1
|
Inhibitory Potential of a Designed Peptide Inhibitor Based on Zymogen Structure of Trypsin from Spodoptera frugiperda: In Silico Insights. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
2
|
Hemmati SA, Takalloo Z, Taghdir M, Mehrabadi M, Balalaei S, Moharramipour S, H Sajedi R. The trypsin inhibitor pro-peptide induces toxic effects in Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 171:104730. [PMID: 33357552 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory potential of an inhibitor peptide based on the pro-region of trypsin zymogen was investigated in Indianmeal moth, P. interpunctella, which is a world-wide insect pest of stored food. Five peptides were designed based on molecular docking simulations. The designed peptide with the best score was selected and synthesized for further screening in vitro and in vivo. The peptide was characterized and its inhibitory effects towards the insect trypsin were evaluated and the kinetic analysis revealed a competitive type of inhibition against the target enzyme. The results showed that the peptide could successfully suppress the pest midgut trypsin, and more interestingly, it did not show considerable inhibitory effects on a mammalian trypsin. We also aimed to assess the effect of dietary insect meal treated with different concentrations of the peptide and observed a significant growth and development retardation in pupa and adult insects fed with the inhibitor peptide. The outcomes of the present study suggest an efficient inhibitor peptide that could specifically bind the P. interpunctella trypsin and inhibit its activity, which would be safe against human being health and environment. Notably, this is the first report on in vivo assessment of the direct effect of a pro-region as the specific inhibitor in development as well as survival of the pest insect. Furthermore, our findings could be a promising for future designed pesticides used in pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Hemmati
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Takalloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Taghdir
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehrabadi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaei
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Moharramipour
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Frank S, Hollmann J, Mulisch M, Matros A, Carrión CC, Mock HP, Hensel G, Krupinska K. Barley cysteine protease PAP14 plays a role in degradation of chloroplast proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6057-6069. [PMID: 31403664 PMCID: PMC6859807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast protein degradation is known to occur both inside chloroplasts and in the vacuole. Genes encoding cysteine proteases have been found to be highly expressed during leaf senescence. However, it remains unclear where they participate in chloroplast protein degradation. In this study HvPAP14, which belongs to the C1A family of cysteine proteases, was identified in senescing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves by affinity enrichment using the mechanism-based probe DCG-04 targeting cysteine proteases and subsequent mass spectrometry. Biochemical analyses and expression of a HvPAP14:RFP fusion construct in barley protoplasts was used to identify the subcellular localization and putative substrates of HvPAP14. The HvPAP14:RFP fusion protein was detected in the endoplasmic reticulum and in vesicular bodies. Immunological studies showed that HvPAP14 was mainly located in chloroplasts, where it was found in tight association with thylakoid membranes. The recombinant enzyme was activated by low pH, in accordance with the detection of HvPAP14 in the thylakoid lumen. Overexpression of HvPAP14 in barley revealed that the protease can cleave LHCB proteins and PSBO as well as the large subunit of Rubisco. HvPAP14 is involved in the normal turnover of chloroplast proteins and may have a function in bulk protein degradation during leaf senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Frank
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julien Hollmann
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Solana Research, Eichenallee 9, Windeby, Germany
| | - Maria Mulisch
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Central Microscopy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrea Matros
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Cristian C Carrión
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, INFIVE, CONICET-UNLP, cc 327, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Babst BA, Coleman GD. Seasonal nitrogen cycling in temperate trees: Transport and regulatory mechanisms are key missing links. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:268-277. [PMID: 29576080 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient accumulation, one of the major ecosystem services provided by forests, is largely due to the accumulation and retention of nutrients in trees. This review focuses on seasonal cycling of nitrogen (N), often the most limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems. When leaves are shed during autumn, much of the N may be resorbed and stored in the stem over winter, and then used for new stem and leaf growth in spring. A framework exists for understanding the metabolism and transport of N in leaves and stems during winter dormancy, but many of the underlying genes remain to be identified and/or verified. Transport of N during seasonal N cycling is a particularly weak link, since the physical pathways for loading and unloading of amino N to and from the phloem are poorly understood. Short-day photoperiod followed by decreasing temperatures are the environmental cues that stimulate dormancy induction, and nutrient remobilization and storage. However, beyond the involvement of phytochrome, very little is known about the signal transduction mechanisms that link environmental cues to nutrient remobilization and storage. We propose a model whereby nutrient transport and sensing plays a major role in source-sink transitions of leaves and stems during seasonal N cycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Monticello, AR 71656, USA; School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR 71656, USA.
| | - Gary D Coleman
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu J, Sharma A, Niewiara MJ, Singh R, Ming R, Yu Q. Papain-like cysteine proteases in Carica papaya: lineage-specific gene duplication and expansion. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:26. [PMID: 29306330 PMCID: PMC5756445 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs), a large group of cysteine proteases structurally related to papain, play important roles in plant development, senescence, and defense responses. Papain, the first cysteine protease whose structure was determined by X-ray crystallography, plays a crucial role in protecting papaya from herbivorous insects. Except the four major PLCPs purified and characterized in papaya latex, the rest of the PLCPs in papaya genome are largely unknown. Results We identified 33 PLCP genes in papaya genome. Phylogenetic analysis clearly separated plant PLCP genes into nine subfamilies. PLCP genes are not equally distributed among the nine subfamilies and the number of PLCPs in each subfamily does not increase or decrease proportionally among the seven selected plant species. Papaya showed clear lineage-specific gene expansion in the subfamily III. Interestingly, all four major PLCPs purified from papaya latex, including papain, chymopapain, glycyl endopeptidase and caricain, were grouped into the lineage-specific expansion branch in the subfamily III. Mapping PLCP genes on chromosomes of five plant species revealed that lineage-specific expansions of PLCP genes were mostly derived from tandem duplications. We estimated divergence time of papaya PLCP genes of subfamily III. The major duplication events leading to lineage-specific expansion of papaya PLCP genes in subfamily III were estimated at 48 MYA, 34 MYA, and 16 MYA. The gene expression patterns of the papaya PLCP genes in different tissues were assessed by transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR. Most of the papaya PLCP genes of subfamily III expressed at high levels in leaf and green fruit tissues. Conclusions Tandem duplications played the dominant role in affecting copy number of PLCPs in plants. Significant variations in size of the PLCP subfamilies among species may reflect genetic adaptation of plant species to different environments. The lineage-specific expansion of papaya PLCPs of subfamily III might have been promoted by the continuous reciprocal selective effects of herbivore attack and plant defense. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4394-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education; College of Life Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Anupma Sharma
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX, 75252, USA
| | - Marie Jamille Niewiara
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ratnesh Singh
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX, 75252, USA
| | - Ray Ming
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education; College of Life Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Qingyi Yu
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education; College of Life Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China. .,Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX, 75252, USA. .,Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Serpin1 and WSCP differentially regulate the activity of the cysteine protease RD21 during plant development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2212-2217. [PMID: 28179567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621496114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes (proteases) participate in a vast range of physiological processes, ranging from nutrient digestion to blood coagulation, thrombosis, and beyond. In plants, proteases are implicated in host recognition and pathogen infection, induced defense (immunity), and the deterrence of insect pests. Because proteases irreversibly cleave peptide bonds of protein substrates, their activity must be tightly controlled in time and space. Here, we report an example of how nature evolved alternative mechanisms to fine-tune the activity of a cysteine protease dubbed RD21 (RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION-21). One mechanism in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana studied here comprises irreversible inhibition of RD21's activity by Serpin1, whereas the other mechanism is a result of the reversible inhibition of RD21 activity by a Kunitz protease inhibitor named water-soluble chlorophyll-binding protein (WSCP). Activity profiling, complex isolation, and homology modeling data revealed unique interactions of RD21 with Serpin1 and WSCP, respectively. Expression studies identified only partial overlaps in Serpin1 and WSCP accumulation that explain how RD21 contributes to the innate immunity of mature plants and arthropod deterrence of seedlings undergoing skotomorphogenesis and greening.
