Under the severe N deficiency and high CO2 supply, which leads to efficient H2 photoproduction, cyanobacteria degrade echinenone and β-carotene, and accumulate glycosylated and hydroxylated carotenoids, such as myxol (or ketomyxol) 2'-methylpentosides, 3'-hydroxyechinenone and zeaxanthin. We suggest that the stability of the photosynthetic apparatus in Calothrix sp. 336/3 cells under N deficiency and high carbon conditions, which also appeared as the partial recovery of the pigment composition by the end of the long-term (∼1 month) H2 photoproduction process, might be mediated by a high content of hydroxycarotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kosourov
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Gayathri Murukesan
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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31
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Fujii R, Yamano N, Hashimoto H, Misawa N, Ifuku K. Photoprotection vs. Photoinhibition of Photosystem II in Transplastomic Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Dominantly Accumulating Astaxanthin. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1518-1529. [PMID: 26644463 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transplastomic (chloroplast genome-modified; CGM) lettuce that dominantly accumulates astaxanthin grows similarly to a non-transgenic control with almost no accumulation of naturally occurring photosynthetic carotenoids. In this study, we evaluated the activity and assembly of PSII in CGM lettuce. The maximum quantum yield of PSII in CGM lettuce was <0.6; however, the quantum yield of PSII was comparable with that in control leaves under higher light intensity. CGM lettuce showed a lower ability to induce non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) than the control under various light intensities. The fraction of slowly recovering NPQ in CGM lettuce, which is considered to be photoinhibitory quenching (qI), was less than half that of the control. In fact, 1O2 generation was lower in CGM than in control leaves under high light intensity. CGM lettuce contained less PSII, accumulated mostly as a monomer in thylakoid membranes. The PSII monomers purified from the CGM thylakoids bound echinenone and canthaxanthin in addition to β-carotene, suggesting that a shortage of β-carotene and/or the binding of carbonyl carotenoids would interfere with the photophysical function as well as normal assembly of PSII. In contrast, high accumulation of astaxanthin and other carbonyl carotenoids was found within the thylakoid membranes. This finding would be associated with the suppression of photo-oxidative stress in the thylakoid membranes. Our observation suggests the importance of a specific balance between photoprotection and photoinhibition that can support normal photosynthesis in CGM lettuce producing astaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Fujii
- The Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585 Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585 Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
| | - Nami Yamano
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585 Japan
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- The Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585 Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585 Japan
- Present address: Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337 Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-Shi Ishikawa, 921-8836 Japan
| | - Kentaro Ifuku
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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32
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Zakar T, Laczko-Dobos H, Toth TN, Gombos Z. Carotenoids Assist in Cyanobacterial Photosystem II Assembly and Function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:295. [PMID: 27014318 PMCID: PMC4785236 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) are ubiquitous constituents of living organisms. They are protective agents against oxidative stresses and serve as modulators of membrane microviscosity. As antioxidants they can protect photosynthetic organisms from free radicals like reactive oxygen species that originate from water splitting, the first step of photosynthesis. We summarize the structural and functional roles of carotenoids in connection with cyanobacterial Photosystem II. Although carotenoids are hydrophobic molecules, their complexes with proteins also allow cytoplasmic localization. In cyanobacterial cells such complexes are called orange carotenoid proteins, and they protect Photosystem II and Photosystem I by preventing their overexcitation through phycobilisomes (PBS). Recently it has been observed that carotenoids are not only required for the proper functioning, but also for the structural stability of PBSs.
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33
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Tóth TN, Chukhutsina V, Domonkos I, Knoppová J, Komenda J, Kis M, Lénárt Z, Garab G, Kovács L, Gombos Z, van Amerongen H. Carotenoids are essential for the assembly of cyanobacterial photosynthetic complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1153-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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34
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Subcellular Localization of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130904. [PMID: 26083372 PMCID: PMC4470828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis pathway of carotenoids in cyanobacteria is partly described. However, the subcellular localization of individual steps is so far unknown. Carotenoid analysis of different membrane subfractions in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 shows that “light” plasma membranes have a high carotenoid/protein ratio, when compared to “heavier” plasma membranes or thylakoids. The localization of CrtQ and CrtO, two well-defined carotenoid synthesis pathway enzymes in Synechocystis, was studied by epitope tagging and western blots. Both enzymes are locally more abundant in plasma membranes than in thylakoids, implying that the plasma membrane has higher synthesis rates of β-carotene precursor molecules and echinenone.
