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Luo Y, Huang X, Hu H, Wang Y, Feng X, Chen S, Luo H. Intestinal microflora promotes Th2-mediated immunity through NLRP3 in damp and heat environments. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367053. [PMID: 38756775 PMCID: PMC11096527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background With the worsening of the greenhouse effect, the correlation between the damp-heat environment (DH) and the incidence of various diseases has gained increasing attention. Previous studies have demonstrated that DH can lead to intestinal disorders, enteritis, and an up-regulation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3). However, the mechanism of NLRP3 in this process remains unclear. Methods We established a DH animal model to observe the impact of a high temperature and humidity environment on the mice. We sequenced the 16S rRNA of mouse feces, and the RNA transcriptome of intestinal tissue, as well as the levels of cytokines including interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 in serum. Results Our results indicate that the intestinal macrophage infiltration and the expression of inflammatory genes were increased in mice challenged with DH for 14 days, while the M2 macrophages were decreased in Nlrp3 -/- mice. The alpha diversity of intestinal bacteria in Nlrp3 -/- mice was significantly higher than that in control mice, including an up-regulation of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 307 differentially expressed genes were decreased in Nlrp3 -/- mice compared with control mice, which was related to humoral immune response, complement activation, phagocytic recognition, malaria and inflammatory bowel disease. The ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 was decreased in control mice but increased in Nlrp3 -/- mice. Conclusions Our study found that the inflammation induced by DH promotes Th2-mediated immunity via NLRP3, which is closely related to the disruption of intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiying Hu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Moon J, DuBien J, Ramachandran R, Liang Y, Dridi S, Tabler T. Effects of a Sprinkler and Cool Cell Combined System on Cooling Water Usage, Litter Moisture, and Indoor Environment of Broiler Houses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2939. [PMID: 37760340 PMCID: PMC10525607 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is a serious challenge to food production around the world. Sustainability and water efficiency are critical to a poultry industry faced with global production concerns including increased demands for high-quality, affordable animal protein and greater environmental pressures resulting from rising global temperatures, flock heat stress, and limits on water availability. To address these concerns, a commercial sprinkler system used in combination with a cool cell system was evaluated against a cool cell system alone for two summer flocks of heavy broilers at Mississippi State University to determine effects of sprinkler technology on cooling water usage, litter moisture, and in-house environments. Environmental data were calculated and recorded throughout the flocks. The combination house exhibited a 2.2 °C (4 °F) increase in daily maximum temperature, lower coincident relative humidity, and a 64% (62,039 L/flock) reduction in average cooling water usage over the cool cell-only house. Litter moisture for the combination house tended to be numerically lower but showed no significant difference at several time points between and across flocks. A combined sprinkler/cool cell system reduced cooling water use by 64% over two flocks compared to a cool cell alone system and decreased in-house relative humidity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Moon
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jan DuBien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Reshma Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Yi Liang
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Tom Tabler
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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3
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Zmrhal V, Svoradova A, Venusova E, Slama P. The Influence of Heat Stress on Chicken Immune System and Mitigation of Negative Impacts by Baicalin and Baicalein. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2564. [PMID: 37627355 PMCID: PMC10451628 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) in poultry husbandry is an important stressor and with increasing global temperatures its importance will increase. The negative effects of stress on the quality and quantity of poultry production are described in a range of research studies. However, a lack of attention is devoted to the impacts of HS on individual chicken immune cells and whole lymphoid tissue in birds. Oxidative stress and increased inflammation are accompanying processes of HS, but with deleterious effects on the whole organism. They play a key role in the inflammation and oxidative stress of the chicken immune system. There are a range of strategies that can help mitigate the adverse effects of HS in poultry. Phytochemicals are well studied and some of them report promising results to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation, a major consequence of HS. Current studies revealed that mitigating these two main impacts of HS will be a key factor in solving the problem of increasing temperatures in poultry production. Improved function of the chicken immune system is another benefit of using phytochemicals in poultry due to the importance of poultry health management in today's post pandemic world. Based on the current literature, baicalin and baicalein have proven to have strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects in mammalian and avian models. Taken together, this review is dedicated to collecting the literature about the known effects of HS on chicken immune cells and lymphoid tissue. The second part of the review is dedicated to the potential use of baicalin and baicalein in poultry to mitigate the negative impacts of HS on poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Zmrhal
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.Z.); (A.S.); (E.V.)
| | - Andrea Svoradova
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.Z.); (A.S.); (E.V.)
- NPPC, Research Institute for Animal Production in Nitra, 951 41 Luzianky, Slovakia
| | - Eva Venusova
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.Z.); (A.S.); (E.V.)
| | - Petr Slama
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.Z.); (A.S.); (E.V.)