Collapse
|
7
|
Luniak N, Meiser P, Burkart S, Müller R. Heterologous expression of the plant cysteine protease bromelain and its inhibitor in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 33:54-65. [PMID: 27860461 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Expression of proteases in heterologous hosts remains an ambitious challenge due to severe problems associated with digestion of host proteins. On the other hand, proteases are broadly used in industrial applications and resemble promising drug candidates. Bromelain is an herbal drug that is medicinally used for treatment of oedematous swellings and inflammatory conditions and consists in large part of proteolytic enzymes. Even though various experiments underline the requirement of active cysteine proteases for biological activity, so far no investigation succeeded to clearly clarify the pharmacological mode of action of bromelain. The potential role of proteases themselves and other molecules of this multi-component extract currently remain largely unknown or ill defined. Here, we set out to express several bromelain cysteine proteases as well as a bromelain inhibitor molecule in order to gain defined molecular entities for subsequent studies. After cloning the genes from its natural source Ananas comosus (pineapple plant) into Pichia pastoris and subsequent fermentation and purification, we obtained active protease and inhibitor molecules which were subsequently biochemically characterized. Employing purified bromelain fractions paves the way for further elucidation of pharmacological activities of this natural product. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:54-65, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Luniak
- Ursapharm Arzneimittel GmbH, Industriestraße 35, Saarbrücken, 66129, Germany
| | - Peter Meiser
- Ursapharm Arzneimittel GmbH, Industriestraße 35, Saarbrücken, 66129, Germany
| | - Sonja Burkart
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Science Park 1, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66041, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Risør MW, Thomsen LR, Sanggaard KW, Nielsen TA, Thøgersen IB, Lukassen MV, Rossen L, Garcia-Ferrer I, Guevara T, Scavenius C, Meinjohanns E, Gomis-Rüth FX, Enghild JJ. Enzymatic and Structural Characterization of the Major Endopeptidase in the Venus Flytrap Digestion Fluid. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2271-87. [PMID: 26627834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.672550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous plants primarily use aspartic proteases during digestion of captured prey. In contrast, the major endopeptidases in the digestive fluid of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) are cysteine proteases (dionain-1 to -4). Here, we present the crystal structure of mature dionain-1 in covalent complex with inhibitor E-64 at 1.5 Å resolution. The enzyme exhibits an overall protein fold reminiscent of other plant cysteine proteases. The inactive glycosylated pro-form undergoes autoprocessing and self-activation, optimally at the physiologically relevant pH value of 3.6, at which the protective effect of the pro-domain is lost. The mature enzyme was able to efficiently degrade a Drosophila fly protein extract at pH 4 showing high activity against the abundant Lys- and Arg-rich protein, myosin. The substrate specificity of dionain-1 was largely similar to that of papain with a preference for hydrophobic and aliphatic residues in subsite S2 and for positively charged residues in S1. A tentative structure of the pro-domain was obtained by homology modeling and suggested that a pro-peptide Lys residue intrudes into the S2 pocket, which is more spacious than in papain. This study provides the first analysis of a cysteine protease from the digestive fluid of a carnivorous plant and confirms the close relationship between carnivorous action and plant defense mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Risør
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line R Thomsen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian W Sanggaard
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tania A Nielsen
- the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ida B Thøgersen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie V Lukassen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Litten Rossen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Irene Garcia-Ferrer
- the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology ("María de Maeztu" Unit of Excellence), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology ("María de Maeztu" Unit of Excellence), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology ("María de Maeztu" Unit of Excellence), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and
| | - Jan J Enghild
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Santamaria ME, Arnaiz A, Diaz-Mendoza M, Martinez M, Diaz I. Inhibitory properties of cysteine protease pro-peptides from barley confer resistance to spider mite feeding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128323. [PMID: 26039069 PMCID: PMC4454591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
C1A plant cysteine proteases are synthesized as pre-pro-enzymes that need to be processed to become active by the pro-peptide claves off from its cognate enzyme. These pro-sequences play multifunctional roles including the capacity to specifically inhibit their own as well as other C1A protease activities from diverse origin. In this study, it is analysed the potential role of C1A pro-regions from barley as regulators of cysteine proteases in target phytophagous arthropods (coleopteran and acari). The in vitro inhibitory action of these pro-sequences, purified as recombinant proteins, is demonstrated. Moreover, transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing different fragments of HvPap-1 barley gene containing the pro-peptide sequence were generated and the acaricide function was confirmed by bioassays conducted with the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Feeding trials resulted in a significant reduction of leaf damage in the transgenic lines expressing the pro-peptide in comparison to non-transformed control and strongly correlated with an increase in mite mortality. Additionally, the analysis of the expression levels of a selection of potential mite targets (proteases and protease inhibitors) revealed a mite strategy to counteract the inhibitory activity produced by the C1A barley pro-prodomain. These findings demonstrate that pro-peptides can control mite pests and could be applied as defence proteins in biotechnological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Demidyuk IV, Shubin AV, Gasanov EV, Kostrov SV. Propeptides as modulators of functional activity of proteases. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:305-22. [PMID: 25962005 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most proteases are synthesized in the cell as precursor-containing propeptides. These structural elements can determine the folding of the cognate protein, function as an inhibitor/activator peptide, mediate enzyme sorting, and mediate the protease interaction with other molecules and supramolecular structures. The data presented in this review demonstrate modulatory activity of propeptides irrespective of the specific mechanism of action. Changes in propeptide structure, sometimes minor, can crucially alter protein function in the living organism. Modulatory activity coupled with high variation allows us to consider propeptides as specific evolutionary modules that can transform biological properties of proteases without significant changes in the highly conserved catalytic domains. As the considered properties of propeptides are not unique to proteases, propeptide-mediated evolution seems to be a universal biological mechanism.
