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Manjarrez LF, Guevara MÁ, de María N, Vélez MD, Cobo-Simón I, López-Hinojosa M, Cabezas JA, Mancha JA, Pizarro A, Díaz-Sala MC, Cervera MT. Maritime Pine Rootstock Genotype Modulates Gene Expression Associated with Stress Tolerance in Grafted Stems. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1644. [PMID: 38931075 PMCID: PMC11207801 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Climate change-induced hazards, such as drought, threaten forest resilience, particularly in vulnerable regions such as the Mediterranean Basin. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton), a model species in Western Europe, plays a crucial role in the Mediterranean forest due to its genetic diversity and ecological plasticity. This study characterizes transcriptional profiles of scion and rootstock stems of four P. pinaster graft combinations grown under well-watered conditions. Our grafting scheme combined drought-sensitive and drought-tolerant genotypes for scions (GAL1056: drought-sensitive scion; and Oria6: drought-tolerant scion) and rootstocks (R1S: drought-sensitive rootstock; and R18T: drought-tolerant rootstock). Transcriptomic analysis revealed expression patterns shaped by genotype provenance and graft combination. The accumulation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding proteins, involved in defense mechanisms and pathogen recognition, was higher in drought-sensitive scion stems and also increased when grafted onto drought-sensitive rootstocks. DEGs involved in drought tolerance mechanisms were identified in drought-tolerant genotypes as well as in drought-sensitive scions grafted onto drought-tolerant rootstocks, suggesting their establishment prior to drought. These mechanisms were associated with ABA metabolism and signaling. They were also involved in the activation of the ROS-scavenging pathways, which included the regulation of flavonoid and terpenoid metabolisms. Our results reveal DEGs potentially associated with the conifer response to drought and point out differences in drought tolerance strategies. These findings suggest genetic trade-offs between pine growth and defense, which could be relevant in selecting more drought-tolerant Pinus pinaster trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Federico Manjarrez
- Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, Instituto de Ciencias Forestal (ICIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.M.); (N.d.M.); (M.D.V.); (I.C.-S.); (M.L.-H.); (J.A.C.); (J.A.M.)
| | - María Ángeles Guevara
- Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, Instituto de Ciencias Forestal (ICIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.M.); (N.d.M.); (M.D.V.); (I.C.-S.); (M.L.-H.); (J.A.C.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Nuria de María
- Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, Instituto de Ciencias Forestal (ICIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.M.); (N.d.M.); (M.D.V.); (I.C.-S.); (M.L.-H.); (J.A.C.); (J.A.M.)
| | - María Dolores Vélez
- Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, Instituto de Ciencias Forestal (ICIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.M.); (N.d.M.); (M.D.V.); (I.C.-S.); (M.L.-H.); (J.A.C.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Irene Cobo-Simón
- Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, Instituto de Ciencias Forestal (ICIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.M.); (N.d.M.); (M.D.V.); (I.C.-S.); (M.L.-H.); (J.A.C.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Miriam López-Hinojosa
- Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, Instituto de Ciencias Forestal (ICIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.M.); (N.d.M.); (M.D.V.); (I.C.-S.); (M.L.-H.); (J.A.C.); (J.A.M.)
| | - José Antonio Cabezas
- Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, Instituto de Ciencias Forestal (ICIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.M.); (N.d.M.); (M.D.V.); (I.C.-S.); (M.L.-H.); (J.A.C.); (J.A.M.)
| | - José Antonio Mancha
- Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, Instituto de Ciencias Forestal (ICIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.M.); (N.d.M.); (M.D.V.); (I.C.-S.); (M.L.-H.); (J.A.C.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Alberto Pizarro
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (A.P.); (M.C.D.-S.)
| | - María Carmen Díaz-Sala
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (A.P.); (M.C.D.-S.)
| | - María Teresa Cervera
- Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, Instituto de Ciencias Forestal (ICIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.M.); (N.d.M.); (M.D.V.); (I.C.-S.); (M.L.-H.); (J.A.C.); (J.A.M.)
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Mo Z, Zhang Y, Hou M, Hu L, Zhai M, Xuan J. Transcriptional dynamics reveals the asymmetrical events underlying graft union formation in pecan (Carya illinoinensis). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae040. [PMID: 38598328 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Grafting is a widely used technique for pecan propagation; however, the background molecular events underlying grafting are still poorly understood. In our study, the graft partners during pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] graft union formation were separately sampled for RNA-seq, and the transcriptional dynamics were described via weighted gene co-expression network analysis. To reveal the main events underlying grafting, the correlations between modules and grafting traits were analyzed. Functional annotation showed that during the entire graft process, signal transduction was activated in the scion, while messenger RNA splicing was induced in the rootstock. At 2 days after grafting, the main processes occurring in the scion were associated with protein synthesis and processing, while the primary processes occurring in the rootstock were energy release-related. During the period of 7-14 days after grafting, defense response was a critical process taking place in the scion; however, the main process functioning in the rootstock was photosynthesis. From 22 to 32 days after grafting, the principal processes taking place in the scion were jasmonic acid biosynthesis and defense response, whereas the highly activated processes associated with the rootstock were auxin biosynthesis and plant-type secondary cell wall biogenesis. To further prove that the graft partners responded asymmetrically to stress, hydrogen peroxide contents as well as peroxidase and β-1,3-glucanase activities were detected, and the results showed that their levels were increased in the scion not the rootstock at certain time points after grafting. Our study reveals that the scion and rootstock might respond asymmetrically to grafting in pecan, and the scion was likely associated with stress response, while the rootstock was probably involved in energy supply and xylem bridge differentiation during graft union formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Mo
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mengxin Hou
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Longjiao Hu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Min Zhai
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jiping Xuan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for the Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Pecan, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
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Liu MJ, Fang JC, Ma Y, Chong GL, Huang CK, Takeuchi A, Takayanagi N, Ohtani M. Frontiers in plant RNA research in ICAR2023: from lab to innovative agriculture. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:45. [PMID: 38630407 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The recent growth in global warming, soil contamination, and climate instability have widely disturbed ecosystems, and will have a significant negative impact on the growth of plants that produce grains, fruits and woody biomass. To conquer this difficult situation, we need to understand the molecular bias of plant environmental responses and promote development of new technologies for sustainable maintenance of crop production. Accumulated molecular biological data have highlighted the importance of RNA-based mechanisms for plant stress responses. Here, we report the most advanced plant RNA research presented in the 33rd International Conference on Arabidopsis Research (ICAR2023), held as a hybrid event on June 5-9, 2023 in Chiba, Japan, and focused on "Arabidopsis for Sustainable Development Goals". Six workshops/concurrent sessions in ICAR2023 targeted plant RNA biology, and many RNA-related topics could be found in other sessions. In this meeting report, we focus on the workshops/concurrent sessions targeting RNA biology, to share what is happening now at the forefront of plant RNA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jung Liu
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica (AS-BCST), Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Jhen-Cheng Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica (AS-BCST), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya Ma
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 227-8562, Japan
| | - Geeng Loo Chong
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kai Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Ami Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 227-8562, Japan
| | - Natsu Takayanagi
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 227-8562, Japan
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 227-8562, Japan.
