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Greve AN, Hemager N, Mortensen EL, Gantriis DL, Burton BK, Ellersgaard D, Plessen KJ, Thorup AAE, Jepsen JRM, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Simonsen A. Comparing cognition in parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and their 7-year-old offspring. Psychiatry Res 2024; 340:116112. [PMID: 39121759 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) or bipolar disorder (BP) display cognitive impairments, while their first-degree relatives perform at an intermediate level between the patient groups and controls. However, the environmental impact of having an ill relative likely varies with the type of kinship and some studies suggest that offspring may be particularly disadvantaged. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between parent and child cognition in parents with SZ or BD and their 7-year-old offspring. A population-based cohort of 522 children (parental SZ, n = 202; parental BP, n = 120; controls, n = 200) and their parents underwent the same assessment battery covering a wide range of cognitive functions. We used Bayesian statistics to model performance. We found that performance on non-verbal tests was better in offspring than parents with SZ or BP, using the controls as reference. However, for verbal tests, there was little to no evidence for this pattern or even some evidence for the opposite in the BP group: relatively better performance in parents than offspring. The findings suggest that the offspring of parents with SZ or BP may be particularly disadvantaged in verbal abilities. Future studies will show whether this pattern persists throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja Neergaard Greve
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Nicoline Hemager
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health- CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Denmark; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Lykke Mortensen
- Department of Public Health and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Lou Gantriis
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Klee Burton
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Ellersgaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health- CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Denmark
| | - Kerstin J Plessen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne A E Thorup
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health- CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Denmark; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research & Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Hospital Centre Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health- CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Arndis Simonsen
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Chang Z, Liu L, Lin L, Wang G, Zhang C, Tian H, Liu W, Wang L, Zhang B, Ren J, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Du X, Wei X, Wei L, Luo Y, Dong H, Li X, Zhao Z, Liang M, Zhang C, Wang X, Yu C, Qin W, Liu H. Selective disrupted gray matter volume covariance of amygdala subregions in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1349989. [PMID: 38742128 PMCID: PMC11090100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1349989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Although extensive structural and functional abnormalities have been reported in schizophrenia, the gray matter volume (GMV) covariance of the amygdala remain unknown. The amygdala contains several subregions with different connection patterns and functions, but it is unclear whether the GMV covariance of these subregions are selectively affected in schizophrenia. Methods To address this issue, we compared the GMV covariance of each amygdala subregion between 807 schizophrenia patients and 845 healthy controls from 11 centers. The amygdala was segmented into nine subregions using FreeSurfer (v7.1.1), including the lateral (La), basal (Ba), accessory-basal (AB), anterior-amygdaloid-area (AAA), central (Ce), medial (Me), cortical (Co), corticoamygdaloid-transition (CAT), and paralaminar (PL) nucleus. We developed an operational combat harmonization model for 11 centers, subsequently employing a voxel-wise general linear model to investigate the differences in GMV covariance between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls across these subregions and the entire brain, while adjusting for age, sex and TIV. Results Our findings revealed that five amygdala subregions of schizophrenia patients, including bilateral AAA, CAT, and right Ba, demonstrated significantly increased GMV covariance with the hippocampus, striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, and so on (permutation test, P< 0.05, corrected). These findings could be replicated in most centers. Rigorous correlation analysis failed to identify relationships between the altered GMV covariance with positive and negative symptom scale, duration of illness, and antipsychotic medication measure. Conclusion Our research is the first to discover selectively impaired GMV covariance patterns of amygdala subregion in a large multicenter sample size of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Chang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Psychiatric Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liyuan Lin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, The Ninth Clinical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Psychopharmacology, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juanjuan Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Psychopharmacology, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotong Du
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotong Wei
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Luli Wei
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoyang Dong
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Congpei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Psychiatric Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Psychiatric Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaigui Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Jonas KG, Cannon TD, Docherty AR, Dwyer D, Gur RC, Gur RE, Nelson B, Reininghaus U, Kotov R. Psychosis superspectrum I: Nosology, etiology, and lifespan development. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1005-1019. [PMID: 38200290 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This review describes the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) model of psychosis-related psychopathology, the psychosis superspectrum. The HiTOP psychosis superspectrum was developed to address shortcomings of traditional diagnoses for psychotic disorders and related conditions including low reliability, arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, high symptom co-occurrence, and heterogeneity within diagnostic categories. The psychosis superspectrum is a transdiagnostic dimensional model comprising two spectra-psychoticism and detachment-which are in turn broken down into fourteen narrow components, and two auxiliary domains-cognition and functional impairment. The structure of the spectra and their components are shown to parallel the genetic structure of psychosis and related traits. Psychoticism and detachment have distinct patterns of association with urbanicity, migrant and ethnic minority status, childhood adversity, and cannabis use. The superspectrum also provides a useful model for describing the emergence and course of psychosis, as components of the superspectrum are relatively stable over time. Changes in psychoticism predict the onset of psychosis-related psychopathology, whereas changes in detachment and cognition define later course. Implications of the superspectrum for genetic, socio-environmental, and longitudinal research are discussed. A companion review focuses on neurobiology, treatment response, and clinical utility of the superspectrum, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Jonas
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna R Docherty
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dominic Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ulrich Reininghaus
- Department of Public Mental Health, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health and Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Murillo-García N, Papiol S, Fernández-Cacho LM, Fatjó-Vilas M, Ayesa-Arriola R. Studying the relationship between intelligence quotient and schizophrenia polygenic scores in a family design with first-episode psychosis population. Eur Psychiatry 2024; 67:e31. [PMID: 38465374 PMCID: PMC11059248 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intelligence quotient (IQ) of patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and their unaffected relatives may be related to the genetic burden of schizophrenia (SCZ). The polygenic score approach can be useful for testing this question. AIM To assess the contribution of the polygenic risk scores for SCZ (PGS-SCZ) and polygenic scores for IQ (PGS-IQ) to the individual IQ and its difference from the mean IQ of the family (named family-IQ) through a family-based design in an FEP sample. METHODS The PAFIP-FAMILIES sample (Spain) consists of 122 FEP patients, 131 parents, 94 siblings, and 176 controls. They all completed the WAIS Vocabulary subtest for IQ estimation and provided a DNA sample. We calculated PGS-SCZ and PGS-IQ using the continuous shrinkage method. To account for relatedness in our sample, we performed linear mixed models. We controlled for covariates potentially related to IQ, including age, years of education, sex, and ancestry principal components. RESULTS FEP patients significantly deviated from their family-IQ. FEP patients had higher PGS-SCZ than other groups, whereas the relatives had intermediate scores between patients and controls. PGS-IQ did not differ between groups. PGS-SCZ significantly predicted the deviation from family-IQ, whereas PGS-IQ significantly predicted individual IQ. CONCLUSIONS PGS-SCZ discriminated between different levels of genetic risk for the disorder and was specifically related to patients' lower IQ in relation to family-IQ. The genetic background of the disorder may affect neurocognition through complex pathological processes interacting with environmental factors that prevent the individual from reaching their familial cognitive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Murillo-García
- Research Group on Mental Illnesses, Valdecilla Biomedical Research (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Department of Falkai, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry,Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Fernández-Cacho
- Department of Radiology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- FIDMAG Sisters Hospitallers Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Research Group on Mental Illnesses, Valdecilla Biomedical Research (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Murillo-García N, Soler J, Ortiz-García de la Foz V, Miguel-Corredera M, Barrio-Martinez S, Setién-Suero E, Papiol S, Fatjó-Vilas M, Ayesa-Arriola R. Familiality of the Intelligence Quotient in First Episode Psychosis: Is the Degree of Family Resemblance Associated With Different Profiles? Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:304-316. [PMID: 37314865 PMCID: PMC10919788 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS There is uncertainty about the relationship between the family intelligence quotient (IQ) deviation and the risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). This study tested the hypothesis that IQ is familial in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients and that their degree of familial resemblance is associated with different profiles. STUDY DESIGN The participants of the PAFIP-FAMILIAS project (129 FEP patients, 143 parents, and 97 siblings) completed the same neuropsychological battery. IQ-familiality was estimated through the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). For each family, the intra-family resemblance score (IRS) was calculated as an index of familial similarity. The FEP patients were subgrouped and compared according to their IRS and IQ. STUDY RESULTS IQ-familiality was low-moderate (ICC = 0.259). A total of 44.9% of the FEP patients had a low IRS, indicating discordancy with their family-IQ. Of these patients, those with low IQ had more schizophrenia diagnosis and a trend towards poorer premorbid adjustment in childhood and early adolescence. Whereas FEP patients with low IQ closely resembling their family-IQ were characterized by having the lowest performance in executive functions. CONCLUSIONS The deviation from the familial cognitive performance may be related to a particular pathological process in SSD. Individuals with low IQ who do not reach their cognitive familial potential show difficulties in adjustment since childhood, probably influenced by environmental factors. Instead, FEP patients with high phenotypic family resemblance might have a more significant genetic burden for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Murillo-García
- Research Group on Mental Illnesses, Valdecilla Biomedical Research (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Jordi Soler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Victor Ortiz-García de la Foz
- Research Group on Mental Illnesses, Valdecilla Biomedical Research (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | - Sara Barrio-Martinez
- Research Group on Mental Illnesses, Valdecilla Biomedical Research (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Esther Setién-Suero
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Basque Country 48014, Spain
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona 08830, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Research Group on Mental Illnesses, Valdecilla Biomedical Research (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Tan W, Cheng Y, Huang D, Liu D, Zhang J, Li J, Liu Z, Pan Y. Influence of TMX2-CTNND1 polymorphism on cortical thickness in schizophrenia patients and unaffected siblings: an exploratory study based on target region sequencing. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PSIQUIATRIA (SAO PAULO, BRAZIL : 1999) 2024; 46:e20233322. [PMID: 38219215 PMCID: PMC11189138 DOI: 10.47626/1516-4446-2023-3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The advancement of neuroimaging and genetic research has revealed the presence of morphological abnormalities and numerous risk genes, along with their associations. We aimed to estimate magnetic resonance imaging-derived cortical thickness across multiple brain regions. METHODS The cortical thickness of 129 schizophrenia patients, 42 of their unaffected siblings, and 112 healthy controls was measured and the candidate genes were sequenced. Comparisons were made of cortical thickness (including 68 regions of the Desikan-Killiany Atlas) and genetic variants (in 108 risk genes for schizophrenia) among the three groups, and correlation analyses were performed regarding cortical thickness, clinical symptoms, cognitive tests (such as the N-back task and the logical memory test), and genetic variants. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients had significantly thinner bilateral frontal, temporal, and parietal gyri than healthy controls and unaffected siblings. Association analyses in target genes showed that four single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were significantly associated with schizophrenia, including thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 2-catenin, cadherin-associated protein, delta 1 (SNV20673) (positive false discovery rate [PFDR] = 0.008) and centromere protein M (rs35542507, rs41277477, rs73165153) (PFDR = 0.030). Additionally, cortical thickness in the right pars triangularis was lower in carriers of the SNV20673 variant than in non-carriers (PFDR = 0.048). Finally, a positive correlation was found between right pars triangularis cortical thickness and logical memory in schizophrenia patients (r = 0.199, p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS This study identified regional morphological abnormalities in schizophrenia, including the right homologue of Broca's area, which was associated with a risk variant that affected delta-1 catenin and logical memory. These findings suggest a potential association between candidate gene loci, cortical thickness, and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yixin Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danqing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dayi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinyue Li
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhening Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunzhi Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Cattarinussi G, Gugliotta AA, Sambataro F. The Risk for Schizophrenia-Bipolar Spectrum: Does the Apple Fall Close to the Tree? A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6540. [PMID: 37569080 PMCID: PMC10418911 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are severe psychiatric disorders that share clinical features and several risk genes. Important information about their genetic underpinnings arises from intermediate phenotypes (IPs), quantifiable biological traits that are more prevalent in unaffected relatives (RELs) of patients compared to the general population and co-segregate with the disorders. Within IPs, neuropsychological functions and neuroimaging measures have the potential to provide useful insight into the pathophysiology of SCZ and BD. In this context, the present narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the available evidence on deficits in neuropsychological functions and neuroimaging alterations in unaffected relatives of SCZ (SCZ-RELs) and BD (BD-RELs). Overall, deficits in cognitive functions including intelligence, memory, attention, executive functions, and social cognition could be considered IPs for SCZ. Although the picture for cognitive alterations in BD-RELs is less defined, BD-RELs seem to present worse performances compared to controls in executive functioning, including adaptable thinking, planning, self-monitoring, self-control, and working memory. Among neuroimaging markers, SCZ-RELs appear to be characterized by structural and functional alterations in the cortico-striatal-thalamic network, while BD risk seems to be associated with abnormalities in the prefrontal, temporal, thalamic, and limbic regions. In conclusion, SCZ-RELs and BD-RELs present a pattern of cognitive and neuroimaging alterations that lie between patients and healthy individuals. Similar abnormalities in SCZ-RELs and BD-RELs may be the phenotypic expression of the shared genetic mechanisms underlying both disorders, while the specificities in neuropsychological and neuroimaging profiles may be associated with the differential symptom expression in the two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cattarinussi
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (A.A.G.)
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessio A. Gugliotta
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (A.A.G.)
| | - Fabio Sambataro
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (A.A.G.)
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Chen X, Tan W, Cheng Y, Huang D, Liu D, Zhang J, Li J, Liu Z, Pan Y, Palaniyappan L. Polygenic risk for schizophrenia and the language network: Putative compensatory reorganization in unaffected siblings. Psychiatry Res 2023; 326:115319. [PMID: 37352748 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Language-related symptoms, such as disorganized, impoverished speech and communicative behaviors, are one of the core features of schizophrenia. These features most strongly correlate with cognitive deficits and polygenic risk among various symptom dimensions of schizophrenia. Nevertheless, unaffected siblings with genetic high-risk fail to show consistent deficits in language network (LN), indicating that either (1) polygenic risk has no notable effect on LN and/or (2) siblings show compensatory changes in opposing direction to patients. To answer this question, we related polygenic risk scores (PRS) to the region-level, tract-level, and systems-level structure (cortical thickness and fiber connectivity) of LN in 182 patients, 48 unaffected siblings and 135 healthy controls. We also studied the relationships between symptoms, language-related cognition, social functioning and LN structure. We observed a significantly lower thickness in LN (especially the Broca's, Wernicke's area and their right homologues) in patients. Siblings had a distinctly higher thickness in parts of the LN and a more pronounced small-world-like structural integration within the LN. Patients with reduced LN thickness had higher PRS, more disorganization and impoverished speech with lower language-related cognition and social functioning. We conclude that the genetic susceptibility and putative compensatory changes for schizophrenia operate, in part, via key regions in the Language Network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjian Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yixin Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danqing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dayi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinyue Li
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhening Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunzhi Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Pietschnig J, Gerdesmann D, Zeiler M, Voracek M. Of differing methods, disputed estimates and discordant interpretations: the meta-analytical multiverse of brain volume and IQ associations. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211621. [PMID: 35573038 PMCID: PMC9096623 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain size and IQ are positively correlated. However, multiple meta-analyses have led to considerable differences in summary effect estimations, thus failing to provide a plausible effect estimate. Here we aim at resolving this issue by providing the largest meta-analysis and systematic review so far of the brain volume and IQ association (86 studies; 454 effect sizes from k = 194 independent samples; N = 26 000+) in three cognitive ability domains (full-scale, verbal, performance IQ). By means of competing meta-analytical approaches as well as combinatorial and specification curve analyses, we show that most reasonable estimates for the brain size and IQ link yield r-values in the mid-0.20s, with the most extreme specifications yielding rs of 0.10 and 0.37. Summary effects appeared to be somewhat inflated due to selective reporting, and cross-temporally decreasing effect sizes indicated a confounding decline effect, with three quarters of the summary effect estimations according to any reasonable specification not exceeding r = 0.26, thus contrasting effect sizes were observed in some prior related, but individual, meta-analytical specifications. Brain size and IQ associations yielded r = 0.24, with the strongest effects observed for more g-loaded tests and in healthy samples that generalize across participant sex and age bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Pietschnig
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Gerdesmann
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Education Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Zeiler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
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10
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Ohi K, Ishibashi M, Torii K, Hashimoto M, Yano Y, Shioiri T. Differences in subcortical brain volumes among patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and healthy controls. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2022; 47:E77-E85. [PMID: 35232800 PMCID: PMC8896343 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.210144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have an overlapping polygenic architecture and clinical similarities, although the 2 disorders are distinct diagnoses with clinical dissimilarities. It remains unclear whether there are specific differences in subcortical volumes between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and whether the subcortical differences are affected by any clinical characteristics. We investigated differences in subcortical volumes bilaterally among patients with schizophrenia, patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. We also investigated the influences of clinical characteristics on specific subcortical volumes in these patient groups. METHODS We collected 3 T T 1-weighted MRI brain scans from 413 participants (157 with schizophrenia, 51 with bipolar disorder and 205 controls) with a single scanner at a single institute. We used FreeSurfer version 6.0 for processing the T 1-weighted images to segment the following subcortical brain volumes: thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, hippocampus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Differences in the 7 subcortical volumes were investigated among the groups. We also evaluated correlations between subcortical volumes and clinical variables in these patient groups. RESULTS Of 7 subcortical regions, patients with schizophrenia had significantly smaller volumes in the left thalamus (Cohen d = -0.29, p = 5.83 × 10-3), bilateral hippocampi (left, d = -0.36, p = 8.85 × 10-4; right, d = -0.41, p = 1.15 × 10-4) and left amygdala (d = -0.31, p = 4.02 × 10-3) than controls. Compared with controls, patients with bipolar disorder had bilateral reductions only in the hippocampal volumes (left, d = -0.52, p = 1.12 × 10-3; right, d = -0.58, p = 0.30 × 10-4). We also found that patients with schizophrenia had significantly smaller volumes in the bilateral amygdalae (left, d = -0.43, p = 4.22 × 10-3; right, d = -0.45, p = 4.56 × 10-3) than patients with bipolar disorder. We did not find any significant volumetric differences in the other 6 subcortical structures between patient groups (p > 0.05). Smaller left amygdalar volumes were significantly correlated with younger onset age only in patients with schizophrenia (r = 0.22, p = 5.78 × 10-3). LIMITATIONS We did not evaluate the differences in subcortical volumes between patients stratified based on clinical bipolar disorder subtype and a history of psychotic episodes because our sample size of patients with bipolar disorder was limited. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that volumetric differences in the amygdala between patients with schizophrenia and those with bipolar disorder may be a putative biomarker for distinguishing 2 clinically similar diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan (Ohi, Shioiri); the Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan (Ohi); and the School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (Ishibashi, Torii, Hashimoto, Yano)
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11
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Caspi Y. A Possible White Matter Compensating Mechanism in the Brain of Relatives of People Affected by Psychosis Inferred from Repeated Long-Term DTI Scans. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2022; 3:sgac055. [PMID: 39144792 PMCID: PMC11205972 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Background and Hypothesis An existing model suggests that some brain features of relatives of people affected by psychosis can be distinguished from both the probands and a control group. Such findings can be interpreted as representing a compensating mechanism. Study Design We studied white matter features using diffusion tensor imaging in a cohort of 82 people affected by psychosis, 122 of their first-degree relatives, and 89 control subjects that were scanned between two to three times with an interval of approximately 3 years between consecutive scans. We measured both fractional anisotropy and other standard diffusivity measures such as axial diffusivity. Additionally, we calculated standard connectivity measures such as path length based on probabilistic or deterministic tractography. Finally, by averaging the values of the different measures over the two or three consecutive scans, we studied epoch-averagely the difference between these three groups. Study Results For several tracts and several connectivity measures, the relatives showed distinct features from both the probands and the control groups. In those cases, the relatives did not necessarily score between the probands and the control group. An aggregate analysis in the form of a group-dependent score for the different modes of the analysis (e.g., for fractional anisotropy) supported this observation. Conclusions We interpret these results as evidence supporting a compensation mechanism in the brain of relatives that may be related to resilience that some of them exhibit in the face of the genetic risk they have for being affected by psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Caspi
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Cheng W, Frei O, van der Meer D, Wang Y, O’Connell KS, Chu Y, Bahrami S, Shadrin AA, Alnæs D, Hindley GFL, Lin A, Karadag N, Fan CC, Westlye LT, Kaufmann T, Molden E, Dale AM, Djurovic S, Smeland OB, Andreassen OA. Genetic Association Between Schizophrenia and Cortical Brain Surface Area and Thickness. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78:1020-1030. [PMID: 34160554 PMCID: PMC8223140 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Importance Schizophrenia is a complex heritable disorder associated with many genetic variants, each with a small effect. While cortical differences between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls are consistently reported, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Objective To investigate the extent of shared genetic architecture between schizophrenia and brain cortical surface area (SA) and thickness (TH) and to identify shared genomic loci. Design, Setting, and Participants Independent genome-wide association study data on schizophrenia (Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and CLOZUK: n = 105 318) and SA and TH (UK Biobank: n = 33 735) were obtained. The extent of polygenic overlap was investigated using MiXeR. The specific shared genomic loci were identified by conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate analysis and were further examined in 3 independent cohorts. Data were collected from December 2019 to February 2021, and data analysis was performed from May 2020 to February 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were estimated fractions of polygenic overlap between schizophrenia, total SA, and average TH and a list of functionally characterized shared genomic loci. Results Based on genome-wide association study data from 139 053 participants, MiXeR estimated schizophrenia to be more polygenic (9703 single-nucleotide variants [SNVs]) than total SA (2101 SNVs) and average TH (1363 SNVs). Most SNVs associated with total SA (1966 of 2101 [93.6%]) and average TH (1322 of 1363 [97.0%]) may be associated with the development of schizophrenia. Subsequent conjunctional false discovery rate analysis identified 44 and 23 schizophrenia risk loci shared with total SA and average TH, respectively. The SNV associations of shared loci between schizophrenia and total SA revealed en masse concordant association between the discovery and independent cohorts. After removing high linkage disequilibrium regions, such as the major histocompatibility complex region, the shared loci were enriched in immunologic signature gene sets. Polygenic overlap and shared loci between schizophrenia and schizophrenia-associated regions of interest for SA (superior frontal and middle temporal gyri) and for TH (superior temporal, inferior temporal, and superior frontal gyri) were also identified. Conclusions and Relevance This study demonstrated shared genetic loci between cortical morphometry and schizophrenia, among which a subset are associated with immunity. These findings provide an insight into the complex genetic architecture and associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiu Cheng
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin S. O’Connell
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yunhan Chu
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shahram Bahrami
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexey A. Shadrin
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guy F. L. Hindley
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aihua Lin
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Naz Karadag
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chun-Chieh Fan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Espen Molden
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav B. Smeland
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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13
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de Zwarte SMC, Brouwer RM, Agartz I, Alda M, Alonso‐Lana S, Bearden CE, Bertolino A, Bonvino A, Bramon E, Buimer EEL, Cahn W, Canales‐Rodríguez EJ, Cannon DM, Cannon TD, Caseras X, Castro‐Fornieles J, Chen Q, Chung Y, De la Serna E, del Mar Bonnin C, Demro C, Di Giorgio A, Doucet GE, Eker MC, Erk S, Fatjó‐Vilas M, Fears SC, Foley SF, Frangou S, Fullerton JM, Glahn DC, Goghari VM, Goikolea JM, Goldman AL, Gonul AS, Gruber O, Hajek T, Hawkins EL, Heinz A, Hidiroglu Ongun C, Hillegers MHJ, Houenou J, Hulshoff Pol HE, Hultman CM, Ingvar M, Johansson V, Jönsson EG, Kane F, Kempton MJ, Koenis MMG, Kopecek M, Krämer B, Lawrie SM, Lenroot RK, Marcelis M, Mattay VS, McDonald C, Meyer‐Lindenberg A, Michielse S, Mitchell PB, Moreno D, Murray RM, Mwangi B, Nabulsi L, Newport J, Olman CA, van Os J, Overs BJ, Ozerdem A, Pergola G, Picchioni MM, Piguet C, Pomarol‐Clotet E, Radua J, Ramsay IS, Richter A, Roberts G, Salvador R, Saricicek Aydogan A, Sarró S, Schofield PR, Simsek EM, Simsek F, Soares JC, Sponheim SR, Sugranyes G, Toulopoulou T, Tronchin G, Vieta E, Walter H, Weinberger DR, Whalley HC, Wu M, Yalin N, Andreassen OA, Ching CRK, Thomopoulos SI, van Erp TGM, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Kahn RS, van Haren NEM. Intelligence, educational attainment, and brain structure in those at familial high-risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 43:414-430. [PMID: 33027543 PMCID: PMC8675411 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ-FDRs) show similar patterns of brain abnormalities and cognitive alterations to patients, albeit with smaller effect sizes. First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD-FDRs) show divergent patterns; on average, intracranial volume is larger compared to controls, and findings on cognitive alterations in BD-FDRs are inconsistent. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of global and regional brain measures (cortical and subcortical), current IQ, and educational attainment in 5,795 individuals (1,103 SZ-FDRs, 867 BD-FDRs, 2,190 controls, 942 schizophrenia patients, 693 bipolar patients) from 36 schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder family cohorts, with standardized methods. Compared to controls, SZ-FDRs showed a pattern of widespread thinner cortex, while BD-FDRs had widespread larger cortical surface area. IQ was lower in SZ-FDRs (d = -0.42, p = 3 × 10-5 ), with weak evidence of IQ reductions among BD-FDRs (d = -0.23, p = .045). Both relative groups had similar educational attainment compared to controls. When adjusting for IQ or educational attainment, the group-effects on brain measures changed, albeit modestly. Changes were in the expected direction, with less pronounced brain abnormalities in SZ-FDRs and more pronounced effects in BD-FDRs. To conclude, SZ-FDRs and BD-FDRs show a differential pattern of structural brain abnormalities. In contrast, both had lower IQ scores and similar school achievements compared to controls. Given that brain differences between SZ-FDRs and BD-FDRs remain after adjusting for IQ or educational attainment, we suggest that differential brain developmental processes underlying predisposition for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are likely independent of general cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M. C. de Zwarte
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Rachel M. Brouwer
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm RegionStockholmSweden,Department of PsychiatryDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of PsychiatryDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada,National Institute of Mental HealthKlecanyCzech Republic
| | - Silvia Alonso‐Lana
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain,CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of CaliforniaCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA,Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense OrgansUniversity of Bari 'Aldo Moro'BariItaly
| | - Aurora Bonvino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense OrgansUniversity of Bari 'Aldo Moro'BariItaly
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, Neuroscience in Mental Health Research DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Elizabeth E. L. Buimer
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Erick J. Canales‐Rodríguez
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain,CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain
| | - Dara M. Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Tyrone D. Cannon
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA,Department of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Josefina Castro‐Fornieles
- CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR881Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain,University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical CampusBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Yoonho Chung
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Elena De la Serna
- CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR881Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain,University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Caterina del Mar Bonnin
- CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain,Bipolar and Depressive Disorders UnitHospital Clinic, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Caroline Demro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Gaelle E. Doucet
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA,Boys Town National Research HospitalOmahaNEUSA
| | - Mehmet Cagdas Eker
- SoCAT LAB, Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine, Ege UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Susanne Erk
- Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Mar Fatjó‐Vilas
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain,CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain
| | - Scott C. Fears
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,Center for Neurobehavioral GeneticsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sonya F. Foley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Janice M. Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyAustralia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - David C. Glahn
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford HospitalHartfordConnecticutUSA,Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease ResearchBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA,Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Vina M. Goghari
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Jose M. Goikolea
- CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain,Bipolar and Depressive Disorders UnitHospital Clinic, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Aaron L. Goldman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical CampusBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ali Saffet Gonul
- SoCAT LAB, Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine, Ege UniversityIzmirTurkey,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesMercer University School of MedicineMaconGeorgiaUSA
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General PsychiatryUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Department of PsychiatryDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada,National Institute of Mental HealthKlecanyCzech Republic
| | - Emma L. Hawkins
- Division of PsychiatryRoyal Edinburgh Hospital, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- SoCAT LAB, Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine, Ege UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | | | - Manon H. J. Hillegers
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus University Medical Center‐Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Josselin Houenou
- APHP, Mondor University HospitalsCréteilFrance,INSERM U955 Team 15 "Translational Psychiatry"CréteilFrance,NeuroSpin neuroimaging platform, Psychiatry Team, UNIACT Lab, CEA SaclayGif‐Sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Christina M. Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Martin Ingvar
- Section for Neuroscience, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden,Department of NeuroradiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Viktoria Johansson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm RegionStockholmSweden,Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm RegionStockholmSweden
| | - Fergus Kane
- Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Matthew J. Kempton
- Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Marinka M. G. Koenis
- Department of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford HospitalHartfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Miloslav Kopecek
- National Institute of Mental HealthKlecanyCzech Republic,Department of Psychiatry, Third Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General PsychiatryUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Stephen M. Lawrie
- Division of PsychiatryRoyal Edinburgh Hospital, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Rhoshel K. Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyAustralia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Machteld Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuropsychologySchool for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
| | - Venkata S. Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical CampusBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Departments of Neurology and RadiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Andreas Meyer‐Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCentral Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Stijn Michielse
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuropsychologySchool for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
| | | | - Dolores Moreno
- CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry DepartmentHospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), School of Medicine, Universidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Benson Mwangi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Leila Nabulsi
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Jason Newport
- Department of PsychiatryDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Cheryl A. Olman
- