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Li Y, Chen Y, Fu Y, Shao J, Liu Y, Xuan W, Xu G, Zhang R. Signal communication during microbial modulation of root system architecture. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:526-537. [PMID: 37419655 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Every living organism on Earth depends on its interactions with other organisms. In the rhizosphere, plants and microorganisms constantly exchange signals and influence each other's behavior. Recent studies have shown that many beneficial rhizosphere microbes can produce specific signaling molecules that affect plant root architecture and therefore could have substantial effects on above-ground growth. This review examines these chemical signals and summarizes their mechanisms of action, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and providing references for the comprehensive development and utilization of these active components in agricultural production. In addition, we highlight future research directions and challenges, such as searching for microbial signals to induce primary root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Environment and Ecology, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yansong Fu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiahui Shao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Yuan Z, Yang T, Xiong Q, Shi Y, Han X, Lin Y, Wambui NH, Liu Z, Wang Y, Liu H. PCAP-1a, an exopolysaccharide from Pectobacterium actinidiae, exerts the dual role of immunogenicity and virulence in plants. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121390. [PMID: 37940244 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense mechanisms begin with the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/PAMPs). Several carbohydrates, such as chitin, were reported to induce plant defenses, acting as elicitors. Regrettably, the structures of polysaccharide elicitors have rarely been characterized, and their recognition receptors in plants remain unknown. In the present study, PCAP-1a, an exopolysaccharide (PCAP-1a) purified from Pectobacterium actinidiae, was characterized and found to induce rapid cell death of dicotyledons, acting as a polysaccharide elicitor to induce plant immunity. A series of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) responses were triggered, including reactive oxygen species production, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and gene transcriptional reprogramming. Moreover, we confirmed that CERK1 is probably one of the immune coreceptors for plants to recognize PCAP-1a. Notably, PCAP-1a also promotes the infection caused by P. actinidiae. In conclusion, our study supports the potential of PCAP-1a as a toxin that plays a dual role of virulence and immune induction in pathogen-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Tingmi Yang
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Specialty Commercial Crops in North Guangxi, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Qingping Xiong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Probiotics Preparation, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Yuqi Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xixi Han
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Njoroge Hellen Wambui
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Probiotics Preparation, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China.
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Liu S, Xiao M, Fang A, Tian B, Yu Y, Bi C, Ma D, Yang Y. LysM Proteins TaCEBiP and TaLYK5 are Involved in Immune Responses Mediated by Chitin Coreceptor TaCERK1 in Wheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13535-13545. [PMID: 37665660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant lysin motif (LysM) ectodomain receptors interact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and have critical functions in plant-microbe interactions. In this study, 65 LysM family genes were identified using the recent version of the reference sequence of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), in which 23, 16, 20, and 6 members belonged to LysM-containing receptor-like kinases (LYKs), LysM-containing receptor-like proteins (LYPs), extracellular LysM proteins (LysMes), and intracellular nonsecretory LysM proteins (LysMns), respectively. The study found that TaCEBiP, TaLYK5, and TaCERK1 were highly responsive to PAMP elicitors and phytopathogens, with TaCEBiP and TaLYK5 binding directly to chitin. TaCERK1 acted as a coreceptor with TaCEBiP and TaLYK5 at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of TaCEBiP, TaLYK5, and TaCERK1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves exhibited enhanced resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Subsequently, knocking down TaCEBiP, TaLYK5, and TaCERK1 genes with barley stripe mosaic virus-VIGS compromised the wheat defense response to an avirulent strain of Puccinia striiformis. The study concluded that wheat has two synergistic chitin perception systems for detecting pathogen elicitors, with the activated CERK1 intracellular kinase domain leading to signaling transduction. This research provides valuable insights into the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of wheat LysM members under biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Muye Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dongfang Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Bakhat N, Vielba-Fernández A, Padilla-Roji I, Martínez-Cruz J, Polonio Á, Fernández-Ortuño D, Pérez-García A. Suppression of Chitin-Triggered Immunity by Plant Fungal Pathogens: A Case Study of the Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Fungus Podosphaera xanthii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:771. [PMID: 37504759 PMCID: PMC10381495 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are significant plant-destroying microorganisms that present an increasing threat to the world's crop production. Chitin is a crucial component of fungal cell walls and a conserved MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern) that can be recognized by specific plant receptors, activating chitin-triggered immunity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the perception of chitin by specific receptors are well known in plants such as rice and Arabidopsis thaliana and are believed to function similarly in many other plants. To become a plant pathogen, fungi have to suppress the activation of chitin-triggered immunity. Therefore, fungal pathogens have evolved various strategies, such as prevention of chitin digestion or interference with plant chitin receptors or chitin signaling, which involve the secretion of fungal proteins in most cases. Since chitin immunity is a very effective defensive response, these fungal mechanisms are believed to work in close coordination. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current understanding of chitin-triggered immune signaling and the fungal proteins developed for its suppression. Second, as an example, we discuss the mechanisms operating in fungal biotrophs such as powdery mildew fungi, particularly in the model species Podosphaera xanthii, the main causal agent of powdery mildew in cucurbits. The key role of fungal effector proteins involved in the modification, degradation, or sequestration of immunogenic chitin oligomers is discussed in the context of fungal pathogenesis and the promotion of powdery mildew disease. Finally, the use of this fundamental knowledge for the development of intervention strategies against powdery mildew fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrine Bakhat
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandra Vielba-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Padilla-Roji
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Álvaro Polonio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Dolores Fernández-Ortuño
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
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He J, Kong M, Qian Y, Gong M, Lv G, Song J. Cellobiose elicits immunity in lettuce conferring resistance to Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:1022-1038. [PMID: 36385320 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose is the primary product of cellulose hydrolysis and is expected to function as a type of pathogen/damage-associated molecular pattern in evoking plant innate immunity. In this study, cellobiose was demonstrated to be a positive regulator in the immune response of lettuce, but halted autoimmunity when lettuce was exposed to concentrations of cellobiose >60 mg l-1. When lettuce plants were infected by Botrytis cinerea, cellobiose endowed plants with enhanced pre-invasion resistance by activating high β-1,3-glucanase and antioxidative enzyme activities at the initial stage of pathogen infection. Cellobiose-activated core regulatory factors such as EDS1, PTI6, and WRKY70, as well as salicylic acid signaling, played an indispensable role in modulating plant growth-defense trade-offs. Transcriptomics data further suggested that the cellobiose-activated plant-pathogen pathways are involved in microbe/pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune responses. Genes encoding receptor-like kinases, transcription factors, and redox homeostasis, phytohormone signal transduction, and pathogenesis-related proteins were also up- or down-regulated by cellobiose. Taken together, the findings of this study demonstrated that cellobiose serves as an elicitor to directly activate disease-resistance-related cellular functions. In addition, multiple genes have been identified as potential modulators of the cellobiose-induced immune response, which could aid understanding of underlying molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuxing He
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meng Kong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanchao Qian
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Min Gong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guohua Lv
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiqing Song
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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6
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Vuong UT, Iswanto ABB, Nguyen Q, Kang H, Lee J, Moon J, Kim SH. Engineering plant immune circuit: walking to the bright future with a novel toolbox. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:17-45. [PMID: 36036862 PMCID: PMC9829404 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens destroy crops and cause severe yield losses, leading to an insufficient food supply to sustain the human population. Apart from relying on natural plant immune systems to combat biological agents or waiting for the appropriate evolutionary steps to occur over time, researchers are currently seeking new breakthrough methods to boost disease resistance in plants through genetic engineering. Here, we summarize the past two decades of research in disease resistance engineering against an assortment of pathogens through modifying the plant immune components (internal and external) with several biotechnological techniques. We also discuss potential strategies and provide perspectives on engineering plant immune systems for enhanced pathogen resistance and plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Thi Vuong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Quang‐Minh Nguyen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
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7
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Xu L, Wang J, Xiao Y, Han Z, Chai J. Structural insight into chitin perception by chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 of Oryza sativa. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:235-248. [PMID: 35568972 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed innate immune systems to fight against pathogenic fungi by monitoring pathogenic signals known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and have established endo symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi through recognition of mycorrhizal (Myc) factors. Chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 of Oryza sativa subsp. Japonica (OsCERK1) plays a bifunctional role in mediating both chitin-triggered immunity and symbiotic relationships with AM fungi. However, it remains unclear whether OsCERK1 can directly recognize chitin molecules. In this study, we show that OsCERK1 binds to the chitin hexamer ((NAG)6 ) and tetramer ((NAG)4 ) directly and determine the crystal structure of the OsCERK1-(NAG)6 complex at 2 Å. The structure shows that one OsCERK1 is associated with one (NAG)6 . Upon recognition, chitin hexamer binds OsCERK1 by interacting with the shallow groove on the surface of LysM2. These structural findings, complemented by mutational analyses, demonstrate that LysM2 is crucial for recognition of both (NAG)6 and (NAG)4 . Altogether, these findings provide structural insights into the ability of OsCERK1 in chitin perception, which will lead to a better understanding of the role of OsCERK1 in mediating both immunity and symbiosis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jizong Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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8
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Cope KR, Prates ET, Miller JI, Demerdash ON, Shah M, Kainer D, Cliff A, Sullivan KA, Cashman M, Lane M, Matthiadis A, Labbé J, Tschaplinski TJ, Jacobson DA, Kalluri UC. Exploring the role of plant lysin motif receptor-like kinases in regulating plant-microbe interactions in the bioenergy crop Populus. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:1122-1139. [PMID: 36789259 PMCID: PMC9900275 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For plants, distinguishing between mutualistic and pathogenic microbes is a matter of survival. All microbes contain microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that are perceived by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs) are PRRs attuned for binding and triggering a response to specific MAMPs, including chitin oligomers (COs) in fungi, lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs), which are produced by mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria, and peptidoglycan in bacteria. The identification and characterization of LysM-RLKs in candidate bioenergy crops including Populus are limited compared to other model plant species, thus inhibiting our ability to both understand and engineer microbe-mediated gains in plant productivity. As such, we performed a sequence analysis of LysM-RLKs in the Populus genome and predicted their function based on phylogenetic analysis with known LysM-RLKs. Then, using predictive models, molecular dynamics simulations, and comparative structural analysis with previously characterized CO and LCO plant receptors, we identified probable ligand-binding sites in Populus LysM-RLKs. Using several machine learning models, we predicted remarkably consistent binding affinity rankings of Populus proteins to CO. In addition, we used a modified Random Walk with Restart network-topology based approach to identify a subset of Populus LysM-RLKs that are functionally related and propose a corresponding signal transduction cascade. Our findings provide the first look into the role of LysM-RLKs in Populus-microbe interactions and establish a crucial jumping-off point for future research efforts to understand specificity and redundancy in microbial perception mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Cope
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Erica T. Prates
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - John I. Miller
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Omar N.A. Demerdash
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Manesh Shah
- Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - David Kainer
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Ashley Cliff
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville 37996, USA
| | - Kyle A. Sullivan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Mikaela Cashman
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Matthew Lane
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville 37996, USA
| | - Anna Matthiadis
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jesse Labbé
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | - Daniel A. Jacobson
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA,The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville 37996, USA
| | - Udaya C. Kalluri
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA,Corresponding author.
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Takagi M, Hotamori K, Naito K, Matsukawa S, Egusa M, Nishizawa Y, Kanno Y, Seo M, Ifuku S, Mine A, Kaminaka H. Chitin-induced systemic disease resistance in rice requires both OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP and is mediated via perturbation of cell-wall biogenesis in leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1064628. [PMID: 36518504 PMCID: PMC9742455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1064628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a well-known elicitor of disease resistance and its recognition by plants is crucial to perceive fungal infections. Chitin can induce both a local immune response and a systemic disease resistance when provided as a supplement in soils. Unlike local immune responses, it is poorly explored how chitin-induced systemic disease resistance is developed. In this study, we report the systemic induction of disease resistance against the fungal pathogen Bipolaris oryzae by chitin supplementation of soils in rice. The transcriptome analysis uncovered genes related to cell-wall biogenesis, cytokinin signaling, regulation of phosphorylation, and defence priming in the development of chitin-induced systemic response. Alterations of cell-wall composition were observed in leaves of rice plants grown in chitin-supplemented soils, and the disease resistance against B. oryzae was increased in rice leaves treated with a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor. The disruption of genes for lysin motif (LysM)-containing chitin receptors, OsCERK1 (Chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1) and OsCEBiP (Chitin elicitor-binding protein), compromised chitin-induced systemic disease resistance against B. oryzae and differential expression of chitin-induced genes found in wild-type rice plants. These findings suggest that chitin-induced systemic disease resistance in rice is caused by a perturbation of cell-wall biogenesis in leaves through long-distance signalling after local recognition of chitins by OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Takagi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kei Hotamori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Keigo Naito
- Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Sumire Matsukawa
- Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mayumi Egusa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ifuku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Unused Bioresource Utilization Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Akira Mine
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Hironori Kaminaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Unused Bioresource Utilization Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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10
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Fondevilla S, Krezdorn N, Rubiales D, Rotter B, Winter P. Bulked segregant transcriptome analysis in pea identifies key expression markers for resistance to Peyronellaea pinodes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18159. [PMID: 36307494 PMCID: PMC9616913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peyronellaea pinodes is a devastating pathogen of pea crop. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance have been identified, as well as genes differentially expressed between resistant and susceptible pea lines. The key question is which of these many genes located into these QTLs, or differentially expressed, are the key genes that distinguish resistant from susceptible plants and could be used as markers. To identify these key genes, in the present study we applied MACE (Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends) -Seq to a whole Recombinant Inbred Line population segregating for resistance to this disease and their parental lines and identified those genes which expression was more correlated with the level of resistance. We also compared gene expression profiles between the most resistant and the most susceptible families of the RIL population. A total of 6780 transcripts were differentially expressed between the parental lines after inoculation. Of them, 803 showed the same expression pattern in the bulks formed by the most resistant and most susceptible RIL families. These genes, showing a consistent expression pattern, could be used as expression markers to distinguish resistant from susceptible plants. The analysis of these genes also discovered the crucial mechanisms acting against P. pinodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fondevilla
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | | | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
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11
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Chiu CH, Roszak P, Orvošová M, Paszkowski U. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induce lateral root development in angiosperms via a conserved set of MAMP receptors. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4428-4437.e3. [PMID: 36115339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Root systems regulate their branching patterns in response to environmental stimuli. Lateral root development in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons is enhanced in response to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which has been interpreted as a developmental response to specific, symbiosis-activating chitinaceous signals. Here, we report that generic instead of symbiosis-specific, chitin-derived molecules trigger lateral root formation. We demonstrate that this developmental response requires the well-known microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) receptor, ChitinElicitorReceptorKinase 1 (CERK1), in rice, Medicago truncatula, and Lotus japonicus, as well as the non-host of AM fungi, Arabidopsis thaliana, lending further support for a broadly conserved signal transduction mechanism across angiosperms. Using rice mutants impaired in strigolactone biosynthesis and signaling, we show that strigolactone signaling is necessary to regulate this developmental response. Rice CERK1 operates together with either Chitin Elicitor Binding Protein (CEBiP) or Nod Factor Receptor 5 (NFR5) in immunity and symbiosis signaling, respectively; for the lateral root response, however, all three LysM receptors are required. Our work, therefore, reveals an overlooked but a conserved role of LysM receptors integrating MAMP perception with developmental responses in plants, an ability that might influence the interaction between roots and the rhizosphere biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Hao Chiu
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK.
| | - Pawel Roszak
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Martina Orvošová
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Uta Paszkowski
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK.
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12
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Arms Race between the Host and Pathogen Associated with Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152275. [PMID: 35892572 PMCID: PMC9332245 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), or scab, caused by Fusarium species, is an extremely destructive fungal disease in wheat worldwide. In recent decades, researchers have made unremitting efforts in genetic breeding and control technology related to FHB and have made great progress, especially in the exploration of germplasm resources resistant to FHB; identification and pathogenesis of pathogenic strains; discovery and identification of disease-resistant genes; biochemical control, and so on. However, FHB burst have not been effectively controlled and thereby pose increasingly severe threats to wheat productivity. This review focuses on recent advances in pathogenesis, resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes, resistance mechanism, and signaling pathways. We identify two primary pathogenetic patterns of Fusarium species and three significant signaling pathways mediated by UGT, WRKY, and SnRK1, respectively; many publicly approved superstar QTLs and genes are fully summarized to illustrate the pathogenetic patterns of Fusarium species, signaling behavior of the major genes, and their sophisticated and dexterous crosstalk. Besides the research status of FHB resistance, breeding bottlenecks in resistant germplasm resources are also analyzed deeply. Finally, this review proposes that the maintenance of intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) homeostasis, regulated by several TaCERK-mediated theoretical patterns, may play an important role in plant response to FHB and puts forward some suggestions on resistant QTL/gene mining and molecular breeding in order to provide a valuable reference to contain FHB outbreaks in agricultural production and promote the sustainable development of green agriculture.
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13
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Miyata K, Hasegawa S, Nakajima E, Nishizawa Y, Kamiya K, Yokogawa H, Shirasaka S, Maruyama S, Shibuya N, Kaku H. OsCERK2/OsRLK10, a homolog of OsCERK1, has a potential role for chitin-triggered immunity and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:119-128. [PMID: 35937538 PMCID: PMC9300421 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1222a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In rice, the lysin motif (LysM) receptor-like kinase OsCERK1, originally identified as the essential molecule for chitin-triggered immunity, plays a key role in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. As we previously reported, although AM colonization was largely repressed at 2 weeks after inoculation (WAI), arbuscules were observed at 5 WAI in oscerk1 mutant. Conversely, most mutant plants that defect the common symbiosis signaling pathway exhibited no arbuscule formation. Concerning the reason for this characteristic phenotype of oscerk1, we speculated that OsRLK10, which is a putative paralog of OsCERK1, may have a redundant function in AM symbiosis. The protein sequences of these two genes are highly conserved and it is estimated that the gene duplication occurred 150 million years ago. Here we demonstrated that OsCERK2/OsRLK10 induced AM colonization and chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species production in oscerk1 knockout mutant as similar to OsCERK1. The oscerk2 mutant showed a slight but significant reduction of AM colonization at 5 WAI, indicating the contribution of OsCERK2 for AM symbiosis. However, the oscerk2;oscerk1 double-knockout mutant produced arbuscules at 5 WAI as similar to the oscerk1 mutant, indicating that the redundancy of OsCERK1 and OsCERK2 did not explain the mycorrhizal colonization in oscerk1 at 5 WAI. These results indicated that OsCERK2 has a potential to regulate both chitin-triggered immunity and AM symbiosis and at least partially contributes to AM symbiosis in rice though the contribution of OsCERK2 appears to be weaker than that of OsCERK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Miyata
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shun Hasegawa
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Emi Nakajima
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kota Kamiya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yokogawa
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Subaru Shirasaka
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shingo Maruyama
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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14
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Yang C, Wang E, Liu J. CERK1, more than a co-receptor in plant-microbe interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1606-1613. [PMID: 35297054 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CERK1 (Chitin Elicitor Receptor Kinase 1), a lysin motif-containing pattern recognition receptor (PRR), perceives chitooligosaccharides (COs) to mount immune and symbiotic responses. However, CERK1, for a relatively long time, has been regarded as a co-receptor in plant immunity, mainly due to its lack of high binding affinity to known elicitors. Recent studies demonstrated several novel carbohydrates as ligands of CERK1 in different plant species and recognized CERK1 as a key receptor in plant immunity and symbiosis. This review summarizes recent knowledge acquired on the role of CERK1 in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Green Management of Crop Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Green Management of Crop Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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15
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Chen S, Sun B, Shi Z, Miao X, Li H. Identification of the rice genes and metabolites involved in dual resistance against brown planthopper and rice blast fungus. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1914-1929. [PMID: 35343596 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brown planthopper (BPH) and blast disease jointly or individually cause big yield losses every year. To identify genes and metabolites with potential contributions to the dual resistance against both biotic-stress factors, we carried out a transcriptome and metabolome analysis for susceptible and resistant rice varieties after BPH and rice blast infestations. Coexpression network analysis identified a modular pattern that had the highest correlation coefficients (0.81) after the BPH and rice blast (-0.81) treatments. In total, 134 phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway-related genes were detected in this group. We found that the flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene (OsF3H) had opposite expression trends in response to BPH and rice blast infestations whereas the OsF3'H had similar expression patterns. Genetics analysis confirmed that the OsF3H gene knockdown lines demonstrated the opposite resistance phenotypes against BPH and rice blast, whereas the OsF3'H knockout lines enhanced rice resistance against both pests. Consistently, our metabolomics analysis identified the metabolite eriodictyol, one putative essential product of these two genes, that was more highly accumulated in the resistant rice variety of RHT than in the susceptible variety MDJ. This study highlights a useful strategy for identifying more genes and metabolites that have potential synergistic effects on rice against to multiple biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haichao Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Versluys M, Van den Ende W. Sweet Immunity Aspects during Levan Oligosaccharide-Mediated Priming in Rocket against Botrytis cinerea. Biomolecules 2022; 12:370. [PMID: 35327562 PMCID: PMC8945012 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
New strategies are required for crop protection against biotic stress. Naturally derived molecules, including carbohydrates such as fructans, can be used in priming or defense stimulation. Rocket (Eruca sativa) is an important leafy vegetable and a good source of antioxidants. Here, we tested the efficacy of fructan-induced immunity in the Botrytis cinerea pathosystem. Different fructan types of plant and microbial origin were considered and changes in sugar dynamics were analyzed. Immune resistance increased significantly after priming with natural and sulfated levan oligosaccharides (LOS). No clear positive effects were observed for fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), inulin or branched-type fructans. Only sulfated LOS induced a direct ROS burst, typical for elicitors, while LOS behaved as a genuine priming compound. Total leaf sugar levels increased significantly both after LOS priming and subsequent infection. Intriguingly, apoplastic sugar levels temporarily increased after LOS priming but not after infection. We followed LOS and small soluble sugar dynamics in the apoplast as a function of time and found a temporal peak in small soluble sugar levels. Although similar dynamics were also found with inulin-type FOS, increased Glc and FOS levels may benefit B. cinerea. During LOS priming, LOS- and/or Glc-dependent signaling may induce downstream sweet immunity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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17
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Santos MDL, de Resende MLV, dos Santos Ciscon BA, Freitas NC, Pereira MHDB, Reichel T, Mathioni SM. LysM receptors in Coffea arabica: Identification, characterization, and gene expression in response to Hemileia vastatrix. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0258838. [PMID: 35143519 PMCID: PMC8830669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) localized on the host plasma membrane. These receptors activate a broad-spectrum and durable defense, which are desired characteristics for disease resistance in plant breeding programs. In this study, candidate sequences for PRRs with lysin motifs (LysM) were investigated in the Coffea arabica genome. For this, approaches based on the principle of sequence similarity, conservation of motifs and domains, phylogenetic analysis, and modulation of gene expression in response to Hemileia vastatrix were used. The candidate sequences for PRRs in C. arabica (Ca1-LYP, Ca2-LYP, Ca1-CERK1, Ca2-CERK1, Ca-LYK4, Ca1-LYK5 and Ca2-LYK5) showed high similarity with the reference PRRs used: Os-CEBiP, At-CERK1, At-LYK4 and At-LYK5. Moreover, the ectodomains of these sequences showed high identity or similarity with the reference sequences, indicating structural and functional conservation. The studied sequences are also phylogenetically related to the reference PRRs described in Arabidopsis, rice, and other plant species. All candidates for receptors had their expression induced after the inoculation with H. vastatrix, since the first time of sampling at 6 hours post‐inoculation (hpi). At 24 hpi, there was a significant increase in expression, for most of the receptors evaluated, and at 48 hpi, a suppression. The results showed that the candidate sequences for PRRs in the C. arabica genome display high homology with fungal PRRs already described in the literature. Besides, they respond to pathogen inoculation and seem to be involved in the perception or signaling of fungal chitin, acting as receptors or co-receptors of this molecule. These findings represent an advance in the understanding of the basal immunity of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Lima Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MLS); (MLVR)
| | | | | | - Natália Chagas Freitas
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Tharyn Reichel
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandra Marisa Mathioni
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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18
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Hao G, Tiley H, McCormick S. Chitin Triggers Tissue-Specific Immunity in Wheat Associated With Fusarium Head Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:832502. [PMID: 35222488 PMCID: PMC8864176 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.832502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the primary causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat and barley. FHB reduces grain yield and contaminates grain with various mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON). DON acts as a virulence factor to promote the fungus passing the rachis node and spreading throughout the head of wheat but not barley. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the earliest defense responses during plant and pathogen interactions. However, the complex roles of ROS during FHB development remain unclear. We investigated immune responses in wheat triggered by chitin, a major component of fungal cell walls. Although no ROS burst was detected in chitin-treated wheat leaves from eight tested varieties, a robust ROS peak was triggered by chitin in tested barley leaves. Interestingly, ROS were induced by chitin in wheat rachises and rachis nodes, which are critical barriers for FHB spread in wheat. We demonstrated that ROS were induced in wheat rachis nodes from both FHB susceptible and resistant wheat varieties. Further, we showed different defense gene expression patterns in rachis nodes and wheat heads treated with chitin, and wheat heads inoculated with F. graminearum. Our study showed the tissue-specific immune responses induced by chitin in wheat, which may play an important role during F. graminearum infection.
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19
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Wang Z, Gou X. The First Line of Defense: Receptor-like Protein Kinase-Mediated Stomatal Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010343. [PMID: 35008769 PMCID: PMC8745683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomata regulate gas and water exchange between the plant and external atmosphere, which are vital for photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomata are also the natural entrance for pathogens invading into the apoplast. Therefore, stomata play an important role in plants against pathogens. The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) locate in guard cells to perceive pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger a series of plant innate immune responses, including rapid closure of stomata to limit bacterial invasion, which is termed stomatal immunity. Many PRRs involved in stomatal immunity are plasma membrane-located receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs). This review focuses on the current research progress of RLK-mediated signaling pathways involved in stomatal immunity, and discusses questions that need to be addressed in future research.
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20
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Analyses of Lysin-motif Receptor-like Kinase ( LysM-RLK) Gene Family in Allotetraploid Brassica napus L. and Its Progenitor Species: An In Silico Study. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010037. [PMID: 35011598 PMCID: PMC8750388 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The LysM receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs) play a crucial role in plant symbiosis and response to environmental stresses. Brassica napus, B. rapa, and B. oleracea are utilized as valuable vegetables. Different biotic and abiotic stressors affect these crops, resulting in yield losses. Therefore, genome-wide analysis of the LysM-RLK gene family was conducted. From the genome of the examined species, 33 LysM-RLK have been found. The conserved domains of Brassica LysM-RLKs were divided into three groups: LYK, LYP, and LysMn. In the BrassicaLysM-RLK gene family, only segmental duplication has occurred. The Ka/Ks ratio for the duplicated pair of genes was less than one indicating that the genes’ function had not changed over time. The BrassicaLysM-RLKs contain 70 cis-elements, indicating that they are involved in stress response. 39 miRNA molecules were responsible for the post-transcriptional regulation of 12 Brassica LysM-RLKs. A total of 22 SSR loci were discovered in 16 Brassica LysM-RLKs. According to RNA-seq data, the highest expression in response to biotic stresses was related to BnLYP6. According to the docking simulations, several residues in the active sites of BnLYP6 are in direct contact with the docked chitin and could be useful in future studies to develop pathogen-resistant B. napus. This research reveals comprehensive information that could lead to the identification of potential genes for Brassica species genetic manipulation.
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21
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Naithani S, Komath SS, Nonomura A, Govindjee G. Plant lectins and their many roles: Carbohydrate-binding and beyond. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153531. [PMID: 34601337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are ubiquitous proteins that reversibly bind to specific carbohydrates and, thus, serve as readers of the sugar code. In photosynthetic organisms, lectin family proteins play important roles in capturing and releasing photosynthates via an endogenous lectin cycle. Often, lectin proteins consist of one or more lectin domains in combination with other types of domains. This structural diversity of lectins is the basis for their current classification, which is consistent with their diverse functions in cell signaling associated with growth and development, as well as in the plant's response to biotic, symbiotic, and abiotic stimuli. Furthermore, the lectin family shows evolutionary expansion that has distinct clade-specific signatures. Although the function(s) of many plant lectin family genes are unknown, studies in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have provided insights into their diverse roles. Here, we have used a biocuration approach rooted in the critical review of scientific literature and information available in the public genomic databases to summarize the expression, localization, and known functions of lectins in Arabidopsis. A better understanding of the structure and function of lectins is expected to aid in improving agricultural productivity through the manipulation of candidate genes for breeding climate-resilient crops, or by regulating metabolic pathways by applications of plant growth regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Naithani
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA.
| | - Sneha Sudha Komath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Arthur Nonomura
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Arizona University, South San Francisco Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center of Biophysics & Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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22
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García YH, Zamora OR, Troncoso-Rojas R, Tiznado-Hernández ME, Báez-Flores ME, Carvajal-Millan E, Rascón-Chu A. Toward Understanding the Molecular Recognition of Fungal Chitin and Activation of the Plant Defense Mechanism in Horticultural Crops. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216513. [PMID: 34770922 PMCID: PMC8587247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Large volumes of fruit and vegetable production are lost during postharvest handling due to attacks by necrotrophic fungi. One of the promising alternatives proposed for the control of postharvest diseases is the induction of natural defense responses, which can be activated by recognizing molecules present in pathogens, such as chitin. Chitin is one of the most important components of the fungal cell wall and is recognized through plant membrane receptors. These receptors belong to the receptor-like kinase (RLK) family, which possesses a transmembrane domain and/or receptor-like protein (RLP) that requires binding to another RLK receptor to recognize chitin. In addition, these receptors have extracellular LysM motifs that participate in the perception of chitin oligosaccharides. These receptors have been widely studied in Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) and Oryza sativa (O. sativa); however, it is not clear how the molecular recognition and plant defense mechanisms of chitin oligosaccharides occur in other plant species or fruits. This review includes recent findings on the molecular recognition of chitin oligosaccharides and how they activate defense mechanisms in plants. In addition, we highlight some of the current advances in chitin perception in horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaima Henry García
- Coordinación de Tecnología en Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Mexico; (Y.H.G.); (O.R.Z.); (M.E.T.-H.); (A.R.-C.)
| | - Orlando Reyes Zamora
- Coordinación de Tecnología en Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Mexico; (Y.H.G.); (O.R.Z.); (M.E.T.-H.); (A.R.-C.)
| | - Rosalba Troncoso-Rojas
- Coordinación de Tecnología en Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Mexico; (Y.H.G.); (O.R.Z.); (M.E.T.-H.); (A.R.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Martín Ernesto Tiznado-Hernández
- Coordinación de Tecnología en Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Mexico; (Y.H.G.); (O.R.Z.); (M.E.T.-H.); (A.R.-C.)
| | - María Elena Báez-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Calle de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, Culiacán C.P. 80013, Mexico;
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan
- Coordinación de Tecnología en Alimentos de Origen Animal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Mexico;
| | - Agustín Rascón-Chu
- Coordinación de Tecnología en Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Mexico; (Y.H.G.); (O.R.Z.); (M.E.T.-H.); (A.R.-C.)
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De A, Maity A, Mazumder M, Mondal B, Mukherjee A, Ghosh S, Ray P, Polley S, Dastidar SG, Basu D. Overexpression of LYK4, a lysin motif receptor with non-functional kinase domain, enhances tolerance to Alternaria brassicicola and increases trichome density in Brassica juncea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 309:110953. [PMID: 34134846 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LYKs) are involved in the recognition of chitin and activation of plant immune response. In this study, we found LYK4 to be strongly induced in resistant Sinapis alba compared with susceptible Brassica juncea on challenge with Alternaria brassicicola. In silico analysis and in vitro kinase assay revealed that despite the presence of canonical protein kinase fold, B.juncea LYK4 (BjLYK4) lacks several key residues of a prototype protein kinase which renders it catalytically inactive. Transient expression analysis confirmed that fluorescently tagged BjLYK4 localizes specifically to the plasma membrane. Overexpression (OE) of BjLYK4 in B. juncea enhanced tolerance against A. brassicicola. Interestingly, the OE lines also exhibited a novel trichome dense phenotype and increased jasmonic acid (JA) responsiveness. We further showed that many chitin responsive WRKY transcription factors and JA biosynthetic genes were strongly induced in the OE lines on challenge with the pathogen. Moreover, several JA inducible trichome developmental genes constituting the WD-repeat/bHLH/MYB activator complex were also upregulated in the OE lines compared with vector control and RNA interference line. These results suggest that BjLYK4 plays an essential role in chitin-dependent activation of defense response and chitin independent trichome development likely by influencing the JA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishee De
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Atanu Maity
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Mrinmoy Mazumder
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 119077.
| | - Banani Mondal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Amrita Mukherjee
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Swagata Ghosh
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Pranita Ray
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Smarajit Polley
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Shubhra Ghosh Dastidar
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Debabrata Basu
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India.
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24
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Mhlongo MI, Piater LA, Steenkamp PA, Labuschagne N, Dubery IA. Metabolomic Evaluation of Tissue-Specific Defense Responses in Tomato Plants Modulated by PGPR-Priming against Phytophthora capsici Infection. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081530. [PMID: 34451575 PMCID: PMC8400099 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can stimulate disease suppression through the induction of an enhanced state of defense readiness. Here, untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS) and targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QqQ-MS) were used to investigate metabolic reprogramming in tomato plant tissues in response to priming by Pseudomonas fluorescens N04 and Paenibacillus alvei T22 against Phytophthora capsici. Roots were treated with the two PGPR strains prior to stem inoculation with Ph. capsici. Metabolites were methanol-extracted from roots, stems and leaves at two–eight days post-inoculation. Targeted analysis by UHPLC–QqQ-MS allowed quantification of aromatic amino acids and phytohormones. For untargeted analysis, UHPLC–MS data were chemometrically processed to determine signatory biomarkers related to priming against Ph. capsici. The aromatic amino acid content was differentially reprogrammed in Ps. fluorescens and Pa. alvei primed plants responding to Ph. capsici. Furthermore, abscisic acid and methyl salicylic acid were found to be major signaling molecules in the tripartite interaction. LC–MS metabolomics analysis showed time-dependent metabolic changes in the primed-unchallenged vs. primed-challenged tissues. The annotated metabolites included phenylpropanoids, benzoic acids, glycoalkaloids, flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids, as well as oxygenated fatty acids. Tissue-specific reprogramming across diverse metabolic networks in roots, stems and leaves was also observed, which demonstrated that PGPR priming resulted in modulation of the defense response to Ph. capsici infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Msizi I. Mhlongo
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Nico Labuschagne
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-559-2401
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25
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Yu TY, Sun MK, Liang LK. Receptors in the Induction of the Plant Innate Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:587-601. [PMID: 33512246 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0173-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust amplitude and duration of immune responses via different strategies to maintain growth, development, and resistance to pathogens. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) play vital roles. Pattern recognition receptors, comprising a large number of receptor-like protein kinases and receptor-like proteins, recognize related ligands and trigger immunity. PTI is the first layer of the innate immune system, and it recognizes PAMPs at the plasma membrane to prevent infection. However, pathogens exploit effector proteins to bypass or directly inhibit the PTI immune pathway. Consistently, plants have evolved intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins to detect pathogenic effectors and trigger a hypersensitive response to activate ETI. PTI and ETI work together to protect plants from infection by viruses and other pathogens. Diverse receptors and the corresponding ligands, especially several pairs of well-studied receptors and ligands in PTI immunity, are reviewed to illustrate the dynamic process of PTI response here.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ying Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Meng-Kun Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Li-Kun Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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26
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Leppyanen IV, Pavlova OA, Vashurina MA, Bovin AD, Dolgikh AV, Shtark OY, Sendersky IV, Dolgikh VV, Tikhonovich IA, Dolgikh EA. LysM Receptor-Like Kinase LYK9 of Pisum Sativum L. May Regulate Plant Responses to Chitooligosaccharides Differing in Structure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E711. [PMID: 33445801 PMCID: PMC7828211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the interactions of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants with phytopathogenic and beneficial fungi. Here, we examined whether the lysin-motif (LysM) receptor-like kinase PsLYK9 is directly involved in the perception of long- and short-chain chitooligosaccharides (COs) released after hydrolysis of the cell walls of phytopathogenic fungi and identified in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal exudates. The identification and analysis of pea mutants impaired in the lyk9 gene confirmed the involvement of PsLYK9 in symbiosis development with AM fungi. Additionally, PsLYK9 regulated the immune response and resistance to phytopathogenic fungi, suggesting its bifunctional role. The existence of co-receptors may provide explanations for the potential dual role of PsLYK9 in the regulation of interactions with pathogenic and AM fungi. Co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that PsLYK9 and two proposed co-receptors, PsLYR4 and PsLYR3, can form complexes. Analysis of binding capacity showed that PsLYK9 and PsLYR4, synthesized as extracellular domains in insect cells, were able to bind the deacetylated (DA) oligomers CO5-DA-CO8-DA. Our results suggest that the receptor complex consisting of PsLYK9 and PsLYR4 can trigger a signal pathway that stimulates the immune response in peas. However, PsLYR3 seems not to be involved in the perception of CO4-5, as a possible co-receptor of PsLYK9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Leppyanen
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Olga A. Pavlova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Maria A. Vashurina
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Andrey D. Bovin
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Alexandra V. Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Oksana Y. Shtark
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Igor V. Sendersky
- All-Russia Research Institute for Plant Protection, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.S.); (V.V.D.)
| | - Vyacheslav V. Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Plant Protection, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.S.); (V.V.D.)
| | - Igor A. Tikhonovich
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Elena A. Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
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27
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Petrova N, Nazipova A, Gorshkov O, Mokshina N, Patova O, Gorshkova T. Gene Expression Patterns for Proteins With Lectin Domains in Flax Stem Tissues Are Related to Deposition of Distinct Cell Wall Types. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:634594. [PMID: 33995436 PMCID: PMC8121149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.634594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of higher plants encode a variety of proteins with lectin domains that are able to specifically recognize certain carbohydrates. Plants are enriched in a variety of potentially complementary glycans, many of which are located in the cell wall. We performed a genome-wide search for flax proteins with lectin domains and compared the expression of the encoding genes in different stem tissues that have distinct cell wall types with different sets of major polysaccharides. Over 400 genes encoding proteins with lectin domains that belong to different families were revealed in the flax genome; three quarters of these genes were expressed in stem tissues. Hierarchical clustering of the data for all expressed lectins grouped the analyzed samples according to their characteristic cell wall type. Most lectins differentially expressed in tissues with primary, secondary, and tertiary cell walls were predicted to localize at the plasma membrane or cell wall. These lectins were from different families and had various architectural types. Three out of four flax genes for proteins with jacalin-like domains were highly upregulated in bast fibers at the stage of tertiary cell wall deposition. The dynamic changes in transcript level of many genes for lectins from various families were detected in stem tissue over the course of gravitropic response induced by plant gravistimulation. The data obtained in this study indicate a large number of lectin-mediated events in plants and provide insight into the proteins that take part in tissue specialization and reaction to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petrova
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alsu Nazipova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg Gorshkov
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Natalia Mokshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga Patova
- Institute of Physiology, FRC Komi Science Centre of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
- *Correspondence: Tatyana Gorshkova,
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28
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Madritsch S, Bomers S, Posekany A, Burg A, Birke R, Emerstorfer F, Turetschek R, Otte S, Eigner H, Sehr EM. Integrative transcriptomics reveals genotypic impact on sugar beet storability. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:359-378. [PMID: 32754876 PMCID: PMC7593311 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An integrative comparative transcriptomic approach on six sugar beet varieties showing different amount of sucrose loss during storage revealed genotype-specific main driver genes and pathways characterizing storability. Sugar beet is next to sugar cane one of the most important sugar crops accounting for about 15% of the sucrose produced worldwide. Since its processing is increasingly centralized, storage of beet roots over an extended time has become necessary. Sucrose loss during storage is a major concern for the sugar industry because the accumulation of invert sugar and byproducts severely affect sucrose manufacturing. This loss is mainly due to ongoing respiration, but changes in cell wall composition and pathogen infestation also contribute. While some varieties can cope better during storage, the underlying molecular mechanisms are currently undiscovered. We applied integrative transcriptomics on six varieties exhibiting different levels of sucrose loss during storage. Already prior to storage, well storable varieties were characterized by a higher number of parenchyma cells, a smaller cell area, and a thinner periderm. Supporting these findings, transcriptomics identified changes in genes involved in cell wall modifications. After 13 weeks of storage, over 900 differentially expressed genes were detected between well and badly storable varieties, mainly in the category of defense response but also in carbohydrate metabolism and the phenylpropanoid pathway. These findings were confirmed by gene co-expression network analysis where hub genes were identified as main drivers of invert sugar accumulation and sucrose loss. Our data provide insight into transcriptional changes in sugar beet roots during storage resulting in the characterization of key pathways and hub genes that might be further used as markers to improve pathogen resistance and storage properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Madritsch
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svenja Bomers
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexandra Posekany
- University of Technology Vienna, Research Unit of Computational Statistics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnes Burg
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rebekka Birke
- AGRANA Research & Innovation Center GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Sandra Otte
- Strube Research GmbH & Co. KG, Söllingen, Germany
| | - Herbert Eigner
- AGRANA Research & Innovation Center GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Eva M Sehr
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria.
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29
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Deng Y, Ning Y, Yang DL, Zhai K, Wang GL, He Z. Molecular Basis of Disease Resistance and Perspectives on Breeding Strategies for Resistance Improvement in Crops. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1402-1419. [PMID: 32979566 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Crop diseases are major factors responsible for substantial yield losses worldwide, which affects global food security. The use of resistance (R) genes is an effective and sustainable approach to controlling crop diseases. Here, we review recent advances on R gene studies in the major crops and related wild species. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying R gene activation and signaling, and susceptibility (S) gene-mediated resistance in crops are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we propose some new strategies for R gene discovery, how to balance resistance and yield, and how to generate crops with broad-spectrum disease resistance. With the rapid development of new genome-editing technologies and the availability of increasing crop genome sequences, the goal of breeding next-generation crops with durable resistance to pathogens is achievable, and will be a key step toward increasing crop production in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong-Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Keran Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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30
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Jia X, Rajib MR, Yin H. Recognition Pattern, Functional Mechanism and Application of Chitin and Chitosan Oligosaccharides in Sustainable Agriculture. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:3508-3521. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200617165915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Application of chitin attracts much attention in the past decades as the second abundant
polysaccharides in the world after cellulose. Chitin oligosaccharides (CTOS) and its deacetylated derivative chitosan
oligosaccharides (COS) were shown great potentiality in agriculture by enhancing plant resistance to abiotic
or biotic stresses, promoting plant growth and yield, improving fruits quality and storage, etc. Those applications
have already served huge economic and social benefits for many years. However, the recognition mode and functional
mechanism of CTOS and COS on plants have gradually revealed just in recent years.
Objective:
Recognition pattern and functional mechanism of CTOS and COS in plant together with application
status of COS in agricultural production will be well described in this review. By which we wish to promote
further development and application of CTOS and COS–related products in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Jia
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mijanur R. Rajib
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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31
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Stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only chitin-induced stomatal closure but also chitosan-induced guard cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20932-20942. [PMID: 32778594 PMCID: PMC7456093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922319117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic fungi exploit stomata as invasion routes, causing destructive diseases of major cereal crops. Intensive interaction is expected to occur between guard cells and fungi. In the present study, we took advantage of well-conserved molecules derived from the fungal cell wall, chitin oligosaccharide (CTOS), and chitosan oligosaccharide (CSOS) to study how guard cells respond to fungal invasion. In Arabidopsis, CTOS induced stomatal closure through a signaling mediated by its receptor CERK1, Ca2+, and a major S-type anion channel, SLAC1. CSOS, which is converted from CTOS by chitin deacetylases from invading fungi, did not induce stomatal closure, suggesting that this conversion is a fungal strategy to evade stomatal closure. At higher concentrations, CSOS but not CTOS induced guard cell death in a manner dependent on Ca2+ but not CERK1. These results suggest that stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only CTOS-induced stomatal closure but also CSOS-induced guard cell death.
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32
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Bozsoki Z, Gysel K, Hansen SB, Lironi D, Krönauer C, Feng F, de Jong N, Vinther M, Kamble M, Thygesen MB, Engholm E, Kofoed C, Fort S, Sullivan JT, Ronson CW, Jensen KJ, Blaise M, Oldroyd G, Stougaard J, Andersen KR, Radutoiu S. Ligand-recognizing motifs in plant LysM
receptors are major determinants of
specificity. Science 2020; 369:663-670. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants evolved lysine motif (LysM)
receptors to recognize and parse microbial
elicitors and drive intracellular signaling to
limit or facilitate microbial colonization. We
investigated how chitin and nodulation (Nod)
factor receptors of Lotus
japonicus initiate differential
signaling of immunity or root nodule symbiosis.
Two motifs in the LysM1 domains of these receptors
determine specific recognition of ligands and
discriminate between their in planta functions.
These motifs define the ligand-binding site and
make up the most structurally divergent regions in
cognate Nod factor receptors. An adjacent motif
modulates the specificity for Nod factor
recognition and determines the selection of
compatible rhizobial symbionts in legumes. We also
identified how binding specificities in LysM
receptors can be altered to facilitate Nod factor
recognition and signaling from a chitin receptor,
advancing the prospects of engineering rhizobial
symbiosis into nonlegumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Bozsoki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kira Gysel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon B. Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Damiano Lironi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christina Krönauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Feng Feng
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Noor de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Vinther
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Manoj Kamble
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B. Thygesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Engholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Kofoed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - John T. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Clive W. Ronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mickaël Blaise
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Giles Oldroyd
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper R. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Gong BQ, Wang FZ, Li JF. Hide-and-Seek: Chitin-Triggered Plant Immunity and Fungal Counterstrategies. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:805-816. [PMID: 32673581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are major destructive microorganisms for land plants and pose growing challenges to global crop production. Chitin is a vital building block for fungal cell walls and also a broadly effective elicitor of plant immunity. Here we review the rapid progress in understanding chitin perception and signaling in plants and highlight similarities and differences of these processes between arabidopsis and rice. We also outline moonlight functions of CERK1, an indispensable chitin coreceptor conserved across the plant kingdom, which imply potential crosstalk between chitin signaling and symbiotic or biotic/abiotic stress signaling in plants via CERK1. Moreover, we summarize current knowledge about fungal counterstrategies for subverting chitin-triggered plant immunity and propose open questions and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Qiang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Feng-Zhu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Shinya T, Shibuya N, Kaku H. Affinity Labeling and Purification of Plant Chitin-Binding LysM Receptor with Chitin Octasaccharide Derivatives. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2132:401-412. [PMID: 32306347 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0430-4_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Lysin motif (LysM) is a carbohydrate-binding modules found in all kingdoms. LysM binds to N-acetylglucosamine-containing molecules such as peptidoglycan, chitin, Nod factor, and Myc factor and is found in peptidoglycan hydrolases, chitinases, and plant pathogen effectors and plant receptor/co-receptor for defense and symbiosis signaling. This chapter describes the synthesis of a nonradioactive chitin ligand, biotinylated chitin octasaccharide, (GlcNAc)8-Bio, and its application for the detection and characterization of chitin-binding LysM receptor CEBiP in the microsomal membrane fraction of rice suspension-cultured cells by affinity labeling. We also describe the purification of CEBiP from the plasma membrane of the rice cells by affinity chromatography with the synthesized (GlcNAc)8-APEA-CH-Sepharose as an affinity matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Shinya
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Chen Q, Dong C, Sun X, Zhang Y, Dai H, Bai S. Overexpression of an apple LysM-containing protein gene, MdCERK1-2, confers improved resistance to the pathogenic fungus, Alternaria alternata, in Nicotiana benthamiana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:146. [PMID: 32268888 PMCID: PMC7386173 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysin motif (LysM)-containing proteins are involved in the recognition of fungal and bacterial pathogens. However, few studies have reported on their roles in the defense responses of woody plants against pathogens. A previous study reported that the apple MdCERK1 gene was induced by chitin and Rhizoctonia solani, and its protein can bind to chitin. However, its effect on defense responses has not been investigated. RESULTS In this study, a new apple CERK gene, designated as MdCERK1-2, was identified. It encodes a protein that shares high sequence identity with the previously reported MdCERK1 and AtCERK1. Its chitin binding ability and subcellular location are similar to MdCERK1 and AtCERK1, suggesting that MdCERK1-2 may play a role in apple immune defense responses as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR). MdCERK1-2 expression in apple was induced by 2 fungal pathogens, Botryosphaeria dothidea and Glomerella cingulate, but not by the bacterial pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, indicating that MdCERK1-2 is involved in apple anti-fungal defense responses. Further functional analysis by heterologous overexpression (OE) in Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb) demonstrated that MdCERK1-2 OE improved Nb resistance to the pathogenic fungus, Alternaria alternata. H2O2 accumulation and callose deposition increased after A. alternata infection in MdCERK1-2 OE plants compared to wild type (WT) and empty vector (EV)-transformed plants. The induced expression of NbPAL4 by A. alternata significantly (p < 0.01, n = 4) increased in MdCERK1-2 OE plants. Other tested genes, including NbNPR1, NbPR1a, NbERF1, and NbLOX1, did not exhibit significant changes after A. alternata infection in OE plants compared to EV or WT plants. OE plants also accumulated more polyphenols after A. alternata infection. CONCLUSIONS Heterologous MdCERK1-2 OE affects multiple defense responses in Nb plants and increased their resistance to fungal pathogens. This result also suggests that MdCERK1-2 is involved in apple defense responses against pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chaohua Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hongyi Dai
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Suhua Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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36
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Offor BC, Dubery IA, Piater LA. Prospects of Gene Knockouts in the Functional Study of MAMP-Triggered Immunity: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072540. [PMID: 32268496 PMCID: PMC7177850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants depend on both preformed and inducible defence responses to defend themselves against biotic stresses stemming from pathogen attacks. In this regard, plants perceive pathogenic threats from the environment through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognise microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), and so induce plant defence responses against invading pathogens. Close to thirty PRR proteins have been identified in plants, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying MAMP perception by these receptors/receptor complexes are not fully understood. As such, knockout (KO) of genes that code for PRRs and co-receptors/defence-associated proteins is a valuable tool to study plant immunity. The loss of gene activity often causes changes in the phenotype of the model plant, allowing in vivo studies of gene function and associated biological mechanisms. Here, we review the functions of selected PRRs, brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1) associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and other associated defence proteins that have been identified in plants, and also outline KO lines generated by T-DNA insertional mutagenesis as well as the effect on MAMP perception—and triggered immunity (MTI). In addition, we further review the role of membrane raft domains in flg22-induced MTI in Arabidopsis, due to the vital role in the activation of several proteins that are part of the membrane raft domain theory in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict C Offor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
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37
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Hu CH, Wang PQ, Zhang PP, Nie XM, Li BB, Tai L, Liu WT, Li WQ, Chen KM. NADPH Oxidases: The Vital Performers and Center Hubs during Plant Growth and Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:E437. [PMID: 32069961 PMCID: PMC7072856 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs), mostly known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs), are the key producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. A lot of literature has addressed ROS signaling in plant development regulation and stress responses as well as on the enzyme's structure, evolution, function, regulation and associated mechanisms, manifesting the role of NOXs/RBOHs as the vital performers and center hubs during plant growth and signaling. This review focuses on recent advances of NOXs/RBOHs on cell growth, hormone interaction, calcium signaling, abiotic stress responses, and immunity. Several primary particles, including Ca2+, CDPKs, BIK1, ROPs/RACs, CERK, FER, ANX, SnRK and SIK1-mediated regulatory mechanisms, are fully summarized to illustrate the signaling behavior of NOXs/RBOHs and their sophisticated and dexterous crosstalks. Diverse expression and activation regulation models endow NOXs/RBOHs powerful and versatile functions in plants to maintain innate immune homeostasis and development integrity. NOXs/RBOHs and their related regulatory items are the ideal targets for crop improvement in both yield and quality during agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, Henan, China
| | - Peng-Qi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiu-Min Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin-Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Huang R, Li Z, Mao C, Zhang H, Sun Z, Li H, Huang C, Feng Y, Shen X, Bucher M, Zhang Z, Lin Y, Cao Y, Duanmu D. Natural variation at OsCERK1 regulates arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1762-1776. [PMID: 31484206 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and land plants is essential for efficient nutrient acquisition and utilisation. Our understanding of key processes controlling the AMF colonisation in rice is still limited. Dongxiang wild rice (DY) exhibited a stronger colonisation with Rhizophagus irregularis than the rice cultivar Zhongzao 35 (ZZ35). Chromosome segment substitution lines were constructed and the OsCERK1 gene from DY was mapped. Transgenic plants in the japonica rice Zhonghua 11 (ZZ11) were constructed to compare root colonisation by AMF. Chromosome single-segment substitution lines containing OsCERK1DY showed higher phosphorus content and grain yield relative to ZZ35. Four amino acids substitutions were identified among the OsCERK1 haplotypes of DY, ZZ35 and ZH11 and two of these were in the second lysine-motif domain, which is essential for the differences of AMF colonisation level among rice varieties. Heterologous expression of OsCERK1DY in ZH11 significantly enhanced AMF colonisation and increased resistance against the pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae. Notably, the OsCERK1DY haplotype was absent from 4660 cultivated rice varieties. We conclude that OsCERK1 is a key gene affecting the symbiotic interaction with AMF and OsCERK1DY has the biotechnological potential to increase rice phosphorus acquisition and utilisation efficiency for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Nanchang Subcenter of Rice National Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Rice Physiology and Genetics of Jiangxi Province, Rice Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Cui Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongfeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Congcong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xianhua Shen
- Nanchang Subcenter of Rice National Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Rice Physiology and Genetics of Jiangxi Province, Rice Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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39
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Elicitor and Receptor Molecules: Orchestrators of Plant Defense and Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030963. [PMID: 32024003 PMCID: PMC7037962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules produced by microorganisms and insects in the event of infection, microbial priming, and insect predation. These molecules are then recognized by receptor molecules on or within the plant, which activates the defense signaling pathways, resulting in plant’s ability to overcome pathogenic invasion, induce systemic resistance, and protect against insect predation and damage. These small molecular motifs are conserved in all organisms. Fungi, bacteria, and insects have their own specific molecular patterns that induce defenses in plants. Most of the molecular patterns are either present as part of the pathogen’s structure or exudates (in bacteria and fungi), or insect saliva and honeydew. Since biotic stresses such as pathogens and insects can impair crop yield and production, understanding the interaction between these organisms and the host via the elicitor–receptor interaction is essential to equip us with the knowledge necessary to design durable resistance in plants. In addition, it is also important to look into the role played by beneficial microbes and synthetic elicitors in activating plants’ defense and protection against disease and predation. This review addresses receptors, elicitors, and the receptor–elicitor interactions where these components in fungi, bacteria, and insects will be elaborated, giving special emphasis to the molecules, responses, and mechanisms at play, variations between organisms where applicable, and applications and prospects.
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40
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Li CL, Xue DX, Wang YH, Xie ZP, Staehelin C. A method for functional testing constitutive and ligand-induced interactions of lysin motif receptor proteins. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:3. [PMID: 31969929 PMCID: PMC6964010 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-0551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant receptors with lysin motifs (LsyM) recognize microbial signals such as fungal chitin and lipo-chitooligosaccharidic Nod factors of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. It is generally assumed that ligand-induced dimerization of LysM receptors is an essential step in activation of intracellular kinase domains and downstream signaling. Consequently, genes required for plant defense and establishment of symbiosis are expressed. We recently found that three LysM receptor proteins (namely LYK1, LYK4 and LYK5) of Arabidopsis thaliana form a tripartite receptor complex to perceive chitin. However, constitutive and ligand-induced interactions of LysM receptors generally remain difficult to be characterized. RESULTS Interactions between ectodomains of LYK1, LYK4 and LYK5 were investigated by a chimeric receptor approach using hairy roots of the legume Lotus japonicus. Synthetic receptor pairs consisting of a LYK ectodomain and the intracellular domain of a L. japonicus Nod factor receptor (NFR1 and NFR5, respectively) were tested for their capacity to activate expression of the symbiotic NIN (nodule inception) gene. The results indicated constitutive (LYK4ED-LYK4ED, LYK4ED-LYK5ED) and chitin-induced interactions (LYK1ED-LYK1ED, LYK1ED-LYK5ED) of the examined ectodomains. CONCLUSION We present a method to functionally analyze constitutive and ligand-induced interactions of LysM-type proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - De-Xing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Yi-Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, East Campus, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
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41
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He J, Zhang C, Dai H, Liu H, Zhang X, Yang J, Chen X, Zhu Y, Wang D, Qi X, Li W, Wang Z, An G, Yu N, He Z, Wang YF, Xiao Y, Zhang P, Wang E. A LysM Receptor Heteromer Mediates Perception of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiotic Signal in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1561-1576. [PMID: 31706032 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic microorganisms improve nutrient uptake by plants. To initiate mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plants perceive Myc factors, including lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and short-chain chitooligosaccharides (CO4/CO5), secreted by AM fungi. However, the molecular mechanism of Myc factor perception remains elusive. In this study, we identified a heteromer of LysM receptor-like kinases consisting of OsMYR1/OsLYK2 and OsCERK1 that mediates the perception of AM fungi in rice. CO4 directly binds to OsMYR1, promoting the dimerization and phosphorylation of this receptor complex. Compared with control plants, Osmyr1 and Oscerk1 mutant rice plants are less sensitive to Myc factors and show decreased AM colonization. We engineered transgenic rice by expressing chimeric receptors that respectively replaced the ectodomains of OsMYR1 and OsCERK1 with those from the homologous Nod factor receptors MtNFP and MtLYK3 of Medicago truncatula. Transgenic plants displayed increased calcium oscillations in response to Nod factors compared with control rice. Our study provides significant mechanistic insights into AM symbiotic signal perception in rice. Expression of chimeric Nod/Myc receptors achieves a potentially important step toward generating cereals that host nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangman He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Huiling Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yayun Zhu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan Province, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Weichao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Guoyong An
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan Province, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Nan Yu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong-Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Youli Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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42
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Zheng F, Chen L, Zhang P, Zhou J, Lu X, Tian W. Carbohydrate polymers exhibit great potential as effective elicitors in organic agriculture: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 230:115637. [PMID: 31887887 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Some carbohydrate polymers, usually oligosaccharides or polysaccharides, have great potential as an elicitor of plant defense. However, due to the complexity and diversity of poly- and oligosaccharide structure, the molecular mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of carbohydrate elicitors are still not well understood, which hinders the application of carbohydrate elicitors in agriculture. This review introduces the mechanisms of carbohydrate elicitor perception and signaling in plants. The structure and activity relationships of main poly- and oligosaccharides studied for the control of plant diseases are discussed and summarized. Additionally, the effects of carbohydrate elicitors on the secondary metabolite production are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peifeng Zhang
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingqi Zhou
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Lu
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Tian
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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43
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Feng F, Sun J, Radhakrishnan GV, Lee T, Bozsóki Z, Fort S, Gavrin A, Gysel K, Thygesen MB, Andersen KR, Radutoiu S, Stougaard J, Oldroyd GED. A combination of chitooligosaccharide and lipochitooligosaccharide recognition promotes arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Medicago truncatula. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5047. [PMID: 31695035 PMCID: PMC6834629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants associate with beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi facilitating nutrient acquisition. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produce chitooligosaccharides (COs) and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs), that promote symbiosis signalling with resultant oscillations in nuclear-associated calcium. The activation of symbiosis signalling must be balanced with activation of immunity signalling, which in fungal interactions is promoted by COs resulting from the chitinaceous fungal cell wall. Here we demonstrate that COs ranging from CO4-CO8 can induce symbiosis signalling in Medicago truncatula. CO perception is a function of the receptor-like kinases MtCERK1 and LYR4, that activate both immunity and symbiosis signalling. A combination of LCOs and COs act synergistically to enhance symbiosis signalling and suppress immunity signalling and receptors involved in both CO and LCO perception are necessary for mycorrhizal establishment. We conclude that LCOs, when present in a mix with COs, drive a symbiotic outcome and this mix of signals is essential for arbuscular mycorrhizal establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Feng
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jongho Sun
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Guru V Radhakrishnan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Tak Lee
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Zoltán Bozsóki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 C, Denmark
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Aleksander Gavrin
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Kira Gysel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Thygesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871 C, Denmark
| | | | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 C, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 C, Denmark
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK.