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
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Luo KR, Huang NC, Chang YH, Jan YW, Yu TS. Arabidopsis cyclophilins direct intracellular transport of mobile mRNA via organelle hitchhiking. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:161-171. [PMID: 38177664 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Plants convert external cues into mobile mRNAs to synchronize meristematic differentiation with environmental dynamics. These mRNAs are selectively transported to intercellular pores, plasmodesmata (PD), for cell-to-cell movement. However, how plants recognize and deliver mobile mRNAs to PD remains unknown. Here we show that mobile mRNAs hitchhike on organelle trafficking to transport towards PD. Perturbed cytoskeleton organization or organelle trafficking severely disrupts the subcellular distribution of mobile mRNAs. Arabidopsis rotamase cyclophilins (ROCs), which are organelle-localized RNA-binding proteins, specifically bind mobile mRNAs on the surface of organelles to direct intracellular transport. Arabidopsis roc mutants exhibit phenotype alterations and disruptions in the transport of mobile mRNAs. These findings suggest that ROCs play a crucial role in facilitating the systemic delivery of mobile mRNAs. Our results highlight that an RNA-binding protein-mediated hitchhiking system is specifically recruited to orient plant mobile mRNAs for intercellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ren Luo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Chen Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Jan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Shin Yu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Xiao F, Zhao Y, Wang X, Jian X. Full-length transcriptome characterization and comparative analysis of Gleditsia sinensis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:757. [PMID: 38066414 PMCID: PMC10709882 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As an economically important tree, Gleditsia sinensis Lam. is widely planted. A lack of background genetic information on G. sinensis hinders molecular breeding. Based on PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and analysis of G. sinensis, a total of 95,183 non-redundant transcript sequences were obtained, of which 93,668 contained complete open reading frames (ORFs), 2,858 were long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) and 18,855 alternative splicing (AS) events were identified. Genes orthologous to different Gleditsia species pairs were identified, stress-related genes had been positively selected during the evolution. AGA, AGG, and CCA were identified as the universal optimal codon in the genus of Gleditsia. EIF5A was selected as a suitable fluorescent quantitative reference gene. 315 Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and 147 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) were recognized through the PacBio SMRT transcriptome. Randomized selection of GsIAA14 for cloning verified the reliability of the PacBio SMRT transcriptome assembly sequence. In conclusion, the research data lay the foundation for further analysis of the evolutionary mechanism and molecular breeding of Gleditsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Xiurong Wang
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xueyan Jian
- School of Continuing Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
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Kappagantu M, Brandon M, Tamukong YB, Culver JN. Rootstock-induced scion resistance against tobacco mosaic virus is associated with the induction of defence-related transcripts and graft-transmissible mRNAs. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1184-1191. [PMID: 37191642 PMCID: PMC10423323 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a common horticultural practice used to confer desirable traits between rootstock and scion, including disease resistance. To investigate graft-conferred resistance against viral diseases a novel heterografting system was developed using Nicotiana benthamiana scions grafted onto different tomato rootstocks. N. benthamiana is normally highly susceptible to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. However, specific tomato rootstock varieties were found to confer a range of resistance levels to N. benthamiana scions inoculated with TMV. Conferred resistance was associated with delays in virus accumulation and the reduction in virus spread. RNA sequencing analysis showed the enrichment of transcripts associated with disease resistance and plant stress in N. benthamiana scions grafted onto resistance-inducing tomato rootstocks. Genome sequencing of resistance- and nonresistance-conferring rootstocks was used to identify mobile tomato transcripts within N. benthamiana scions. Within resistance-induced N. benthamiana scions, enriched mobile tomato transcripts were predominantly associated with defence, stress, and abscisic acid signalling when compared to similar scions grafted onto nonresistance-inducing rootstock. Combining these findings suggests that graft-induced resistance is modulated by rootstock scion transcriptional responses and rootstock-specific mobile transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Kappagantu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Matthew Brandon
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Yvette B. Tamukong
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - James N. Culver
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
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Thomas HR, Gevorgyan A, Frank MH. Anatomical and biophysical basis for graft incompatibility within the Solanaceae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4461-4470. [PMID: 37103969 PMCID: PMC10687351 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Interspecies grafting is an economically relevant technique that allows beneficial shoot and root combinations from separate species to be combined. One hypothesis for the basis of graft compatibility revolves around taxonomic relatedness. To test how phylogenetic distance affects interspecific graft compatibility within the economically important Solanaceae subfamily, Solanoideae, we characterized the anatomical and biophysical integrity of graft junctions between four species: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), pepper (Capsicum annuum), and groundcherry (Physalis pubescens). We analyzed the survival, growth, integrity, and cellular composition of the graft junctions. Utilizing various techniques, we were able to quantitatively assess compatibility among the interspecific grafts. Even though most of our graft combinations could survive, we show that only intrageneric combinations between tomato and eggplant are compatible. Unlike incompatible grafts, the formation of substantial vascular reconnections between tomato and eggplant in the intrageneric heterografts likely contributed to biophysically stable grafts. Furthermore, we identified 10 graft combinations that show delayed incompatibility, providing a useful system to pursue deeper work into graft compatibility. This work provides new evidence that graft compatibility may be limited to intrageneric combinations within the Solanoideae subfamily. Further research amongst additional Solanaceous species can be used to test the extent to which our hypothesis applies to this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Thomas
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Alice Gevorgyan
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Margaret H Frank
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Sheikh TMM, Zhou D, Ali H, Hussain S, Wang N, Chen S, Zhao Y, Wen X, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang L, Deng S, Feng H, Raza W, Fu P, Peng H, Wei L, Daly P. Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by the Biocontrol Agent Pythium oligandrum Contribute to Ginger Plant Growth and Disease Resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0151023. [PMID: 37534988 PMCID: PMC10433877 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01510-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The oomycete Pythium oligandrum is a potential biocontrol agent to control a wide range of fungal and oomycete-caused diseases, such as Pythium myriotylum-caused rhizome rot in ginger, leading to reduced yields and compromised quality. Previously, P. oligandrum has been studied for its plant growth-promoting potential by auxin production and induction of disease resistance by elicitors such as oligandrin. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play beneficial roles in sustainable agriculture by enhancing plant growth and resistance. We investigated the contribution of P. oligandrum-produced VOCs on plant growth and disease suppression by initially using Nicotiana benthamiana plants for screening. P. oligandrum VOCs significantly enhanced tobacco seedling and plant biomass contents. Screening of the individual VOCs showed that 3-octanone and hexadecane promoted the growth of tobacco seedlings. The total VOCs from P. oligandrum also enhanced the shoot and root growth of ginger plants. Transcriptomic analysis showed a higher expression of genes related to plant growth hormones and stress responses in the leaves of ginger plants exposed to P. oligandrum VOCs. The concentrations of plant growth hormones such as auxin, zeatin, and gibberellic acid were higher in the leaves of ginger plants exposed to P. oligandrum VOCs. In a ginger disease biocontrol assay, the VOC-exposed ginger plants infected with P. myriotylum had lower levels of disease severity. We conclude that this study contributes to understanding the growth-promoting mechanisms of P. oligandrum on ginger and tobacco, priming of ginger plants against various stresses, and the mechanisms of action of P. oligandrum as a biocontrol agent. IMPORTANCE Plant growth promotion plays a vital role in enhancing production of agricultural crops, and Pythium oligandrum is known for its plant growth-promoting potential through production of auxins and induction of resistance by elicitors. This study highlights the significance of P. oligandrum-produced VOCs in plant growth promotion and disease resistance. Transcriptomic analyses of leaves of ginger plants exposed to P. oligandrum VOCs revealed the upregulation of genes involved in plant growth hormone signaling and stress responses. Moreover, the concentration of growth hormones significantly increased in P. oligandrum VOC-exposed ginger plants. Additionally, the disease severity was reduced in P. myriotylum-infected ginger plants exposed to P. oligandrum VOCs. In ginger, P. myriotylum-caused rhizome rot disease results in severe losses, and biocontrol has a role as part of an integrated pest management strategy for rhizome rot disease. Overall, growth enhancement and disease reduction in plants exposed to P. oligandrum-produced VOCs contribute to its role as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Majid Mahmood Sheikh
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Haider Ali
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarfraz Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Siqiao Chen
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yishen Zhao
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xian Wen
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lunji Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Sheng Deng
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Waseem Raza
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengxiao Fu
- Jiangsu Coastal Ecological Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Jiangsu Coastal Ecological Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Paul Daly
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province—State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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9
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Bakirbas A, Castro-Rodriguez R, Walker EL. The Small RNA Component of Arabidopsis thaliana Phloem Sap and Its Response to Iron Deficiency. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2782. [PMID: 37570935 PMCID: PMC10421156 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to discover sRNA that might function during iron deficiency stress, RNA was prepared from phloem exudates of Arabidopsis thaliana, and used for RNA-seq. Bioanalyzer results indicate that abundant RNA from phloem is small in size-less than 200 nt. Moreover, typical rRNA bands were not observed. Sequencing of eight independent phloem RNA samples indicated that tRNA-derived fragments, specifically 5' tRFs and 5' tRNA halves, are highly abundant in phloem sap, comprising about 46% of all reads. In addition, a set of miRNAs that are present in phloem sap was defined, and several miRNAs and sRNAs were identified that are differentially expressed during iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Bakirbas
- Biology Department and Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | | | - Elsbeth L. Walker
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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10
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Tamilselvan-Nattar-Amutha S, Hiekel S, Hartmann F, Lorenz J, Dabhi RV, Dreissig S, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Heckmann S. Barley stripe mosaic virus-mediated somatic and heritable gene editing in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1201446. [PMID: 37404527 PMCID: PMC10315673 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1201446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing strategies in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) typically rely on Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation for the delivery of required genetic reagents involving tissue culture techniques. These approaches are genotype-dependent, time-consuming, and labor-intensive, which hampers rapid genome editing in barley. More recently, plant RNA viruses have been engineered to transiently express short guide RNAs facilitating CRISPR/Cas9-based targeted genome editing in plants that constitutively express Cas9. Here, we explored virus-induced genome editing (VIGE) based on barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) in Cas9-transgenic barley. Somatic and heritable editing in the ALBOSTRIANS gene (CMF7) resulting in albino/variegated chloroplast-defective barley mutants is shown. In addition, somatic editing in meiosis-related candidate genes in barley encoding ASY1 (an axis-localized HORMA domain protein), MUS81 (a DNA structure-selective endonuclease), and ZYP1 (a transverse filament protein of the synaptonemal complex) was achieved. Hence, the presented VIGE approach using BSMV enables rapid somatic and also heritable targeted gene editing in barley.