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Kusama Y, Inoue S, Jimbo H, Takaichi S, Sonoike K, Hihara Y, Nishiyama Y. Zeaxanthin and Echinenone Protect the Repair of Photosystem II from Inhibition by Singlet Oxygen in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:906-16. [PMID: 25663484 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important components of antioxidative systems in photosynthetic organisms. We investigated the roles of zeaxanthin and echinenone in the protection of PSII from photoinhibition in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, using mutants of the cyanobacterium that lack these carotenoids. The activity of PSII in mutant cells deficient in either zeaxanthin or echinenone was more sensitive to strong light than the activity in wild-type cells, and the activity in mutant cells deficient in both carotenoids was hypersensitive to strong light, indicating that the absence of these carotenoids increased the extent of photoinhibition. Nonetheless, the rate of photodamage to PSII, as measured in the presence of chloramphenicol, which blocks the repair of PSII, was unaffected by the absence of either carotenoid, suggesting that these carotenoids might act by protecting the repair of PSII. Knockout of the gene for the so-called orange carotenoid protein (OCP), in which the 3'-hydroxyechinenone cofactor, a derivative of echinenone, is responsible for the thermal dissipation of excitation energy, increased the extent of photoinhibition but did not affect photodamage, suggesting that thermal dissipation also protects the repair of PSII. In mutant cells lacking OCP, as well as those lacking zeaxanthin and echinenone, the production of singlet oxygen was stimulated and the synthesis de novo of various proteins, including the D1 protein, was markedly suppressed under strong light. These observations suggest that the carotenoids and thermal dissipation might protect the repair of photodamaged PSII by depressing the levels of singlet oxygen that inhibits protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kusama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Shuhei Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Haruhiko Jimbo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-0023 Japan
| | - Kintake Sonoike
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
| | - Yukako Hihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
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Pattanaik B, Lindberg P. Terpenoids and their biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:269-93. [PMID: 25615610 PMCID: PMC4390852 DOI: 10.3390/life5010269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids, or isoprenoids, are a family of compounds with great structural diversity which are essential for all living organisms. In cyanobacteria, they are synthesized from the methylerythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway, using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate produced by photosynthesis as substrates. The products of the MEP pathway are the isomeric five-carbon compounds isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, which in turn form the basic building blocks for formation of all terpenoids. Many terpenoid compounds have useful properties and are of interest in the fields of pharmaceuticals and nutrition, and even potentially as future biofuels. The MEP pathway, its function and regulation, and the subsequent formation of terpenoids have not been fully elucidated in cyanobacteria, despite its relevance for biotechnological applications. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge about cyanobacterial terpenoid biosynthesis, both regarding the native metabolism and regarding metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria for heterologous production of non-native terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagmi Pattanaik
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kłodawska K, Kovács L, Várkonyi Z, Kis M, Sozer Ö, Laczkó-Dobos H, Kóbori O, Domonkos I, Strzałka K, Gombos Z, Malec P. Elevated Growth Temperature Can Enhance Photosystem I Trimer Formation and Affects Xanthophyll Biosynthesis in Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 56:558-71. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Siehl DL, Tao Y, Albert H, Dong Y, Heckert M, Madrigal A, Lincoln-Cabatu B, Lu J, Fenwick T, Bermudez E, Sandoval M, Horn C, Green JM, Hale T, Pagano P, Clark J, Udranszky IA, Rizzo N, Bourett T, Howard RJ, Johnson DH, Vogt M, Akinsola G, Castle LA. Broad 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor herbicide tolerance in soybean with an optimized enzyme and expression cassette. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1162-76. [PMID: 25192697 PMCID: PMC4226376 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.247205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With an optimized expression cassette consisting of the soybean (Glycine max) native promoter modified for enhanced expression driving a chimeric gene coding for the soybean native amino-terminal 86 amino acids fused to an insensitive shuffled variant of maize (Zea mays) 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), we achieved field tolerance in transgenic soybean plants to the HPPD-inhibiting herbicides mesotrione, isoxaflutole, and tembotrione. Directed evolution of maize HPPD was accomplished by progressively incorporating amino acids from naturally occurring diversity and novel substitutions identified by saturation mutagenesis, combined at random through shuffling. Localization of heterologously expressed HPPD mimicked that of the native enzyme, which was shown to be dually targeted to chloroplasts and the cytosol. Analysis of the native soybean HPPD gene revealed two transcription start sites, leading to transcripts encoding two HPPD polypeptides. The N-terminal region of the longer encoded peptide directs proteins to the chloroplast, while the short form remains in the cytosol. In contrast, maize HPPD was found almost exclusively in chloroplasts. Evolved HPPD enzymes showed insensitivity to five inhibitor herbicides. In 2013 field trials, transgenic soybean events made with optimized promoter and HPPD variant expression cassettes were tested with three herbicides and showed tolerance to four times the labeled rates of mesotrione and isoxaflutole and two times the labeled rates of tembotrione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Siehl