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4
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Morais MVM, Lima HJD, Silva FNA, Gomes MVFC. Indicators of thermal comfort and nitrogen digestibility as a function of digestible arginine: lysine ratios in the diet of laying Japanese quails raised in hot weather. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103597. [PMID: 37354637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective with this study was to determine the influence of the digestible arginine: lysine ratio in the diet of laying Japanese quails raised in hot weather on the physiological variables of thermoregulation, time in tonic immobility, behavior and nitrogen utilization. A total of 240 laying quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with 40 weeks of age were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replications containing eight quails per experimental unit. The studied digestible arginine: lysine ratios were 110%; 120%, 130%, 140% and 150%, for 63 days divided into three periods of 21 days each. There was a quadratic effect (p < 0.05) for the variables average surface temperature, average body temperature, core to surface thermal gradient, ambient to surface temperature gradient observed in the morning. In the afternoon, a quadratic effect (p < 0.05) of the arginine: lysine ratio was observed for variables average surface temperature, average body temperature, core to surface thermal gradient, ambient to surface thermal gradient, back temperature, head temperature and respiratory frequency. There was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of arginine: lysine ratios on the frequency of behaviors, except drinking and panting (p < 0.05), for which 130% ratio provided the lowest frequencies of these behaviors. There was a quadratic effect (p < 0.05) for the parameters of nitrogen retention, nitrogen excreted and nitrogen retention efficiency. Nitrogen intake and excreta moisture were not influenced by the different relationships studied (p > 0.05). The 130% arginine: lysine ratio corresponding to 0.131 g/kg/feed of arginine improves physiological responses related to thermoregulation and decreases the expression of behaviors correlated to heat stress, also meeting the best estimated ratio for nitrogen retention in the diet of quails laying Japanese raised in hot weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vinícius Martins Morais
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, 39.100-00, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Heder José D'Avila Lima
- Departamento de Zootecnia e Exttensão Rural, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nunes Albernaz Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia e Exttensão Rural, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Oladokun S, Adewole DI. Biomarkers of heat stress and mechanism of heat stress response in Avian species: Current insights and future perspectives from poultry science. J Therm Biol 2022; 110:103332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Iyasere O, Bateson M, Beard A, Guy J. Corrigendum to “Which factor is more important for the welfare of broiler chickens: Intensity or duration of episodic heat stress?” [J. Therm. Biol. 99 (2021) 102981]. J Therm Biol 2022; 105:103202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Eye Region Surface Temperature and Corticosterone Response to Acute Stress in a High-Arctic Seabird, the Little Auk. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040499. [PMID: 35203208 PMCID: PMC8868316 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring changes in surface body temperature (specifically in eye-region) in vertebrates using infrared thermography is increasingly applied for detection of the stress reaction. Here we investigated the relationship between the eye-region temperature (TEYE; measured with infrared thermography), the corticosterone level in blood (CORT; stress indicator in birds), and some covariates (ambient temperature, humidity, and sex/body size) in a High-Arctic seabird, the Little Auk Alle alle. The birds responded to the capture-restrain protocol (blood sampling at the moment of capturing, and after 30 min of restrain) by a significant TEYE and CORT increase. However, the strength of the TEYE and CORT response to acute stress were not correlated. It confirms the results of a recent study on other species and all together indicates that infrared thermography is a useful, non-invasive measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity under acute activation, but it might not be a suitable proxy for natural variation of circulating glucocorticoid levels.
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8
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Kim DH, Lee YK, Lee SD, Lee KW. Impact of relative humidity on the laying performance, egg quality, and physiological stress responses of laying hens exposed to high ambient temperature. J Therm Biol 2022; 103:103167. [PMID: 35027187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of relative humidity (RH) on the laying performance, egg quality, and stress indicators of laying hens raised at high ambient temperatures. A total of 180 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (68-wk-old) were randomly allotted to one of the following three RH conditions for 12 h a day (9:00 a.m.-9:00 p.m.) over four weeks: low RH (LRH; 25% RH), moderate RH (MRH; 50% RH), and high RH (HRH; 75% RH); ambient temperature was 30 °C under all treatments. None of the RH treatments affected hen-day egg production, egg weight, or egg mass (P > 0.05). However, feed intake was lower in the HRH group than in the LRH group (P < 0.05). Plasma corticosterone (CORT) concentration on day 21, yolk CORT concentration on day 3, and albumen CORT concentration on day 7 following RH exposure were higher in the HRH group than in the LRH group (P < 0.05). Moreover, plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration on day 14 was higher in the HRH group than in the LRH group (P < 0.05). On days 3 and 14, the Haugh unit decreased (P < 0.05) in the LRH group compared with that in the MRH and HRH groups. The HRH-exposed laying hens showed the lowest (P < 0.05) eggshell thickness on day 14. The absolute weights of eggshell, yolk, and albumen decreased in the HRH group compared with those in the MRH and LRH groups. Overall, high RH lowered feed intake and egg quality except for the Haugh unit, and induced stress response as manifested by elevated plasma, yolk, and albumen CORT concentrations. To our best knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate the role of RH in triggering temperature stress responses in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoo-Kyung Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development of Administration (NIAS-RDA), Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Dae Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development of Administration (NIAS-RDA), Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Woo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Oke OE, Uyanga VA, Iyasere OS, Oke FO, Majekodunmi BC, Logunleko MO, Abiona JA, Nwosu EU, Abioja MO, Daramola JO, Onagbesan OM. Environmental stress and livestock productivity in hot-humid tropics: Alleviation and future perspectives. J Therm Biol 2021; 100:103077. [PMID: 34503814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tropical environments are characterized