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11
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Heeney M, Frank MH. The mRNA mobileome: challenges and opportunities for deciphering signals from the noise. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1817-1833. [PMID: 36881847 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Organismal communication entails encoding a message that is sent over space or time to a recipient cell, where that message is decoded to activate a downstream response. Defining what qualifies as a functional signal is essential for understanding intercellular communication. In this review, we delve into what is known and unknown in the field of long-distance messenger RNA (mRNA) movement and draw inspiration from the field of information theory to provide a perspective on what defines a functional signaling molecule. Although numerous studies support the long-distance movement of hundreds to thousands of mRNAs through the plant vascular system, only a small handful of these transcripts have been associated with signaling functions. Deciphering whether mobile mRNAs generally serve a role in plant communication has been challenging, due to our current lack of understanding regarding the factors that influence mRNA mobility. Further insight into unsolved questions regarding the nature of mobile mRNAs could provide an understanding of the signaling potential of these macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Heeney
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 14853 Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Margaret H Frank
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 14853 Ithaca, NY, USA
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12
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Jeynes-Cupper K, Catoni M. Long distance signalling and epigenetic changes in crop grafting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1121704. [PMID: 37021313 PMCID: PMC10067726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Humans have used grafting for more than 4000 years to improve plant production, through physically joining two different plants, which can continue to grow as a single organism. Today, grafting is becoming increasingly more popular as a technique to increase the production of herbaceous horticultural crops, where rootstocks can introduce traits such as resistance to several pathogens and/or improving the plant vigour. Research in model plants have documented how long-distance signalling mechanisms across the graft junction, together with epigenetic regulation, can produce molecular and phenotypic changes in grafted plants. Yet, most of the studied examples rely on proof-of-concept experiments or on limited specific cases. This review explores the link between research findings in model plants and crop species. We analyse studies investigating the movement of signalling molecules across the graft junction and their implications on epigenetic regulation. The improvement of genomics analyses and the increased availability of genetic resources has allowed to collect more information on potential benefits of grafting in horticultural crop models. Ultimately, further research into this topic will enhance our ability to use the grafting technique to exploit genetic and epigenetic variation in crops, as an alternative to traditional breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Catoni
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Torino, Italy
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13
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Yang L, Zhou Y, Wang S, Xu Y, Ostendorp S, Tomkins M, Kehr J, Morris RJ, Kragler F. Noncell-autonomous HSC70.1 chaperone displays homeostatic feedback regulation by binding its own mRNA. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2404-2421. [PMID: 36564968 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The HSC70/HSP70 family of heat shock proteins are evolutionarily conserved chaperones involved in protein folding, protein transport, and RNA binding. Arabidopsis HSC70 chaperones are thought to act as housekeeping chaperones and as such are involved in many growth-related pathways. Whether Arabidopsis HSC70 binds RNA and whether this interaction is functional has remained an open question. We provide evidence that the HSC70.1 chaperone binds its own mRNA via its C-terminal short variable region (SVR) and inhibits its own translation. The SVR encoding mRNA region is necessary for HSC70.1 transcript mobility to distant tissues and that HSC70.1 transcript and not protein mobility is required to rescue root growth and flowering time of hsc70 mutants. We propose that this negative protein-transcript feedback loop may establish an on-demand chaperone pool that allows for a rapid response to stress. In summary, our data suggest that the Arabidopsis HSC70.1 chaperone can form a complex with its own transcript to regulate its translation and that both protein and transcript can act in a noncell-autonomous manner, potentially maintaining chaperone homeostasis between tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Shuangfeng Wang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Ying Xu
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Steffen Ostendorp
- Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melissa Tomkins
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Julia Kehr
- Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard J Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Golm, Germany
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14
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Li Q, Gao Y, Wang K, Feng J, Sun S, Lu X, Liu Z, Zhao D, Li L, Wang D. Transcriptome Analysis of the Effects of Grafting Interstocks on Apple Rootstocks and Scions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010807. [PMID: 36614250 PMCID: PMC9821396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apples are a major horticultural crop worldwide. Grafting techniques are widely utilized in apple production to keep the varieties pure. Interstocks are frequently used in Northern China to achieve intensive apple dwarfing cultivation. High-throughput sequencing was used to investigate differentially expressed genes in the phloem tissues of two different xenograft systems, M ('Gala'/'Mac 9'/Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.) and B ('Gala'/Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.). The results showed that dwarfing interstocks could significantly reduce the height and diameters of apple trees while have few effects on the growth of annual branches. The interstocks were found to regulate the expression of genes related to hormone metabolism and tree body control (GH3.9, PIN1, CKI1, ARP1, GA2ox1 and GA20ox1), these effects may attribute the dwarf characters for apple trees with interstocks. Besides, the interstocks reduce photosynthesis-related genes (MADH-ME4 and GAPC), promote carbon (C) metabolism gene expression (AATP1, GDH and PFK3), promote the expression of nitrogen (N)-metabolism-related genes (NRT2.7, NADH and GDH) in rootstocks, and improve the expression of genes related to secondary metabolism in scions (DX5, FPS1, TPS21 and SRG1). We also concluded that the interstocks acquired early blooming traits due to promotion of the expression of flowering genes in the scion (MOF1, FTIP7, AGL12 and AGL24). This study is a valuable resource regarding the molecular mechanisms of dwarf interstocks' influence on various biological processes and transplantation systems in both scions and rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, No. 98 Xinghai South Street, Xingcheng 125100, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Horticulture, Agricultural College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, No. 98 Xinghai South Street, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, No. 98 Xinghai South Street, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Jianrong Feng
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Horticulture, Agricultural College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Simiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, No. 98 Xinghai South Street, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, No. 98 Xinghai South Street, Xingcheng 125100, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Horticulture, Agricultural College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, No. 98 Xinghai South Street, Xingcheng 125100, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Horticulture, Agricultural College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Deying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, No. 98 Xinghai South Street, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Lianwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, No. 98 Xinghai South Street, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Dajiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, No. 98 Xinghai South Street, Xingcheng 125100, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-429-359-8120
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15
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Scion-to-Rootstock Mobile Transcription Factor CmHY5 Positively Modulates the Nitrate Uptake Capacity of Melon Scion Grafted on Squash Rootstock. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010162. [PMID: 36613606 PMCID: PMC9820822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally recognized that the root uptake capacity of grafted plants strongly depends on the rootstocks' well-developed root system. However, we found that grafted plants showed different nitrate uptake capacities when different varieties of oriental melon scion were grafted onto the same squash rootstock, suggesting that the scion regulated the nitrate uptake capacity of the rootstock root. In this study, we estimated the nitrate uptake capacity of grafted plants with the different oriental melon varieties' seedlings grafted onto the same squash rootstocks. The results indicated a significant difference in the nitrate uptake rate and activity of two heterologous grafting plants. We also showed a significant difference in CmoNRT2.1 expression in the roots of two grafting combinations and verified the positive regulation of nitrate uptake by CmoNRT2.1 expression. In addition, the two varieties of oriental melon scion had highly significant differences in CmHY5 expression, which was transported to the rootstock and positively induced CmoHY5-1 and CmoHY5-2 expression in the rootstock roots. Meanwhile, CmHY5 could positively regulate CmoNRT2.1 expression in the rootstock roots. Furthermore, CmoHY5-1 and CmoHY5-2 also positively regulated CmoNRT2.1 expression, respectively, and CmoHY5-1 dominated the positive regulation of CmoNRT2.1, while CmHY5 could interact with CmoHY5-1 and CmoHY5-2, respectively, to jointly regulate CmoNRT2.1 expression. The oriental melon scion regulated the nitrate uptake capacity of the melon/squash grafting plant roots, and the higher expression of CmHY5 in the oriental melon scion leaves, the more substantial the nitrate uptake capacity of squash rootstock roots.
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16
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Tomkins M, Hoerbst F, Gupta S, Apelt F, Kehr J, Kragler F, Morris RJ. Exact Bayesian inference for the detection of graft-mobile transcripts from sequencing data. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220644. [PMID: 36514890 PMCID: PMC9748499 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-distance transport of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) has been shown to be important for several developmental processes in plants. A popular method for identifying travelling mRNAs is to perform RNA-Seq on grafted plants. This approach depends on the ability to correctly assign sequenced mRNAs to the genetic background from which they originated. The assignment is often based on the identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between otherwise identical sequences. A major challenge is therefore to distinguish SNPs from sequencing errors. Here, we show how Bayes factors can be computed analytically using RNA-Seq data over all the SNPs in an mRNA. We used simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework and demonstrate how Bayes factors accurately identify graft-mobile transcripts. The comparison with other detection methods using simulated data shows how not taking the variability in read depth, error rates and multiple SNPs per transcript into account can lead to incorrect classification. Our results suggest experimental design criteria for successful graft-mobile mRNA detection and show the pitfalls of filtering for sequencing errors or focusing on single SNPs within an mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tomkins
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, UK
| | - Franziska Hoerbst
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, UK
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Max Planck Institute, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Federico Apelt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Max Planck Institute, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Julia Kehr
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Max Planck Institute, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Richard J. Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, UK
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17
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Yang L, Xia L, Zeng Y, Han Q, Zhang S. Grafting enhances plants drought resistance: Current understanding, mechanisms, and future perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1015317. [PMID: 36275555 PMCID: PMC9583147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Drought, one of the most severe and complex abiotic stresses, is increasingly occurring due to global climate change and adversely affects plant growth and yield. Grafting is a proven and effective tool to enhance plant drought resistance ability by regulating their physiological and molecular processes. In this review, we have summarized the current understanding, mechanisms, and perspectives of the drought stress resistance of grafted plants. Plants resist drought through adaptive changes in their root, stem, and leaf morphology and structure, stomatal closure modulation to reduce transpiration, activating osmoregulation, enhancing antioxidant systems, and regulating phytohormones and gene expression changes. Additionally, the mRNAs, miRNAs and peptides crossing the grafted healing sites also confer drought resistance. However, the interaction between phytohormones, establishment of the scion-rootstock communication through genetic materials to enhance drought resistance is becoming a hot research topic. Therefore, our review provides not only physiological evidences for selecting drought-resistant rootstocks or scions, but also a clear understanding of the potential molecular effects to enhance drought resistance using grafted plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linchao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingquan Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Gorgues L, Li X, Maurel C, Martinière A, Nacry P. Root osmotic sensing from local perception to systemic responses. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:36. [PMID: 37676549 PMCID: PMC10442022 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants face a constantly changing environment, requiring fine tuning of their growth and development. Plants have therefore developed numerous mechanisms to cope with environmental stress conditions. One striking example is root response to water deficit. Upon drought (which causes osmotic stress to cells), plants can among other responses alter locally their root system architecture (hydropatterning) or orientate their root growth to optimize water uptake (hydrotropism). They can also modify their hydraulic properties, metabolism and development coordinately at the whole root and plant levels. Upstream of these developmental and physiological changes, plant roots must perceive and transduce signals for water availability. Here, we review current knowledge on plant osmotic perception and discuss how long distance signaling can play a role in signal integration, leading to the great phenotypic plasticity of roots and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Gorgues
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Xuelian Li
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Maurel
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Nacry
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
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19
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Monden K, Kamiya T, Sugiura D, Suzuki T, Nakagawa T, Hachiya T. Root-specific activation of plasma membrane H +-ATPase 1 enhances plant growth and shoot accumulation of nutrient elements under nutrient-poor conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 621:39-45. [PMID: 35810589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase contributes to nutrient uptake and stomatal opening by creating proton gradient across the membrane. Previous studies report that a dominant mutation in the OPEN STOMATA2 locus (OST2-2D) constitutively activates Arabidopsis PM H+-ATPase 1 (AHA1), which enlarges proton motive force for root nutrient uptake. However, the stomatal opening is also constitutively enhanced in the ost2-2D, causing drought hypersensitivity. To develop plants with improved nutrient acquisition and normal stomatal movement, we generated grafted plants (scion/rootstock: Col-0 (WT)/ost2-2D), and compared their growth, nutrient element content, and transcriptomes with those of control plants (WT/WT) under nutrient-rich or nutrient-poor conditions. WT/ost2-2D shoots had larger weights, rosette diameter, leaf blade area, and content of C, N, K, Ca, S, P, Mg, Na, Mn, B, Co, and Mo under nutrient-poor conditions compared with WT/WT shoots. The root weights and primary root length were greater in WT/ost2-2D plants than in WT/WT plants under both nutrient conditions. Root expression of the high-affinity nitrate transporter NRT2.1, potassium transporter HAK5, and divalent cation transporter IRT1 was higher in WT/ost2-2D plants than in WT/WT plants under nutrient-poor conditions. These results suggest that root-specific activation of PM H+-ATPase enhances plant growth by increasing root uptake of nutrient elements under nutrient-poor conditions. Our study presents a novel approach to improving nutrient uptake efficiency in crops for low-input sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Monden
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takushi Hachiya
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan.
