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Alonso-Sanchez MF, Z-Rivera L, Otero M, Portal J, Cavieres Á, Alfaro-Faccio P. Aberrant brain language network in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: a systematic review of its relation to language signs beyond symptoms. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1244694. [PMID: 39026525 PMCID: PMC11254709 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1244694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Language disturbances are a core feature of schizophrenia, often studied as a formal thought disorder. The neurobiology of language in schizophrenia has been addressed within the same framework, that language and thought are equivalents considering symptoms and not signs. This review aims to systematically examine published peer-reviewed studies that employed neuroimaging techniques to investigate aberrant brain-language networks in individuals with schizophrenia in relation to linguistic signs. Methods We employed a language model for automatic data extraction. We selected our studies according to the PRISMA recommendations, and we conducted the quality assessment of the selected studies according to the STROBE guidance. Results We analyzed the findings from 37 studies, categorizing them based on patient characteristics, brain measures, and language task types. The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) exhibited the most significant differences among these studies and paradigms. Conclusions We propose guidelines for future research in this field based on our analysis. It is crucial to investigate larger networks involved in language processing, and language models with brain metrics must be integrated to enhance our understanding of the relationship between language and brain abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F. Alonso-Sanchez
- Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Centro de Investigación del Desarrollo en Cognición y Lenguaje (CIDCL), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Lucía Z-Rivera
- Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering (AC3E), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Mónica Otero
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Centro BASAL Ciencia & Vida, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge Portal
- Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering (AC3E), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Departamento de Electrónica, Univeridad Técnica Federico Santa María (USM), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Álvaro Cavieres
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Pedro Alfaro-Faccio
- Instituto de Literatura y Ciencias del Lenguaje, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Besso L, Larivière S, Roes M, Sanford N, Percival C, Damascelli M, Momeni A, Lavigne K, Menon M, Aleman A, Ćurčić-Blake B, Woodward TS. Hypoactivation of the language network during auditory imagery contributes to hallucinations in Schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2024; 341:111824. [PMID: 38754348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) involve perceptions, often voices, in the absence of external stimuli, and rank among the most common symptoms of schizophrenia. Metrical stress evaluation requires determination of the stronger syllable in words, and therefore requires auditory imagery, of interest for investigation of hallucinations in schizophrenia. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging study provides an updated whole-brain network analysis of a previously published study on metrical stress, which showed reduced directed connections between Broca's and Wernicke's regions of interest (ROIs) for hallucinations. Three functional brain networks were extracted, with the language network (LN) showing an earlier and shallower blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) response for hallucinating patients, in the auditory imagery condition only (the reduced activation for hallucinations observed in the original ROI-based results were not specific to the imagery condition). This suggests that hypoactivation of the LN during internal auditory imagery may contribute to the propensity to hallucinate. This accords with cognitive accounts holding that an impaired balance between internal and external linguistic processes (underactivity in networks involved in internal auditory imagery and overactivity in networks involved in speech perception) contributes to our understanding of the biological underpinnings of hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Besso
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sara Larivière
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meighen Roes
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicole Sanford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chantal Percival
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matteo Damascelli
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ava Momeni
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katie Lavigne
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mahesh Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - André Aleman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Branislava Ćurčić-Blake
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Todd S Woodward
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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3
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Marschall TM, Koops S, Brederoo SG, Cabral J, Ćurčić-Blake B, Sommer IEC. Time varying dynamics of hallucinations in clinical and non-clinical voice-hearers. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 37:103351. [PMID: 36805417 PMCID: PMC9969260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are frequently associated with psychotic disorders, yet also occur in non-clinical voice-hearers. AVH in this group are similar to those within clinical voice-hearers in terms of several phenomenological aspects, but non-clinical voice-hearers report to have more control over their AVH and attribute less emotional valence to them. These dissimilarities may stem from differences on the neurobiological level, as it is still under debate whether the mechanisms involved in AVH are the same in clinical and non-clinical voice-hearers. In this study, 21 clinical and 21 non-clinical voice-hearers indicated the onset and offsets of AVH during an fMRI scan. Using a method called leading eigenvector dynamics analysis (LEiDA), we examined time-varying dynamics of functional connectivity involved in AVH with a sub-second temporal resolution. We assessed differences between groups, and between hallucination and rest periods in dwell time, switching frequency, probability of occurrence, and transition probabilities of nine recurrent states of functional connectivity with a permutation ANOVA. Deviations in dwell times, switching frequencies, and switch probabilities in the hallucination period indicated more erratic dynamics during this condition regardless of their clinical status. Post-hoc analyses of the dwell times exhibited the most distinct differences between the rest and hallucination condition for the non-clinical sample, suggesting stronger differences between the two conditions in this group. Overall, these findings suggest that the neurobiological mechanisms involved in AVH are similar in clinical and non-clinical individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Marschall
- University of Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sanne Koops
- University of Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne G Brederoo
- University of Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joana Cabral
- Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Branislava Ćurčić-Blake
- University of Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris E C Sommer
- University of Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Hugdahl K, Craven AR, Johnsen E, Ersland L, Stoyanov D, Kandilarova S, Brunvoll Sandøy L, Kroken RA, Løberg EM, Sommer IEC. Neural Activation in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Precedes Conscious Experience of Being in or out of a Transient Hallucinatory State. Schizophr Bull 2022; 49:S58-S67. [PMID: 35596662 PMCID: PMC9960028 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) is not only a common symptom in schizophrenia but also observed in individuals in the general population. Despite extensive research, AVHs are poorly understood, especially their underlying neuronal architecture. Neuroimaging methods have been used to identify brain areas and networks that are activated during hallucinations. A characteristic feature of AVHs is, however, that they fluctuate over time, with varying frequencies of starts and stops. An unanswered question is, therefore, what neuronal events co-occur with the initiation and inhibition of an AVH episode. STUDY DESIGN We investigated brain activation with fMRI in 66 individuals who experienced multiple AVH-episodes while in the scanner. We extracted time-series fMRI-data and monitored changes second-by-second from 10 s before to 15 s after participants indicated the start and stop of an episode, respectively, by pressing a hand-held response-button. STUDY RESULTS We found a region in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) which showed a significant increase in activation initiated a few seconds before participants indicated the start of an episode, and a corresponding decrease in activation initiated a few seconds before the end of an episode. CONCLUSIONS The consistent increase and decrease in activation in this area in advance of the consciously experienced presence or absence of the "voice" imply that this region may act as a switch in turning episodes on and off. The activation is unlikely to be confounded by motor responses. The findings could have clinical implications for brain stimulation treatments, like transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hugdahl
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; IBMP, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; tel: +47-91181062, e-mail:
| | - Alexander R Craven
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik Johnsen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,NORMENT Center for the Study of Mental Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Ersland
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Drozdstoy Stoyanov
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, and Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Sevdalina Kandilarova
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, and Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Lydia Brunvoll Sandøy
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune A Kroken
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,NORMENT Center for the Study of Mental Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Else-Marie Løberg
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,NORMENT Center for the Study of Mental Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Iris E C Sommer
- Rijks Universiteit Groningen (RUG), Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and Department of Psychiatry, University Medical CenterGroningen (UMCG), Netherlands
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Fuentes-Claramonte P, Soler-Vidal J, Salgado-Pineda P, Ramiro N, Garcia-Leon MA, Cano R, Arévalo A, Munuera J, Portillo F, Panicali F, Sarró S, Pomarol-Clotet E, McKenna P, Hinzen W. Processing of linguistic deixis in people with schizophrenia, with and without auditory verbal hallucinations. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 34:103007. [PMID: 35468569 PMCID: PMC9059152 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a key symptom of schizophrenia (SZ) defined by anomalous perception of speech. Anomalies of processing external speech stimuli have also been reported in people with AVH, but it is unexplored which specific dimensions of language are processed differently. Using a speech perception task (passive listening), we here targeted the processing of deixis, a key dimension of language governing the contextual anchoring of speech in interpersonal context. We designed naturalistic speech stimuli that were either non-personal and fact-reporting (‘low-deixis’ condition), or else involved rich deictic devices such as the grammatical first and second persons, direct questions, and vocatives (‘high-deixis’). We asked whether neural correlates of deixis obtained with fMRI would distinguish patients with and without frequent hallucinations (AVH + vs AVH−) from controls and each other. Results showed that high-deixis relative to low-deixis was associated with clusters of increased activation in the bilateral middle temporal gyri extending into the temporal poles and the inferior parietal cortex, in all groups. The AVH + and AVH− groups did not differ. When unifying them, the SZ group as a whole showed altered activity in the precuneus, midline regions and inferior parietal cortex. These results fail to confirm deictic processing anomalies specific to patients with AVH, but reveal such anomalies across SZ. Hypoactivation of this network may relate to a cognitive mechanism for attributing and anchoring thought and referential speech content in context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fuentes-Claramonte
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Soler-Vidal
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Benito Menni Complex Assistencial en Salut Mental, Germanes Hospitalàries, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Pilar Salgado-Pineda
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Ramiro
- Hospital Sant Rafael, Germanes Hospitalàries, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Garcia-Leon
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Cano
- Hospital Mare de Déu de la Mercè, Germanes Hospitalàries, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Arévalo
- Hospital Sagrat Cor, Germanes Hospitalàries, Martorell, Spain
| | - Josep Munuera
- Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Benito Menni Complex Assistencial en Salut Mental, Germanes Hospitalàries, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Francesco Panicali
- Benito Menni Complex Assistencial en Salut Mental, Germanes Hospitalàries, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Salvador Sarró
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter McKenna
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfram Hinzen
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Shao X, Liao Y, Gu L, Chen W, Tang J. The Etiology of Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia: From Multidimensional Levels. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:755870. [PMID: 34858129 PMCID: PMC8632545 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.755870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enormous efforts have been made to unveil the etiology of auditory hallucinations (AHs), and multiple genetic and neural factors have already been shown to have their own roles. Previous studies have shown that AHs in schizophrenia vary from those in other disorders, suggesting that they have unique features and possibly distinguishable mechanisms worthy of further investigation. In this review, we intend to offer a comprehensive summary of current findings related to AHs in schizophrenia from aspects of genetics and transcriptome, neurophysiology (neurometabolic and electroencephalogram studies), and neuroimaging (structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies and transcriptome–neuroimaging association study). Main findings include gene polymorphisms, glutamate level change, electroencephalographic alterations, and abnormalities of white matter fasciculi, cortical structure, and cerebral activities, especially in multiple regions, including auditory and language networks. More solid and comparable research is needed to replicate and integrate ongoing findings from multidimensional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Shao
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Gu
- RIKEN AIP, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Kim HJ, Koh HY. Training-Dependent Change in Content of Association in Appetitive Pavlovian Conditioning. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:750131. [PMID: 34899203 PMCID: PMC8656303 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.750131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In appetitive Pavlovian conditioning, experience with a conditional relationship between a cue [conditioned stimulus (CS)] and a reward [unconditioned stimulus (US)] bestows CS with the ability to promote adaptive behavior patterns. Different features of US (e.g., identity-specific sensory, general motivational) can be encoded by CS based on the nature of the CS-US relationship experienced (e.g., temporal factors such as training amount) and the content of association may determine the influence of CS over behavior (e.g., mediated learning, conditioned reinforcement). The content of association changed with varying conditioning factors, thereby altering behavioral consequences, however, has never been addressed in relevant brain signals evoked by CS. Our previous study found that phospholipase C β1-knockout (PLCβ1-KO) mice display persistent mediated learning over the extended course of odor-sugar conditioning, and that wild-type (WT) mice lose mediated learning sensitivity after extended training. In this study, in order to see whether this behavioral difference between these two genotypes comes from a difference in the course of association content, we examined whether odor CS can evoke the taste sensory representation of an absent sugar US after minimal- and extended training in these mice. In contrast to WT, which lost CS-evoked neural activation (c-Fos expression) in the gustatory cortex after extended training, KO mice displayed persistent association with the sensory feature of sugar, suggesting that sensory encoding is reliably linked to mediated learning sensitivity and there is a training-dependent change in the content of association in WT. PLCβ1 knockdown in the left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) resulted in mediated learning sensitivity and CS-evoked gustatory cortical activation after extended training, proposing a molecular component of the neural system underlying this Pavlovian conditioning process. We also discuss how disruption of this process is implicated for hallucination-like behaviors (impaired reality testing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hea-jin Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae-Young Koh
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Narihara I, Kitajo K, Namba H, Sotoyama H, Inaba H, Watanabe D, Nawa H. Rat call-evoked electrocorticographic responses and intercortical phase synchrony impaired in a cytokine-induced animal model for schizophrenia. Neurosci Res 2021; 175:62-72. [PMID: 34699860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia exhibit impaired performance in tone-matching or voice discrimination tests. However, there is no animal model recapitulating these pathophysiological traits. Here, we tested the representation of auditory recognition deficits in an animal model of schizophrenia. We established a rat model for schizophrenia using a perinatal challenge of epidermal growth factor (EGF), exposed adult rats to 55 kHz sine tones, rat calls (50-60 kHz), or reversely played calls, analyzed electrocorticography (ECoG) of the auditory and frontal cortices. Grand averages of event-related responses (ERPs) in the auditory cortex showed between-group size differences in the P1 component, whereas the P2 component differed among sound stimulus types. In EGF model rats, gamma band amplitudes were decreased in the auditory cortex and were enhanced in the frontal cortex with sine stimulus. The model rats also exhibited a reduction in rat call-triggered intercortical phase synchrony in the beta range. Risperidone administration restored normal phase synchrony. These findings suggest that perinatal exposure to the cytokine impairs tone/call recognition processes in these neocortices. In conjunction with previous studies using this model, our findings indicate that perturbations in ErbB/EGF signaling during development exert a multiscale impact on auditory functions at the cellular, circuit, and cognitive levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Narihara
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kitajo
- Division of Neural Dynamics, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Namba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Sotoyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Inaba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Dai Watanabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan.
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9
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Richards SE, Hughes ME, Woodward TS, Rossell SL, Carruthers SP. External speech processing and auditory verbal hallucinations: A systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:663-687. [PMID: 34517037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been documented that individuals who hear auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) exhibit diminished capabilities in processing external speech. While functional neuroimaging studies have attempted to characterise the cortical regions and networks facilitating these deficits in a bid to understand AVH, considerable methodological heterogeneity has prevented a consensus being reached. The current systematic review investigated the neurobiological underpinnings of external speech processing deficits in voice-hearers in 38 studies published between January 1990 to June 2020. AVH-specific deviations in the activity and lateralisation of the temporal auditory regions were apparent when processing speech sounds, words and sentences. During active or affective listening tasks, functional connectivity changes arose within the language, limbic and default mode networks. However, poor study quality and lack of replicable results plague the field. A detailed list of recommendations has been provided to improve the quality of future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Richards
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts & Design, Swinburne University of Technology, VIC, 3122, Australia.
| | - Matthew E Hughes
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts & Design, Swinburne University of Technology, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts & Design, Swinburne University of Technology, VIC, 3122, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean P Carruthers
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts & Design, Swinburne University of Technology, VIC, 3122, Australia
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10
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Sanford N, Woodward TS. Functional Delineation of Prefrontal Networks Underlying Working Memory in Schizophrenia: A Cross-data-set Examination. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1880-1908. [PMID: 34375420 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working memory (WM) impairment in schizophrenia substantially impacts functional outcome. Although the dorsolateral pFC has been implicated in such impairment, a more comprehensive examination of brain networks comprising pFC is warranted. The present research used a whole-brain, multi-experiment analysis to delineate task-related networks comprising pFC. Activity was examined in schizophrenia patients across a variety of cognitive demands. METHODS One hundred schizophrenia patients and 102 healthy controls completed one of four fMRI tasks: a Sternberg verbal WM task, a visuospatial WM task, a Stroop set-switching task, and a thought generation task (TGT). Task-related networks were identified using multi-experiment constrained PCA for fMRI. Effects of task conditions and group differences were examined using mixed-model ANOVA on the task-related time series. Correlations between task performance and network engagement were also performed. RESULTS Four spatially and temporally distinct networks with pFC activation emerged and were postulated to subserve (1) internal attention, (2) auditory-motor attention, (3) motor responses, and (4) task energizing. The "energizing" network-engaged during WM encoding and diminished in patients-exhibited consistent trend relationships with WM capacity across different data sets. The dorsolateral-prefrontal-cortex-dominated "internal attention" network exhibited some evidence of hypoactivity in patients, but was not correlated with WM performance. CONCLUSIONS Multi-experiment analysis allowed delineation of task-related, pFC-anchored networks across different cognitive constructs. Given the results with respect to the early-responding "energizing" network, WM deficits in schizophrenia may arise from disruption in the "energization" process described by Donald Stuss' model of pFC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd S Woodward
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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11
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Roes MM, Yin J, Taylor L, Metzak PD, Lavigne KM, Chinchani A, Tipper CM, Woodward TS. Hallucination-Specific structure-function associations in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 305:111171. [PMID: 32916453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Combining structural (sMRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data in schizophrenia patients with and without auditory hallucinations (9 SZ_AVH, 12 SZ_nAVH), 18 patients with bipolar disorder, and 22 healthy controls, we examined whether cortical thinning was associated with abnormal activity in functional brain networks associated with auditory hallucinations. Language-task fMRI data were combined with mean cortical thickness values from 148 brain regions in a constrained principal component analysis (CPCA) to identify brain structure-function associations predictable from group differences. Two components emerged from the multimodal analysis. The "AVH component" highlighted an association of frontotemporal and cingulate thinning with altered brain activity characteristic of hallucinations among patients with AVH. In contrast, the "Bipolar component" distinguished bipolar patients from healthy controls and linked increased activity in the language network with cortical thinning in the left occipital-temporal lobe. Our findings add to a body of evidence of the biological underpinnings of hallucinations and illustrate a method for multimodal data analysis of structure-function associations in psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meighen M Roes
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Yin
- BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Taylor
- BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul D Metzak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Katie M Lavigne
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Abhijit Chinchani
- BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christine M Tipper
- BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Todd S Woodward
- BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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12
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Kaur A, Basavanagowda DM, Rathod B, Mishra N, Fuad S, Nosher S, Alrashid ZA, Mohan D, Heindl SE. Structural and Functional Alterations of the Temporal lobe in Schizophrenia: A Literature Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e11177. [PMID: 33262914 PMCID: PMC7689947 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe chronic mental illness leading to social and occupational dysfunction. Our primary focus in this review article was to analyze further the structural and functional alterations of the temporal lobe in patients with schizophrenia, which might contribute to the associated manifestations we often see in this illness. Our goal was to see if there was any correlation between temporal lobe abnormalities, more specifically, alterations in brain volume and specific symptoms such as auditory and language processing, etc. There is a positive correlation between volume alterations and thoughts disorders in the temporal lobe in the majority of studies. However, superior temporal gyrus volume has also been correlated negatively with the severity of hallucinations and thought disorders in some studies. We utilized Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) search strategy via PubMed database in our articles search yielding 241 papers. After the application of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, a final number of 30 was reviewed. The involvement of the temporal lobe and its gray and white matter volume alterations in schizophrenia is quite apparent from our research; however, the exact mechanism of the underlying biological process is not thoroughly studied yet. Therefore, further research on larger cohorts combining different imaging modalities including volumetry, diffusion tensor, and functional imaging is required to explain how the progressive brain changes affect the various structural, functional, and metabolic activities of the temporal lobe in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arveen Kaur
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Deepak M Basavanagowda
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Bindu Rathod
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Nupur Mishra
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sehrish Fuad
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sadia Nosher
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Zaid A Alrashid
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Devyani Mohan
- Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Stacey E Heindl
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
- Medicine, Avalon University School of Medicine, Willemstad, CUW
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13
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Task-merging for finer separation of functional brain networks in working memory. Cortex 2020; 125:246-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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14
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Wong STS, Goghari VM, Sanford N, Lim R, Clark C, Metzak PD, Rossell SL, Menon M, Woodward TS. Functional brain networks involved in lexical decision. Brain Cogn 2020; 138:103631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.103631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Neurofeedback of core language network nodes modulates connectivity with the default-mode network: A double-blind fMRI neurofeedback study on auditory verbal hallucinations. Neuroimage 2019; 189:533-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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16
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Li M, Deng W, Das T, Li Y, Zhao L, Ma X, Wang Y, Yu H, Li X, Meng YJ, Wang Q, Palaniyappan L, Li T. Neural substrate of unrelenting negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a longitudinal resting-state fMRI study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:641-651. [PMID: 29128871 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Developing a mechanistic insight into the specific brain processes that underpin improvement in negative symptoms can help us design novel chemical and physical treatments against these unrelenting symptoms. The aim of the present study is to explore the longitudinal changes in the brain's regional functional efficiency that accompany improvement in negative symptoms seen in first-episode patients with schizophrenia when treated with antipsychotic for 1 year. Forty-seven first-episode patients with schizophrenia were scanned at a drug-naive baseline state and followed up for 1 year to identify negative symptom responders (Rn) and non-responders (NRn). Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and Granger analysis of effective connectivity (EC) were used to examine the different patterns of regional function and connectivity between Rn and NRn during the 1 year follow-up. Increase of fALFF in the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) and increase of EC from the left STG to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was found in Rn compared to NRn. We further validated that the identified changes in fALFF/EC of STG occur specifically in relation to negative symptoms only (i.e., not pseudo-specific in relation to positive, extrapyramidal or depressive symptoms), and occur irrespective of arbitrary clinical categorization of treatment response. An increase in fALFF in the precuneus and the inferior parietal lobule, and a decrease in EC from the left STG to the occipital cortex, were also found at the 1 year follow-up irrespective of improvement in negative symptoms. Interventions that improve the functional efficiency of left STG and its prefrontal connectivity may show efficacy in alleviating negative symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Deng
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tushar Das
- Robarts Research Institute and The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yinfei Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liansheng Zhao
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingcheng Wang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yu
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jing Meng
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Robarts Research Institute and The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada. .,Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychoses (PEPP), A2-636, LHSC-VH, 800 Commissioners Road, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada.
| | - Tao Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Mattiaccio LM, Coman IL, Thompson CA, Fremont WP, Antshel KM, Kates WR. Frontal dysconnectivity in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: an atlas-based functional connectivity analysis. Behav Brain Funct 2018; 14:2. [PMID: 29352808 PMCID: PMC5775582 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with deficits in cognitive and emotional processing. This syndrome represents one of the highest risk factors for the development of schizophrenia. Previous studies of functional connectivity (FC) in 22q11DS report aberrant connectivity patterns in large-scale networks that are associated with the development of psychotic symptoms. METHODS In this study, we performed a functional connectivity analysis using the CONN toolbox to test for differential connectivity patterns between 54 individuals with 22q11DS and 30 healthy controls, between the ages of 17-25 years old. We mapped resting-state fMRI data onto 68 atlas-based regions of interest (ROIs) generated by the Desikan-Killany atlas in FreeSurfer, resulting in 2278 ROI-to-ROI connections for which we determined total linear temporal associations between each. Within the group with 22q11DS only, we further tested the association between prodromal symptoms of psychosis and FC. RESULTS We observed that relative to controls, individuals with 22q11DS displayed increased FC in lobar networks involving the frontal-frontal, frontal-parietal, and frontal-occipital ROIs. In contrast, FC between ROIs in the parietal-temporal and occipital lobes was reduced in the 22q11DS group relative to healthy controls. Moreover, positive psychotic symptoms were positively associated with increased functional connections between the left precuneus and right superior frontal gyrus, as well as reduced functional connectivity between the bilateral pericalcarine. Positive symptoms were negatively associated with increased functional connectivity between the right pericalcarine and right postcentral gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that functional organization may be altered in 22q11DS, leading to disruption in connectivity between frontal and other lobar substructures, and potentially increasing risk for prodromal psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Mattiaccio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Ioana L Coman
- Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, USA
| | - Carlie A Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Wanda P Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kevin M Antshel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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18
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Lavigne KM, Woodward TS. Hallucination- and speech-specific hypercoupling in frontotemporal auditory and language networks in schizophrenia using combined task-based fMRI data: An fBIRN study. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:1582-1595. [PMID: 29271110 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercoupling of activity in speech-perception-specific brain networks has been proposed to play a role in the generation of auditory-verbal hallucinations (AVHs) in schizophrenia; however, it is unclear whether this hypercoupling extends to nonverbal auditory perception. We investigated this by comparing schizophrenia patients with and without AVHs, and healthy controls, on task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data combining verbal speech perception (SP), inner verbal thought generation (VTG), and nonverbal auditory oddball detection (AO). Data from two previously published fMRI studies were simultaneously analyzed using group constrained principal component analysis for fMRI (group fMRI-CPCA), which allowed for comparison of task-related functional brain networks across groups and tasks while holding the brain networks under study constant, leading to determination of the degree to which networks are common to verbal and nonverbal perception conditions, and which show coordinated hyperactivity in hallucinations. Three functional brain networks emerged: (a) auditory-motor, (b) language processing, and (c) default-mode (DMN) networks. Combining the AO and sentence tasks allowed the auditory-motor and language networks to separately emerge, whereas they were aggregated when individual tasks were analyzed. AVH patients showed greater coordinated activity (deactivity for DMN regions) than non-AVH patients during SP in all networks, but this did not extend to VTG or AO. This suggests that the hypercoupling in AVH patients in speech-perception-related brain networks is specific to perceived speech, and does not extend to perceived nonspeech or inner verbal thought generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Lavigne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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19
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Goghari VM, Sanford N, Spilka MJ, Woodward TS. Task-Related Functional Connectivity Analysis of Emotion Discrimination in a Family Study of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:1348-1362. [PMID: 28338738 PMCID: PMC5737224 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Poor emotion recognition is a core deficit in schizophrenia and is associated with poor functional outcome. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) multivariate analysis methods were used to elucidate the neural underpinnings of face and emotion processing associated with both genetic liability and disease-specific effects. Schizophrenia patients, relatives, and controls completed a task that included 4 facial emotion discrimination conditions and an age discrimination condition during fMRI. Three functional networks were derived from the data: the first involved in visual attention and response generation, the second a default mode network (DMN), and a third involved in face and emotion processing. No differences in activation were found between groups for the visual attention and response generation network, suggesting that basic processes were intact. Both schizophrenia patients and relatives showed evidence for hyperdeactivation in the DMN compared to controls, with relatives being intermediate, suggesting a genetic liability effect. Both disease-specific and genetic liability effects were found for the face processing network, which included the amygdala. Patients exhibited lower coordinated network activity compared to controls and relatives across all facial discrimination conditions. Additionally, in relation to the other emotion discrimination conditions, a heightened coordinated response during fear and anger discrimination was observed in schizophrenia compared to other conditions, whereas relatives demonstrated heightened coordinated activity for anger discrimination only relative to other emotion conditions. With regards to brain functioning, this study found that schizophrenia is associated with abnormal processing of threat-related information, and that in part may be associated with the genetic risk for the disorder, suggesting that the facial and emotion processing network could be targeted for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vina M Goghari
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; tel: 416-208-8168, fax: 416-287-7642, e-mail:
| | - Nicole Sanford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael J Spilka
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Broyd A, Balzan RP, Woodward TS, Allen P. Dopamine, cognitive biases and assessment of certainty: A neurocognitive model of delusions. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 54:96-106. [PMID: 28448827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the evidence that delusions can be explained within the framework of a neurocognitive model of how the brain assesses certainty. Here, 'certainty' refers to both low-level interpretations of one's environment and high-level (conscious) appraisals of one's beliefs and experiences. A model is proposed explaining how the brain systems responsible for assigning certainty might dysfunction, contributing to the cause and maintenance of delusional beliefs. It is suggested that delusions arise through a combination of perturbed striatal dopamine and aberrant salience as well as cognitive biases such as the tendency to jump to conclusions (JTC) and hypersalience of evidence-hypothesis matches. The role of emotion, stress, trauma and sociocultural factors in forming and modifying delusions is also considered. Understanding the mechanisms involved in forming and maintaining delusions has important clinical implications, as interventions that improve cognitive flexibility (e.g. cognitive remediation therapy and mindfulness training) could potentially attenuate neurocognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Broyd
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College, London, UK
| | - Ryan P Balzan
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College, London, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
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21
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Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a frequently occurring phenomenon in the general population and are considered a psychotic symptom when presented in the context of a psychiatric disorder. Neuroimaging literature has shown that AVH are subserved by a variety of alterations in brain structure and function, which primarily concentrate around brain regions associated with the processing of auditory verbal stimuli and with executive control functions. However, the direction of association between AVH and brain function remains equivocal in certain research areas and needs to be carefully reviewed and interpreted. When AVH have significant impact on daily functioning, several efficacious treatments can be attempted such as antipsychotic medication, brain stimulation and cognitive-behavioural therapy. Interestingly, the neural correlates of these treatments largely overlap with brain regions involved in AVH. This suggests that the efficacy of treatment corresponds to a normalization of AVH-related brain activity. In this selected review, we give a compact yet comprehensive overview of the structural and functional neuroimaging literature on AVH, with a special focus on the neural correlates of efficacious treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Bohlken
- Department of Psychiatry,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus,University Medical Center Utrecht,3584CX Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - K Hugdahl
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology,University of Bergen,Bergen,Norway
| | - I E C Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus,University Medical Center Utrecht,3584CX Utrecht,The Netherlands
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22
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Ćurčić-Blake B, Ford JM, Hubl D, Orlov ND, Sommer IE, Waters F, Allen P, Jardri R, Woodruff PW, David O, Mulert C, Woodward TS, Aleman A. Interaction of language, auditory and memory brain networks in auditory verbal hallucinations. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 148:1-20. [PMID: 27890810 PMCID: PMC5240789 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The language, auditory and memory/limbic networks are of particular relevance for auditory verbal hallucinations. An increased interaction among the auditory-language and striatal brain regions occurs while patients hallucinate. Fronto-temporal connections are often altered in AVH individuals, but there is no consensus regarding increase or decrease. Connections of the interhemispheric auditory pathway are stronger for first episode patients, but they are weaker in chronic patients. The majority of studies support hybrid AVH hypotheses in which all three networks and the striatal network are involved.
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) occur in psychotic disorders, but also as a symptom of other conditions and even in healthy people. Several current theories on the origin of AVH converge, with neuroimaging studies suggesting that the language, auditory and memory/limbic networks are of particular relevance. However, reconciliation of these theories with experimental evidence is missing. We review 50 studies investigating functional (EEG and fMRI) and anatomic (diffusion tensor imaging) connectivity in these networks, and explore the evidence supporting abnormal connectivity in these networks associated with AVH. We distinguish between functional connectivity during an actual hallucination experience (symptom capture) and functional connectivity during either the resting state or a task comparing individuals who hallucinate with those who do not (symptom association studies). Symptom capture studies clearly reveal a pattern of increased coupling among the auditory, language and striatal regions. Anatomical and symptom association functional studies suggest that the interhemispheric connectivity between posterior auditory regions may depend on the phase of illness, with increases in non-psychotic individuals and first episode patients and decreases in chronic patients. Leading hypotheses involving concepts as unstable memories, source monitoring, top-down attention, and hybrid models of hallucinations are supported in part by the published connectivity data, although several caveats and inconsistencies remain. Specifically, possible changes in fronto-temporal connectivity are still under debate. Precise hypotheses concerning the directionality of connections deduced from current theoretical approaches should be tested using experimental approaches that allow for discrimination of competing hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislava Ćurčić-Blake
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Judith M Ford
- University of California and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, United States
| | - Daniela Hubl
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natasza D Orlov
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Flavie Waters
- Graylands Hospital, North Metro Health Service Mental Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia Graylands Hospital, Australia
| | - Paul Allen
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Renaud Jardri
- University of Lille, CNRS UMR9193, SCA-Lab & CHU Lille, Fontan Hospital (CURE), Lille, France
| | - Peter W Woodruff
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier David
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Grenoble, France
| | - Christoph Mulert
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; BC Mental Health and Addiction Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - André Aleman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Lavigne KM, Menon M, Woodward TS. Impairment in subcortical suppression in schizophrenia: Evidence from the fBIRN Oddball Task. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4640-4653. [PMID: 27477494 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients show widespread impairments in brain activity during oddball tasks, which involve responding to infrequent target stimuli while refraining from responding during continuous non-target stimuli. In a network-based investigation comparing schizophrenia or schizoaffective patients to healthy controls, we sought to clarify which networks were specifically associated with target detection using a multivariate analysis technique that identifies task-specific functional brain networks. We acquired data from the publicly available function biomedical informatics research network collaboration, including 58 patients and 50 controls. Two task-based functional brain networks were identified: (1) a response modulation network including bilateral temporal pole, supramarginal gyrus, striatum, and thalamus, on which patients showed decreased activity relative to controls; and (2) an auditory-motor response activation network, on which patients showed a slower return to baseline than controls, but no difference in peak activation. For both groups, baseline to peak activation of the response modulation network correlated negatively with peak to baseline activity in the response activation network, suggesting a role in suppressing the motor response following targets. Patients' impaired activity in the response modulation network, and subsequent longer return to baseline in the response activation network, correspond with their later and less accurate behavioral performance, suggesting that impairment in suppression of the auditory-motor response activation network could underlie oddball task deficits in schizophrenia. In addition, the magnitude of the activity in the response modulation network was correlated with intensity of delusions of reference, supporting the notion that increased referential ideation is associated with hyperactivity within the subcortical striatal-limbic network. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4640-4653, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Lavigne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada
| | - Mahesh Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada
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24
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Psomiades M, Fonteneau C, Mondino M, Luck D, Haesebaert F, Suaud-Chagny MF, Brunelin J. Integrity of the arcuate fasciculus in patients with schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations: A DTI-tractography study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 12:970-975. [PMID: 27995063 PMCID: PMC5153606 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) of schizophrenia are associated with a disrupted connectivity between frontal and temporoparietal language areas. We hypothesized that this dysconnectivity is underpinned by white matter abnormalities in the left arcuate fasciculus, the main fiber bundle connecting speech production and perception areas. We therefore investigated the relationship between AVH severity and the integrity of the arcuate fasciculus measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography in patients with schizophrenia. Thirty-eight patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia were included: 26 presented with daily severe treatment-resistant AVH, 12 reported prominent negative symptoms and no AVH. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was measured along the length of the left and right anterior arcuate fasciculi and severity of AVH was assessed using P3 PANSS item. FA values were significantly higher in the left arcuate fasciculus in patients with AVH than in no AVH patients (F(1,35) = 3.86; p = 0.05). No difference was observed in the right arcuate fasciculus. There was a significant positive correlation between FA value in the left arcuate fasciculus and the severity of AVH (r = 0.36; p = 0.02). No correlation was observed between FA values and PANSS total score suggesting a specific relationship between AVH severity and the left arcuate fasciculus integrity. These results support the hypothesis of a relationship between left frontotemporal connectivity and AVH in patients with schizophrenia and suggest that whilst a disruption of frontotemporal connectivity might be present to ensure the emergence of AVH, more severe anatomical alterations may prevent the occurrence of AVH in patients with schizophrenia. Fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left arcuate fasciculus (AF) correlated with severity of hallucinations. Hallucinating patients had greater FA in the left AF than non-hallucinating patients. We did not find any association between hallucinations and FA in the right AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Psomiades
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Clara Fonteneau
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Marine Mondino
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale (CIRRIS), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale (CRIUSM), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - David Luck
- Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Frederic Haesebaert
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Suaud-Chagny
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Jerome Brunelin
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France; Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et en Intégration Sociale (CIRRIS), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale (CRIUSM), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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25
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Cui LB, Liu K, Li C, Wang LX, Guo F, Tian P, Wu YJ, Guo L, Liu WM, Xi YB, Wang HN, Yin H. Putamen-related regional and network functional deficits in first-episode schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations. Schizophr Res 2016; 173:13-22. [PMID: 26995674 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are one of the cardinal symptoms of schizophrenia (SZ). Cerebral dysfunction may represent pathophysiological underpinnings behind AVHs in SZ. However, regional and network functional deficits for AVHs in SZ remain to be identified. METHODS Seventeen medication-naïve first-episode SZ patients with AVHs, 15 without AVHs, and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were studied using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We compared the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) among these subjects. Areas with both ALFF and ReHo alterations were used as seeds in functional connectivity (FC) analysis. Then we performed correlation analysis between image measures and symptoms and receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS One-way analysis of variance showed significant differences of ALFF and ReHo in the bilateral putamen, thereby being used as seeds. SZ patients with AVHs showed decreased ALFF in the left putamen, increased ReHo in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and increased right putamen-seeded FC with the left DLPFC and Broca's area relative to those without AVHs. Furthermore, the increased strength of the connectivity between the right putamen and left Broca's area correlated with the severity of SZ symptoms. Both patient groups demonstrated hypoconnectivity within frontal/parietal/temporal cortico-striatal-cerebellar networks compared with HCs. CONCLUSION AVHs in SZ may be caused by abnormal regional function in the putamen and prefrontal cortex, as well as hyperconnectivity between them. The putamen-related regional and network functional deficits may reflect imbalance in neuromodulation of AVHs in SZ. Furthermore, dysconnectivity within cortico-striatal-cerebellar networks might subserve the pathogenesis of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Biao Cui
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu-Xian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Guo
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu-Jing Wu
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ming Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi-Bin Xi
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua-Ning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hong Yin
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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26
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Bettoni S, Bresin E, Remuzzi G, Noris M, Donadelli R. Insights into the Effects of Complement Factor H on the Assembly and Decay of the Alternative Pathway C3 Proconvertase and C3 Convertase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8214-30. [PMID: 26903516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.693119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activated fragment of C3 (C3b) and factor B form the C3 proconvertase (C3bB), which is cleaved by factor D to C3 convertase (C3bBb). Older studies (Conrad, D. H., Carlo, J. R., and Ruddy, S. (1978)J. Exp. Med.147, 1792-1805; Pangburn, M. K., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J. (1978)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.75, 2416-2420; Kazatchkine, M. D., Fearon, D. T., and Austen, K. F. (1979)J. Immunol.122, 75-81) indicated that the complement alternative pathway regulator factor H (FH) competes with factor B for C3b binding; however, the capability of FH to prevent C3bB assembly has not been formally investigated. Moreover, in the few published studies FH did not favor C3bB dissociation. Whether FH may affect C3bBb formation from C3bB is unknown. We set up user-friendly assays based on combined microplate/Western blotting techniques that specifically detect either C3bB or C3bBb, with the aim of investigating the effect of FH on C3bB assembly and decay and C3bBb formation and decay. We document that FH does not affect C3bB assembly, indicating that FH does not efficiently compete with factor B for C3b binding. We also found that FH does not dissociate C3bB. FH showed a strong C3bBb decay-accelerating activity, as reported previously, and also exerted an apparent inhibitory effect on C3bBb formation. The latter effect was not fully attributable to a rapid FH-mediated dissociation of C3bBb complexes, because blocking decay with properdin and C3 nephritic factor did not restore C3bBb formation. FH almost completely prevented release of the smaller cleavage subunit of FB (Ba), without modifying the amount of C3bB complexes, suggesting that FH inhibits the conversion of C3bB to C3bBb. Thus, the inhibitory effect of FH on C3bBb formation is likely the sum of inhibition of C3bB conversion to C3bBb and of C3bBb decay acceleration. Further studies are required to confirm these findings in physiological cell-based settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bettoni
- From the IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, 24020 Ranica, Bergamo
| | - Elena Bresin
- From the IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, 24020 Ranica, Bergamo
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- From the IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, 24020 Ranica, Bergamo, the Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, 24127 Bergamo, and the Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Noris
- From the IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, 24020 Ranica, Bergamo,
| | - Roberta Donadelli
- From the IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, 24020 Ranica, Bergamo
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27
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Kubera KM, Barth A, Hirjak D, Thomann PA, Wolf RC. Noninvasive brain stimulation for the treatment of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: methods, effects and challenges. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:131. [PMID: 26528145 PMCID: PMC4601083 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review focuses on noninvasive brain stimulation techniques as an augmentation method for the treatment of persistent auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in patients with schizophrenia. Paradigmatically, we place emphasis on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We specifically discuss rationales of stimulation and consider methodological questions together with issues of phenotypic diversity in individuals with drug-refractory and persistent AVH. Eventually, we provide a brief outlook for future investigations and treatment directions. Taken together, current evidence suggests TMS as a promising method in the treatment of AVH. Low-frequency stimulation of the superior temporal cortex (STC) may reduce symptom severity and frequency. Yet clinical effects are of relatively short duration and effect sizes appear to decrease over time along with publication of larger trials. Apart from considering other innovative stimulation techniques, such as transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), and optimizing stimulation protocols, treatment of AVH using noninvasive brain stimulation will essentially rely on accurate identification of potential responders and non-responders for these treatment modalities. In this regard, future studies will need to consider distinct phenotypic presentations of AVH in patients with schizophrenia, together with the putative functional neurocircuitry underlying these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Kubera
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Barth
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dusan Hirjak
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp A Thomann
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert C Wolf
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Saarland University Homburg, Germany
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28
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Liu Z, Braunlich K, Wehe HS, Seger CA. Neural networks supporting switching, hypothesis testing, and rule application. Neuropsychologia 2015. [PMID: 26197092 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We identified dynamic changes in recruitment of neural connectivity networks across three phases of a flexible rule learning and set-shifting task similar to the Wisconsin Card Sort Task: switching, rule learning via hypothesis testing, and rule application. During fMRI scanning, subjects viewed pairs of stimuli that differed across four dimensions (letter, color, size, screen location), chose one stimulus, and received feedback. Subjects were informed that the correct choice was determined by a simple unidimensional rule, for example "choose the blue letter". Once each rule had been learned and correctly applied for 4-7 trials, subjects were cued via either negative feedback or visual cues to switch to learning a new rule. Task performance was divided into three phases: Switching (first trial after receiving the switch cue), hypothesis testing (subsequent trials through the last error trial), and rule application (correct responding after the rule was learned). We used both univariate analysis to characterize activity occurring within specific regions of the brain, and a multivariate method, constrained principal component analysis for fMRI (fMRI-CPCA), to investigate how distributed regions coordinate to subserve different processes. As hypothesized, switching was subserved by a limbic network including the ventral striatum, thalamus, and parahippocampal gyrus, in conjunction with cortical salience network regions including the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortex. Activity in the ventral striatum was associated with switching regardless of how switching was cued; visually cued shifts were associated with additional visual cortical activity. After switching, as subjects moved into the hypothesis testing phase, a broad fronto-parietal-striatal network (associated with the cognitive control, dorsal attention, and salience networks) increased in activity. This network was sensitive to rule learning speed, with greater extended activity for the slowest learning speed late in the time course of learning. As subjects shifted from hypothesis testing to rule application, activity in this network decreased and activity in the somatomotor and default mode networks increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiya Liu
- South China Normal University, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Kurt Braunlich
- Colorado State University, Department of Psychology, Colorado, United States; Colorado State University, Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado, United States
| | - Hillary S Wehe
- Colorado State University, Department of Psychology, Colorado, United States; Colorado State University, Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado, United States
| | - Carol A Seger
- South China Normal University, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangzhou, China; Colorado State University, Department of Psychology, Colorado, United States; Colorado State University, Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado, United States.
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29
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Woodward TS, Tipper CM, Leung AL, Lavigne KM, Sanford N, Metzak PD. Reduced functional connectivity during controlled semantic integration in schizophrenia: A multivariate approach. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2948-64. [PMID: 26014890 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment in controlled semantic association is a central feature of schizophrenia, and the goal of the current functional magnetic resonance imaging study was to identify the neural correlates of this impairment. Thirty people with schizophrenia and 30 healthy age- and gender-matched control subjects performed a task requiring participants to match word pairs that varied in semantic distance (distant vs. close). A whole-brain multivariate connectivity analysis revealed three functional brain networks of primary interest engaged by the task: two configurations of a multiple demands network, in which brain activity did not differ between groups, and a semantic integration network, in which coordinated activity was reduced in schizophrenia patients relative to healthy controls, for distantly relative to closely related word pairs. The hypoactivity during controlled semantic integration in schizophrenia reported here, combined with hyperactivity in automatic semantic association reported in the literature, suggests an imbalance between controlled integration and automatic association. This provides a biological basis for Bleuler's concept of schizophrenia as a "split mind" arising from an impaired ability to form coherent associations between semantic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine M Tipper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexander L Leung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katie M Lavigne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicole Sanford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul D Metzak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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30
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Metzak PD, Lavigne KM, Woodward TS. Functional brain networks involved in reality monitoring. Neuropsychologia 2015; 75:50-60. [PMID: 26004062 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Source monitoring refers to the recollection of variables that specify the context and conditions in which a memory episode was encoded. This process involves using the qualitative and quantitative features of a memory trace to distinguish its source. One specific class of source monitoring is reality monitoring, which involves distinguishing internally generated from externally generated information, that is, memories of imagined events from real events. The purpose of the present study was to identify functional brain networks that underlie reality monitoring, using an alternative type of source monitoring as a control condition. On the basis of previous studies on self-referential thinking, it was expected that a medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) based network would be more active during reality monitoring than the control condition, due to the requirement to focus on a comparison of internal (self) and external (other) source information. Two functional brain networks emerged from this analysis, one reflecting increasing task-related activity, and one reflecting decreasing task-related activity. The second network was mPFC based, and was characterized by task-related deactivations in areas resembling the default-mode network; namely, the mPFC, middle temporal gyri, lateral parietal regions, and the precuneus, and these deactivations were diminished during reality monitoring relative to source monitoring, resulting in higher activity during reality monitoring. This result supports previous research suggesting that self-referential thinking involves the mPFC, but extends this to a network-level interpretation of reality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Metzak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; BC Mental Health and Addiction Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Katie M Lavigne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; BC Mental Health and Addiction Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; BC Mental Health and Addiction Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The neural connections, interconnections and organized networks of the central nervous system (CNS), which represent the human connectome, are critical for intact brain function. Consequently, disturbances at any level or juncture of these networks may alter behaviour and/or lead to brain dysfunction. In this review, we focus on highlighting recent work using advanced imaging methods to address alterations in the structural and functional connectome in patients with schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS Using structural, diffusion, resting-state and task-related functional imaging and advanced computational analysis methods such as graph theory, more than 200 publications have addressed different aspects of structural and/or functional connectivity in schizophrenia over the last year. These studies have focused on determining how brain networks differ from those in controls, interact with symptom profiles within and across diagnoses, interface with disease-related cognitive impairments and confer genetic risk for the disorder. SUMMARY Much existing evidence supports the view that schizophrenia is a disorder of altered brain connectivity. Recent and continued characterization of the structural and functional connectome in schizophrenia patients have advanced our understanding of the neurobiology underlying clinical symptoms and cognitive impairments in a particular patient, their overlaps with other neuropsychiatric disorders sharing common features as well as the contributions of genetic risk factors. Although the clinical utility of the schizophrenia connectome remains to be realized, recent findings provide further promise that research in this area may lead to improved diagnosis, treatments and clinical outcomes.
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32
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Woodward TS, Jung K, Hwang H, Yin J, Taylor L, Menon M, Peters E, Kuipers E, Waters F, Lecomte T, Sommer IE, Daalman K, van Lutterveld R, Hubl D, Kindler J, Homan P, Badcock JC, Chhabra S, Cella M, Keedy S, Allen P, Mechelli A, Preti A, Siddi S, Erickson D. Symptom dimensions of the psychotic symptom rating scales in psychosis: a multisite study. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40 Suppl 4:S265-74. [PMID: 24936086 PMCID: PMC4141314 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS) is an instrument designed to quantify the severity of delusions and hallucinations and is typically used in research studies and clinical settings focusing on people with psychosis and schizophrenia. It is comprised of the auditory hallucinations (AHS) and delusions subscales (DS), but these subscales do not necessarily reflect the psychological constructs causing intercorrelation between clusters of scale items. Identification of these constructs is important in some clinical and research contexts because item clustering may be caused by underlying etiological processes of interest. Previous attempts to identify these constructs have produced conflicting results. In this study, we compiled PSYRATS data from 12 sites in 7 countries, comprising 711 participants for AHS and 520 for DS. We compared previously proposed and novel models of underlying constructs using structural equation modeling. For the AHS, a novel 4-dimensional model provided the best fit, with latent variables labeled Distress (negative content, distress, and control), Frequency (frequency, duration, and disruption), Attribution (location and origin of voices), and Loudness (loudness item only). For the DS, a 2-dimensional solution was confirmed, with latent variables labeled Distress (amount/intensity) and Frequency (preoccupation, conviction, and disruption). The within-AHS and within-DS dimension intercorrelations were higher than those between subscales, with the exception of the AHS and DS Distress dimensions, which produced a correlation that approached the range of the within-scale correlations. Recommendations are provided for integrating these underlying constructs into research and clinical applications of the PSYRATS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Kwanghee Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Heungsun Hwang
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - John Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mahesh Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Peters
- Department of Psychology, and the BRC of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Kuipers
- Department of Psychology, and the BRC of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Flavie Waters
- North Metro Health Service Mental Health, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Tania Lecomte
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitair Medisch Centrum, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Daalman
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitair Medisch Centrum, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remko van Lutterveld
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitair Medisch Centrum, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Hubl
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Kindler
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Homan
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johanna C Badcock
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Saruchi Chhabra
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matteo Cella
- Department of Psychology, and the BRC of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Mechelli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Preti
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sara Siddi
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Erickson
- Fraser North Early Psychosis Program, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada
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