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Yumin Tao
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Henrik Albert
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Yuxia Dong
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Matthew Heckert
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Alfredo Madrigal
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Brishette Lincoln-Cabatu
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Jian Lu
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Tamara Fenwick
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Ericka Bermudez
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Marian Sandoval
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Caroline Horn
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Jerry M Green
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Theresa Hale
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Peggy Pagano
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Jenna Clark
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Ingrid A Udranszky
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Nancy Rizzo
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Timothy Bourett
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Richard J Howard
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - David H Johnson
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Mark Vogt
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Goke Akinsola
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
| | - Linda A Castle
- DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California 94545 (D.L.S., Y.T., H.A., Y.D., M.H., A.M., B.L.-C., J.L., T.F., E.B., M.S., C.H., I.A.U., L.A.C.);DuPont Stein-Haskell Research Center, Newark, Delaware 19711 (J.M.G., T.H., P.P., J.C.);DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19803 (N.R., T.B., R.J.H.); andDuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131 (D.H.J., M.V., G.A.)
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Prerequisite for highly efficient isoprenoid production by cyanobacteria discovered through the over-expression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase and carbon allocation analysis. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kihara S, Hartzler DA, Savikhin S. Oxygen concentration inside a functioning photosynthetic cell. Biophys J 2014; 106:1882-9. [PMID: 24806920 PMCID: PMC4017319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The excess oxygen concentration in the photosynthetic membranes of functioning oxygenic photosynthetic cells was estimated using classical diffusion theory combined with experimental data on oxygen production rates of cyanobacterial cells. The excess oxygen concentration within the plesiomorphic cyanobacterium Gloeobactor violaceus is only 0.025 μM, or four orders of magnitude lower than the oxygen concentration in air-saturated water. Such a low concentration suggests that the first oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria in solitary form could have evolved ∼2.8 billion years ago without special mechanisms to protect them against reactive oxygen species. These mechanisms instead could have been developed during the following ∼500 million years while the oxygen level in the Earth's atmosphere was slowly rising. Excess oxygen concentrations within individual cells of the apomorphic cyanobacteria Synechocystis and Synechococcus are 0.064 and 0.25 μM, respectively. These numbers suggest that intramembrane and intracellular proteins in isolated oxygenic photosynthetic cells are not subjected to excessively high oxygen levels. The situation is different for closely packed colonies of photosynthetic cells. Calculations show that the excess concentration within colonies that are ∼40 μm or larger in diameter can be comparable to the oxygen concentration in air-saturated water, suggesting that species forming colonies require protection against reactive oxygen species even in the absence of oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Kihara
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Sergei Savikhin
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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Guo W, Tang H, Zhang L. Lycopene cyclase and phytoene synthase activities in the marine yeast Rhodosporidium diobovatum are encoded by a single gene crtYB. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:1053-61. [PMID: 24677129 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
