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Stephens RL, Leavitt I, Cornea E, Jarskog LF, Gilmore JH. Early cognitive development and psychopathology in children at familial high risk for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2024; 271:262-270. [PMID: 39068878 PMCID: PMC11384306 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with deficits in cognitive development and childhood psychopathology. Previous studies have focused on older children and the few studies of early childhood have yielded inconsistent findings. We studied cognitive development and psychopathology in children at familial high risk (FHR) of schizophrenia and matched controls from 1 to 6 years and hypothesized that FHR children would show consistent deficits across cognitive and behavioral measures in early childhood. STUDY DESIGN Cognitive development in children at high familial risk for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 33) and matched healthy controls (n = 66) was assessed at 1 and 2 years with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, and at 4 and 6 years with the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales, BRIEF-P/BRIEF and CANTAB. Psychopathology was assessed at 4 and 6 years with the BASC-2. General linear models were used to examine differences on outcome scores, and chi-square analyses were used to explore differences in the proportion of "at risk" or "below average" score profiles. STUDY RESULTS FHR children scored significantly lower than controls on Mullen Composite at age 2, and demonstrated broad deficits in IQ, executive function and working memory and 4 and 6 years. FHR children were also rated as significantly worse on most items of the BASC-2 at ages 4 and 6. CONCLUSIONS Children at FHR for schizophrenia demonstrate abnormal cognitive development and psychopathology at younger ages than previously detected, suggesting that early detection and intervention needs to be targeted to very early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Stephens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Isabel Leavitt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emil Cornea
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L Fredrik Jarskog
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Hubbard NA, Romeo RR, Grotzinger H, Giebler M, Imhof A, Bauer CCC, Gabrieli JDE. Reward-Sensitive Basal Ganglia Stabilize the Maintenance of Goal-Relevant Neural Patterns in Adolescents. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:1508-1524. [PMID: 32379000 PMCID: PMC8500599 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Maturation of basal ganglia (BG) and frontoparietal circuitry parallels developmental gains in working memory (WM). Neurobiological models posit that adult WM performance is enhanced by communication between reward-sensitive BG and frontoparietal regions, via increased stability in the maintenance of goal-relevant neural patterns. It is not known whether this reward-driven pattern stability mechanism may have a role in WM development. In 34 young adolescents (12.16-14.72 years old) undergoing fMRI, reward-sensitive BG regions were localized using an incentive processing task. WM-sensitive regions were localized using a delayed-response WM task. Functional connectivity analyses were used to examine the stability of goal-relevant functional connectivity patterns during WM delay periods between and within reward-sensitive BG and WM-sensitive frontoparietal regions. Analyses revealed that more stable goal-relevant connectivity patterns between reward-sensitive BG and WM-sensitive frontoparietal regions were associated with both greater adolescent age and WM ability. Computational lesion models also revealed that functional connections to WM-sensitive frontoparietal regions from reward-sensitive BG uniquely increased the stability of goal-relevant functional connectivity patterns within frontoparietal regions. Findings suggested (1) the extent to which goal-relevant communication patterns within reward-frontoparietal circuitry are maintained increases with adolescent development and WM ability and (2) communication from reward-sensitive BG to frontoparietal regions enhances the maintenance of goal-relevant neural patterns in adolescents' WM. The maturation of reward-driven stability of goal-relevant neural patterns may provide a putative mechanism for understanding the developmental enhancement of WM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Imhof
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- University of Oregon
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3
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Rosenberg MD, Martinez SA, Rapuano KM, Conley MI, Cohen AO, Cornejo MD, Hagler DJ, Meredith WJ, Anderson KM, Wager TD, Feczko E, Earl E, Fair DA, Barch DM, Watts R, Casey BJ. Behavioral and Neural Signatures of Working Memory in Childhood. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5090-5104. [PMID: 32451322 PMCID: PMC7314411 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2841-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory function changes across development and varies across individuals. The patterns of behavior and brain function that track individual differences in working memory during human development, however, are not well understood. Here, we establish associations between working memory, other cognitive abilities, and functional MRI (fMRI) activation in data from over 11,500 9- to 10-year-old children (both sexes) enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, an ongoing longitudinal study in the United States. Behavioral analyses reveal robust relationships between working memory, short-term memory, language skills, and fluid intelligence. Analyses relating out-of-scanner working memory performance to memory-related fMRI activation in an emotional n-back task demonstrate that frontoparietal activity during a working memory challenge indexes working memory performance. This relationship is domain specific, such that fMRI activation related to emotion processing during the emotional n-back task, inhibitory control during a stop-signal task (SST), and reward processing during a monetary incentive delay (MID) task does not track memory abilities. Together, these results inform our understanding of individual differences in working memory in childhood and lay the groundwork for characterizing the ways in which they change across adolescence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Working memory is a foundational cognitive ability that changes over time and varies across individuals. Here, we analyze data from over 11,500 9- to 10-year-olds to establish relationships between working memory, other cognitive abilities, and frontoparietal brain activity during a working memory challenge, but not during other cognitive challenges. Our results lay the groundwork for assessing longitudinal changes in working memory and predicting later academic and other real-world outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | | | | | - May I Conley
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Alexandra O Cohen
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - M Daniela Cornejo
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92122
- Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92122
| | | | | | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80302
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Eric Feczko
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Eric Earl
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine,St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Richard Watts
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - B J Casey
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
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4
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Gong J, Wang Y, Liu J, Fu X, Cheung EFC, Chan RCK. The interaction between positive schizotypy and high sensitivity C-reactive protein on response inhibition in female individuals. Psychiatry Res 2019; 274:365-371. [PMID: 30852429 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the associations between high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), childhood maltreatment (CM), schizotypy and response inhibition, and to explore the interactions between hsCRP, CM and schizotypy on response inhibition. Two hundred and fourteen participants completed the Stop-Signal Task (SST), the Schizotypy Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ), which measured response inhibition, schizotypy and history of CM respectively. The level of hsCRP was also measured. The high schizotypy group (n = 114) had higher scores on SPQ and CTQ, higher hsCRP levels and longer SST reaction times (SSRTs) than the low schizotypy group (n = 100). In female participants, SSRT had a positive correlation with the SPQ positive factor and the disorganized SPQ factor and a positive correlation with physical neglect. HsCRP was positively correlated with the SPQ negative factor and positive SPQ factor. In male participants, SSRT was negatively correlated with emotional neglect and physical neglect. The majority of correlations between CTQ and SPQ variables were significant in both female and male participants. In female participants, hsCRP significantly predicted SSRT, and hsCRP significantly interacted with positive schizotypy in predicting SSRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Gong
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan university of Chinese medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiaogao Fu
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan university of Chinese medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Eric F C Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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5
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Smucny J, Lesh TA, Iosif AM, Niendam TA, Tully LM, Carter CS. Longitudinal stability of cognitive control in early psychosis: Nondegenerative deficits across diagnoses. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 127:781-788. [PMID: 29781657 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment, particularly in the domain of cognitive control, is characteristic of schizophrenia (SZ) spectrum and bipolar disorders (BDs). The longitudinal trajectory of these impairments, however, remains unclear. Indeed, some studies have observed degeneration and others stability or even improvement over time in these illnesses. Here we examined the longitudinal stability of the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT), a cognitive control task, in 52 patients with recent-onset SZ (<2 years from first study measurement), 20 patients with recent-onset BD Type I with psychotic features, and 70 healthy control subjects. Subjects performed the AX-CPT at 2 time points separated by an average of 365 days (range 270-620). Previously identified deficits in cognitive control were replicated in both patient groups. No effects of time or interactions between time and diagnosis were observed. Intraclass correlation coefficients also suggested AX-CPT performance was stable across time for all diagnostic groups. Although performance was stable on average, a positive association was noted between change in cognitive control and change in disorganization symptom severity across patient groups. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that deficits in cognitive control are present in both disorders and stable over the early course of psychotic illness. No evidence was observed for progression or deterioration of cognitive control or differential recovery in SZ compared to BD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Smucny
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - Tyler A Lesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - Tara A Niendam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - Laura M Tully
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis
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6
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Matzke D, Hughes M, Badcock JC, Michie P, Heathcote A. Failures of cognitive control or attention? The case of stop-signal deficits in schizophrenia. Atten Percept Psychophys 2017; 79:1078-1086. [PMID: 28185228 PMCID: PMC5413535 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We used Bayesian cognitive modelling to identify the underlying causes of apparent inhibitory deficits in the stop-signal paradigm. The analysis was applied to stop-signal data reported by Badcock et al. (Psychological Medicine 32: 87-297, 2002) and Hughes et al. (Biological Psychology 89: 220-231, 2012), where schizophrenia patients and control participants made rapid choice responses, but on some trials were signalled to stop their ongoing response. Previous research has assumed an inhibitory deficit in schizophrenia, because estimates of the mean time taken to react to the stop signal are longer in patients than controls. We showed that these longer estimates are partly due to failing to react to the stop signal ("trigger failures") and partly due to a slower initiation of inhibition, implicating a failure of attention rather than a deficit in the inhibitory process itself. Correlations between the probability of trigger failures and event-related potentials reported by Hughes et al. are interpreted as supporting the attentional account of inhibitory deficits. Our results, and those of Matzke et al. (2016), who report that controls also display a substantial although lower trigger-failure rate, indicate that attentional factors need to be taken into account when interpreting results from the stop-signal paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Matzke