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44
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Desaki Y, Takahashi S, Sato K, Maeda K, Matsui S, Yoshimi I, Miura T, Jumonji JI, Takeda J, Yashima K, Kohari M, Suenaga T, Terada H, Narisawa T, Shimizu T, Yumoto E, Miyamoto K, Narusaka M, Narusaka Y, Kaku H, Shibuya N. PUB4, a CERK1-Interacting Ubiquitin Ligase, Positively Regulates MAMP-Triggered Immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2573-2583. [PMID: 31368495 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysin motif (LysM) receptor-like kinase CERK1 is a co-receptor essential for plant immune responses against carbohydrate microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Concerning the immediate downstream signaling components of CERK1, receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases such as PBL27 and other RLCK VII members have been reported to regulate immune responses positively. In this study, we report that a novel CERK1-interacting E3 ubiquitin ligase, PUB4, is also involved in the regulation of MAMP-triggered immune responses. Knockout of PUB4 resulted in the alteration of chitin-induced defense responses, indicating that PUB4 positively regulates reactive oxygen species generation and callose deposition but negatively regulates MAPK activation and defense gene expression. On the other hand, detailed analyses of a double knockout mutant of pub4 and sid2, a mutant of salicylic acid (SA) synthesis pathway, showed that the contradictory phenotype of the pub4 mutant was actually caused by abnormal accumulation of SA in this mutant and that PUB4 is a positive regulator of immune responses. The present and recent findings on the role of PUB4 indicate that PUB4 is a unique E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the regulation of both plant immunity and growth/development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Desaki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Takahashi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenta Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kanako Maeda
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Saki Matsui
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ikuya Yoshimi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takaki Miura
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Jumonji
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Takeda
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kohei Yashima
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Kohari
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suenaga
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hayato Terada
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Narisawa
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeo Shimizu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Emi Yumoto
- Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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45
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Xue DX, Li CL, Xie ZP, Staehelin C. LYK4 is a component of a tripartite chitin receptor complex in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5507-5516. [PMID: 31270545 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
LysM receptor-like kinases (LYKs) of Arabidopsis thaliana (namely LYK1, LYK4 and LYK5) play a major role in chitin perception and immunity against pathogenic fungi. Chitin-induced heterodimerization of LYK1 and LYK5 has been previously reported, but protein interaction partners of LYK4 have not yet been identified. In this study, by analysing mutants we confirmed a role of LYK4 in chitin perception, and found that the ectodomain of LYK4 homodimerizes and also interacts with the ectodomain of LYK5 in vitro. Pull-down experiments with proteins expressed in protoplasts indicated LYK4-LYK4 and LY4-LYK5 interactions in planta. When protoplasts were treated with chitoheptaose or chitin, a protein complex was immunoprecipitated that appeared to be composed of LYK1, LYK4, and LYK5. Similar experiments with proteins expressed in lyk mutant plants suggested that elicitor treatment induced a physical interaction between LYK1 and LYK5 but not between LYK1 and LYK4. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments substantiated these findings. Overall, our data suggest that LYK4 functions as a LYK5-associated co-receptor or scaffold protein that enhances chitin-induced signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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46
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Zhang L, Yuan L, Staehelin C, Li Y, Ruan J, Liang Z, Xie Z, Wang W, Xie J, Huang S. The LYSIN MOTIF-CONTAINING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1 protein of banana is required for perception of pathogenic and symbiotic signals. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1530-1546. [PMID: 31059122 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
How plants can distinguish pathogenic and symbiotic fungi remains largely unknown. Here, we characterized the role of MaLYK1, a lysin motif receptor kinase of banana. Live cell imaging techniques were used in localization studies. RNA interference (RNAi)-silenced transgenic banana plants were generated to analyze the biological role of MaLYK1. The MaLYK1 ectodomain, chitin beads, chitooligosaccharides (COs) and mycorrhizal lipochitooligosaccharides (Myc-LCOs) were used in pulldown assays. Ligand-induced MaLYK1 complex formation was tested in immunoprecipitation experiments. Chimeric receptors were expressed in Lotus japonicus to characterize the function of the MaLYK1 kinase domain. MaLYK1 was localized to the plasma membrane. MaLYK1 expression was induced by Foc4 (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4) and diverse microbe-associated molecular patterns. MaLYK1-silenced banana lines showed reduced chitin-triggered defense responses, increased Foc4-induced disease symptoms and reduced mycorrhization. The MaLYK1 ectodomain was pulled down by chitin beads and LCOs or COs impaired this process. Ligand treatments induced MaLYK1 complex formation in planta. The kinase domain of MaLYK1 could functionally replace that of the chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (AtCERK1) in Arabidopsis thaliana and of a rhizobial LCO (Nod factor) receptor (LjNFR1) in L. japonicus. MaLYK1 represents a central molecular switch that controls defense- and symbiosis-related signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Liangbin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiuxiao Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhenwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhiping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Jianghui Xie
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Shangzhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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47
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De Tender C, Mesuere B, Van der Jeugt F, Haegeman A, Ruttink T, Vandecasteele B, Dawyndt P, Debode J, Kuramae EE. Peat substrate amended with chitin modulates the N-cycle, siderophore and chitinase responses in the lettuce rhizobiome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9890. [PMID: 31289280 PMCID: PMC6617458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a valuable peat substrate amendment by increasing lettuce growth and reducing the survival of the zoonotic pathogen Salmonella enterica on lettuce leaves. The production of chitin-catabolic enzymes (chitinases) play a crucial role and are mediated through the microbial community. A higher abundance of plant-growth promoting microorganisms and genera involved in N and chitin metabolism are present in a chitin-enriched substrate. In this study, we hypothesize that chitin addition to peat substrate stimulates the microbial chitinase production. The degradation of chitin leads to nutrient release and the production of small chitin oligomers that are related to plant growth promotion and activation of the plant's defense response. First a shotgun metagenomics approach was used to decipher the potential rhizosphere microbial functions then the nutritional content of the peat substrate was measured. Our results show that chitin addition increases chitin-catabolic enzymes, bacterial ammonium oxidizing and siderophore genes. Lettuce growth promotion can be explained by a cascade degradation of chitin to N-acetylglucosamine and eventually ammonium. The occurrence of increased ammonium oxidizing bacteria, Nitrosospira, and amoA genes results in an elevated concentration of plant-available nitrate. In addition, the increase in chitinase and siderophore genes may have stimulated the plant's systemic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C De Tender
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Ghent University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - B Mesuere
- Ghent University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Van der Jeugt
- Ghent University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Haegeman
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Ruttink
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Vandecasteele
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Dawyndt
- Ghent University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Debode
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E E Kuramae
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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48
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Lou Y. PRRs and NB-LRRs: From Signal Perception to Activation of Plant Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081882. [PMID: 30995767 PMCID: PMC6514886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To ward off pathogens and pests, plants use a sophisticated immune system. They use pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), as well as nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) domains, for detecting nonindigenous molecular signatures from pathogens. Plant PRRs induce local and systemic immunity. Plasma-membrane-localized PRRs are the main components of multiprotein complexes having additional transmembrane and cytosolic kinases. Topical research involving proteins and their interactive partners, along with transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, has extended our understanding of R-gene-mediated plant immunity. The unique LRR domain conformation helps in the best utilization of a surface area and essentially mediates protein–protein interactions. Genome-wide analyses of inter- and intraspecies PRRs and NB-LRRs offer innovative information about their working and evolution. We reviewed plant immune responses with relevance to PRRs and NB-LRRs. This article focuses on the significant functional diversity, pathogen-recognition mechanisms, and subcellular compartmentalization of plant PRRs and NB-LRRs. We highlight the potential biotechnological application of PRRs and NB-LRRs to enhance broad-spectrum disease resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yonggen Lou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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49
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Ding Y, Mei J, Chai Y, Yu Y, Shao C, Wu Q, Disi JO, Li Y, Wan H, Qian W. Simultaneous Transcriptome Analysis of Host and Pathogen Highlights the Interaction Between Brassica oleracea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:542-550. [PMID: 30265202 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-18-0204-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
White mold disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating disease of Brassica crops. Here, we simultaneously assessed the transcriptome changes from lesions produced by S. sclerotiorum on disease-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) B. oleracea pools bulked from a resistance-segregating F2 population. Virulence genes of S. sclerotiorum, including polygalacturonans, chitin synthase, secretory proteins, and oxalic acid biosynthesis, were significantly repressed in lesions of R B. oleracea at 12 h postinoculation (hpi) but exhibited similar expression patterns in R and S B. oleracea at 24 hpi. Resistant B. oleracea induced expression of receptors potentially to perceive Sclerotinia signals during 0 to 12 hpi and deployed complex strategies to suppress the pathogen establishment, including the quick accumulation of reactive oxygen species via activating Ca2+ signaling and suppressing pathogen oxalic acid generation in S. sclerotiorum. In addition, cell wall degradation was inhibited in the resistant B. oleracea potentially to prevent the expansion of Sclerotinia hyphae. The transcriptome changes in S. sclerotiorum and host revealed that resistant B. oleracea produces strong responses against S. sclerotiorum during early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Ding
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaqin Mei
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaru Chai
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- 3 College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; and
| | - Chaoguo Shao
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | | | - Yuhua Li
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huafang Wan
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Qian
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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50
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Schmitz AM, Pawlowska TE, Harrison MJ. A short LysM protein with high molecular diversity from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis. MYCOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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