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20
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Spinach-based RNA mimicking GFP in plant cells. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:423-428. [PMID: 35267109 PMCID: PMC9197860 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinach RNA-mimicking GFP (S-RMG) has been successfully used to monitor cellular RNAs including microRNAs in bacterium, yeast, and human cells. However, S-RMG has not been established in plants. In this study, we found that like bacterial, yeast, and human cellular tRNAs, plant tRNAs such as tRNALys can protect and/or stabilize the Spinach RNA aptamer interaction with the fluorophore DFHBI enabling detectable levels of green fluorescence to be emitted. The tRNALys-Spinach-tRNALys, once delivered into "chloroplast-free" onion epidermal cells can emit strong green fluorescence in the presence of DFHBI. Our results demonstrate for the first time that Spinach-based RNA visualization has the potential for in vivo monitoring of RNAs in plant cells.
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21
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Kehr J, Morris RJ, Kragler F. Long-Distance Transported RNAs: From Identity to Function. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:457-474. [PMID: 34910585 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070121-033601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is now a wealth of data, from different plants and labs and spanning more than two decades, which unequivocally demonstrates that RNAs can be transported over long distances, from the cell where they are transcribed to distal cells in other tissues. Different types of RNA molecules are transported, including micro- and messenger RNAs. Whether these RNAs are selected for transport and, if so, how they are selected and transported remain, in general, open questions. This aspect is likely not independent of the biological function and relevance of the transported RNAs, which are in most cases still unclear. In this review, we summarize the experimental data supporting selectivity or nonselectivity of RNA translocation and review the evidence for biological functions. After discussing potential issues regarding the comparability between experiments, we propose criteria that need to be critically evaluated to identify important signaling RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kehr
- Department of Biology, Institute for Plant Sciences and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Richard J Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom;
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Department II, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
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22
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Hao P, Lv X, Fu M, Xu Z, Tian J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Wu T, Han Z. Long-distance mobile mRNA CAX3 modulates iron uptake and zinc compartmentalization. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53698. [PMID: 35254714 PMCID: PMC9066076 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency in plants can lead to excessive absorption of zinc; however, important details of this mechanism have yet to be elucidated. Here, we report that MdCAX3 mRNA is transported from the leaf to the root, and that MdCAX3 is then activated by MdCXIP1. Suppression of MdCAX3 expression leads to an increase in the root apoplastic pH, which is associated with the iron deficiency response. Notably, overexpression of MdCAX3 does not affect the apoplastic pH in a MdCXIP1 loss-of-function Malus baccata (Mb) mutant that has a deletion in the MdCXIP1 promoter. This deletion in Mb weakens MdCXIP1 expression. Co-expression of MdCAX3 and MdCXIP1 in Mb causes a decrease in the root apoplastic pH. Furthermore, suppressing MdCAX3 in Malus significantly reduces zinc vacuole compartmentalization. We also show that MdCAX3 activated by MdCXIP1 is not only involved in iron uptake, but also in regulating zinc detoxification by compartmentalizing zinc in vacuoles to avoid iron starvation-induced zinc toxicity. Thus, mobile MdCAX3 mRNA is involved in the regulation of iron and zinc homeostasis in response to iron starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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23
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Mobile Messenger RNAs in Grafts of Salix matsudana Are Associated with Plant Rooting. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNAs exchanged between scions and rootstocks of grafted plants seriously affect their traits performance. The study goals were to identify the long-distance mRNA transmission events in grafted willows using a transcriptome analysis and to reveal the possible effects on rooting traits. The results showed that the Salix matsudana variety 9901 has better rooting ability than YJ, which reasonably improved the rooting performance of the heterologous grafts 9901 (scion)/YJ (rootstock). A transcriptome analysis showed that 2948 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were present in the rootstock of 9901/YJ grafted plants in comparison with YJ/YJ. Among them, 692 were identified as mRNAs moved from 9901 scion based on SNP analysis of two parents. They were mostly 1001–1500 bp, had 40–45% GC contents, or had expression abundance values less than 10. However, mRNAs over 4001 bp, having 50–55% GC contents, or having expression abundance values of 10–20 were preferentially transferred. Eight mRNAs subjected to long-distance trafficking were involved in the plant hormone pathways and may significantly promote the root growth of grafted plants. In summary, heterologous grafts of Salix matsudana could efficiently influence plant rooting of the mRNAs transport from scion to rootstock.