Collapse
|
11
|
The recombinant prepro region of TvCP4 is an inhibitor of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinases of Trichomonas vaginalis that inhibits trichomonal haemolysis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 59:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
12
|
Islam N, Li G, Garrett WM, Lin R, Sriram G, Cooper B, Coleman GD. Proteomics of Nitrogen Remobilization in Poplar Bark. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:1112-26. [DOI: 10.1021/pr501090p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Department
of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gen Li
- Department
of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Wesley M. Garrett
- Animal
Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Rongshuang Lin
- Department
of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ganesh Sriram
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Bret Cooper
- Soybean
Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Gary D. Coleman
- Department
of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiao H, Bryksa BC, Bhaumik P, Gustchina A, Kiso Y, Yao SQ, Wlodawer A, Yada RY. The zymogen of plasmepsin V from Plasmodium falciparum is enzymatically active. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 197:56-63. [PMID: 25447707 PMCID: PMC6310130 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmepsin V, a membrane-bound aspartic protease present in Plasmodium falciparum, is involved in the export of malaria parasite effector proteins into host erythrocytes and therefore is a potential target for antimalarial drug development. The present study reports the bacterial recombinant expression and initial characterization of zymogenic and mature plasmepsin V. A 484-residue truncated form of proplasmepsin (Glu37-Asn521) was fused to a fragment of thioredoxin and expressed as inclusion bodies. Refolding conditions were optimized and zymogen was processed into a mature form via cleavage at the Asn80-Ala81 peptide bond. Mature plasmepsin V exhibited a pH optimum of 5.5-7.0 with Km and kcat of 4.6 μM and 0.24s(-1), respectively, at pH 6.0 using the substrate DABCYL-LNKRLLHETQ-E(EDANS). Furthermore, the prosegment of proplasmepsin V was shown to be nonessential for refolding and inhibition. Unexpectedly, unprocessed proplasmepsin V was enzymatically active with slightly reduced substrate affinity (∼ 2-fold), and similar pH optimum as well as turnover compared to the mature form. Both zymogenic and mature plasmepsin V were partially inhibited by pepstatin A as well as several KNI aspartic protease inhibitors while certain metals strongly inhibited activity. Overall, the present study provides the first report on the nonessentiality of the prosegment for plasmepsin V folding and activity, and therefore, subsequent characterization of its structure-function relationships of both zymogen and mature forms in the development of novel inhibitors with potential antimalarial activities is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huogen Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G2W1
| | - Brian C Bryksa
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G2W1
| | - Prasenjit Bhaumik
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Alla Gustchina
- Protein Structure Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Kiso
- Laboratory of Peptide Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Protein Structure Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rickey Y Yada
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G2W1; Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia 248-2357 Main Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kang JM, Ju HL, Sohn WM, Na BK. Defining the regulatory and inhibitory elements within the prodomain of CsCF-6, a cathepsin F cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 190:92-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
15
|
Mulisch M, Asp T, Krupinska K, Hollmann J, Holm PB. The Tr-cp 14 cysteine protease in white clover (Trifolium repens) is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and is associated with programmed cell death during development of tracheary elements. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:623-9. [PMID: 22707085 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases are known to be associated with programmed cell death, developmental senescence and some types of pathogen and stress-induced responses. In the present study, we have characterized the cysteine protease Tr-cp 14 in white clover (Trifolium repens). Tr-cp 14 belongs to the C1A family of cysteine proteases with homology to XCP1 and XCP2 from Arabidopsis thaliana and p48h-17 from Zinnia elegans, which previously have been reported to be associated with tracheary element differentiation. The proform as well as the processed form of the protein was detected in petioles, flowers and leaves, but the processed form was more abundant in leaves and petioles than in flowers. The Tr-cp 14 protein was localized to differentiating tracheary elements within the xylem, indicating that the cysteine protease is involved in protein re-mobilization during tracheary element differentiation. Immunogold studies suggest that the protease prior to the burst of the vacuole was associated to the ER cisternae. After disruption of the tonoplast, it was found in the cytoplasm, and, in later stages, associated with disintegrating material dispersed throughout the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mulisch
- Institute of Botany and Central Microscopy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Roy S, Choudhury D, Aich P, Dattagupta JK, Biswas S. The structure of a thermostable mutant of pro-papain reveals its activation mechanism. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 68:1591-603. [PMID: 23151624 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912038607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Papain is the archetype of a broad class of cysteine proteases (clan C1A) that contain a pro-peptide in the zymogen form which is required for correct folding and spatio-temporal regulation of proteolytic activity in the initial stages after expression. This study reports the X-ray structure of the zymogen of a thermostable mutant of papain at 2.6 Å resolution. The overall structure, in particular that of the mature part of the protease, is similar to those of other members of the family. The structure provides an explanation for the molecular basis of the maintenance of latency of the proteolytic activity of the zymogen by its pro-segment at neutral pH. The structural analysis, together with biochemical and biophysical studies, demonstrated that the pro-segment of the zymogen undergoes a rearrangement in the form of a structural loosening at acidic pH which triggers the proteolytic activation cascade. This study further explains the bimolecular stepwise autocatalytic activation mechanism by limited proteolysis of the zymogen of papain at the molecular level. The possible factors responsible for the higher thermal stability of the papain mutant have also been analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Roy
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Isolation and gene expression analysis of a papain-type cysteine protease in thermogenic skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1990-2. [PMID: 23047088 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius) spadices contain abundant transcripts for cysteine protease (CP). From thermogenic spadices, we isolated SrCPA, a highly expressed CP gene that encoded a papain-type CP. SrCPA is structurally similar to other plant CPs, including the senescence-associated CPs found in aroids. The expression of SrCPA increased during floral development, and was observed in all floral tissues except for the stamens.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ramos-Martínez EM, Herrera-Ramírez AC, Badillo-Corona JA, Garibay-Orijel C, González-Rábade N, Oliver-Salvador MDC. Isolation of cDNA from Jacaratia mexicana encoding a mexicain-like cysteine protease gene. Gene 2012; 502:60-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
19
|
Cambra I, Hernández D, Diaz I, Martinez M. Structural basis for specificity of propeptide-enzyme interaction in barley C1A cysteine peptidases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37234. [PMID: 22615948 PMCID: PMC3355106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
C1A cysteine peptidases are synthesized as inactive proenzymes. Activation takes place by proteolysis cleaving off the inhibitory propeptide. The inhibitory capacity of propeptides from barley cathepsin L and B-like peptidases towards commercial and barley cathepsins has been characterized. Differences in selectivity have been found for propeptides from L-cathepsins against their cognate and non cognate enzymes. Besides, the propeptide from barley cathepsin B was not able to inhibit bovine cathepsin B. Modelling of their three-dimensional structures suggests that most propeptide inhibitory properties can be explained from the interaction between the propeptide and the mature cathepsin structures. Their potential use as biotechnological tools is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Maddumage R, Tsang GK, Fraser LG, Cooney JM, De Silva HN, Green S, Richardson KA, Atkinson RG. Mapping, complementation, and targets of the cysteine protease actinidin in kiwifruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:376-88. [PMID: 22039217 PMCID: PMC3252086 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.187989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases (CPs) accumulate to high concentration in many fruit, where they are believed to play a role in fungal and insect defense. The fruit of Actinidia species (kiwifruit) exhibit a range of CP activities (e.g. the Actinidia chinensis variety YellowA shows less than 2% of the activity of Actinidia deliciosa variety Hayward). A major quantitative trait locus for CP activity was mapped to linkage group 16 in a segregating population of A. chinensis. This quantitative trait locus colocated with the gene encoding actinidin, the major acidic CP in ripe Hayward fruit encoded by the ACT1A-1 allele. Sequence analysis indicated that the ACT1A locus in the segregating A. chinensis population contained one functional allele (A-2) and three nonfunctional alleles (a-3, a-4, and a-5) each containing a unique frameshift mutation. YellowA kiwifruit contained two further alleles: a-6, which was nonfunctional because of a large insertion, and a-7, which produced an inactive enzyme. Site-directed mutagenesis of the act1a-7 protein revealed a residue that restored CP activity. Expression of the functional ACT1A-1 cDNA in transgenic plants complemented the natural YellowA mutations and partially restored CP activity in fruit. Two consequences of the increase in CP activity were enhanced degradation of gelatin-based jellies in vitro and an increase in the processing of a class IV chitinase in planta. These results provide new insight into key residues required for CP activity and the in vivo protein targets of actinidin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ross G. Atkinson