by persistently high temperature and relative humidity and the harsh environmental conditions pose a serious limitation on the optimal performance of the animals raised in this region. Heat stress causes deleterious effects on welfare, immunology and physiology of farm animals with a resultant impact on their productivity as the use of body resources is re-organized and the metabolic priorities of animals shift away from production, growth, health and reproduction. It is imperative to understand the mechanisms involved in the thermoregulation of animals under tropical conditions in order to develop appropriate strategies for their improvement. This review focuses on the available data on the increasing global temperature and the adverse impact of tropical conditions on animals' adaptive mechanism affected during thermal stress on production performance, intestinal and ileal microbiome, physiological responses, antioxidant system, metabolic responses, cellular and molecular response, adaptive mechanism strategies to heat stress and also strategies to palliate environmental stress on livestock under humid tropical conditions including environmental manipulation, genetic opportunity, epigenetic and feeding modification. Overall, the present review has identified the disturbance in the physiological indices of tropical livestock and the need for concerted efforts in ameliorating the adverse impacts of high ambient temperature aggravated by high humidity on livestock in tropical environments. Further research is needed on genotype-by-environment interaction on the thermotolerance of different livestock species in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Oke
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
| | - V A Uyanga
- Depart of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - O S Iyasere
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - F O Oke
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - B C Majekodunmi
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - M O Logunleko
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - J A Abiona
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - E U Nwosu
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - M O Abioja
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - J O Daramola
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O M Onagbesan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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10
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Iyasere OS, Bateson M, Beard AP, Guy JH. Which factor is more important: Intensity or duration of episodic heat stress on broiler chickens? J Therm Biol 2021; 99:102981. [PMID: 34420625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
With the current global warming, there is a predicted increase in frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves in future. Little is known of how this could affect the welfare of broiler chickens. Sixty-four broiler chickens were subjected to either high heat stress (HHS; 32 °C, 70% RH for 3 h), moderate heat stress (MHS; 30 °C, 70% RH for 6 h), or normal conditions (NC: 20 °C, 50% RH for 6 h) for two consecutive days. On both days, the temperature-ID chips on all chipped birds were scanned during pre-heat stress (PrHS), end of 3 h (3HS) and 6 h (6HS) of heat stress using a pocket reader. Half of the chip birds' CBT was measured at the end of each hour of heat stress (HS: 1st -3rd hour). Surface body temperatures (SBTs) from under the wing (WT), feet (FT), cloaca (CLT) and comb (CT) were measured. Blood samples, feed intake, daily weight gain and mortality was also monitored. Data was analysed using General Linear Model and simple linear regression. At 3HS, CBT/ΔCBT and all SBTs showed this trend: HHS>MHS>NC (P<0.001). The regression equations to predict ΔCBT in HHS and MHS are ΔCBT = 0.917 + 0.663 h, P<0.05 and ΔCBT = 0.371 + 0.338 h, P<0.05 respectively. Blood pH, pCO2, iCa, HCO3- and TCO2 showed same trend: HHS, MHS > NC (P<0.05). Comparing HHS for 3 h with MHS and NC for 6 h shows that CBT/ΔCBT, WT and CLT in HHS, MHS>control (P<0.001) while FT and CT showed a different trend (HHS > MHS > NC, P<0.001). pCO2, feed intake and daily weight gain showed same trend (HHS, MHS > control). Temperature-ID chip (a less invasive technique) gave CBT/ΔCBT values that corresponded with the degree of heat stress experienced by the birds. Broilers were more tolerant to MHS than HHS after 3 h but MHS for 6 h and HHS for 3 h had similar impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Iyasere
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - M Bateson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A P Beard
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J H Guy
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Andretta I, Kipper M, Schirmann GD, Franceschina CS, Ribeiro AML. Modeling the performance of broilers under heat stress. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101338. [PMID: 34358951 PMCID: PMC8350525 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was developed to model performance depression in heat stress (HS), to analyze the influence of HS type (cyclic or constant), and to assess the correlation between dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) and HS in broilers. Two databases (Dat) with performance and temperature were constructed (initial phase – up to 21 d of age – 14 articles, 7,667 animals, average replicate number treatment-ARN/T, 5 and growing phase – over 21 d of age – 74 articles and 25,145 broilers, ARN/T, 7). The criteria for article selection were (1) experiments using at least 2 temperatures (thermoneutral and high temperature); (2) results of ADFI and ADG; (3) feed and water ad libitum during the experiment. Each treatment was classified as cyclic or constant HS and the HS group response was calculated relative to the thermoneutral group. Performance was evaluated as raw data or as relativized information (indicated as “HS effect or ≠”), expressed as a percentage of the difference between results. The models to predict “HS effect” showed that for the initial phase, only ADG was influenced by HS, while for the grower phase, prediction equations were created for ADFI and ADG. Considering the simplest models, there was a reduction of 1.4% in ADFI and 2.1% in ADG for each unit (°C) above the upper critical temperature for broilers older than 21 d. Feed conversion (FC) was not affected by HS in any of the studied phases. Constant HS proved to be more negative than cyclic HS to broiler performance after 21 d of age. The relation between DEB and performance of broilers under HS was analyzed considering broilers over 21 d of age, and very weak correlations were observed. It was concluded that HS affects broilers over 21 d more, although FC is not affected. ADFI is the most important variable affected by HS and the relation between the DEB of the diet and HS is very weak. The empirical models generated in this study accurately predicted ADG and ADFI of broilers exposed to HS and can be used to minimize those effects on poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Andretta
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - M Kipper
- Elanco Brasil, São Paulo, 04703-002, Brazil
| | - G D Schirmann
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - C S Franceschina
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - A M L Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil.
