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Haake S, Quirk H, Bullas A. The impact of parkrun on life satisfaction and its cost-effectiveness: A six-month study of parkrunners in the United Kingdom. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003580. [PMID: 39352886 PMCID: PMC11444416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
An intervention suggested by the World Health Organisation that might increase life satisfaction is parkrun, a free, weekly, timed five kilometre run or walk. The issues with such interventions are (1) whether they impact on the life satisfaction of their participants, and (2) whether they are cost-effective. A study of 548 newly registered parkrunners were asked about their life satisfaction at baseline and six months later. A change of one life satisfaction point per year per participant was defined as one WELLBY (wellbeing adjusted life year), with a value of £13,000. Three approaches were used to estimate the additionality (added value) of parkrun: (1) by comparing a participant's number of parkruns to total activity; (2) by accounting for the participant's perceived impact of parkrun across 16 measures; and (3) combining these two methods equally. After six months, weighted, seasonally adjusted life satisfaction increased from a mean of 7.489 to 7.746, a change of 0.257. Both life satisfaction improvement and additionality were greatest for the least active. Assuming only half a year of benefit, the total value of the life satisfaction change for the 2019 parkrun population of 400,167 participants was estimated as £667.4m, with the least active accounting for almost half. Comparing to the cost of running parkrun in 2019 and using the activity, impact and combined methods for additionality, benefit-cost analysis ratios were found to be 16.7, 98.5 and 59.3 to 1, respectively. These were between 2.8 to 16.7 times that of other population-level physical activity interventions. Physical health was a mediator between activity and life satisfaction; mental health was only found as a mediator when combined with physical activity. Successful features of parkrun that might guide other interventions include its framing (role, time, place and cost) and ability to forge both strong and weak social ties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Haake
- The Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, The United Kingdom
| | - Helen Quirk
- Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research (SCHARR), School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, The United Kingdom
| | - Alice Bullas
- The Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, The United Kingdom
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Dunne A, Quirk H, Bullas A, Haake S. 'My parkrun friends.' A qualitative study of social experiences of men at parkrun in Ireland. Health Promot Int 2024; 39:daae045. [PMID: 38770900 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Social support is a well-established determinant of mental wellbeing. Community initiatives, which combine a purposeful activity with social connection, may be appropriate to promote the mental wellbeing of middle-aged men in Ireland-a group at risk of poor mental wellbeing due to social isolation. parkrun offers free, weekly, 5km run or walk events in 22 countries. This study aims to explore the social experience of parkrun participation for middle-aged men in Ireland and considers how social connections made at parkrun relate to mental wellbeing. Online semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2022/23 with 39 men aged 45-64 years, who run, walk or volunteer at parkrun in Ireland, recruited purposively in rural and urban communities. Men with a range of parkrun experience gave interviews lasting a mean of 32 minutes. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Reflexive thematic analysis resulted in three themes and ten subthemes. The men described parkrun as offering a welcoming and supportive environment (Theme 1). Men at parkrun could choose the level of social connections, building strong or weak social ties to provide social support and improve mental wellbeing (Theme 2). Social engagement with parkrun evolved following repeated participation (Theme 3). The results suggest that parkrun is a suitable community initiative for middle-aged men at risk of poor mental wellbeing due to social isolation. Social connections were developed after repeated participation in parkrun and these connections improved subjective mental wellbeing. The findings from this study could be used to design new initiatives for mental health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Dunne
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Road, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Helen Quirk
- Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research (SCHARR), School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Alice Bullas
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Road, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Steve Haake
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Road, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
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Wang J, Liu X, Xu X, Wang H, Yang G. The Effect of Physical Activity on Sleep Quality Among Chinese College Students: The Chain Mediating Role of Stress and Smartphone Addiction During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:2135-2147. [PMID: 38826679 PMCID: PMC11143986 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s462794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose During the period of COVID-19 pandemic, the social restrictions and isolation exerted a significant impact on the sleep quality of Chinese college students. This study aims to delve into the influence of physical activity on the sleep quality of college students as well as the mediating roles of stress and smartphone addiction. Materials and Methods A cohort of 274 eligible college students (146 males and 128 females) were selected for the investigation. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form, Stress Perception Scale, Smartphone Addiction Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were employed to assess the levels of physical activity, stress, smartphone addiction, and sleep quality among college students. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and chained mediation effect tests were performed sequentially. Results The findings revealed: (1) a significant negative correlation between physical activity and stress, smartphone addiction, and sleep quality among college students (r = -0.216, p < 0.001; r = -0.224, p < 0.001; r = -0.259, p < 0.001); (2) independent mediating roles of stress and smartphone addiction in the relationship between physical activity and sleep quality; and (3) chained mediating effects of stress and smartphone addiction in the association between physical activity and sleep quality. Conclusion This study deepens our comprehension of how physical activity augments the quality of slumber, concurrently emphasizing that mitigating stress levels and alleviating smartphone addiction constitute effective strategies for preventing sleep issues among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Wang