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15906, 1001 NK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthew Hughes
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Johanna C Badcock
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Patricia Michie
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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7
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Zouraraki C, Tsaousis I, Karamaouna P, Karagiannopoulou L, Roussos P, Bitsios P, Giakoumaki SG. Associations of differential schizotypal dimensions with executive working memory: A moderated-mediation analysis. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 71:39-48. [PMID: 27621208 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased schizotypal traits are observed in a percentage of the general population and in the schizophrenia-spectrum and have been associated with impairments in working memory. In this study we examined the effects of four schizotypal dimensions [Negative (NegS), Paranoid (ParS), Cognitive-Perceptual (CPS), Disorganized (DiS)] on executive working memory (EWM), as mediated by set-shifting, planning and control inhibition. We also examined whether these associations are moderated by family-history of psychosis. METHODS Our sample consisted of 110 unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia-spectrum patients and 120 control individuals. Schizotypy was assessed with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Participants were also tested with the Letter-Number Sequencing, Wisconsin Card Sorting, Stroop Color-Word and Stockings of Cambridge tasks. The effects of set-shifting, control inhibition and planning on the relationship between schizotypy and EWM were examined with mediation analyses. Moderated-mediation analyses examined potential moderating effects of group membership (unaffected relative/community participant). RESULTS All mediators were significant in the relationship between NegS and EWM. The effects of ParS were mediated only by set-shifting and planning. Planning and control inhibition were the only significant mediators on the effects of CPS and DiS on EWM, respectively. The moderated-mediation analyses revealed that these findings apply only in the community group. CONCLUSIONS We found that the effects of different schizotypal dimensions on EWM are mediated by other cognitive processes in individuals without personal/family history of psychosis. This is probably due to either more severe impairments in the cognitive processes of the relatives or restrictions in our sample and study-design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Zouraraki
- Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsaousis
- Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Penny Karamaouna
- Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, 74100, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Panos Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Stella G Giakoumaki
- Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, 74100, Crete, Greece.
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8
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Müller M, Vetter S, Weiser M, Frey F, Ajdacic-Gross V, Stieglitz RD, Rössler W. Precursors of cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders: a population-based study. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:329-37. [PMID: 23876280 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits have been found to be more prevalent in psychotic than in other disorders. Longitudinal research has shown that these deficits were generally already existent before onset of illness and are therefore not necessarily attributable to neurodegenerative processes. This study investigated whether both low IQ and markers of premorbid cognitive dysfunction independently contribute to an increased risk for psychoses. In a cross-sectional study about 50,000 young Swiss males completed a survey of intellectual problems in childhood/adolescence and other vulnerability factors during military call-up in 2005/2006. Subsequently, military IQ assessments were carried out on the entire sample. Diagnostic assessments were conducted according to International Classification of Diseases-10th edition (ICD-10). Low, especially performance, IQ was highly associated with an increased risk for psychotic disorders after adjusting for preexisting cognitive deficits and covariates, while in other disorders this association was less marked. Furthermore, preexisting intellectual problems emerged as important risk factors for psychoses. Our results confirm the importance of low IQ as characteristic of psychoses. Although premorbid intellectual deficits are common in people who go on to develop psychosis, neurodegenerative disease processes may also precipitate further declines in fluid cognitive functions. Assessment of cognitive functioning should be taken into account in early detection of psychoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Müller
- Centre for Disaster and Military Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
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9
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Elissalde SN, Mazzola-Pomietto P, Viglianese N, Correard N, Fakra E, Azorin JM. [Schizophrenia, executive control and memory]. Encephale 2012; 37 Suppl 2:S95-9. [PMID: 22212849 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-7006(11)70034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia affects 1% of the general population. In addition to disabling clinical symptoms, cognitive deficits have also been updated. It has further been proposed that the well-known diversity of schizophrenia in terms of functional outcome and recovery from acute episode is best characterized by cognitive deficits, but not by its classical symptoms. DSM-V acknowledges the importance of cognition in schizophrenia, and could recommend a formal neuropsychological assessment in individuals with psychosis. Schizophrenic patient's cognitive functioning has been studied extensively in the domain of memory and executive control. To date, the studies highlight important deficits in both of these domains. However, within the memory systems, some of them remain unaffected. Altogether, the data invalidate the hypothesis of a global damage and are in favor of specific cognitive deficits. The observed deficits would depend on the dominant symptoms and pre-morbid functioning. The interest of these results was to give impulse to the development of comprehensive assessment battery designed to evaluate the cognitive profiles of each patient and develop a personalized program of cognitive remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-N Elissalde
- Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, 270, boulevard Sainte-Marguerite, 13274 Marseille cedex 09, France.