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand (N.J.N., R.M., G.K.T., L.G.F., H.N.D.S., S.G., K.A.R., R.G.A.); New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Ruakura, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand (J.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Corrêa NCR, Mendes IC, Gomes MTR, Kalapothakis E, Chagas BCA, Lopes MTP, Salas CE. Molecular cloning of a mitogenic proteinase from Carica candamarcensis: its potential use in wound healing. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1947-1954. [PMID: 21798567 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases from the Caricaceae belong to the C1 family of the CA clan and display papain-like structured, the archetype enzyme for this group of proteins. Carica candamarcensis, also named Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis, a member of Caricaceae family common to many areas in South America, contains cysteine proteinases with proteolytic activity five to eight-fold higher than those from latex of Carica papaya. The cysteine protease CMS2MS2 from C. candamarcensis latex has been shown to enhance proliferation of L929 fibroblast and to activate the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK). In this study, the cDNA cloning, expression and evaluation of biological activity of a CMS2MS2-like protein from C. candamarcensis is reported. The 650 bp fragment was cloned in bacteria and the DNA sequence confirmed a cysteine-proteinase similar to CMS2MS2. The recombinant protein is 30 kDa, induces a mitogenic response, and enhances ERK1/2 phosphorylation, like the non-recombinant enzyme, but lacks either amidase or caseinolytic activity. The mitogenic activity of this protein and its lack of proteolytic activity underscore a potential for use in wound healing treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natássia C R Corrêa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Roy S, Choudhury D, Chakrabarti C, Biswas S, Dattagupta JK. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the precursor protein of a thermostable variant of papain. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:634-6. [PMID: 21543879 PMCID: PMC3087658 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111010888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystallization of a recombinant thermostable variant of pro-papain has been carried out. The mutant pro-enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies, refolded, purified and crystallized. The crystals belonged to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 42.9, b = 74.8, c = 116.5 Å, β = 93.0°, and diffracted to 2.6 Å resolution using synchrotron radiation. Assuming the presence of two molecules in the asymmetric unit, the calculated Matthews coefficient is 2.28 Å(3) Da(-1), corresponding to a solvent content of 46%. Initial attempts to solve the structure using molecular-replacement techniques were successful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Roy
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064, India
| | - Debi Choudhury
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064, India
| | - Chandana Chakrabarti
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064, India
| | - Sampa Biswas
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064, India
| | - J. K. Dattagupta
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Singh AN, Dubey VK. Exploring applications of procerain b, a novel protease from Calotropis procera, and characterization by N-terminal sequencing as well as peptide mass fingerprinting. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 164:573-80. [PMID: 21264687 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Procerain B is a novel cysteine protease isolated from Calotropis procera by our group and published recently. We have further characterized the enzyme by N-terminal sequencing and peptide mass fingerprinting. Procerain B showed maximum sequence similarity (80%) with Asclepain. Moreover, the characteristic VDWR motif of cysteine proteases is present in procerain B. The N-terminal and peptide mass fingerprinting analysis showed a distinct nature of the enzyme. Various applications of the enzyme were also evaluated. Procerain B is very effective in milk-clotting and may be a potential candidate for this process in the cheese industry. Additionally, the enzyme has potential application as dietary supplement to aid digestion. Effects of various metal ions on milk-clotting activity were also studied. The milk-clotting activity was increased in case of few metals while others have a negative effect. It is worth mentioning that the easy availability of plant material and simple purification method makes industrial production of the enzyme feasible. A protease with easy purification and suitable properties for application is always desired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Narayan Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Native and Biotechnologically Engineered Plant Proteases with Industrial Applications. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-010-0431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
25
|
Esteban-García B, Garrido-Cárdenas JA, Alonso DL, García-Maroto F. A distinct subfamily of papain-like cystein proteinases regulated by senescence and stresses in Glycine max. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:1101-8. [PMID: 20462657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
GMCP3 encodes a cystein proteinase of Glycine max belonging to the papain-like family (C1A in MEROPS database) that was previously found to be involved in the mobilization of protein reserves during seed germination. Here, we report that GMCP3 is induced by senescence and diverse stresses in non-seed tissues, thus indicating a more general function in plants. Cladistic analysis of papain-like proteins of plants indicated that GMCP3, along with related proteases of other species, belongs to a distinct new group within the C1A family, which can also be distinguished by the four-exon structure of the gene. We also describe the genomic organization of GMCP3 revealing the presence of two closely related copies that are transcriptionally regulated in a similar way, although only one appears to be functional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Esteban-García
- Grupo de Biotecnología de Productos Naturales (BIO-279), Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nakagawa M, Ueyama M, Tsuruta H, Uno T, Kanamaru K, Mikami B, Yamagata H. Functional analysis of the cucumisin propeptide as a potent inhibitor of its mature enzyme. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29797-807. [PMID: 20639575 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.083162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumisin is a subtilisin-like serine protease (subtilase) that is found in the juice of melon fruits (Cucumis melo L.). It is synthesized as a preproprotein consisting of a signal peptide, NH(2)-terminal propeptide, and 67-kDa protease domain. We investigated the role of this propeptide (88 residues) in the cucumisin precursor. Complementary DNAs encoding the propeptides of cucumisin, two other plant subtilases (Arabidopsis ARA12 and rice RSP1), and bacterial subtilisin E were expressed in Escherichia coli independently of their mature enzymes. The cucumisin propeptide strongly inhibited cucumisin in a competitive manner with a K(i) value of 6.2 ± 0.55 nm. Interestingly, cucumisin was also strongly inhibited by ARA12 and RSP1 propeptides but not by the subtilisin E propeptide. In contrast, the propeptides of cucumisin, ARA12, and RSP1 did not inhibit subtilisin. Deletion analysis clearly showed that two hydrophobic regions, Asn(32)-Met(38) and Gly(97)-Leu(103), in the cucumisin propeptide were important for its inhibitory activity. Site-directed mutagenesis also confirmed the role of a Val(36)-centerd hydrophobic cluster within the Asn(32)-Met(38) region in cucumisin inhibition. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the cucumisin propeptide had a secondary structure without a cognate protease domain and that the thermal unfolding of the propeptide at 90 °C was only partial and reversible. A tripeptide, Ile(35)-Val(36)-Tyr(37), in the Asn(32)-Met(38) region was thought to contribute toward the formation of a proper secondary structure necessary for cucumisin inhibition. This is the first report on the function and structural information of the propeptide of a plant serine protease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Neuteboom LW, Matsumoto KO, Christopher DA. An extended AE-rich N-terminal trunk in secreted pineapple cystatin enhances inhibition of fruit bromelain and is posttranslationally removed during ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:515-27. [PMID: 19648229 PMCID: PMC2754624 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.142232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytocystatins are potent inhibitors of cysteine proteases and have been shown to participate in senescence, seed and organ biogenesis, and plant defense. However, phytocystatins are generally poor inhibitors of the cysteine protease, bromelain, of pineapple (Ananas comosus). Here, we demonstrated that pineapple cystatin, AcCYS1, inhibited (>95%) stem and fruit bromelain. AcCYS1 is a unique cystatin in that it contains an extended N-terminal trunk (NTT) of 63 residues rich in alanine and glutamate. A signal peptide preceding the NTT is processed in vitro by microsomal membranes giving rise to a 27-kD species. AcCYS1 mRNA was present in roots and leaves but was most abundant in fruit. Using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy with an AcCYS1-specific antiserum, AcCYS1 was found in the apoplasm. Immunoblot analysis identified a 27-kD protein in fruit, roots, and leaves and a 15-kD species in mature ripe fruit. Ripe fruit extracts proteolytically removed the NTT of 27-kD AcCYS1 in vitro to produce the 15-kD species. Mass spectrometry analysis was used to map the primary cleavage site immediately after a conserved critical glycine-94. The AE-rich NTT was required to inhibit fruit and stem bromelain (>95%), whereas its removal decreased inhibition to 20% (fruit) and 80% (stem) and increased the dissociation equilibrium constant by 1.8-fold as determined by surface plasmon resonance assays. We propose that proteolytic removal of the NTT results in the decrease of the inhibitory potency of AcCYS1 against fruit bromelain during fruit ripening to increase tissue proteolysis, softening, and degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon W Neuteboom
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Trejo SA, López LMI, Caffini NO, Natalucci CL, Canals F, Avilés FX. Sequencing and characterization of asclepain f: the first cysteine peptidase cDNA cloned and expressed from Asclepias fruticosa latex. PLANTA 2009; 230:319-328. [PMID: 19455353 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Asclepain f is a papain-like protease previously isolated and characterized from latex of Asclepias fruticosa. This enzyme is a member of the C1 family of cysteine proteases that are synthesized as preproenzymes. The enzyme belongs to the alpha + beta class of proteins, with two disulfide bridges (Cys22-Cys63 and Cys56-Cys95) in the alpha domain, and another one (Cys150-Cys201) in the beta domain, as was determined by molecular modeling. A full-length 1,152 bp cDNA was cloned by RT-RACE-PCR from latex mRNA. The sequence was predicted as an open reading frame of 340 amino acid residues, of which 16 residues belong to the signal peptide, 113 to the propeptide and 211 to the mature enzyme. The full-length cDNA was ligated to pPICZalpha vector and expressed in Pichia pastoris. Recombinant asclepain f showed endopeptidase activity on pGlu-Phe-Leu-p-nitroanilide and was identified by PMF-MALDI-TOF MS. Asclepain f is the first peptidase cloned and expressed from mRNA isolated from plant latex, confirming the presence of the preprocysteine peptidase in the latex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A Trejo
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, C.C. 711, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kongkerd N, Uparanukraw P, Morakote N, Sajid M, McKerrow JH. Identification and characterization of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from Gnathostoma spinigerum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 160:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
Plant genomes encode hundreds of proteases, which represent dozens of unrelated families. The biological role of these proteases is mostly unknown, but mutant alleles, gene silencing, and overexpression studies have provided phenotypes for a growing number of proteases. The aim of this review is to show the diversity of the processes that are regulated by proteases, and to summarize the current knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms. The emerging picture is that plant proteases are key regulators of a striking variety of biological processes, including meiosis, gametophyte survival, embryogenesis, seed coat formation, cuticle deposition, epidermal cell fate, stomata development, chloroplast biogenesis, and local and systemic defense responses. The functional diversity correlates with the molecular data: Proteases are specifically expressed in time and space and accumulate in different subcellular compartments. Their substrates and activation mechanisms are elusive, however, and represent a challenging topic for further research.