- School of Physical Education, South China University of Technology, Guangdong, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- School of Physical Education, Xiamen University, Fujian, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Xu
- School of Finance and Economy, Guangdong Engineering Polytechnic, Guangdong, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Wang
- School of Physical Education, Guangzhou College of Commerce, Guangdong, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guan Yang
- School of Physical Education, South China University of Technology, Guangdong, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Grunseit AC, Huang BH, Merom D, Bauman A, Cranney L, Rogers K. Patterns and Correlates of Participation in a Weekly Mass Participation Physical Activity Event, parkrun, in Australia, 2011-2020. J Phys Act Health 2024; 21:155-163. [PMID: 38134894 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2023-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying effective interventions already operating at scale is critical to improving physical activity intervention research translation. The free, weekly, timed 5-km run or walk parkrun represents a unique opportunity to examine successful organic dissemination. We conducted an ecological analysis to identify patterns of growth in Australian parkrun participation and their correlates from 2011 to 2020. METHOD Outcome variables were (1) weekly counts of walkers/runners and (2) monthly number of new parkrun registrants. We used latent class analysis to characterize growth trajectories followed by logistic regression on class membership. Covariates included parkrun course characteristics (eg, surface type and route), site-level aggregate participant profile (eg, proportion women and mean age), and surrounding area characteristics (eg, population density and physical activity norm). RESULTS Three hundred and sixty-three parkruns were included (n = 8,388,695 participation instances). Sixty-nine percent followed a low-growth and 31% a high-growth participation pattern. High growth was associated with greater participation by women, concrete/bitumen surface type, lower area socioeconomic status, and greater volunteer heterogeneity. Odds of being in the slow-growth class were higher if the course contained >1 km of repetition, higher average age of participants, better average parkrun performance, and higher running group membership. Two patterns of new registration were identified: high start followed by steep decline; and low start, slow decline with similar correlates to participation. CONCLUSIONS Parkruns with a less competitive social milieu may have more rapid dissemination. As a free and regular event, parkruns in low socioeconomic areas have the potential to improve the activity levels of those with fewer resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Grunseit
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bo-Huei Huang
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Dafna Merom
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leonie Cranney
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Kris Rogers
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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Relph N, Owen M, Moinuddin M, Noonan R, Dey P, Bullas A, Quirk H, Haake S. How can UK public health initiatives support each other to improve the maintenance of physical activity? Evidence from a cross-sectional survey of runners who move from Couch-to-5k to parkrun. Health Promot Int 2023; 38:daad108. [PMID: 37791595 PMCID: PMC10548406 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity improves physical and mental well-being and reduces mortality risk. However, only a quarter of adults globally meet recommended physical activity levels for health. Two common initiatives in the UK are Couch-to-5k (an app-assisted 9-week walk/run programme) and parkrun (a free, weekly, timed 5-km walk/run). It is not known how these initiatives are linked, how Couch-to-5k parkrunners compare to parkrunners, and the extent to which this influences their parkrun performance. The aims were to compare the characteristics and motives and to compare physical activity levels, parkrun performance and the impact of parkrun between Couch-to-5k parkrunners and parkrunners. Three thousand two hundred and ninety six Couch-to-5k parkrunners were compared to 55,923 parkrunners to explore age, sex, ethnicity, employment status, neighbourhood deprivation, motives, physical activity levels, parkrun performance and the impact of parkrun. Couch-to-5k parkrunners were slightly older, more likely to be female and work part-time, but similar in ethnicity, and neighbourhood deprivation compared with other parkrunners. Couch-to-5k parkrunners had different motives for participation and reported high levels of physical activity at registration, which remained to the point of survey completion. This group had slower parkrun times but, when registered for a year, completed a similar number of runs (11) per year. Larger proportions of Couch-to-5k parkrunners perceived positive impacts compared with other parkrunners and 65% of Couch-to-5k parkrunners reported improvements to their lifestyle. parkrun appears to be an effective pathway for those on the Couch-to-5k programme, and the promising positive association between the two initiatives may be effective in assisting previously inactive participants to take part in weekly physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Relph
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
| | - Michael Owen
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
| | - Mohammed Moinuddin
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
| | - Rob Noonan
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton, Lancashire BL3 5AB, UK
| | - Paola Dey
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
| | - Alice Bullas
- The Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Road, Sheffield S9 3TU, UK
| | - Helen Quirk
- School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK
| | - Steve Haake
- The Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Road, Sheffield S9 3TU, UK
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Relph N, Taylor SL, Christian DL, Dey P, Owen MB. " Couch-to-5k or Couch to Ouch to Couch!?" Who Takes Part in Beginner Runner Programmes in the UK and Is Non-Completion Linked to Musculoskeletal Injury? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6682. [PMID: 37681822 PMCID: PMC10487403 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20176682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity has mental and physical health benefits; however, globally, three-quarters of the population do not meet physical activity guidelines. The Couch-to-5k is a beginner runner programme aimed at increasing physical activity. However, this programme lacks an evidence base, and it is unclear who is attracted to the programme; running also has a high rate of musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries. The aims of this study were to identify the characteristics of people taking part and the incidence of MSK injuries as well as exploring the experiences of people who dropped out of a modified 9-week Couch-to-5k programme. A total of 110 runners (average age was 47.1 ± 13.7 years) participated in the study, which involved completion of questionnaires (running experience and footwear information, quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), physical activity level (IPAQ-short form), MSK injury history and knee condition (SNAPPS and KOOS-PS)) at the start, middle and end of the programme and collecting sociodemographic information (age, gender, social economic status, relationship status, education level), as well as body mass index, running experience, footwear information, quality of life, physical activity levels, MSK injuries and knee condition. Fifteen drop-outs were interviewed to explore experiences of the programme. Runners were mainly females (81.8%) with an average age 47.1 years, average body mass index of 28.1 kg.m2, mainly from high socio-economic levels, married and educated to degree level. In total, 64% of the sample had previous running experience and were classified as active. Half the sample self-reported pain/discomfort and 37.2% reported anxiety/depression at the start of the programme via the EQ-5D-5L scale. Self-reported health scores increased (p = 0.047) between baseline (73.1 ± 18.8 out of 100) and at the midpoint (81.2 ± 11.6), but there were no significant differences between any other time points (end point 79.7 ± 17.5, p > 0.05). Twenty-one injuries were reported during the programme (19%). Previous injury increased the risk of new injury (OR 7.56 95% CI from 2.06 to 27.75). Only 27.3% completed the programme. Three themes emerged from interviews; MSK injury, negative emotions linked to non-completion and design of the programme. The Couch-to-5k may not attract diverse inactive populations, but future work with larger sample sizes is needed to substantiate this finding. Dropping out was linked to MSK injury and progressive design, so future programmes should consider including injury prevention advice and more flexible designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Relph
- Faculty of Health, Social Work and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
| | - Sarah L. Taylor
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Danielle L. Christian
- Applied Health Research hub (AHRh), University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Paola Dey
- Faculty of Health, Social Work and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
| | - Michael B. Owen
- Faculty of Health, Social Work and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
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7
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Gilburn AS. Predictors of successful return to parkrun for first-time adult participants in Scotland. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001786. [PMID: 37585404 PMCID: PMC10431652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity is essential for promoting good health and reducing burdens on healthcare systems. parkrun organise free weekly events where participants complete a 5km route. Studies have identified characteristics of participants associated with lower levels of participation. The aim of the study was to identify predictors of the likelihood of returning to parkrun for first-time adult participants. The return rate of adult first-time participants was determined for all 5km parkrun events in Scotland over a 1-year period from February 2019. The dataset consisted of 20,191 adult participants made up of 11,459 females and 8,732 males across 58 venues. A General Linear Mixed Model was used to identify factors associated with return rate. Return rates were negatively correlated with event size and positively correlated with the proportion of first-time adult participants at the event. Age was positively correlated with return rate and males were more likely to return. New participants that finished in a relatively slow time were disproportionately less likely to return. Return rates were positively correlated with the amount of freshwater and woodland on the route. These findings provide potential opportunities to manage events to enhance their efficacy. Specific events could be promoted as first-timer days to encourage new participants to attend together. New events could be prioritised in proximity to events that currently experience high attendances to reduce attendances locally. As the presence of freshwater and woodland are associated with higher return these habitats could play a role in generating the benefits of green exercise. If so the creation of more routes running through or alongside these habitats could be beneficial. The findings are likely to be widely applicable to other mass participation events and those interesting in understanding the mechanism by which green exercise provides its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre S. Gilburn
- Healthy Environments: Sustainable Societies Research Group, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Khodadadi A, Jalali A, Javanmardy S, Bahremand M, Salari N, Moradi K, Khalili M. The impact of physical activity and group discussion on happiness in postmenopausal women: A randomized trial. Health Care Women Int 2023; 45:444-462. [PMID: 37279335 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2023.2195376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Menopause is a physiological phenomenon, which in some cases may lead to physical and psychological complications. These complications degrade happiness and quality of life. The authors conducted the current study to determine the impact of physical activity (PA) and group discussion (GD) on happiness in postmenopausal women. For this clinical trial with a factorial design, 160 eligible menopausal women in the 45-55 age range were randomly assigned to four groups of PA, GD and GD+PA), and control group. The four groups completed the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. The happiness score in the PA, GD and GD+PA groups was significantly higher immediately and two months after the intervention than that of the control group. PA and GD can increase happiness in postmenopausal women who reside in Kermanshah-Iran. Using PA and GD in postmenopausal women care programs is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Khodadadi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amir Jalali
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Setareh Javanmardy
- Fertility & Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mostafa Bahremand
- Department of Cardiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nader Salari
- Biostatistics Department, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Mojgan Khalili
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Gilburn AS. New Parkrunners Are Slower and the Attendance Gender Gap Narrowing Making Parkrun More Inclusive. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3602. [PMID: 36834295 PMCID: PMC9959326 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkrun is a weekly mass-participation event. Finishes are recorded, with the resulting database potentially containing important public health information. The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of events that overcome barriers to participation, and to identify changing patterns in the demographics of participants. GLMMs were generated of age-graded performance, gender ratio and age of participants at Scottish parkrun events. Predictor variables included age, gender, participant, runs, date, elevation gain, surface and travelling time to the next nearest venue. There was a decline in the mean performance of participants at events, yet individual performances improved. The gender ratio showed higher male participation with a narrowing gender gap. Events in the most remote parts of Scotland had lower performance and a higher proportion of female participants. Events on slower surfaces had more female participants. Parkrun events are becoming more inclusive, with more females and participants exhibiting low performance. In more remote parts of Scotland, more females participated in parkrun than males, suggesting parkrun has overcome traditional barriers to female participation in sport. Prioritising the creation of events at remote locations and on slower surfaces could increase inclusivity further. General practitioners prescribing parkrun might want to prescribe attendance at slower events for female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre S Gilburn
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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10
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Peterson B, Withers B, Hawke F, Spink M, Callister R, Chuter V. Outcomes of participation in parkrun, and factors influencing why and how often individuals participate: A systematic review of quantitative studies. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1486-1499. [PMID: 35695484 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2086522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this systematic review was to synthesise peer-reviewed quantitative research of outcomes associated with participation in parkrun. The secondary objective was to synthesise the quantitative research of factors influencing why, and how often, individuals participate in parkrun. Studies were identified via electronic search of Medline, AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Informit, PsychInfo, SportDiscus, and Web of Science, to 30 March 2021. Two reviewers independently assessed methodological quality. Eleven studies (18,203 participants) were included. Limited evidence from pre-post measure single-group prospective studies suggests parkrun participation promotes improvements in fitness, body mass index, physical activity levels, mood, and personal wellbeing. Individuals with non-running backgrounds generally had higher levels of participation. The main motivators to participate were to improve fitness and social interaction. Future attendance was most strongly correlated with historical attendance. There is a small evidence base for improvements in broad measures of physical and mental health from participation in parkrun. In addition, the study found improving physical fitness and social wellbeing were the main self-reported factors for participation in parkrun. Further research is needed to strengthen the knowledge base of the effects of parkrun to determine its efficacy as a health intervention strategy for physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Peterson
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Central Coast Campus, Ourimbah, Australia.,Department of Podiatry, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Blake Withers
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Central Coast Campus, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Fiona Hawke
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Central Coast Campus, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Martin Spink
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Central Coast Campus, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Robin Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, and Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Vivienne Chuter
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Central Coast Campus, Ourimbah, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2560, Australia
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11
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Migliorini F, Marsilio E, Oliva F, Hildebrand F, Maffulli N. Elderly Runners and Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2022; 30:92-96. [PMID: 35533060 DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The impact of running on the onset of osteoarthritis (OA) is controversial. This study compared the incidence of OA in elderly runners versus nonrunners. MATERIAL AND METHODS This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Google scholar, Embase, and Web of Science databases were accessed in January 2022. All the published clinical studies investigating OA onset in runners versus non-runners were considered. Studies reporting data on OA and participants in other sports were excluded. Only studies investigating patients with a mean age older than 55 years were considered. The methodological quality of the articles was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). RESULTS Data from 3001 participants and 6674 joints were retrieved. The mean age was 59.4±2.7 years. The mean body mass index was 24.6±2.5 kg/m2. The 5 included articles (963 runners, 2038 nonrunners) did not report significant differences in runners compared with controls. CONCLUSION Middle aged runners did not present greater imaging or clinical signs of OA compared with nonrunner controls. Running at elite or recreational level did not increase the rate of OA progression in individuals older than 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Emanuela Marsilio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Francesco Oliva
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University Faculty of Medicine, Stoke on Trent
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, London, England
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Reece LJ, Owen K, Graney M, Jackson C, Shields M, Turner G, Wellington C. Barriers to initiating and maintaining participation in parkrun. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:83. [PMID: 35027014 PMCID: PMC8759213 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions that increase population physical activity are required to promote health and wellbeing. parkrun delivers community-based, 5 km events worldwide yet 43% who register never participate in a parkrun event. This research had two objectives; i) explore the demographics of people who register for parkrun in United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, and don't initiate or maintain participation ii) understand the barriers to participating in parkrun amongst these people. Mandatory data at parkrun registration provided demographic characteristics of parkrun registrants. A bespoke online survey distributed across the three countries captured the reasons for not participating or only participating once. Of 680,255 parkrun registrants between 2017 and 19, 293,542 (43%) did not participate in any parkrun events and 147,148 (22%) only participated in one parkrun event. Females, 16-34 years and physically inactive were more likely to not participate or not return to parkrun. Inconvenient start time was the most frequently reported barrier to participating, with females more likely than males to report the psychological barrier of feeling too unfit to participate. Co-creating strategies with and for people living with a chronic disease, women, young adults, and physically inactive people, could increase physical activity participation within parkrun.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Reece
- SPRINTER Research Group, Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - K. Owen
- SPRINTER Research Group, Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
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13
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Dunne A, Haake S, Quirk H, Bullas A. Motivation to Improve Mental Wellbeing via Community Physical Activity Initiatives and the Associated Impacts-A Cross-Sectional Survey of UK parkrun Participants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413072. [PMID: 34948683 PMCID: PMC8702167 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Participation in regular physical activity is a well-established strategy to support good mental wellbeing in adults with, and without, mental health conditions. The physical activity initiative parkrun is a free, weekly, timed, running and walking event which is attended by people from the local community of all abilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mental wellbeing of UK parkrun participants along with their motives for taking part and the impact of participation. Mental health conditions were self-reported in 2.5% of 60,000 respondents to an online survey of parkrunners, with the most prevalent being depression and anxiety. Those with mental health conditions were more motivated than those without to first participate in parkrun to manage their health conditions and improve their mental health. Those with mental health conditions were equally motivated to improve their physical health when compared to those without, and reported similar levels of improvement. Mental wellbeing scores for those with mental health conditions were close to the normal range, suggesting that engagement in parkrun may have had a role in limiting the effect of their illness. Community initiatives could replicate parkrun's model, and use the potential for both mental and physical health improvement, as well as health condition management, as a motivation for participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Dunne
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S9 3TU, UK; (S.H.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Steve Haake
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S9 3TU, UK; (S.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Helen Quirk
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK;
| | - Alice Bullas
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S9 3TU, UK; (S.H.); (A.B.)
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14
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Quirk H, Bullas A, Haake S, Goyder E, Graney M, Wellington C, Copeland R, Reece L, Stevinson C. Exploring the benefits of participation in community-based running and walking events: a cross-sectional survey of parkrun participants. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1978. [PMID: 34727918 PMCID: PMC8561845 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whilst the benefits of physical activity for health and wellbeing are recognised, population levels of activity remain low. Significant inequalities exist, with socioeconomically disadvantaged populations being less physically active and less likely to participate in community events. We investigated the perceived benefits from participation in a weekly running/walking event called parkrun by those living in the most socioeconomically deprived areas and doing the least physical activity. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was emailed to 2,318,135 parkrun participants in the UK. Demographic and self-reported data was collected on life satisfaction, happiness, health status, physical activity, motives, and the perceived benefits of parkrun. Motivation, health status and benefits were compared for sub-groups defined by physical activity level at parkrun registration and residential Index of Multiple Deprivation. Results 60,000 completed surveys were received (2.7% of those contacted). Respondents were more recently registered with parkrun (3.1 v. 3.5 years) than the parkrun population and had a higher frequency of parkrun participation (14.5 v. 3.7 parkruns per year). Those inactive at registration and from deprived areas reported lower happiness, lower life satisfaction and poorer health compared to the full sample. They were more likely to want to improve their physical health, rather than get fit or for competition. Of those reporting less than one bout of activity per week at registration, 88% (87% in the most deprived areas) increased their physical activity level and 52% (65% in the most deprived areas) reported improvements to overall health behaviours. When compared to the full sample, a greater proportion of previously inactive respondents from the most deprived areas reported improvements to fitness (92% v. 89%), physical health (90% v. 85%), happiness (84% v. 79%) and mental health (76% v. 69%). Conclusion The least active respondents from the most socioeconomically deprived areas reported increases to their activity levels and benefits to health and wellbeing since participating in parkrun. Whilst the challenge of identifying how community initiatives like parkrun can better engage with underrepresented populations remains, if this can be achieved they could have a critical public health role in addressing inequalities in benefits associated with recreational physical activity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11986-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Quirk
- School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, 30 Regent St, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK.
| | - Alice Bullas
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Steve Haake
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Elizabeth Goyder
- School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, 30 Regent St, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | | | | | - Robert Copeland
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lindsey Reece
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clare Stevinson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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15
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Pedlar CR, Myrissa K, Barry M, Khwaja IG, Simpkin AJ, Newell J, Scarrott C, Whyte GP, Kipps C, Baggish AL. Medical encounters at community-based physical activity events (parkrun) in the UK. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:1420-1426. [PMID: 34348921 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence, clinical correlates and exposure risk of medical encounters during community-based physical activity events in the UK. METHODS An analysis of medical data from weekly, community-based physical activity events (parkrun) at 702 UK locations over a 6-year period (29 476 294 participations between 2014 and 2019) was conducted in order to define the incidence and clinical correlates of serious life-threatening, non-life-threatening and fatal medical encounters. RESULTS 84 serious life-threatening encounters (overall incidence rate=0.26/100 000 participations) occurred including 18 fatalities (0.056/100 000 participations). Statistical modelling revealed that the probabilities of serious life-threatening encounters were exceptionally low, however, male sex, increasing age, slower personal best parkrun time and less prior running engagement/experience (average number of runs per year and number of years as a parkrun participant) were associated with increased probability of serious life-threatening encounters. These were largely accounted for by cardiac arrest (48/84, 57%) and acute coronary syndromes (20/84, 24%). Non-life-threatening medical encounters were mainly attributed to tripping or falling, with a reported incidence of 39.2/100 000 participations. CONCLUSIONS Serious life-threatening and fatal medical encounters associated with parkrun participation are extremely rare. In the context of a global public health crisis due to inactivity, this finding underscores the safety and corollary public health value of community running/walking events as a strategy to promote physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport and Applied Performance Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, UK .,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kyriaki Myrissa
- Faculty of Sport and Applied Performance Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, UK
| | - Megan Barry
- Faculty of Sport and Applied Performance Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, UK
| | - Iman G Khwaja
- Faculty of Sport and Applied Performance Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, UK
| | - Andrew J Simpkin
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John Newell
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Carl Scarrott
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Greg P Whyte
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Courtney Kipps
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Chivunze E, Burgess TL, Carson F, Buchholtz K. Motivation and Behaviour Change in Parkrun Participants in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8102. [PMID: 34360395 PMCID: PMC8345466 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mass participation events are promoted in South Africa as a positive public health initiative. Parkrun has grown to be one of the most popular. The present study identifies the motives of residents in the Western Cape Province to join parkrun and how their involvement influences future physical activity levels. Participants (N = 1787) completed a survey consisting of demographic history, parkrun participation history, motivations for participation, and physical activity-related behaviour changes associated with parkrun participation. The majority of participants were female (n = 952) and over 50 years of age (median = 50; IQR = 38-59). Along with health-related benefits, the provision of a safe and organised event was reported as a key motive to participate. The social connectedness developed by parkrun encouraged continued participation and promoted uptake of more physical activity. Close to half the participants reported increases in physical activity levels after joining parkrun, which demonstrates the benefit obtained from participation in structured mass participation events. With the large diversity in socioeconomic status in South Africa related to physical activity levels, parkrun provides a protected and engaging environment that provides opportunity for increased physical activity and potentially reducing the burden on the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Chivunze
- Division of Physiotherapy, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa; (E.C.); (T.L.B.)
| | - Theresa L. Burgess
- Division of Physiotherapy, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa; (E.C.); (T.L.B.)
- Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Fraser Carson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Kim Buchholtz
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg;
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17
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Grunseit AC, Richards J, Reece L, Bauman A, Merom D. Evidence on the reach and impact of the social physical activity phenomenon parkrun: A scoping review. Prev Med Rep 2020; 20:101231. [PMID: 33294310 PMCID: PMC7691179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
parkrun research shows health value and a model which suits participants. parkrun engages traditionally under-represented populations in physical activity. parkrun participation has a dose–response relationship with improved fitness. Future research should examine discontinuing participants and non-participants.
The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping review of parkrun literature for evidence of its reach, health impact and appeal whilst identifying gaps for future research. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Six databases were searched according to search terms set a priori. Empirical studies of any design were included if they provided data on participation in, or benefits of, parkrun and were in English. Two authors conducted the searches independently and screened results by title and abstract, followed by full text reviews. A total of 235 records were screened and 15 studies were eligible; 12 were conducted in the UK and three in Australia. Seven were qualitative interview studies, six were quantitative, and two used mixed methods. parkrun reaches groups traditionally underrepresented in other organised sports or physical activity such as women, the insufficiently active and those aged over 35 years. Participants showed sustained improvements in fitness, physical activity levels, and body mass index with a dose–response effect with participation frequency. Qualitative data shows parkrun’s location in pleasant environments with opportunities for informal social interaction engages priority groups such as individuals with mental health issues, women and children. The small evidence base suggests parkrun has good reach, and can positively impact participants’ health and wellbeing. The data, however, are currently UK-centric and gaps in research on non-participants, long term health impacts and operationally relevant factors should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Carolyn Grunseit
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Justin Richards
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Victoria University Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lindsey Reece
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Dafna Merom
- Physical Activity and Health, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, Australia
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18
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Malchrowicz-Mośko E, León-Guereño P, Tapia-Serrano MA, Sánchez-Miguel PA, Waśkiewicz Z. What Encourages Physically Inactive People to Start Running? An Analysis of Motivations to Participate in Parkrun and City Trail in Poland. Front Public Health 2020; 8:581017. [PMID: 33313036 PMCID: PMC7707109 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.581017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the motivations for beginner runners to take part in Parkrun Poznań and City Trail Poznań, Poland, taking into account their socio-demographical variables. A total of 165 (age: 36.33 ± 10.38) inexperienced runners participated in the diagnostic survey and completed the MOMS (Motivations of Marathoner Scale) questionnaire. The sample consisted of 82 men (49.7%) and 83 women (50.3%). The results showed that men were more likely to start running due to competition-related motivations, while the motivations of women were more often related to affiliation, psychological coping, life meaning, and self-esteem. As age increased, the level of motivation due to personal goal achievement, competition, and recognition scales decreased. The Affiliation Scale was especially important for singles who started running, in comparison with runners who were married or in a relationship. These factors should be taken into consideration by event managers and public health specialists. Promoting safe running among people who have no experience with this sport is as important as encouraging them to run. All runners stated that they would like to run a marathon in the future. Moreover, thanks to initiatives such as City Trail and Parkrun, Polish respondents feel motivated to lead an active lifestyle, with an average score of 4.98 on a 7-point Likert scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Eugeniusz Piasecki Academy of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patxi León-Guereño
- Health, Physical Activity and Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Tapia-Serrano
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Teaching Training, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Pedro Antonio Sánchez-Miguel
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Teaching Training, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation of I.M, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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19
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Schneider PP, Smith RA, Bullas AM, Quirk H, Bayley T, Haake SJ, Brennan A, Goyder E. Multiple deprivation and geographic distance to community physical activity events - achieving equitable access to parkrun in England. Public Health 2020; 189:48-53. [PMID: 33157459 PMCID: PMC7762722 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate geographic access to free weekly outdoor physical activity events (‘parkrun’) in England, with a particular focus on deprived communities, and to identify optimal locations for future events to further maximise access. Study design This study is a cross-sectional ecological analysis of the socio-economic disparities in geographic access to parkrun events in England in late 2018. Methods We combined geolocation data on all English Lower Layer Super Output Areas and parkrun events to calculate geodesic distances to the nearest event for more than 32,000 communities in England. We use this measure of geographic access to summarise the relationship between access and socio-economic deprivation, measured using the index of multiple deprivation. We then used geographic coordinates of public green spaces in England to conduct a simple location-allocation analysis to identify 200 locations for future event locations that would maximise access. Results In England, 69% of the population live within 5 km of one of the 465 parkrun events. There is a small negative correlation between distance and deprivation, indicating that access is slightly better in more socio-economically deprived areas. Setting up an additional 200 events in optimal locations would improve access: the average distance to the nearest parkrun event would improve by 1.22 km, from 4.65 km to 3.43 km, and approximately 82% of the English population would live within 5 km of a parkrun event. Conclusion Over two-thirds of the English population live within 5 km of a parkrun event, and contrary to our expectation, we find that geographic access is slightly better for those living in more deprived communities. Creating additional events may improve geographic access, but effective strategies will still be needed to increase engagement in new and existing events by those living in socio-economically deprived areas. Parkrun in a grass-roots movement that organises free weekly 5 km running and walking events. In England, the median distance to the nearest parkrun event was 3.4 km; 69% of the population lived within 5 km of an event. Access showed no negative socio-economic gradient. In fact, people in deprived communities had better geographic access. Sport England provided funding to set up 200 new events. We identified optimal locations, to further maximise public access.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Schneider
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - R A Smith
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A M Bullas
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - H Quirk
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - T Bayley
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - S J Haake
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Brennan
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - E Goyder
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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20
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Smith R, Schneider P, Bullas A, Haake S, Quirk H, Cosulich R, Goyder E. Does ethnic density influence community participation in mass participation physical activity events? The case of parkrun in England. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:9. [PMID: 32195360 PMCID: PMC7065574 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15657.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: parkrun has been successful in encouraging people in England to participate in their weekly 5km running and walking events. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in parkrun participation across different communities in England: after controlling for travel distances, deprived communities have significantly lower participation rates. Methods: This paper expands on previous findings by investigating disparities in parkrun participation by ethnic density. We combined geo-spatial data available through the Office for National Statistics with participation data provided by parkrun, and fitted multivariable Poisson regression models to study the effect of ethnic density on participation rates at the Lower layer Super Output Level. Results: We find that areas with higher ethnic density have lower participation rates. This effect is independent of deprivation. Conclusions: An opportunity exists for parkrun to engage with these communities and reduce potential barriers to participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Smith
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regents Court, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Paul Schneider
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regents Court, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Alice Bullas
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Steve Haake
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Helen Quirk
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Rami Cosulich
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regents Court, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Elizabeth Goyder
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regents Court, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
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21
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Smith R, Schneider P, Bullas A, Haake S, Quirk H, Cosulich R, Goyder E. Does ethnic density influence community participation in mass participation physical activity events? The case of parkrun in England. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:9. [PMID: 32195360 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15657.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: parkrun has been successful in encouraging people in England to participate in their weekly 5km running and walking events. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in parkrun participation across different communities in England: after controlling for travel distances, deprived communities have significantly lower participation rates. Methods: This paper expands on previous findings by investigating disparities in parkrun participation by ethnic density. We combined geo-spatial data available through the Office for National Statistics with participation data provided by parkrun, and fitted multivariable Poisson regression models to study the effect of ethnic density on participation rates at the Lower layer Super Output Level. Results: We find that areas with higher ethnic density have lower participation rates. This effect is independent of deprivation. Conclusions: An opportunity exists for parkrun to engage with these communities and reduce potential barriers to participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Smith
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regents Court, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Paul Schneider
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regents Court, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Alice Bullas
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Steve Haake
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Helen Quirk
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Rami Cosulich
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regents Court, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Elizabeth Goyder
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regents Court, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
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