crtYB, encoding lycopene cyclase and phytoene synthase was cloned from Rhodosporidium diobovatum ATCC 2527 by rapid amplification of cDNA ends method. The full-length cDNA of crtYB is 2, 330 bp and contains eight introns. The gene products is a 594 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of 65.63 kDa and a pI of 6.73. The N-terminus of the protein contains six transmembrane regions, which has been characterized as a lycopene beta-cyclase. The C-terminal half has squalene and phytoene synthase signatures that identified as phytoene synthetase. By heterologous complementary detection of this gene in E. coli and HPLC analysis, the regions responsible for phytoene synthesis and lycopene cyclization were localized within the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Guo
- Key Discipline of Biological Engineering of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Englund E, Pattanaik B, Ubhayasekera SJK, Stensjö K, Bergquist J, Lindberg P. Production of squalene in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90270. [PMID: 24625633 PMCID: PMC3953072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the research and development of sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Using photosynthetic microorganisms to produce such alternatives is advantageous, since they can achieve direct conversion of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the desired product, using sunlight as the energy source. Squalene is a naturally occurring 30-carbon isoprenoid, which has commercial use in cosmetics and in vaccines. If it could be produced sustainably on a large scale, it could also be used instead of petroleum as a raw material for fuels and as feedstock for the chemical industry. The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 possesses a gene, slr2089, predicted to encode squalene hopene cyclase (Shc), an enzyme converting squalene into hopene, the substrate for forming hopanoids. Through inactivation of slr2089 (shc), we explored the possibility to produce squalene using cyanobacteria. The inactivation led to accumulation of squalene, to a level over 70 times higher than in wild type cells, reaching 0.67 mg OD750−1 L−1. We did not observe any significant growth deficiency in the Δshc strain compared to the wild type Synechocystis, even at high light conditions, suggesting that the observed squalene accumulation was not detrimental to growth, and that formation of hopene by Shc is not crucial for growth under normal conditions, nor for high-light stress tolerance. Effects of different light intensities and growth stages on squalene accumulation in the Δshc strain were investigated. We also identified a gene, sll0513, as a putative squalene synthase in Synechocystis, and verified its function by inactivation. In this work, we show that it is possible to use the cyanobacterium Synechocystis to generate squalene, a hydrocarbon of commercial interest and a potential biofuel. We also report the first identification of a squalene hopene cyclase, and the second identification of squalene synthase, in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Englund
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ångström and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bagmi Pattanaik
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ångström and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Stensjö
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ångström and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, BMC and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ångström and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Chidgey JW, Linhartová M, Komenda J, Jackson PJ, Dickman MJ, Canniffe DP, Koník P, Pilný J, Hunter CN, Sobotka R. A cyanobacterial chlorophyll synthase-HliD complex associates with the Ycf39 protein and the YidC/Alb3 insertase. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1267-79. [PMID: 24681617 PMCID: PMC4001383 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.124495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular membrane assemblies of chlorophyll-protein complexes efficiently harvest and trap light energy for photosynthesis. To investigate the delivery of chlorophylls to the newly synthesized photosystem apoproteins, a terminal enzyme of chlorophyll biosynthesis, chlorophyll synthase (ChlG), was tagged in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 (Synechocystis) and used as bait in pull-down experiments. We retrieved an enzymatically active complex comprising ChlG and the high-light-inducible protein HliD, which associates with the Ycf39 protein, a putative assembly factor for photosystem II, and with the YidC/Alb3 insertase. 2D electrophoresis and immunoblotting also provided evidence for the presence of SecY and ribosome subunits. The isolated complex contained chlorophyll, chlorophyllide, and carotenoid pigments. Deletion of hliD elevated the level of the ChlG substrate, chlorophyllide, more than 6-fold; HliD is apparently required for assembly of FLAG-ChlG into larger complexes with other proteins such as Ycf39. These data reveal a link between chlorophyll biosynthesis and the Sec/YidC-dependent cotranslational insertion of nascent photosystem polypeptides into membranes. We expect that this close physical linkage coordinates the arrival of pigments and nascent apoproteins to produce photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes with minimal risk of accumulating phototoxic unbound chlorophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W. Chidgey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Markéta Linhartová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Komenda
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J. Jackson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Dickman
- ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P. Canniffe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Koník
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pilný
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