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24
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Habibi F, Liu T, Folta K, Sarkhosh A. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grafting in fruit trees. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac032. [PMID: 35184166 PMCID: PMC8976691 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a widely used practice for asexual propagation of fruit trees. Many physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes occur upon grafting that can influence important horticultural traits. This technology has many advantages, including avoidance of juvenility, modifying the scion architecture, improving productivity, adapting scion cultivars to unfavourable environmental conditions, and developing traits in resistance to insect pests, bacterial and fungal diseases. A limitation of grafting is scion-rootstock incompatibility. It may be caused by many factors, including insufficient genetic proximity, physiological or biochemical factors, lignification at the graft union, poor graft architecture, insufficient cell recognition between union tissues, and metabolic differences in the scion and the rootstock. Plant hormones, like auxin, ethylene (ET), cytokinin (CK), gibberellin (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA) orchestrate several crucial physiological and biochemical processes happening at the site of the graft union. Additionally, epigenetic changes at the union affect chromatin architecture by DNA methylation, histone modification, and the action of small RNA molecules. The mechanism triggering these effects likely is affected by hormonal crosstalk, protein and small molecules movement, nutrients uptake, and transport in the grafted trees. This review provides an overview of the basis of physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of fruit tree grafting between scion and rootstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Habibi
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Tie Liu
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Kevin Folta
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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25
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Liu W, Wang Q, Zhang R, Liu M, Wang C, Liu Z, Xiang C, Lu X, Zhang X, Li X, Wang T, Gao L, Zhang W. Rootstock-scion exchanging mRNAs participate in the pathways of amino acids and fatty acid metabolism in cucumber under early chilling stress. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac031. [PMID: 35184197 PMCID: PMC9039506 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) often experiences chilling stress that limits their growth and productivity. Grafting is widely used to improve abiotic stress resistance by alternating a vigorous root system, suggesting there exists systemic signals communication between distant organs. mRNAs are reported to be evolving in fortification strategies by long-distance signaling when plants suffering from chilling stress. However, the potential function of mobile mRNAs alleviating chilling stress in grafted cucumber is still unknown. Here, the physiological changes, mobile mRNAs profiling, transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in above- and underground tissues of all graft combinations of cucumber and pumpkin responding to chilling stress were established and analyzed comprehensively. The co-relationship between the cluster of chilling-induced pumpkin mobile mRNAs with Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) and Differentially Intensive Metabolites (DIMs) revealed that four key chilling-induced pumpkin mobile mRNAs were highly related to glycine, serine and threonine synthesis and fatty acid β-oxidative degradation metabolism in cucumber tissues of heterografts. The verification of mobile mRNAs, potential transport of metabolites and exogenous application of key metabolites of glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway in cucumber seedlings confirmed that the role of mobile mRNAs in regulating chilling responses in grafted cucumber. Our results build a link between the long-distance mRNAs of chilling-tolerant pumpkin and the fatty acid β-oxidative degradation metabolism of chilling-sensitive cucumber. It helps to uncover the mechanism of signaling interaction between scion and stock responding to chilling tolerant in grafted cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruoyan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengshuang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zixi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chenggang Xiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, HongHe University, Mengzi, Yunnan 661100, China
| | - Xiaohong Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenna Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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26
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Davoudi M, Song M, Zhang M, Chen J, Lou Q. Long-distance control of pumpkin rootstock over cucumber scion under drought stress as revealed by transcriptome sequencing and mobile mRNAs identifications. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab033. [PMID: 35043177 PMCID: PMC8854630 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Grafting with pumpkin rootstock is commonly used not only to improve the quality of cucumber fruits but also to confer biotic or abiotic stress tolerance. However, the molecular mechanism of grafted cucumbers to drought stress and the possible roles of mobile mRNAs to improve stress tolerance have remained obscure. Hence, we conducted transcriptome sequencing and combined it with morpho-physiological experiments to compare the response of homografts (cucumber as scion and rootstock) (C) and heterografts (cucumber as scion and pumpkin as rootstock) (P) to drought stress. After applying drought stress, homografts and heterografts expressed 2960 and 3088 genes in response to drought stress, respectively. The identified DEGs in heterografts under drought stress were categorized into different stress-responsive groups, such as carbohydrate metabolism (involved in osmotic adjustment by sugar accumulation), lipid and cell wall metabolism (involved in cell membrane integrity by a reduction in lipid peroxidation), redox homeostasis (increased antioxidant enzymes activities), phytohormone (increased ABA content), protein kinases and transcription factors (TFs) using MapMan software. Earlier and greater H2O2 accumulation in xylem below the graft union was accompanied by leaf ABA accumulation in heterografts in response to drought stress. Greater leaf ABA helped heterografted cucumbers to sense and respond to drought stress earlier than homografts. The timely response of heterografts to drought stress led to maintain higher water content in the leaves even in the late stage of drought stress. The identified mobile mRNAs (mb-mRNAs) in heterografts were mostly related to photosynthesis which would be the possible reason for improved chlorophyll content and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm). The existence of some stress-responsive pumpkin (rootstock) mRNAs in cucumber (scion), such as heat shock protein (HSP70, a well-known stress-responsive gene), led to the higher proline accumulation than homografts. The expression of the mobile and immobile stress-responsive mRNAs and timely response of heterografts to drought stress could improve drought tolerance in pumpkin-rooted plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Davoudi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street 13 No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengfei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street 13 No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street 13 No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street 13 No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qunfeng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street 13 No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
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27
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Yu Z, Chen W, Wang Y, Zhang P, Shi N, Hong Y. Mobile Flowering Locus T RNA - Biological Relevance and Biotechnological Potential. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:792192. [PMID: 35046978 PMCID: PMC8761650 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.792192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many systemically mobile mRNAs have been revealed in phloem. However, very few of them have been found to be of clear signaling functions. One of such rare examples is the mobile Flowering locus T (FT) mRNA despite the continuous debate about its mobility and biological relevance to the control of flowering time in plants. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence supports the notion of the long-distance movement of FT mRNA from leaf to shoot apex meristem and its role in flowering. In this review, we discuss the discovery of florigenic FT, the initial debate on long-distance movement of FT mRNA, emerging evidence to prove its mobility, and the use of mobile FT mRNA to generate heritable transgenerational gene editing in plants. We elaborate on evidence from virus-based RNA mobility assay, plant grafting, RNA with fluorescent protein labeling, and CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology, to demonstrate that the FT mRNA besides the FT protein can move systemically and function as an integral component of the florigenic signal in flowering. We also propose a model to prompt further research on the molecular mechanism underlying the long-distance movement of this important mobile signaling RNA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Yu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nongnong Shi
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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28
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Deng Z, Wu H, Li D, Li L, Wang Z, Yuan W, Xing Y, Li C, Liang D. Root-to-Shoot Long-Distance Mobile miRNAs Identified from Nicotiana Rootstocks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12821. [PMID: 34884626 PMCID: PMC8657949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-derived mobile signals play critical roles in coordinating a shoot's response to underground conditions. However, the identification of root-to-shoot long-distance mobile signals has been scant. In this study, we aimed to characterize root-to-shoot endogenous mobile miRNAs by using an Arabidopsis/Nicotiana interfamilial heterograft in which these two taxonomically distant species with clear genetic backgrounds had sufficient diversity in differentiating miRNA sources. Small RNA deep sequencing analysis revealed that 82 miRNAs from the Arabidopsis scion could travel through the graft union to reach the rootstock, whereas only a very small subset of miRNA (6 miRNAs) preferred the root-to-shoot movement. We demonstrated in an ex vivo RNA imaging experiment that the root-to-shoot mobile Nb-miR164, Nb-miR395 and Nb-miR397 were targeted to plasmodesmata using the bacteriophage coat protein MS2 system. Furthermore, the Nb-miR164 was shown to move from the roots to the shoots to induce phenotypic changes when its overexpressing line was used as rootstock, strongly supporting that root-derived Nb-miR164 was able to modify the scion trait via its long-distance movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuying Deng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Z.D.); (H.W.); (D.L.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Huiyan Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Z.D.); (H.W.); (D.L.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Dongyi Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Z.D.); (H.W.); (D.L.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Luping Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Z.D.); (H.W.); (D.L.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Z.D.); (H.W.); (D.L.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Wenya Yuan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of BioResources, State Key Lab of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Yongzhong Xing
- National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - Dacheng Liang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; (Z.D.); (H.W.); (D.L.); (L.L.); (Z.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
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29
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Kurotani KI, Notaguchi M. Cell-to-Cell Connection in Plant Grafting-Molecular Insights into Symplasmic Reconstruction. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1362-1371. [PMID: 34252186 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a means to connect tissues from two individual plants and grow a single chimeric plant through the establishment of both apoplasmic and symplasmic connections. Recent molecular studies using RNA-sequencing data have provided genetic information on the processes involved in tissue reunion, including wound response, cell division, cell-cell adhesion, cell differentiation and vascular formation. Thus, studies on grafting increase our understanding of various aspects of plant biology. Grafting has also been used to study systemic signaling and transport of micromolecules and macromolecules in the plant body. Given that graft viability and molecular transport across graft junctions largely depend on vascular formation, a major focus in grafting biology has been the mechanism of vascular development. In addition, it has been thought that symplasmic connections via plasmodesmata are fundamentally important to share cellular information among newly proliferated cells at the graft interface and to accomplish tissue differentiation correctly. Therefore, this review focuses on plasmodesmata formation during grafting. We take advantage of interfamily grafts for unambiguous identification of the graft interface and summarize morphological aspects of de novo formation of plasmodesmata. Important molecular events are addressed by re-examining the time-course transcriptome of interfamily grafts, from which we recently identified the cell-cell adhesion mechanism. Plasmodesmata-associated genes upregulated during graft healing that may provide a link to symplasm establishment are described. We also discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kurotani
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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30
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Hezema YS, Shukla MR, Goel A, Ayyanath MM, Sherif SM, Saxena PK. Rootstocks Overexpressing StNPR1 and StDREB1 Improve Osmotic Stress Tolerance of Wild-Type Scion in Transgrafted Tobacco Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8398. [PMID: 34445105 PMCID: PMC8395105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In grafted plants, the movement of long-distance signals from rootstocks can modulate the development and function of the scion. To understand the mechanisms by which tolerant rootstocks improve scion responses to osmotic stress (OS) conditions, mRNA transport of osmotic responsive genes (ORGs) was evaluated in a tomato/potato heterograft system. In this system, Solanum tuberosum was used as a rootstock and Solanum lycopersicum as a scion. We detected changes in the gene expression levels of 13 out of the 21 ORGs tested in the osmotically stressed plants; of these, only NPR1 transcripts were transported across the graft union under both normal and OS conditions. Importantly, OS increased the abundance of StNPR1 transcripts in the tomato scion. To examine mRNA mobility in transgrafted plants, StNPR1 and StDREB1 genes representing the mobile and non-mobile transcripts, respectively, were overexpressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The evaluation of transgenic tobacco plants indicated that overexpression of these genes enhanced the growth and improved the physiological status of transgenic plants growing under OS conditions induced by NaCl, mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG). We also found that transgenic tobacco rootstocks increased the OS tolerance of the WT-scion. Indeed, WT scions on transgenic rootstocks had higher ORGs transcript levels than their counterparts on non-transgenic rootstocks. However, neither StNPR1 nor StDREB1 transcripts were transported from the transgenic rootstock to the wild-type (WT) tobacco scion, suggesting that other long-distance signals downstream these transgenes could have moved across the graft union leading to OS tolerance. Overall, our results signify the importance of StNPR1 and StDREB1 as two anticipated candidates for the development of stress-resilient crops through transgrafting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine S. Hezema
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Y.S.H.); (M.R.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.A.)
- Department of Horticulture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22713, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Mukund R. Shukla
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Y.S.H.); (M.R.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Alok Goel
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Y.S.H.); (M.R.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Murali M. Ayyanath
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Y.S.H.); (M.R.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Sherif M. Sherif
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA 22602, USA
| | - Praveen K. Saxena
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Y.S.H.); (M.R.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.A.)
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31
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The interplay of phloem-mobile signals in plant development and stress response. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226464. [PMID: 32955092 PMCID: PMC7538631 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants integrate a variety of biotic and abiotic factors for optimal growth in their given environment. While some of these responses are local, others occur distally. Hence, communication of signals perceived in one organ to a second, distal part of the plant and the coordinated developmental response require an intricate signaling system. To do so, plants developed a bipartite vascular system that mediates the uptake of water, minerals, and nutrients from the soil; transports high-energy compounds and building blocks; and traffics essential developmental and stress signals. One component of the plant vasculature is the phloem. The development of highly sensitive mass spectrometry and molecular methods in the last decades has enabled us to explore the full complexity of the phloem content. As a result, our view of the phloem has evolved from a simple transport path of photoassimilates to a major highway for pathogens, hormones and developmental signals. Understanding phloem transport is essential to comprehend the coordination of environmental inputs with plant development and, thus, ensure food security. This review discusses recent developments in its role in long-distance signaling and highlights the role of some of the signaling molecules. What emerges is an image of signaling paths that do not just involve single molecules but rather, quite frequently an interplay of several distinct molecular classes, many of which appear to be transported and acting in concert.
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32
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Gu M, Hu X, Wang T, Xu G. Modulation of plant root traits by nitrogen and phosphate: transporters, long-distance signaling proteins and peptides, and potential artificial traps. BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:62-75. [PMID: 33762877 PMCID: PMC7973493 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants rely on their roots for anchorage and uptake of water and nutrients. Plant root is an organ showing extensive morphological and metabolic plasticity in response to diverse environmental stimuli including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrition/stresses. N and P are two essential macronutrients serving as not only cell structural components but also local and systemic signals triggering root acclimatory responses. Here, we mainly focused on the current advances on root responses to N and P nutrition/stresses regarding transporters as well as long-distance mobile proteins and peptides, which largely represent local and systemic regulators, respectively. Moreover, we exemplified some of the potential pitfalls in experimental design, which has been routinely adopted for decades. These commonly accepted methods may help researchers gain fundamental mechanistic insights into plant intrinsic responses, yet the output might lack strong relevance to the real situation in the context of natural and agricultural ecosystems. On this basis, we further discuss the established-and yet to be validated-improvements in experimental design, aiming at interpreting the data obtained under laboratory conditions in a more practical view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Xu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
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Kapazoglou A, Tani E, Avramidou EV, Abraham EM, Gerakari M, Megariti S, Doupis G, Doulis AG. Epigenetic Changes and Transcriptional Reprogramming Upon Woody Plant Grafting for Crop Sustainability in a Changing Environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:613004. [PMID: 33510757 PMCID: PMC7835530 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.613004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant grafting is an ancient agricultural practice widely employed in crops such as woody fruit trees, grapes, and vegetables, in order to improve plant performance. Successful grafting requires the interaction of compatible scion and rootstock genotypes. This involves an intricate network of molecular mechanisms operating at the graft junction and associated with the development and the physiology of the scion, ultimately leading to improved agricultural characteristics such as fruit quality and increased tolerance/resistance to abiotic and biotic factors. Bidirectional transfer of molecular signals such as hormones, nutrients, proteins, and nucleic acids from the rootstock to the scion and vice versa have been well documented. In recent years, studies on rootstock-scion interactions have proposed the existence of an epigenetic component in grafting reactions. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and the action of small RNA molecules are known to modulate chromatin architecture, leading to gene expression changes and impacting cellular function. Mobile small RNAs (siRNAs) migrating across the graft union from the rootstock to the scion and vice versa mediate modifications in the DNA methylation pattern of the recipient partner, leading to altered chromatin structure and transcriptional reprogramming. Moreover, graft-induced DNA methylation changes and gene expression shifts in the scion have been associated with variations in graft performance. If these changes are heritable they can lead to stably altered phenotypes and affect important agricultural traits, making grafting an alternative to breeding for the production of superior plants with improved traits. However, most reviews on the molecular mechanisms underlying this process comprise studies related to vegetable grafting. In this review we will provide a comprehensive presentation of the current knowledge on the epigenetic changes and transcriptional reprogramming associated with the rootstock-scion interaction focusing on woody plant species, including the recent findings arising from the employment of advanced-omics technologies as well as transgrafting methodologies and their potential exploitation for generating superior quality grafts in woody species. Furthermore, will discuss graft-induced heritable epigenetic changes leading to novel plant phenotypes and their implication to woody crop improvement for yield, quality, and stress resilience, within the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliki Kapazoglou
- Department of Vitis, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture (IOSV), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter), Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Tani
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia V. Avramidou
- Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, Athens, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter), Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni M. Abraham
- Laboratory of Range Science, Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Gerakari
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Megariti
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Doupis
- Department of Viticulture, Vegetable Crops, Floriculture and Plant Protection, Institute of Olive Tree, Sub-Tropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter) (fr. NAGREF), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Andreas G. Doulis
- Department of Viticulture, Vegetable Crops, Floriculture and Plant Protection, Institute of Olive Tree, Sub-Tropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter) (fr. NAGREF), Heraklion, Greece
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Bartusch K, Melnyk CW. Insights Into Plant Surgery: An Overview of the Multiple Grafting Techniques for Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:613442. [PMID: 33362838 PMCID: PMC7758207 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.613442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant grafting, the ancient practice of cutting and joining different plants, is gaining popularity as an elegant way to generate chimeras that combine desirable traits. Grafting was originally developed in woody species, but the technique has evolved over the past century to now encompass a large number of herbaceous species. The use of plant grafting in science is accelerating in part due to the innovative techniques developed for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we review these developments and discuss the advantages and limitations associated with grafting various Arabidopsis tissues at diverse developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bartusch
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Charles W. Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wulf KE, Reid JB, Foo E. What drives interspecies graft union success? Exploring the role of phylogenetic relatedness and stem anatomy. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:132-147. [PMID: 32385889 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms that determine whether two species can form a successful graft union (graft compatibility) remain obscure. Two prominent hypotheses are (1) the more closely related species are, the higher the graft success and (2) the vascular anatomy at the graft junction influences graft success. In this paper these two hypotheses are examined in a systematic way using graft combinations selected from a range of (a) phylogenetically close and more distant legume species, (b) species displaying different germination patterns and (c) scions and rootstocks possessing contrasting stem tissues and vascular patterns. Relatedness of species was not a good predictor of graft compatibility, as vascular reconnection can occur between distantly related species and can fail to occur in some more closely related species. Similarly, neither the stem tissues present at the graft junction nor the vascular anatomy correlated with the success of vascular reconnection. Relatedness and stem anatomy therefore do not appear to be the determining factors in successful vascular reconnection after grafting in legumes. These results are discussed in conjunction with other hypotheses such as the role of auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Wulf
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - James B Reid
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Eloise Foo
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
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Notaguchi M, Kurotani KI, Sato Y, Tabata R, Kawakatsu Y, Okayasu K, Sawai Y, Okada R, Asahina M, Ichihashi Y, Shirasu K, Suzuki T, Niwa M, Higashiyama T. Cell-cell adhesion in plant grafting is facilitated by β-1,4-glucanases. Science 2020; 369:698-702. [PMID: 32764072 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant grafting is conducted for fruit and vegetable propagation, whereby a piece of living tissue is attached to another through cell-cell adhesion. However, graft compatibility limits combinations to closely related species, and the mechanism is poorly understood. We found that Nicotiana is capable of graft adhesion with a diverse range of angiosperms. Comparative transcriptomic analyses on graft combinations indicated that a subclade of β-1,4-glucanases secreted into the extracellular region facilitates cell wall reconstruction near the graft interface. Grafting was promoted by overexpression of the β-1,4-glucanase. Using Nicotiana stem as an interscion, we produced tomato fruits on rootstocks from other plant families. These findings demonstrate that the process of cell-cell adhesion is a potential target to enhance plant grafting techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Notaguchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- GRA&GREEN Inc., Incubation Facility, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kurotani