Collapse
|
31
|
Shindo T, Van der Hoorn RAL. Papain-like cysteine proteases: key players at molecular battlefields employed by both plants and their invaders. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2008; 9:119-25. [PMID: 18705889 PMCID: PMC6640327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) play crucial roles in plant-pathogen/pest interactions. During these parasitic interactions, PLCPs act on non-self substrates, provoking the selection of counteracting inhibitors and other means to evade proteolysis. We review examples of PLCPs acting on molecular battlefields in the extracellular space, plant cytoplasm and herbivore gut. Examples are maize Mir1 (Maize inbred resistance 1), tomato Rcr3 (Required for Cladosporium resistance-3), Pseudomonas AvrRpt2 and AurPphB, insect DvCAL1 (Diabrotica virgifera cathepsin L-like protease-1) and nematode MiCpl1 (Meloidogyne incognita cathepsin L-like protease 1). The data suggest that PLCPs cleave specific proteins and that their translocation, activation and inhibition of PLCPs are tightly regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Shindo
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Silva FB, Monteiro ACS, Del Sarto RP, Marra BM, Dias SC, Figueira ELZ, Oliveira GR, Rocha TL, Souza DSL, da Silva MCM, Franco OL, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Proregion of Acanthoscelides obtectus cysteine proteinase: a novel peptide with enhanced selectivity toward endogenous enzymes. Peptides 2007; 28:1292-8. [PMID: 17485144 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acanthoscelides obtectus is a devastating storage insect pest capable of causing severe bean crop losses. In order to maintain their own development, insect pest larvae feed continuously, synthesizing efficient digestive enzymes. Among them, cysteine proteinases (CPs) are commonly produced as inactive precursors (procysteines), requiring a cleavage of the peptide proregion to become active. The proregion fits tightly into the active site of procysteines, efficiently preventing their activity. In this report, a CP cDNA (cpao) was isolated from A. obtectus midgut larvae. In silico studies indicated that the complete CP sequence contains a hydrophobic signal peptide, a prodomain and a conserved catalytic region. Moreover, the encoding cDNA contains 963bp translating into a 321 residue protein, CPAo, which was expressed in E. coli, fused with thioredoxin. Enzymatic assays using the recombinant protein revealed that the enzyme was catalytically active, being able to cleave the synthetic substrate Z-Phe-Arg-7-AMC. Additionally, this report also focuses the cpao propeptide (PCPAo) subcloning and expression. The expressed propeptide efficiently inhibited CPAo, as well as digestive CP of other bean bruchids. Little or no activity was found against proteolytic enzymes of two other coleopterans: Rhyzopertha dominica and Anthonomus grandis. The data reported here indicate the possibility of endogenous propeptides as a novel strategy on bruchids control, which could be applicable to bean improvement programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F B Silva
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília-DF 70770-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Propeptide-Mediated Specific Inhibition of a Recombinant Serine Protease from Indian Malaria Vector, Anopheles culicifacies. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-007-9095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
34
|
Kaulmann G, Palm GJ, Schilling K, Hilgenfeld R, Wiederanders B. The crystal structure of a Cys25 -> Ala mutant of human procathepsin S elucidates enzyme-prosequence interactions. Protein Sci 2007; 15:2619-29. [PMID: 17075137 PMCID: PMC2242412 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062401806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the active-site mutant Cys25 --> Ala of glycosylated human procathepsin S is reported. It was determined by molecular replacement and refined to 2.1 Angstrom resolution, with an R-factor of 0.198. The overall structure is very similar to other cathepsin L-like zymogens of the C1A clan. The peptidase unit comprises two globular domains, and a small third domain is formed by the N-terminal part of the prosequence. It is anchored to the prosegment binding loop of the enzyme. Prosegment residues beyond the prodomain dock to the substrate binding cleft in a nonproductive orientation. Structural comparison with published data for mature cathepsin S revealed that procathepsin S residues Phe146, Phe70, and Phe211 adopt different orientations. Being part of the S1' and S2 pockets, they may contribute to the selectivity of ligand binding. Regarding the prosequence, length, orientation and anchoring of helix alpha3p differ from related zymogens, thereby possibly contributing to the specificity of propeptide-enzyme interaction in the papain family. The discussion focuses on the functional importance of the most conserved residues in the prosequence for structural integrity, inhibition and folding assistance, considering scanning mutagenesis data published for procathepsin S and for its isolated propeptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kaulmann
- Institut für Biochemie I, Klinikum der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kyndt T, Van Damme EJM, Van Beeumen J, Gheysen G. Purification and characterization of the cysteine proteinases in the latex of Vasconcellea spp. FEBS J 2006; 274:451-62. [PMID: 17229150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Latex of all Vasconcellea species analyzed to date exhibits higher proteolytic amidase activities, generally attributed to cysteine proteinases, than the latex of Carica papaya. In the present study, we show that this higher activity is correlated with a higher concentration of enzymes in the latex of Vasconcellea fruits, but in addition also results from the presence of other cysteine proteinases or isoforms. In contrast to the cysteine proteinases present in papaya latex, which have been extensively studied, very little is known about the cysteine proteinases of Vasconcellea spp. In this investigation, several cDNA sequences coding for cysteine proteinases in Vasconcellea x heilbornii and Vasconcellea stipulata were determined using primers based on conserved sequences. In silico translation showed that they hold the characteristic features of all known papain-class cysteine proteinases, and a phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of several papain and chymopapain homologues in these species. Ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration procedures were applied on latex of V. x heilbornii in order to characterize its cysteine proteinases at the protein level. Five major protein fractions (VXH-I-VXH-V) revealing very high amidase activities (between 7.5 and 23.3 nkat x mg protein(-1)) were isolated. After further purification, three of them were N-terminally sequenced. The observed microheterogeneity in the N-terminal and cDNA sequences reveals the presence of several distinct cysteine proteinase isoforms in the latex of Vasconcellea spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kyndt
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jesudhasan PRR, Tan CW, Hontzeas N, Woo PTK. A cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase gene from the protozoan parasite, Cryptobia salmositica. Parasitol Res 2006; 100:881-6. [PMID: 17111176 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the identification of a cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase gene (CYS) from the hemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica. Genomic DNA sequence of cysteine proteinase was obtained by genome walking using degenerate primers. Specific primers were designed to amplify the cDNA of cysteine proteinase from mRNA by rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR. The open reading frame of CYS is 1,329 bp, with 443 deduced amino acids. Based on the sequence analysis, cysteine proteinase of C. salmositica is similar to the cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase of kinetoplastid parasites such as Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp. The identification of CYS proteinase gene could help to design cysteine proteinase specific inhibitors. Further studies are required to characterize the complete genomic organization of the cysteine proteinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palmy R R Jesudhasan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Azarkan M, Dibiani R, Baulard C, Baeyens-Volant D. Effects of mechanical wounding on Carica papaya cysteine endopeptidases accumulation and activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2006; 38:216-24. [PMID: 16580724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical wounding impact on the Carica papaya latex protein pattern was investigated by analyzing three latexes. A first one commercially available, a second harvested from unripe but fully grown fruits, both obtained from regularly tapped fruits. A third one was collected from similar fruits but wounded for the first time. The results demonstrated both quantitative and qualitative changes in the protein content and in the enzymatic activity. Repeated wounding results in either, accumulation or activation (or both of them) of papain, chymopapain and caricain. Furthermore, new cysteine protease activity was found to transiently accumulate in the latex collected from newly wounded fruits. The possible implication of this enzymatic material in the papaya cysteine endopeptidases pro-forms activation is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Azarkan