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Nawaz AH, Amoah K, Leng QY, Zheng JH, Zhang WL, Zhang L. Poultry Response to Heat Stress: Its Physiological, Metabolic, and Genetic Implications on Meat Production and Quality Including Strategies to Improve Broiler Production in a Warming World. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:699081. [PMID: 34368284 PMCID: PMC8342923 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.699081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous increase in poultry production over the last decades to meet the high growing demand and provide food security has attracted much concern due to the recent negative impacts of the most challenging environmental stressor, heat stress (HS), on birds. The poultry industry has responded by adopting different environmental strategies such as the use of environmentally controlled sheds and modern ventilation systems. However, such strategies are not long-term solutions and it cost so much for farmers to practice. The detrimental effects of HS include the reduction in growth, deterioration of meat quality as it reduces water-holding capacity, pH and increases drip loss in meat consequently changing the normal color, taste and texture of chicken meat. HS causes poor meat quality by impairing protein synthesis and augmenting undesirable fat in meat. Studies previously conducted show that HS negatively affects the skeletal muscle growth and development by changing its effects on myogenic regulatory factors, insulin growth factor-1, and heat-shock proteins. The focus of this article is in 3-fold: (1) to identify the mechanism of heat stress that causes meat production and quality loss in chicken; (2) to discuss the physiological, metabolic and genetic changes triggered by HS causing setback to the world poultry industry; (3) to identify the research gaps to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Nawaz
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Kwaku Amoah
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qi Y Leng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jia H Zheng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wei L Zhang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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Attia YA, Al-Harthi MA, Hassan SS. Responses of broiler chicken to different oil levels within constant energy levels from 20 to 40 days of age under hot weather conditions. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1906169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A. Attia
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Harthi
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saber Sh. Hassan
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Direct surface wetting sprinkler system to reduce the use of evaporative cooling pads in meat chicken production: indoor thermal environment, water usage, litter moisture content, live market weights, and mortalities. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101078. [PMID: 33799118 PMCID: PMC8044692 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An overhead sprinkler system that directly applies water onto meat chickens in tunnel ventilated houses was evaluated and compared with a conventional evaporative cooling pad system at 2 commercial farms in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. The sprinkler system was used to reduce the use of evaporative cooling pads as the primary cooling system but not replace evaporative cooling pads altogether. The sprinkler system used low water pressure and comprised evenly spaced sprinklers and a programmable controller. Water was applied intermittently based on house temperature and a temperature program that was related to bird age. The study was conducted over 6 sequential grow-outs during a 1-year period. Air temperature, relative humidity, litter moisture content, cooling water usage, live market weight, and mortality were assessed during the study. The effect of sprinklers on these measured parameters was complicated by interactions with farm, batch, bird age, and time of day. We found that, in general, houses with combined sprinkler and evaporative cooling pad systems used less water, while having similar litter moisture content, live market weight, and mortality compared with control houses that were fitted with conventional evaporative cooling pads. When evaporative cooling was required, sprinkler houses had warmer air temperature but lower relative humidity than the control houses. Bird comfort due to the direct cooling effect of water evaporating off the birds was not directly assessed during this study but was inferred from thermal camera images and from live weight and mortality data. This was the first study in Australia involving this sprinkler system, and we suggest that the sprinkler system design and operation may require some adaptation to better suit Australian poultry house design and climatic conditions, including the need for additional sprinklers to improve coverage, lower set-point temperatures, and altering sprinkler spacing to suit ceiling baffle curtains (if fitted).
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Gogoi S, Kolluri G, Tyagi JS, Marappan G, Manickam K, Narayan R. Impact of heat stress on broilers with varying body weights: Elucidating their interactive role through physiological signatures. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102840. [PMID: 33863426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Physiological determinants of different body weight (BW) broiler chickens under heat stressed conditions were investigated to compare the performance at market age considering medium body weight group as standard. At 5 weeks, broilers were categorized randomly into 3 treatments (N = 24 per group) as high (HBW) (>1050 g), medium (MBW) (900-1050 g) and low (LBW) (<900 g) followed by simultaneous exposure to normal and heat stress (HS) conditions at 40 ± 1 °C and 45 ± 5% RH for 4 h/day for a period of 7 days (D) and sample collection was employed at D0, D3 and D7. Physiological and stress responses, haematological and biochemical profile, intestinal gross and histological aspects were estimated using standard protocols. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were significantly (P = 0.000) higher in HBW broilers followed by low and medium ones. Heat stress exposure indicated significant (P = 0.000) increase in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiration rate and comb temperature while cloacal temperature remained unaffected. Lymphocytes, eosinophils, total red blood cell count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit were reduced (P = 0.000) whereas mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, heterophil count and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were increased (P = 0.000) in response to HS. Circulating corticosterone and tri-iodothyronine concentrations showed inverse relationship with respect to BW variation and HS duration respectively with significant interaction (P = 0.000). Higher protein in LBW was observed on D3. Serum triglycerides remained unaffected till D3 exposure but significantly (P = 0.017) reduced on D7 with lowest content in HBW group. Serum alkaline phosphatase increased in LBW group with significant heat stress interaction (P = 0.000) on D3. HS reduced villi length and crypt depth; but their corresponding ratio increased. In conclusion, HBW broilers are more affected than MBW or LBW groups. This study established interactive roles of BW and HS on physiological responses in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnali Gogoi
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gautham Kolluri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Jagbir Singh Tyagi
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopi Marappan
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kesavan Manickam
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Narayan