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryo Tabata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yaichi Kawakatsu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Koji Okayasu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yu Sawai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- GRA&GREEN Inc., Incubation Facility, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryo Okada
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masashi Asahina
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-8551, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Niwa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- GRA&GREEN Inc., Incubation Facility, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Zhang C, Qi M, Zhang X, Wang Q, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Kong Z. Rhizobial infection triggers systemic transport of endogenous RNAs between shoots and roots in soybean. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1213-1226. [PMID: 32221813 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Legumes have evolved a symbiotic relationship with rhizobial bacteria and their roots form unique nitrogen-fixing organs called nodules. Studies have shown that abiotic and biotic stresses alter the profile of gene expression and transcript mobility in plants. However, little is known about the systemic transport of RNA between roots and shoots in response to rhizobial infection on a genome-wide scale during the formation of legume-rhizobia symbiosis. In our study, we found that two soybean (Glycine max) cultivars, Peking and Williams, show a high frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms; this allowed us to characterize the origin and mobility of transcripts in hetero-grafts of these two cultivars. We identified 4,552 genes that produce mobile RNAs in soybean, and found that rhizobial infection triggers mass transport of mRNAs between shoots and roots at the early stage of nodulation. The majority of these mRNAs are of relatively low abundance and their transport occurs in a selective manner in soybean plants. Notably, the mRNAs that moved from shoots to roots at the early stage of nodulation were enriched in many nodule-related responsive processes. Moreover, the transcripts of many known symbiosis-related genes that are induced by rhizobial infection can move between shoots and roots. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of endogenous RNA transport in legume-rhizobia symbiotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meifang Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Kurotani KI, Wakatake T, Ichihashi Y, Okayasu K, Sawai Y, Ogawa S, Cui S, Suzuki T, Shirasu K, Notaguchi M. Host-parasite tissue adhesion by a secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase in the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum. Commun Biol 2020; 3:407. [PMID: 32733024 PMCID: PMC7393376 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue adhesion between plant species occurs both naturally and artificially. Parasitic plants establish intimate relationship with host plants by adhering tissues at roots or stems. Plant grafting, on the other hand, is a widely used technique in agriculture to adhere tissues of two stems. Here we found that the model Orobanchaceae parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum can be grafted on to interfamily species. To understand molecular basis of tissue adhesion between distant plant species, we conducted comparative transcriptome analyses on both infection and grafting by P. japonicum on Arabidopsis. Despite different organs, we identified the shared gene expression profile, where cell proliferation- and cell wall modification-related genes are up-regulated. Among genes commonly induced in tissue adhesion between distant species, we showed a gene encoding a secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase plays an important role for plant parasitism. Our data provide insights into the molecular commonality between parasitism and grafting in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kurotani
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takanori Wakatake
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Biocenter, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Koji Okayasu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yu Sawai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Songkui Cui
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Identification of Long-Distance Transmissible mRNA between Scion and Rootstock in Cucurbit Seedling Heterografts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155253. [PMID: 32722102 PMCID: PMC7432352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafting has been widely used to improve plant growth and tolerance in crop production, as well as for clarifying systemic mRNA signaling from donor to recipient tissues in organ-to-organ communication. In this study, we investigated graft partner interaction mechanisms of Cucumis sativus (Csa) and Cucurbita moschata (Cmo) using a large-scale endogenous mRNA transport. The results indicated that most mobile transcripts followed an allocation pathway from source to sink. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that mRNA mobility functions are universally common and individually specific. Identification of mRNA mobility between distant tissues in heterografts with RT-PCR (reverse transcription PCR), RT-qPCR (reverse transcriptional quantitative real time PCR), and clone sequencing were used to estimate 78.75% of selected mobile transcripts. Integration of bioinformatic analysis and RT-qPCR identification allowed us to hypothesize a scion-to-rootstock-to-scion feedback signal loop of Csa move-down and Cmo move-up mRNAs, where Csa scion move-down mRNAs were involved in carbon fixation and biosynthesis of amino acid pathways, and Cmo root received Csa move-down mRNA and then delivered the corresponding Cmo upward mRNA to scion to improve photosynthesis of cucumber scion. This formed a feedback signal loop of scion-to-rootstock-to scion to explain why pumpkin rootstock enhanced cucumber production in the industry, which was utilized for organ communication and mediates photosynthesis processes in heterograft cucurbit crops.
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40
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Long-Distance Movement of mRNAs in Plants. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060731. [PMID: 32531920 PMCID: PMC7356335 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance transport of information molecules in the vascular tissues could play an important role in regulating plant growth and enabling plants to cope with adverse environments. Various molecules, including hormones, proteins, small peptides and small RNAs have been detected in the vascular system and proved to have systemic signaling functions. Sporadic studies have shown that a number of mRNAs produced in the mature leaves leave their origin cells and move to distal tissues to exert important physiological functions. In the last 3-5 years, multiple heterograft systems have been developed to demonstrate that a large quantity of mRNAs are mobile in plants. Further comparison of the mobile mRNAs identified from these systems showed that the identities of these mRNAs are very diverse. Although species-specific mRNAs may regulate the unique physiological characteristic of the plant, mRNAs with conserved functions across multiple species are worth more effort in identifying universal physiological mechanisms existing in the plant kingdom.
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Ellison EE, Nagalakshmi U, Gamo ME, Huang PJ, Dinesh-Kumar S, Voytas DF. Multiplexed heritable gene editing using RNA viruses and mobile single guide RNAs. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:620-624. [PMID: 32483329 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An in planta gene editing approach was developed wherein Cas9 transgenic plants are infected with an RNA virus that expresses single guide RNAs (sgRNAs). The sgRNAs are augmented with sequences that promote cell-to-cell mobility. Mutant progeny are recovered in the next generation at frequencies ranging from 65 to 100%; up to 30% of progeny derived from plants infected with a virus expressing three sgRNAs have mutations in all three targeted loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan E Ellison
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Plant and Microbial Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ugrappa Nagalakshmi
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maria Elena Gamo
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Pin-Jui Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Savithramma Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel F Voytas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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Hao L, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhang W, Wang S, Xu C, Yu Y, Li T, Jiang F, Li W. A constitutive and drought-responsive mRNA undergoes long-distance transport in pear (Pyrus betulaefolia) phloem. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 293:110419. [PMID: 32081266 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pear is one of the most commercially important fruit trees worldwide and is widely cultivated in temperate zones. Drought stress can greatly limit pear fruit yield and quality. Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge, a drought-resistant pear rootstock that is commonly used in northern China, confers favourable characteristics to pear scions, allowing them to respond rapidly to drought stress via the transport of macromolecules such as phloem-mobile mRNAs. How drought-responsive mRNAs function as phloem-mobile signals remains unknown, however. Here, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) combined with SNP analysis to identify mobile mRNAs in P. betulaefolia. We focused on mobile mRNAs that respond to drought stress and found that the abundance of a novel mRNA named PbDRM (P. betulaefoliaDROUGHT-RESPONSIVE MOBILE GENE) significantly increased in several different scion cultivars when they were grafted onto P. betulaefolia rootstock under drought conditions. In addition, downregulating PbDRM by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) increased the drought sensitivity of P. betulaefolia. CAPS RT-PCR analysis confirmed that PbDRM mRNA moves from rootstock to scion in micrografting systems. Therefore, PbDRM mRNA acts as a phloem-mobile signal in pear under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hao
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenna Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengyuan Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunfei Yu
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianzhong Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Plant Raf-like kinases regulate the mRNA population upstream of ABA-unresponsive SnRK2 kinases under drought stress. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1373. [PMID: 32170072 PMCID: PMC7069986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SNF1-related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s) are key regulators governing the plant adaptive responses to osmotic stresses, such as drought and high salinity. Subclass III SnRK2s function as central regulators of abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and orchestrate ABA-regulated adaptive responses to osmotic stresses. Seed plants have acquired other types of osmotic stress-activated but ABA-unresponsive subclass I SnRK2s that regulate mRNA decay and promote plant growth under osmotic stresses. In contrast to subclass III SnRK2s, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the rapid activation of subclass I SnRK2s in response to osmotic stress remain elusive. Here, we report that three B4 Raf-like MAP kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) phosphorylate and activate subclass I SnRK2s under osmotic stress. Transcriptome analyses reveal that genes downstream of these MAPKKKs largely overlap with subclass I SnRK2-regulated genes under osmotic stress, which indicates that these MAPKKKs are upstream factors of subclass I SnRK2 and are directly activated by osmotic stress.