| | - Roman Sobotka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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44
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Alterations in Structural Organization Affect the Functional Ability of Photosynthetic Apparatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b16675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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45
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Sobotka R. Making proteins green; biosynthesis of chlorophyll-binding proteins in cyanobacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 119:223-32. [PMID: 23377990 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is an essential component of the photosynthetic apparatus. Embedded into Chl-binding proteins, Chl molecules play a central role in light harvesting and charge separation within the photosystems. It is critical for the photosynthetic cell to not only ensure the synthesis of a sufficient amount of new Chl-binding proteins but also avoids any misbalance between apoprotein synthesis and the formation of potentially phototoxic Chl molecules. According to the available data, Chl-binding proteins are translated on membrane bound ribosomes and their integration into the membrane is provided by the SecYEG/Alb3 translocon machinery. It appears that the insertion of Chl molecules into growing polypeptide is a prerequisite for the correct folding and finishing of Chl-binding protein synthesis. Although the Chl biosynthetic pathway is fairly well-described on the level of enzymatic steps, a link between Chl biosynthesis and the synthesis of apoproteins remains elusive. In this review, I summarize the current knowledge about this issue putting emphasis on protein-protein interactions. I present a model of the Chl biosynthetic pathway organized into a multi-enzymatic complex and physically attached to the SecYEG/Alb3 translocon. Localization of this hypothetical large biosynthetic centre in the cyanobacterial cell is also discussed as well as regulatory mechanisms coordinating the rate of Chl and apoprotein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sobotka
- Institute of Microbiology CAS, Opatovický mlyn, Třeboň, Czech Republic,
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46
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Hakkila K, Antal T, Gunnelius L, Kurkela J, Matthijs HCP, Tyystjärvi E, Tyystjärvi T. Group 2 sigma factor mutant ΔsigCDE of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 reveals functionality of both carotenoids and flavodiiron proteins in photoprotection of photosystem II. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1780-1790. [PMID: 24009334 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Adjustment of gene expression during acclimation to stress conditions, such as bright light, in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 depends on four group 2 σ factors (SigB, SigC, SigD, SigE). A ΔsigCDE strain containing the stress-responsive SigB as the only functional group 2 σ factor appears twice as resistant to photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) as the control strain. Microarray analyses of the ΔsigCDE strain indicated that 77 genes in standard conditions and 79 genes in high light were differently expressed compared with the control strain. Analysis of possible photoprotective mechanisms revealed that high carotenoid content and up-regulation of the photoprotective flavodiiron operon flv4-sll0218-flv2 protected PSII in ΔsigCDE, while up-regulation of pgr5-like, hlipB or isiA genes in the mutant strain did not offer particular protection against photoinhibition. Photoinhibition resistance was lost if ΔsigCDE was grown in high CO2, where carotenoid and Flv4, Sll0218, and Flv2 contents were low. Additionally, photoinhibition resistance of the ΔrpoZ strain (lacking the omega subunit of RNA polymerase), with high carotenoid but low Flv4-Sll0218-Flv2 content, supported the importance of carotenoids in PSII protection. Carotenoids likely protect mainly by quenching of singlet oxygen, but efficient nonphotochemical quenching in ΔsigCDE might offer some additional protection. Comparison of photoinhibition kinetics in control, ΔsigCDE, and ΔrpoZ strains showed that protection by the flavodiiron operon was most efficient during the first minutes of high-light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Hakkila
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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47
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Domonkos I, Kis M, Gombos Z, Ughy B. Carotenoids, versatile components of oxygenic photosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:539-61. [PMID: 23896007 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids (CARs) are a group of pigments that perform several important physiological functions in all kingdoms of living organisms. CARs serve as protective agents, which are essential structural components of photosynthetic complexes and membranes, and they play an important role in the light harvesting mechanism of photosynthesizing plants and cyanobacteria. The protection against reactive oxygen species, realized by quenching of singlet oxygen and the excited states of photosensitizing molecules, as well as by the scavenging of free radicals, is one of the main biological functions of CARs. X-ray crystallographic localization of CARs revealed that they are present at functionally and structurally important sites of both the PSI and PSII reaction centers. Characterization of a CAR-less cyanobacterial mutant revealed that while the absence of CARs prevents the formation of PSII complexes, it does not abolish the assembly and function of PSI. CAR molecules assist in the formation of protein subunits of the photosynthetic complexes by gluing together their protein components. In addition to their aforementioned indispensable functions, CARs have a substantial role in the formation and maintenance of proper cellular architecture, and potentially also in the protection of the translational machinery under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Domonkos