- Division of Avian Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zhou Y, Liu H, Zhang M. Analysis of the metabolic pathways affected by hot-humid or dry climate based on fecal metabolomics coupled with serum metabolic changes in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5526-5546. [PMID: 33142471 PMCID: PMC7647801 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Air temperature and relative humidity (RH) are 2 important climatic elements that affect animal welfare and health. The prevailing hot and humid or dry climate is one of the major constraints for optimum poultry production, especially in the tropics and subtropical regions. Many studies have suggested that exposure to hot-humid or dry climate is associated with a high risk of metabolic imbalance; however, the underlying metabolic changes caused by low or high RH climate is not yet well understood. Therefore, we used a comprehensive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry–based metabolic profiling of fecal samples to explore the effects of hot-humid and dry climate on metabolic pathways in broilers. A total of 180 twenty-eight-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated to 3 treatments, each containing 6 replicates of 10 birds per treatment, using a completely randomized design. Birds were reared at 35, 60, or 85% RH at 32°C (temperature increased by 3°C every 3 d from 20°C to 32°C within 15 d: 20°C, 23°C, 26°C, 29°C, 32°C) for 15 d. Results showed that significant changes in the levels of 36 metabolites were detected. Evidence of changes in gluconeogenesis associated to pyruvate metabolism, galactose metabolism, and ABC transporter was observed. In addition, hot-humid and dry stress also affected the protein translation process caused by aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, which may be associated with protein synthesis and hormone secretion disorders. Furthermore, we observed significant changes in primary bile acid biosynthesis and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, which indicated that fat synthesis was affected. We also observed significant changes in arginine and proline metabolism and histidine metabolism, which were associated with skin vasodilation and blood flow. These results provide biochemical insights into metabolic changes due to hot-humid or dry climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Huchuan Liu
- Department of Technology Management, Qingdao Research Institute of Husbanary and Veterinary, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Minhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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El-Kassas S, El-Naggar K, Abdo SE, Abdo W, Kirrella AAK, El-Mehaseeb I, Abu El-Magd M. Dietary supplementation with copper oxide nanoparticles ameliorates chronic heat stress in broiler chickens. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aims Heat stress (HS) is one of the most serious problems of poultry production. Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element that plays a crucial role in the organism defence against oxidative stress. Because of the low mineral availability of the commercial Cu salts, in a novel approach, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were used to alleviate chronic heat stress-induced degenerative changes in two commercial broiler strains (Ross 308 and Cobb 500). Methods Birds of each broiler strain were divided into six groups, with three replicates each. The first group (N1) received 100% of the recommended Cu requirements as CuO and was housed under normal temperature (24 ± 2°C), the second and third groups (N2 and N3 respectively) received 100% and 50% of the recommended Cu requirements as CuO-NPs and were housed under normal temperature. The fourth, fifth and sixth groups (H1, H2 and H3 respectively) received the same level of Cu supplementation as did the first, second and third groups respectively, and they were housed under normal temperature until the age of 21 days, and then exposed to HS (33 ± 2°C/5 h per day for two successive weeks). Key results Dietary supplementation with CuO-NPs during HS altered the HS-induced responses of the birds, as confirmed by decreased liver malondehyde (MDA) concentration and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) mRNA expression levels and enzyme activities (P < 0.001), with a distinct linear association between the gene expression level and enzyme activity. Copper oxide NPs also reduced HS-induced degenerative changes in the hepatic tissue. These nanoparticles modulated, although variably, liver HS protein 70 (HSP70), HS protein 90 (HSP90) and HS factor 3 (HSF3) mRNA transcript levels among Ross and Cobb chickens following HS (P < 0.001). Performance of both strains under HS was improved (as shown by a marked reduction in body temperature (P < 0.001) and a higher bodyweight (P < 0.01)) when CuO-NPs were supplemented in the diet, especially for the birds receiving 50% of the recommended Cu requirement, with different responses being noted in the two strains studied. Conclusion CuO-NPs could be used as a good alternative source of Cu in poultry nutrition during summer. Implications Dietary supplementation of CuO-NPs, especially at 50% of the birds’ recommended requirement, during heat stress could enhance bird performance, lower bird temperature and increase its resistance to negative consequences of elevated temperature.
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Jerem P, Jenni-Eiermann S, McKeegan D, McCafferty DJ, Nager RG. Eye region surface temperature dynamics during acute stress relate to baseline glucocorticoids independently of environmental conditions. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112627. [PMID: 31348931 PMCID: PMC6739691 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactions to acute stressors are critical for survival. Yet, the challenges of assessing underlying physiological processes in the field limit our understanding of how variation in the acute stress response relates to fitness in free-living animals. Glucocorticoid secretion during acute stress can be measured from blood plasma concentrations, but each blood sample can only provide information for one point in time. Also, the number of samples that can be extracted from an individual in the field is usually limited to avoid compromising welfare. This restricts capacity for repeated assessment, and therefore temporal resolution of findings within- and between-acute stress responses - both of which are important for determining links between acute stress and fitness. Acute stress induces additional body surface temperature changes that can be measured non-invasively, and at high frequencies using thermal imaging, offering opportunities to overcome these limitations. But, this method's usefulness in the field depends on the extent that environmental conditions affect the body surface temperature response, which remains poorly understood. We assessed the relative importance of individual physiology (baseline glucocorticoid concentrations) and environmental conditions (air temperature and relative humidity) in determining the eye region surface temperature (Teye) response to acute stress, in wild blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) during trapping, handling and blood sampling. When controlling for between-individual baseline variation, Teye initially dropped rapidly below, and then recovered above baseline, before declining more slowly until the end of the test, 160 s after trap closure. One measure of the amplitude of this response - the size of the initial drop in Teye - was dependent on environmental conditions, but not baseline corticosterone. Whereas, two properties defining response dynamics - the timing of the initial drop, and the slope of the subsequent recovery - were related to baseline corticosterone concentrations, independently of environmental conditions. This suggests inferring the acute stress response using thermal imaging of Teye will be practical under fluctuating environmental conditions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jerem
- Department of Evolution, Behaviour and Environment, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK.