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Wang Y, Wang L, Xing N, Wu X, Wu X, Wang B, Lu Z, Xu P, Tao Y, Li G, Wang Y. A universal pipeline for mobile mRNA detection and insights into heterografting advantages under chilling stress. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:13. [PMID: 32025316 PMCID: PMC6994652 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterografting has long been used to enhance the chilling tolerance of temperature-sensitive crops, including watermelon, whose mechanism is known to involve bidirectional long-distance mRNA movements. Despite several studies reporting on mobile mRNA (mb-mRNA) profiles in plants, accurate identification of mb-mRNAs is challenging owing to an array of technical problems. Here, we developed a bioinformatical pipeline that took most of the known technical concerns into consideration and is considered to be a universal tool for mb-mRNA detection in heterografts. By applying this pipeline to a commercial watermelon-bottle gourd heterografting system, we detected 130 and 1144 mb-mRNAs upwardly and 167 and 1051 mb-mRNAs downwardly transmitted under normal and chilling-stress conditions, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated a high accuracy rate (88.2%) of mb-mRNA prediction with our pipeline. We further revealed that the mobility of mRNAs was not associated with their abundance. Functional annotation and classification implied that scions may convey the stress signal to the rootstock, subsequently triggering energy metabolism reprogramming and abscisic acid-mediated stress responses by upward movement of effective mRNAs, ultimately leading to enhanced chilling tolerance. This study provides a universal tool for mb-mRNA detection in plant heterografting systems and novel insights into heterografting advantages under chilling stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Lingping Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Nailin Xing
- Institute of Vegetables, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, 315040 China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Baogen Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Zhongfu Lu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Pei Xu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
- Present Address: College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Ye Tao
- Biozeron Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201800 China
| | - Guojing Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, 315040 China
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Aslam A, Zhao S, Azam M, Lu X, He N, Li B, Dou J, Zhu H, Liu W. Comparative analysis of primary metabolites and transcriptome changes between ungrafted and pumpkin-grafted watermelon during fruit development. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8259. [PMID: 31934503 PMCID: PMC6951286 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Grafting has been reported as a factor that influences fruit quality. However, a comprehensive study of the metabolic profile related to fruit quality and the underlying molecular mechanism in grafted watermelon has not been carried out. Metabolomics and transcriptome analysis were performed on both pumpkin-grafted watermelon and ungrafted watermelon at different developmental stages. In total, 56 primary metabolites were identified with either high or low abundance between ungrafted and pumpkin-grafted watermelon. The results indicated that ornithine, arginine, lysine (amino acids), glucose, sucrose, glucosamine (sugars), malic acid, fumaric acid and succinic acid (organic acids) were among the dominant metabolites influencing fruit quality. Additionally, comparative RNA sequence analysis on grafted and ungrafted watermelon yielded 729, 174, 128 and 356 differentially expressed genes at 10, 18, 26 and 34 days after pollination (DAP), respectively. Functional annotations of these genes indicated that grafting significantly altered the biological and metabolic processes related to fruit quality. Our comparative metabolomics and transcriptome analysis revealed that FBA2, FK, SuSy, SPS, IAI, AI and sugar transporter gene (SWT3b) might play a central role in the accumulation of glucose and sucrose, whereas higher malic acid content was attributed to high down regulation of ALMT13 and ALMT8 in pumpkin-grafted watermelon. Changes in the ornithine, glutamine, alanine, tyrosine, valine, asparagine, phenylalanine, arginine and tryptophan contents were consistent with the transcript level of their metabolic genes such as NAOD, GS, AGT, TaT, aDH1, OGDH, aDC, 4CL 1, PaL, CaT and two nitrate transporter genes (NRT1) in pumpkin-grafted watermelon. This study provides the basis for understanding the graft-responsive changes in the metabolic profile and regulatory mechanism related to fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aslam
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shengjie Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Muhammad Azam
- Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Xuqiang Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Nan He
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junling Dou
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongju Zhu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenge Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Abstract
Mobility assays coupled with RNA profiling have revealed the presence of hundreds of full-length non-cell-autonomous messenger RNAs that move through the whole plant via the phloem cell system. Monitoring the movement of these RNA signals can be difficult and time consuming. Here we describe a simple, virus-based system for surveying RNA movement by replacing specific sequences within the viral RNA genome of potato virus X (PVX) that are critical for movement with other sequences that facilitate movement. PVX is a RNA virus dependent on three small proteins that facilitate cell-to-cell transport and a coat protein (CP) required for long-distance spread of PVX. Deletion of the CP blocks movement, whereas replacing the CP with phloem-mobile RNA sequences reinstates mobility. Two experimental models validating this assay system are discussed. One involves the movement of the flowering locus T RNA that regulates floral induction and the second involves movement of StBEL5, a long-distance RNA signal that regulates tuber formation in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Yu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK.
- Worcester-Hangzhou Joint Molecular Plant Health Laboratory, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK.
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Abstract
Multicellular organisms rely on systemic signals to orchestrate diverse developmental and physiological programs. To transmit environmental stimuli that perceived in the leaves, plants recruit many mobile molecules including mobile mRNAs as systemic signals for interorgan communication. The mobile mRNAs provide an efficient and specific remote control system for plants to cope with environmental dynamics. Upon being transcribed in local tissues, mobile mRNAs are selectively targeted to plasmodesmata for cell-to-cell and long-distance translocation. The mRNA labeling system based on the RNA-binding protein MS2 provides a useful tool to investigate intracellular trafficking of mobile mRNAs in plants. Here we describe the detailed protocol to visualize intracellular trafficking of plant mobile mRNAs by using the MS2 live-cell imaging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ren Luo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Chen Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Shin Yu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ruiz M, Oustric J, Santini J, Morillon R. Synthetic Polyploidy in Grafted Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:540894. [PMID: 33224156 PMCID: PMC7674608 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.540894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polyploids have been extensively studied for breeding in the last decade. However, the use of such genotypes at the agronomical level is still limited. Polyploidization is known to modify certain plant phenotypes, while leaving most of the fundamental characteristics apparently untouched. For this reason, polyploid breeding can be very useful for improving specific traits of crop varieties, such as quality, yield, or environmental adaptation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that underlie polyploidy-induced novelty remain poorly understood. Ploidy-induced phenotypes might also include some undesired effects that need to be considered. In the case of grafted or composite crops, benefits can be provided both by the rootstock's adaptation to the soil conditions and by the scion's excellent yield and quality. Thus, grafted crops provide an extraordinary opportunity to exploit artificial polyploidy, as the effects can be independently applied and explored at the root and/or scion level, increasing the chances of finding successful combinations. The use of synthetic tetraploid (4x) rootstocks may enhance adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses in perennial crops such as apple or citrus. However, their use in commercial production is still very limited. Here, we will review the current and prospective use of artificial polyploidy for rootstock and scion improvement and the implications of their combination. The aim is to provide insight into the methods used to generate and select artificial polyploids and their limitations, the effects of polyploidy on crop phenotype (anatomy, function, quality, yield, and adaptation to stresses) and their potential agronomic relevance as scions or rootstocks in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Spain
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Julie Oustric
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal, CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corte, France
| | - Jérémie Santini
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal, CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corte, France
| | - Raphaël Morillon
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Equipe SEAPAG, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France - AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Raphaël Morillon,
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Rasool A, Mansoor S, Bhat KM, Hassan GI, Baba TR, Alyemeni MN, Alsahli AA, El-Serehy HA, Paray BA, Ahmad P. Mechanisms Underlying Graft Union Formation and Rootstock Scion Interaction in Horticultural Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:590847. [PMID: 33362818 PMCID: PMC7758432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.590847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a common practice for vegetative propagation and trait improvement in horticultural plants. A general prerequisite for successful grafting and long term survival of grafted plants is taxonomic proximity between the root stock and scion. For the success of a grafting operation, rootstock and scion should essentially be closely related. Interaction between the rootstock and scion involves complex physiological-biochemical and molecular mechanisms. Successful graft union formation involves a series of steps viz., lining up of vascular cambium, generation of a wound healing response, callus bridge formation, followed by vascular cambium formation and subsequent formation of the secondary xylem and phloem. For grafted trees compatibility between the rootstock/scion is the most essential factor for their better performance and longevity. Graft incompatibility occurs on account of a number of factors including of unfavorable physiological responses across the graft union, transmission of virus or phytoplasma and anatomical deformities of vascular tissue at the graft junction. In order to avoid the incompatibility problems, it is important to predict the same at an early stage. Phytohormones, especially auxins regulate key events in graft union formation between the rootstock and scion, while others function to facilitate the signaling pathways. Transport of macro as well as micro molecules across long distances results in phenotypic variation shown by grafted plants, therefore grafting can be used to determine the pattern and rate of recurrence of this transport. A better understanding of rootstock scion interactions, endogenous growth substances, soil or climatic factors needs to be studied, which would facilitate efficient selection and use of rootstocks in the future. Protein, hormones, mRNA and small RNA transport across the junction is currently emerging as an important mechanism which controls the stock/scion communication and simultaneously may play a crucial role in understanding the physiology of grafting more precisely. This review provides an understanding of the physiological, biochemical and molecular basis underlying grafting with special reference to horticultural plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatifa Rasool
- Department of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Sheikh Mansoor
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - K. M. Bhat
- Department of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - G. I. Hassan
- Department of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Tawseef Rehman Baba
- Department of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyad, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hamed A. El-Serehy
- Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyad, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilal Ahmad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyad, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyad, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Parvaiz Ahmad,
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50
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Ahsan MU, Hayward A, Alam M, Bandaralage JH, Topp B, Beveridge CA, Mitter N. Scion control of miRNA abundance and tree maturity in grafted avocado. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:382. [PMID: 31481026 PMCID: PMC6724330 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafting is the common propagation method for avocado and primarily benefits orchard production by reducing the time to tree productivity. It also allows use of scions and rootstocks specifically selected for improved productivity and commercial acceptance. Rootstocks in avocado may be propagated from mature tree cuttings ('mature'), or from seed ('juvenile'). While the use of mature scion material hastens early bearing/maturity and economic return, the molecular factors involved in the role of the scion and/or rootstock in early bearing/reduced juvenility of the grafted tree are still unknown. RESULTS Here, we utilized juvenility and flowering associated miRNAs; miR156 and miR172 and their putative target genes to screen pre-graft and post-graft material in different combinations from avocado. The abundance of mature miR156, miR172 and the miR156 target gene SPL4, showed a strong correlation to the maturity of the scion and rootstock material in avocado. Graft transmissibility of miR156 and miR172 has been explored in annual plants. Here, we show that the scion may be responsible for grafted tree maturity involving these factors, while the rootstock maturity does not significantly influence miRNA abundance in the scion. We also demonstrate that the presence of leaves on cutting rootstocks supports graft success and contributes towards intergraft signalling involving the carbohydrate-marker TPS1. CONCLUSION Here, we suggest that the scion largely controls the molecular 'maturity' of grafted avocado trees, however, leaves on the rootstock not only promote graft success, but can influence miRNA and mRNA abundance in the scion. This constitutes the first study on scion and rootstock contribution towards grafted tree maturity using the miR156-SPL4-miR172 regulatory module as a marker for juvenility and reproductive competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair Ahsan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Alice Hayward
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Mobashwer Alam
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Jayeni Hiti Bandaralage
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Bruce Topp
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Christine Anne Beveridge
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
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