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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48
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Krupnik T, Kotabová E, van Bezouwen LS, Mazur R, Garstka M, Nixon PJ, Barber J, Kaňa R, Boekema EJ, Kargul J. A reaction center-dependent photoprotection mechanism in a highly robust photosystem II from an extremophilic red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23529-42. [PMID: 23775073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the rhodophytan order Cyanidiales are unique among phototrophs in their ability to live in extremely low pH levels and moderately high temperatures. The photosynthetic apparatus of the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae represents an intermediate type between cyanobacteria and higher plants, suggesting that this alga may provide the evolutionary link between prokaryotic and eukaryotic phototrophs. Although we now have a detailed structural model of photosystem II (PSII) from cyanobacteria at an atomic resolution, no corresponding structure of the eukaryotic PSII complex has been published to date. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a highly active and robust dimeric PSII complex from C. merolae. We show that this complex is highly stable across a range of extreme light, temperature, and pH conditions. By measuring fluorescence quenching properties of the isolated C. merolae PSII complex, we provide the first direct evidence of pH-dependent non-photochemical quenching in the red algal PSII reaction center. This type of quenching, together with high zeaxanthin content, appears to underlie photoprotection mechanisms that are efficiently employed by this robust natural water-splitting complex under excess irradiance. In order to provide structural details of this eukaryotic form of PSII, we have employed electron microscopy and single particle analyses to obtain a 17 Å map of the C. merolae PSII dimer in which we locate the position of the protein mass corresponding to the additional extrinsic protein stabilizing the oxygen-evolving complex, PsbQ'. We conclude that this lumenal subunit is present in the vicinity of the CP43 protein, close to the membrane plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Krupnik
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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49
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Nickelsen J, Rengstl B. Photosystem II assembly: from cyanobacteria to plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:609-35. [PMID: 23451783 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is an integral-membrane, multisubunit complex that initiates electron flow in oxygenic photosynthesis. The biogenesis of this complex machine involves the concerted assembly of at least 20 different polypeptides as well as the incorporation of a variety of inorganic and organic cofactors. Many factors have recently been identified that constitute an integrative network mediating the stepwise assembly of PSII components. One recurring theme is the subcellular organization of the assembly process in specialized membranes that form distinct biogenesis centers. Here, we review our current knowledge of the molecular components and events involved in PSII assembly and their high degree of evolutionary conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Nickelsen
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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50
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Kalaji HM, Carpentier R, Allakhverdiev SI, Bosa K. Fluorescence parameters as early indicators of light stress in barley. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 112:1-6. [PMID: 22561010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic efficiency of two Syrian barley landraces Arabi Aswad and Arabi Abiad grown under different light intensities were studied by the application of qualitative and quantitative analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence. Different values of fluorescence parameters, quantum efficiencies, specific and phenomenological energy fluxes were obtained for each cultivar. Both low and high light stresses decreased photosystem II (PSII) activity in barley seedlings depending on the stress type and its duration. Cultivar Arabi Aswad was more tolerant to high light while Arabi Abiad was more tolerant to low light stress. The results allowed us to select chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters related to energy flux within PSII which were specifically affected under low or high light stress. We found that the performance index parameter is a sensitive indicator to explore the effect of light changes on PSII activity immediately after stress application, while maximal quantum yield of PSII and phenomenological parameters were only modified after a long period of stress application indicating PSII damage. Thus, we recommend the former parameter for early detection of light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem M Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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