- University of Brussels, Faculty of Medicine, Protein Chemistry Unit, Campus Erasme CP 609, 808, route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gutiérrez-González LH, Rojo-Domínguez A, Cabrera-González NE, Pérez-Montfort R, Padilla-Zúñiga AJ. Loosely packed papain prosegment displays inhibitory activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 446:151-60. [PMID: 16427023 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Most protease prosegments are co-synthesized at the N-termini of cysteine proteases and are involved in folding assistance, inhibition, and activation of their mature enzymes. By using circular dichroism, UV-difference and fluorescence spectroscopies, we studied the thermal unfolding of papain prosegment. The transition seems to be two-state and reversible, with an unfolded state prone to aggregation. Unfolding thermodynamic parameters obtained show low values both for deltaH(Tm) and deltaCp(U), indicative of a loosely packed three-dimensional conformation for the prosegment at near-neutral pH conditions. In spite of these results, fluorescence experiments demonstrate that papain prosegment is able to recognize and inhibit its cognate protease. An acid medium induces a molten globule-like state without intermediates, which in turn undergoes an irreversible thermal unfolding. Our results suggest that papain prosegment has a high degree of conformational flexibility, with the ability to form not only a molten globule-like structure in activating conditions, but also requiring an induced fit in order to be functional as inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis H Gutiérrez-González
- Area de Biofisicoquímica, Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apartado Postal 55-534, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sequeiros C, Torres MJ, Trejo SA, Esteves JL, Natalucci CL, López LMI. Philibertain g I, the Most Basic Cysteine Endopeptidase Purified from the Latex of Philibertia gilliesii Hook. et Arn. (Apocynaceae). Protein J 2005; 24:445-53. [PMID: 16328737 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-005-7640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new papain-like cysteine peptidase isolated from latex of Philibertia gilliesii Hook. et Arn., Apocynaceae (formerly Asclepiadaceae) has been purified and characterized. The enzyme, named philibertain g I, is the most basic component present in latex extracts and was purified by acetone fractionation followed by cation exchange chromatography (SP-Sepharose HR) using FPLC system. Homogeneity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and mass spectroscopy (MS). Molecular mass of the enzyme was 23,530 Da (MALDI-TOF MS), its isoelectric point was >10.25, and maximum proteolytic activity (casein) was achieved at pH 7-8. The new protease was inhibited by E-64 a cysteine peptidases inhibitor. Km was 0.15 mM, using PFLNA as substrate. The N-terminal sequence of philibertain g I (LPASVDWRKEGAVLPIRHQGQCG) was compared with those of twenty plant proteases. Philibertain g I showed the higher degree of identity (73%) with caricain, one of the Carica papaya endopepetidases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Sequeiros
- CENPAT-CONICET Centro Nacional Patagónico, Blvd. Brown s/n, 9120, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kubota K, Nishii W, Kojima M, Takahashi K. Specific Inhibition and Stabilization of Aspergilloglutamic Peptidase by the Propeptide. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:999-1006. [PMID: 15516690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410852200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergilloglutamic peptidase (formerly called aspergillopepsin II) is an acid endopeptidase produced by Aspergillus niger var. macrosporus, with a novel catalytic dyad of a glutamic acid and a glutamine residue, thus belonging to a novel peptidase family G1. The mature enzyme is generated from its precursor by removal of the putative 41-residue propeptide and an 11-residue intervening peptide through autocatalytic activation. In the present study, the propeptide (Ala1-Asn41) and a series of its truncated peptides were chemically synthesized, and their effects on the enzyme activity and thermal stability were examined to identify the sequences and residues in the propeptide most critical to the inhibition and thermal stabilization. The synthetic propeptide was shown to be a potent competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (Ki = 27 nM at pH 4.0). Various shorter propeptide fragments derived from the central region of the propeptide had significant inhibitory effect, whereas their Ala scan-substituted peptides, especially R19A and H20A, showed only weak inhibition. Substitution of the Pro23-Pro24 sequence near His20 with an Ala-Ala sequence changed the peptide Lys18-Tyr25 to a substrate with His20 as the P1 residue. Furthermore, the propeptide was shown to be able to significantly protect the enzyme from thermal denaturation (DeltaTm = approximately 19 degrees C at pH 5.6). The protective potencies of the propeptide as well as truncated propeptides and their Ala scan-substituted peptides are parallel with their inhibitory potencies. These results indicate that the central part, and especially Arg19 and His20 therein, of the propeptide is most critical to the inhibition and thermal stabilization and that His20 interacts with the enzyme at or near the S1 site in a nonproductive fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kubota
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bzymek KP, D'Souza VM, Chen G, Campbell H, Mitchell A, Holz RC. Function of the signal peptide and N- and C-terminal propeptides in the leucine aminopeptidase from Aeromonas proteolytica. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 37:294-305. [PMID: 15358350 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The leucine aminopeptidase from Aeromonas proteolytica (also known as Vibrio proteolyticus) (AAP) is a metalloenzyme with broad substrate specificity. The open reading frame (ORF) for AAP encodes a 54 kDa enzyme, however, the extracellular enzyme has a molecular weight of 43 kDa. This form of AAP is further processed to a mature, thermostable 32 kDa form but the exact nature of this process is unknown. Over-expression of different forms of AAP in Escherichia coli (with AAP's native leader sequence, with and without the N- and/or C-terminal propeptides, and as fusion protein) has allowed a model for the processing of wild-type AAP to be proposed. The role of the A. proteolytica signal peptide in protein secretion as well as comparison to other known signal peptides reveals a close resemblance of the A. proteolytica signal peptide to the outer membrane protein (OmpA) signal peptide. Over-expression of the full 54 kDa AAP enzyme provides an enzyme that is significantly less active, due to a cooperative inhibitory interaction between both propeptides. Over-expression of AAP lacking its C-terminal propeptide provided an enzyme with an identical kcat value to wild-type AAP but exhibited a larger Km value, suggesting competitive inhibition of AAP by the N-terminal propeptide (Ki approximately 0.13 nM). The recombinant 32 kDa form of AAP was characterized by kinetic and spectroscopic methods and was shown to be identical to mature, wild-type AAP. Therefore, the ease of purification and processing of rAAP along with the fact that large quantities can be obtained now allow new detailed mechanistic studies to be performed on AAP through site-directed mutagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof P Bzymek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kurata M, Hirata M, Watabe S, Miyake M, Takahashi SY, Yamamoto Y. Expression, purification, and inhibitory activities of mouse cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2alpha. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 32:119-25. [PMID: 14680948 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(03)00222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Revised: 07/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2 (CTLA-2) is a novel cysteine proteinase inhibitor. The protein sequence is homologous to the proregion of mouse cathepsin L. Here, we report the expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant CTLA-2 (CTLA-2alpha). CTLA-2alpha was cloned into the pET16b vector and the plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) pLysS. The recombinant CTLA-2alpha was highly expressed and purified by His-Bind affinity chromatography, Factor Xa digestion, and hydrophobic chromatography. Throughout these procedures, 3mg recombinant CTLA-2alpha was obtained from 450 ml of bacterial culture medium. The purified protein exhibited inhibitory activities towards certain cysteine proteinases and was properly refolded, as indicated by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Recombinant CTLA-2alpha fully inhibited Bombyx cysteine proteinase (BCP) (overall Kd (Ki*) = 0.23 nM) and and cathepsin L (overall Kd (Ki*) = 0.38 nM). Inhibition of cathepsin H ( Ki = 86 nM) and papain ( Ki = 560 nM) was much weaker, while inhibition of cathepsin B was negligible ( Ki > 1 microM). Our results indicate that mouse CTLA-2alpha is a selective inhibitor of the cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kurata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Radiation Biology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Beers EP, Jones AM, Dickerman AW. The S8 serine, C1A cysteine and A1 aspartic protease families in Arabidopsis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2004; 65:43-58. [PMID: 14697270 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana genome has over 550 protease sequences representing all five catalytic types: serine, cysteine, aspartic acid, metallo and threonine (MEROPS peptidase database, http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/), which probably reflect a wide variety of as yet unidentified functions performed by plant proteases. Recent indications that the 26S proteasome, a T1 family-threonine protease, is a regulator of light and hormone responsive signal transduction highlight the potential of proteases to participate in many aspects of plant growth and development. Recent discoveries that proteases are required for stomatal distribution, embryo development and disease resistance point to wider roles for four additional multigene families that include some of the most frequently studied (yet poorly understood) plant proteases: the subtilisin-like, serine proteases (family S8), the papain-like, cysteine proteases (family C1A), the pepsin-like, aspartic proteases (family A1) and the plant matrixin, metalloproteases (family M10A). In this report, 54 subtilisin-like, 30 papain-like and 59 pepsin-like proteases from Arabidopsis, are compared with S8, C1A and A1 proteases known from other plant species at the functional, phylogenetic and gene structure levels. Examples of structural conservation between S8, C1A and A1 genes from rice, barley, tomato and soybean and those from Arabidopsis are noted, indicating that some common, essential plant protease roles were established before the divergence of monocots and eudicots. Numerous examples of tandem duplications of protease genes and evidence for a variety of restricted expression patterns suggest that a high degree of specialization exists among proteases within each family. We propose that comprehensive analysis of the functions of these genes in Arabidopsis will firmly establish serine, cysteine and aspartic proteases as regulators and effectors of a wide range of plant processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Beers
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pandey KC, Sijwali PS, Singh A, Na BK, Rosenthal PJ. Independent Intramolecular Mediators of Folding, Activity, and Inhibition for the Plasmodium falciparum Cysteine Protease Falcipain-2. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:3484-91. [PMID: 14625277 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310536200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2 is a trophozoite hemoglobinase and potential antimalarial drug target. Unlike other studied papain family proteases, falcipain-2 does not require its prodomain for folding to active enzyme. Rather, folding is mediated by an amino-terminal extension of the mature protease. As in related enzymes, the prodomain is a potent inhibitor of falcipain-2. We now report further functional evaluation of the domains of falcipain-2 and related plasmodial proteases. The minimum requirement for folding of falcipain-2 and four related plasmodial cysteine proteases was inclusion of a 14-15-residue amino-terminal folding domain, beginning with a conserved Tyr. Chimeras of the falcipain-2 catalytic domain with extensions from six other plasmodial proteases folded normally and had kinetic parameters (k(cat)/K(m) 124,000-195,000 M(-1) s(-1)) similar to those of recombinant falcipain-2 (k(cat)/K(m) 120,000 M(-1) s(-1)), indicating that the folding domain is functionally conserved across the falcipain-2 subfamily. Correct folding also occurred when the catalytic domain was refolded with a separate prodomain-folding domain construct but not with an isolated folding domain peptide. Thus, the prodomain mediated interaction between the other two domains when they were not covalently bound. The prodomain-catalytic domain interaction was independent of the active site, because it was blocked by free inactive catalytic domain but not by the active site-binding peptide leupeptin. The folded catalytic domain retained activity after purification from the prodomain-folding domain construct (k(cat)/K(m) 168,000 M(-1) s(-1)), indicating that the folding domain is not required for activity once folding has been achieved. Activity was lost after nonreducing gelatin SDS-PAGE but not native gelatin PAGE, indicating that correct disulfide bonds are insufficient to direct appropriate folding. Our results identify unique features of the falcipain-2 subfamily with independent mediation of activity, folding, and inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailash C Pandey
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bouchard E, Cloutier C, Michaud D. Oryzacystatin I expressed in transgenic potato induces digestive compensation in an insect natural predator via its herbivorous prey feeding on the plant. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:2439-46. [PMID: 12919481 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We observed recently that the rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor, oryzacystatin I (OCI) expressed in transgenic potato does not affect growth and development of the two-spotted stinkbug predator (Perillus bioculatus) via its herbivorous prey feeding on the plant. Here we monitored the inhibitory activity of recombinant OCI along this potato --> herbivore --> predator continuum, to determine if the absence of effect was associated with a digestive compensatory response of the predator following inhibition of its proteinases by the recombinant cystatin. After confirming that OCI is present in the plant, and ingested in an active form by potato beetle larvae, quantitative and electrophoretic assays allowed us to determine that the recombinant cystatin (representing about 0.8% of total soluble proteins in leaves) was entirely bound to a approximately 30-kDa target proteinase in the prey's midgut, forming a sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-stable complex detected on immunoblots with an anti-OCI polyclonal antibody. Despite the apparent absence of free, residual OCI in the beetle's midgut, digestive protease activity in the predator, known to include OCI-sensitive activity, was altered negatively when the prey was fed the modified plant. This inhibitory process at the third trophic level was accompanied by a compensatory response in the predator, by which serine-type proteinases were synthesized de novo. Overall, our data suggest that the affinity between OCI and the predator's OCI-sensitive proteinases is: (i) as strong as (or stronger than) the affinity between OCI and the potato beetle 30-kDa-sensitive proteinase; and (ii) stronger than the affinity between these enzymes and the plant endogenous homologue of OCI, potato multicystatin, induced in the plant by potato beetle feeding. Our results also show that predatory organisms can adapt their digestive metabolism to the presence of plant antidigestive proteins ingested by their herbivorous preys. In a broader context, this study stresses the need to monitor the inhibitory effects of PI-expressing plants not only on the herbivorous insects targeted, but also on the organisms likely to consume these pests in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Bouchard
- Département de Biologie, Centre de recherche en horticulture, Université Laval, Cité Universitaire (Québec), Canada G1K 7P4
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Basak A, Lazure C. Synthetic peptides derived from the prosegments of proprotein convertase 1/3 and furin are potent inhibitors of both enzymes. Biochem J 2003; 373:231-9. [PMID: 12662153 PMCID: PMC1223467 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2003] [Revised: 03/25/2003] [Accepted: 03/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertases (PCs) are Ca(2+)-dependent serine proteases of the subtilisin/kexin family which are known specifically to cleave propeptide and proprotein substrates at the C-terminal of R-X-(K/R)-R/ to generate the relevant biologically active peptides. PCs are initially synthesized as enzymically inactive proenzyme forms where the prosegments play an important inhibitory role to the respective enzymes. Here we investigated whether synthetic peptides derived from the pro-region could also represent specific and potent inhibitors. Based upon sequence alignment, secondary structure analysis and hydrophilicity plot, a number of peptides ranging from 8 to 33 residues were selected. These included segments encompassing residues 55-62, 50-62, 39-62, 50-83, 55-83, 64-83 and 74-83 in the pro-mouse PC1/3 sequence and residues 54-62, 48-62 and 39-62 of the pro-human furin sequence. All peptides were prepared by solid-phase FastMoc chemistry, purified by reversed-phase HPLC and characterized by MS and amino acid analysis. These peptides were tested in vitro for inhibitory activity towards recombinant mouse PC1/3 and human furin. Progress-curve and end-time kinetic analysis demonstrated that a number of these peptides, particularly those containing both the primary and the secondary processing sites, displayed strong inhibition of both enzymes with inhibition constants (K (i)) in the high nanomolar range. Unlike the whole propeptide, these small synthetic peptide inhibitors exhibited either true competitive or mixed competitive inhibition, depending on the sequence. Our data revealed further the critical role of the last two basic amino acid residues (e.g. Lys(82)-Arg(83) for the mouse PC1/3 sequence) of the prodomain in imparting a strong anti-convertase activity. The study also establishes the inhibitory potential of certain regions contained within the prosegment of the two convertases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy Basak
- Laboratory of Regional Protein Chemistry Center, Diseases of Ageing, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Loeb Building, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Y 4E9.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cappetta M, Roth I, Díaz A, Tort J, Roche L. Role of the prosegment of Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L1 in folding of the catalytic domain. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1215-21. [PMID: 12437108 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal propeptides of cysteine proteinases play regulatory roles in the folding and stability of their catalytic domains, as well as being potent and highly specific inhibitors of their parental mature enzymes. Cysteine proteinases play a major role in the biology of the parasitic trematode Fasciola hepatica; in particular, this organism secretes significant amounts of cathepsin L enzymes. The isolated propeptide of F. hepatica cathepsin L1 functioned as a chaperone for the mature enzyme in renaturation experiments. A double point mutation (N701/F721) within the GxNxFxD motif of the propeptide affected its conformation and markedly decreased its affinity for the mature enzyme. When this mutation was introduced into preprocathepsin L1 expressed in yeast, the secretion of active enzyme dropped dramatically. However, significant enzyme activity was recovered from the culture supernatants after denaturation and renaturation in the presence of native propeptide. Thus, the variant prosegment gave rise to an enzyme with altered conformation, which could be refolded to the active form with the assistance of the native propeptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Cappetta
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cérède O, Dubremetz JF, Bout D, Lebrun M. The Toxoplasma gondii protein MIC3 requires pro-peptide cleavage and dimerization to function as adhesin. EMBO J 2002; 21:2526-36. [PMID: 12032066 PMCID: PMC126022 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.11.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment and invasion of host cells by apicomplexan parasites involve the exocytosis of the micronemal proteins (MICs). Most MICs are adhesins, which show homology with adhesive domains from higher eukaryote proteins and undergo proteolytic processing of unknown biological significance during their transport to micronemes. In Toxoplasma gondii, the micronemal homodimeric protein MIC3 is a potent adhesin that displays features shared by most Apicomplexa MICs. We have developed an original MIC3-binding assay by transfection of mammalian cells with complete or truncated MIC3 gene sequences and demonstrated that the receptor binding site of MIC3 is located in the N-terminal chitin-binding-like domain, which remains poorly accessible until the adjacent pro-peptide has been cleaved, and that binding requires dimerization. We have localized the dimerization domain in the C-terminal end of the protein and shown that it is able to convert MIC8, a monomeric micronemal protein sharing the MIC3 lectin-like domain, into a dimer able to interact with host cell receptors. These findings shed new light on molecular mechanisms that control functional maturation of MICs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean François Dubremetz
- UMR Université-INRA d’Immunologie Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 31 Avenue Monge, F-37200 Tours and
UMR 5539 CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, CP 107, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34090 Montpellier, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | - Maryse Lebrun
- UMR Université-INRA d’Immunologie Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 31 Avenue Monge, F-37200 Tours and
UMR 5539 CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, CP 107, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34090 Montpellier, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sijwali PS, Shenai BR, Rosenthal PJ. Folding of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2 is mediated by a chaperone-like peptide and not the prodomain. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:14910-5. [PMID: 11827964 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109680200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Papain-family cysteine proteases of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, known as falcipains, are hemoglobinases and potential drug targets. Available data suggest that papain-family proteases require prodomains for correct folding into functional conformations. However, in prior studies of falcipain-2, an Escherichia coli-expressed construct containing only a small portion of the prodomain refolded efficiently, suggesting that this enzyme differs in this regard from other papain-family enzymes. To better characterize the determinants of folding for falcipain-2, we expressed multiple pro- and mature constructs of the enzyme in E. coli and assessed their abilities to refold. Mature falcipain-2 refolded into active protease with very similar properties to those of proteins resulting from the refolding of proenzyme constructs. Deletion of a 17-amino acid amino-terminal segment of the mature protease yielded a construct incapable of correct folding, but inclusion of this segment in trans allowed folding to active falcipain-2. The prodomain was a potent, competitive, and reversible inhibitor of mature falcipain-2 (K(i) 10(-10) m). Our results identify a chaperone-like function of an amino-terminal segment of mature falcipain-2 and suggest that protease inhibition, but not the mediation of folding, is a principal function of the falcipain-2 prodomain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puran S Sijwali
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Funk V, Kositsup B, Zhao C, Beers EP. The Arabidopsis xylem peptidase XCP1 is a tracheary element vacuolar protein that may be a papain ortholog. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002. [PMID: 11788755 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
XCP1 is a xylem-specific papain-like cysteine peptidase in Arabidopsis. To determine whether XCP1 could be involved in tracheary element autolysis, promoter activity and localization of XCP1 were investigated using XCP1 promoter-beta-glucuronidase fusions and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. A tracheary element expression pattern was detected for XCP1. Results from confocal microscopy and biochemical subcellular fractionation indicated that XCP1 was localized in the vacuole. Ectopic expression of XCP1 resulted in a reduction in plant size in some lines and early leaf senescence, as indicated by early loss of leaf chlorophyll. Reduced plant size was correlated with higher levels of XCP1, as shown by immunoblot and peptidase activity gel analyses. The XCP1 prodomain exhibits exceptionally high similarity (greater than 80%) to the prodomains of papain and other papain-like enzymes isolated from papaya (Carica papaya) laticifers when compared with all other reported papain-like enzymes. The potential for XCP1 and papain to perform common functions as catalysts of autolytic processing following cell death due to programmed suicide or to wounding is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Funk
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|