| | | | - Dorothy McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dominic J McCafferty
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ruedi G Nager
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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20
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Lin H, Jiao H, Buyse J, Decuypere E. Strategies for preventing heat stress in poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, P.R. China
| | - H.C. Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, P.R. China
| | - J. Buyse
- Lab of Animal Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animal, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Katholic University Leuven, Belgium
| | - E. Decuypere
- Lab of Animal Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animal, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Katholic University Leuven, Belgium
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Al Wakeel RA, Saad MF, Abdel Azeez A, Elkhiat F, Shukry M. Both experimental hypo- and hyper-thyroidism exacerbate the adverse effects of chronic heat stress in broilers. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:330-339. [PMID: 30939896 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1602248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The effects of hypo- and hyper-thyroidism in mitigating or exacerbating the negative changes of chronic heat stress (HS) in broilers were investigated.2. Three-week-old broilers were distributed into six groups (n = 13 per group). Three groups were housed at ambient room temperature: control group (CN), propylthiouracil-treated group (AN) and thyroxine-treated group (TN). The other three groups were exposed to HS at 33 ± 1°C for 2 weeks: control heat stress (CH), propylthiouracil + heat stress (AH) and thyroxine + HS (TH).3. Induced hypothyroidy significantly decreased cloacal temperature and body weight gain in the birds in both the normal and HS groups (AN, AH). Conversely, hyperthyroidy resulted in a significant elevation in cloacal temperature in the TN and TH groups and a significant decline in weight gain in the TH group. Hyperthyroidy exacerbated the HS-induced degenerative changes in jejunal mucosa and caused noticeable vascular changes. A significant increase in the expression levels of jejunal nutrient transporter genes was observed in the AH and TH groups. The hyperthyroidic state significantly upregulated the HSP70 expression level in the TH group and the reverse occurred with propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment in the AH group.4. PTU supplementation to chicks reared under HS significantly decreased the triiodothyronine level, antibody (Ab) titre, and increased the heterophil-lymphocyte ratio. Furthermore, it induced higher hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the AN and AH groups and decreased the malondialdehyde content (MDA) in the AN group. Hyperthyroidy significantly increased triiodothyronine concentration, H/L ratio and decreased Hb concentration and Ab titres in the TH group. Additionally, this status increased the MDA content and decreased the GSH-Px activities.5. In conclusion, manipulation of thyroid status is not a remedy to overcome the undesirable effects of HS in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Al Wakeel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - M F Saad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - A Abdel Azeez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - F Elkhiat
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - M Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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Polyphenols as Potential Attenuators of Heat Stress in Poultry Production. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8030067. [PMID: 30889815 PMCID: PMC6466569 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is a non-specific physiological response of the body when exposed to high ambient temperatures, which can break the balance of body redox and result in oxidative stress that affects growth performance as well as the health of poultry species. Polyphenols have attracted much attention in recent years due to their antioxidant ability and thus, can be an effective attenuator of heat stress. In this paper, the potential mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of polyphenols on heat stress in poultry has been reviewed to provide a reference and ideas for future studies related to polyphenols and poultry production.
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Jerem P, Jenni-Eiermann S, Herborn K, McKeegan D, McCafferty DJ, Nager RG. Eye region surface temperature reflects both energy reserves and circulating glucocorticoids in a wild bird. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1907. [PMID: 29382942 PMCID: PMC5789886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Body temperature of endotherms shows substantial within- and between-individual variation, but the sources of this variation are not fully understood in wild animals. Variation in body temperature can indicate how individuals cope with their environment via metabolic or stress-induced effects, both of which may relate to depletion of energy reserves. Body condition can reflect heat production through changes to metabolic rate made to protect energy reserves. Additionally, changes in metabolic processes may be mediated by stress-related glucocorticoid secretion, which is associated with altered blood-flow patterns that affect regional body temperatures. Accordingly, both body condition and glucocorticoid secretion should relate to body temperature. We used thermal imaging, a novel non-invasive method of temperature measurement, to investigate relationships between body condition, glucocorticoid secretion and body surface temperature in wild blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). Individuals with lower body condition had lower eye-region surface temperature in both non-breeding and breeding seasons. Eye-region surface temperature was also negatively correlated with baseline circulating glucocorticoid levels in non-breeding birds. Our results demonstrate that body surface temperature can integrate multiple aspects of physiological state. Consequently, remotely-measured body surface temperature could be used to assess such aspects of physiological state non-invasively in free-living animals at multiple life history stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jerem
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | - Katherine Herborn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Neurobiology, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Dorothy McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dominic J McCafferty
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ruedi G Nager
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Mutibvu T, Chimonyo M, Halimani TE. Effects of strain and sex on the behaviour of free-range slow-growing chickens raised in a hot environment. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1287079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tonderai Mutibvu
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Michael Chimonyo
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Al Wakeel RA, Shukry M, Abdel Azeez A, Mahmoud S, Saad MF. Alleviation by gamma amino butyric acid supplementation of chronic heat stress-induced degenerative changes in jejunum in commercial broiler chickens. Stress 2017; 20:562-572. [PMID: 28911262 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1377177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High ambient temperature adversely influences poultry production. In the present study, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) supplementation was used to alleviate the adverse changes due to heat stress (HS) in a broiler chicken strain (Ross 308). At 21 days of age, the birds were divided into four groups of 13. Two groups were housed under normal room temperature, one group was given orally 0.2 ml 0.9% physiological saline (CN) daily, the other group received 0.2 ml of 0.5% GABA solution orally (GN). A third group was exposed to environmental HS (33 ± 1 °C lasting for 2 weeks) + physiological saline (CH) and a fourth group was exposed to HS + GABA supplementation (GH). GABA supplementation during HS significantly reduced the birds' increased body temperature (p <.0001) and increased their body weight gain (p <.0001). This effect was associated with increases in the heat stress-induced reductions in jejunal villus length, crypt depth and mucous membrane thickness, and decreases in the vascular changes occurred due to HS. Additionally, GABA supplementation significantly modulated HS-induced changes in glucose facilitated transporter 2 (GLUT2), peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA expression in the jejunal mucosa (p < .0001). GABA supplementation also significantly elevated the triiodothyronine (T3) hormone level and hemoglobin levels and decreased the heterophil-lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio) (p <.0001). Furthermore, it induced higher hepatic glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GSH-Px) activities and decreased the malondialdehyde dehydrogenase (MDA) content. These results indicate that GABA supplementation during HS may be used to alleviate HS-related changes in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A Al Wakeel
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kafrelsheikh University , Kafr el- Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kafrelsheikh University , Kafr el- Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdel Azeez
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kafrelsheikh University , Kafr el- Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Shawky Mahmoud
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kafrelsheikh University , Kafr el- Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Michel Fahmy Saad
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kafrelsheikh University , Kafr el- Sheikh, Egypt
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XIONG Y, MENG QS, GAO J, TANG XF, ZHANG HF. Effects of relative humidity on animal health and welfare. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AGRICULTURE : JIA 2017; 16:1653-1658. [PMID: 32288955 PMCID: PMC7128667 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-3119(16)61532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Farm animals are sources of meat, milk and eggs for the humans, and animal health ensures the quality and security of these agricultural and sideline products. The animal raising conditions in livestock stations and poultry houses play vital roles in both animal health and production. One of the major factors affecting raising conditions, relative humidity, has not received much attention even though it is important for animal husbandry. In this review, we summarize the impacts of relative humidity on animal health and welfare to draw attention for its importance in the improvement of animal raising conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiang-fang TANG
- Correspondence TANG Xiang-fang, Tel: +86-10-62816076, Fax: +86-10-62819432
| | - Hong-fu ZHANG
- ZHANG Hong-fu, Tel: +86-10-62816013, Fax: +86-10-62818910
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Mendes AS, Moura DJ, Morello GM, Carvalho TMR, Sikorski RR. Turkey Wattle Temperature Response to Distinct Environmental Factors. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1704439-444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AS Mendes
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | - DJ Moura
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - RR Sikorski
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
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Nascimento ST, da Silva IJO, Maia ASC, de Castro AC, Vieira FMC. Mean surface temperature prediction models for broiler chickens-a study of sensible heat flow. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:195-201. [PMID: 23820939 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-013-0702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Body surface temperature can be used to evaluate thermal equilibrium in animals. The bodies of broiler chickens, like those of all birds, are partially covered by feathers. Thus, the heat flow at the boundary layer between broilers' bodies and the environment differs between feathered and featherless areas. The aim of this investigation was to use linear regression models incorporating environmental parameters and age to predict the surface temperatures of the feathered and featherless areas of broiler chickens. The trial was conducted in a climate chamber, and 576 broilers were distributed in two groups. In the first trial, 288 broilers were monitored after exposure to comfortable or stressful conditions during a 6-week rearing period. Another 288 broilers were measured under the same conditions to test the predictive power of the models. Sensible heat flow was calculated, and for the regions covered by feathers, sensible heat flow was predicted based on the estimated surface temperatures. The surface temperatures of the feathered and featherless areas can be predicted based on air, black globe or operative temperatures. According to the sensible heat flow model, the broilers' ability to maintain thermal equilibrium by convection and radiation decreased during the rearing period. Sensible heat flow estimated based on estimated surface temperatures can be used to predict animal responses to comfortable and stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Tavares Nascimento
- Animal Science Department, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Route, w/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil,
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Heat and Noxious Chemical Sensor, Chicken TRPA1, as a Target of Bird Repellents and Identification of Its Structural Determinants by Multispecies Functional Comparison. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:708-22. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Christensen K, Thaxton YV, Thaxton JP, Scanes CG. Changes in body temperature during growth and in response to fasting in growing modern meat type chickens. Br Poult Sci 2013; 53:531-7. [PMID: 23130588 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.715744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Rectal or core body temperature was determined in a study to examine the effects of fasting in modern meat type broilers at three stages of growth, namely d 19, 33 and 47. 2. There were two treatment groups: fed with feed available ad libitum and fasted. Rectal temperatures were determined at noon (1200 h). At that time, feed was removed from the fasted group. The body temperatures were then determined again after 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. 3. Core body temperatures decreased with fasting. The decrease was evident after as little as 6 h of fasting with a further decline evident by 12 h. 4. Accompanying the decrease in body temperature with fasting there were decreases in the venous concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood and sodium in the plasma. 5. The decrease in both body temperature and carbon dioxide presumably reflects depressed metabolic rate. 6. Unexpectedly, the core body temperature increased progressively with age in the control fed group (d 19 = 41·04 ± 0·02°C, d 33 = 41·65 ± 0·05°C, d 47 = 42·21 ± 0·12°C). 7. In the fed control group, core body temperatures were reduced at night, when feeding activity would be anticipated to be greatly reduced.