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10
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Hughes ME, Fulham WR, Johnston PJ, Michie PT. Stop-signal response inhibition in schizophrenia: Behavioural, event-related potential and functional neuroimaging data. Biol Psychol 2012; 89:220-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Impairments in intentional-but not unintentional-inhibition have been found in schizophrenia, and are thought to contribute to the presence of psychotic symptoms. However, it was previously unknown whether this intentional cognitive control impairment extends to intentional resistance to interference-another form of cognitive control. The current study resolved this issue through administering two cognitive control measures: one with a high intentional resistance to interference demand and the other with a high unintentional inhibition demand, to schizophrenia (n = 61) and healthy control (n = 34) participants. Consistent with previous findings, schizophrenia participants' performance on the measures with a high unintentional inhibition demand was intact; however, they were impaired on the task with high intentional resistance to interference demands compared with controls. This latter finding suggests that intentional cognitive control impairments previously found in schizophrenia are not specific to inhibition, but instead are more general, including both processes requiring inhibition (as consistently reported in the literature) and resistance to interference (as found in the current study).
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12
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Barch DM, Berman MG, Engle R, Jones JH, Jonides J, Macdonald A, Nee DE, Redick TS, Sponheim SR. CNTRICS final task selection: working memory. Schizophr Bull 2009; 35:136-52. [PMID: 18990711 PMCID: PMC2643954 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The third meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS) was focused on selecting promising measures for each of the cognitive constructs selected in the first CNTRICS meeting. In the domain of working memory, the 2 constructs of interest were goal maintenance and interference control. CNTRICS received 3 task nominations for each of these constructs, and the breakout group for working memory evaluated the degree to which each of these tasks met prespecified criteria. For goal maintenance, the breakout group for working memory recommended the AX-Continuous Performance Task/Dot Pattern Expectancy task for translation for use in clinical trial contexts in schizophrenia research. For interference control, the breakout group recommended the recent probes and operation/symmetry span tasks for translation for use in clinical trials. This article describes the ways in which each of these tasks met the criteria used by the breakout group to recommend tasks for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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13
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Hill SK, Harris MSH, Herbener ES, Pavuluri M, Sweeney JA. Neurocognitive allied phenotypes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Bull 2008; 34:743-59. [PMID: 18448479 PMCID: PMC2632447 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are genetically complex and represent the end product of multiple biological and social factors. Links between genes and disorder-related abnormalities can be effectively captured via assessment of phenotypes that are both associated with genetic effects and potentially contributory to behavioral abnormalities. Identifying intermediate or allied phenotypes as a strategy for clarifying genetic contributions to disorders has been successful in other areas of medicine and is a promising strategy for identifying susceptibility genes in complex psychiatric disorders. There is growing evidence that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, rather than being wholly distinct disorders, share genetic risk at several loci. Further, there is growing evidence of similarity in the pattern of cognitive and neurobiological deficits in these groups, which may be the result of the effects of these common genetic factors. This review was undertaken to identify patterns of performance on neurocognitive and affective tasks across probands with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder as well as unaffected family members, which warrant further investigation as potential intermediate trait markers. Available evidence indicates that measures of attention regulation, working memory, episodic memory, and emotion processing offer potential for identifying shared and illness-specific allied neurocognitive phenotypes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, very few studies have evaluated neurocognitive dimensions in bipolar probands or their unaffected relatives, and much work in this area is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kristian Hill
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 312 996-2107, fax: 312 413-8837, e-mail:
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Abstract
A substantial proportion of patients with schizophrenia experience the onset of their illness by age 18. Data from phenomenological, cognitive, neuroimaging, and genetic studies suggest a similar profile of clinical and neurobiological abnormalities between early- and adult-onset patients. However, children and adolescents with schizophrenia have been found to have more severe premorbid neurodevelopmental abnormalities, worse long-term outcome, more cytogenetic anomalies, and potentially greater loading of family histories for schizophrenia and associated spectrum disorders than their adult counterparts. Together, these data support a hypothesis that early-onset schizophrenia may reflect a more severe form of the disorder associated with a greater genetic predisposition. It is anticipated that future imaging and genetic studies of this cohort will provide further insight into the neurodevelopmental origins of schizophrenia and the complexity by which genetic and environmental factors interact to modulate susceptibility and/or disease phenotype. The articles on this theme provide updated findings from brain magnetic resonance imaging, neurocognition, and clinical trials in this unique cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2450 Riverside Ave, F256 2B West Minneapolis, MN 55454-1495,To whom correspondence should be addressed; University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 2450 Riverside Ave, F256 2B West Minneapolis, MN 55454-1495; tel: 612-273-9775, fax: 612-273-9775, e-mail:
| | - S. Charles Schulz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2450 Riverside Ave, F256 2B West Minneapolis, MN 55454-1495
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