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Koknaroglu H, Akunal T. Animal welfare: an animal science approach. Meat Sci 2013; 95:821-7. [PMID: 23664009 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing world population and demand for animal-derived protein puts pressure on animal production to meet this demand. For this purpose animal breeding efforts were conducted to obtain the maximum yield that the genetic makeup of the animals permits. Under the influence of economics which is the driving force behind animal production, animal farming became more concentrated and controlled which resulted in rearing animals under confinement. Since more attention was given on economics and yield per animal, animal welfare and behavior were neglected. Animal welfare which can be defined as providing environmental conditions in which animals can display all their natural behaviors in nature started gaining importance in recent years. This does not necessarily mean that animals provided with good management practices would have better welfare conditions as some animals may be distressed even though they are in good environmental conditions. Consumers are willing to pay more for welfare-friendly products (e.g.: free range vs caged egg) and this will change the animal production practices in the future. Thus animal scientists will have to adapt themselves for the changing animal welfare rules and regulations that differ for farm animal species and countries. In this review paper, animal welfare is discussed from an animal science standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Koknaroglu
- Department of Animal Science, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
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Ilori BM, Peters SO, Yakubu A, Imumorin IG, Adeleke MA, Ozoje MO, Ikeobi CON, Adebambo OA. Physiological adaptation of local, exotic and crossbred turkeys to the hot and humid tropical environment of Nigeria. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2012.656141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tirawattanawanich C, Chantakru S, Nimitsantiwong W, Tongyai S. The effects of tropical environmental conditions on the stress and immune responses of commercial broilers, Thai indigenous chickens, and crossbred chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2011. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2010-00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Attia YA, Hassan RA, Tag El-Din AE, Abou-Shehema BM. Effect of ascorbic acid or increasing metabolizable energy level with or without supplementation of some essential amino acids on productive and physiological traits of slow-growing chicks exposed to chronic heat stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:744-55. [PMID: 21158953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four hundred and twenty, 21-day-old slow-growing chicks were divided randomly into seven treatments, each containing five replicates. Each replicate was kept in a 1 × 1-m floor pen. One treatment was kept under thermo-neutral conditions in a semi-open house and fed a corn-soybean meal diet (positive control). The other six groups were kept under chronic heat stress (CHS) at 38 °C and 60% RH for 4 h from 12:00 to 16:00 pm for three successive days per week. Chicks in CHS treatments were fed a corn-soybean meal diet without (negative control) or with increasing metabolizable energy (ME) level by oil supplementation alone, or also with increasing some essential amino acids (EAA) such as methionine (Met), methionine and lysine (Met+Lys) or methionine, lysine and arginine (Met+Lys+Arg) or supplemented with 250 mg of ascorbic acid (AA)/kg. CHS impaired (p < 0.05) growth performance, increased plasma triglycerides and total serum Ca while decreasing (p < 0.05) plasma glucose and total serum protein. Meanwhile 250 mg AA/kg diet or an increasing ME without or with some EAA partially alleviated (p < 0.0001) the negative effect of CHS on growth while increasing (p < 0.05) feed intake and improving (p < 0.05) feed:gain ratio (F:G) and crude protein (CP) digestibility (p < 0.05). AA or increasing ME with or without EAA increased (p < 0.05) percentage dressing, liver and giblets to those of the positive control. AA or increasing ME with or without EAA partially alleviated the negative effect of CHS on blood pH, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hgb), total serum protein and total Ca, plasma glucose and triglyceride, rectal temperature and respiration rate. Increasing ME level improved chickens' tolerance to CHS without a significant difference from those supplemented with AA. However, increasing Met, Lys and Arg concentration did not improve performance over that recorded with increasing ME level alone. Under CHS, 250 mg AA/kg diet or increasing ME level by addition of 3% vegetable oil could be an useful approach to improve productive and physiological traits of slow-growing chicks, which may be applicable also to fast-growing one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Attia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
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Vale MM, Moura DJ, Nääs IA, Pereira DF. Characterization of heat waves affecting mortality rates of broilers between 29 days and market age. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2010000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Behavioral and rectal temperature responses of Black Harco pullets administered vitamins C and E and transported by road during the hot-dry season. J Vet Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Madec I, Gabarrou JF, Moulin D, Bougrat L, Lecuelle-Lafont C, Gigante J, Pageat P. Effects of a semiochemical on feed conversion index and related indicators on fast-growing broilers housed during forty-two days. Poult Sci 2009; 88:251-5. [PMID: 19151337 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I Madec
- Pherosynthese, Le Rieu Neuf, 84490 Saint Saturnin Apt, France.
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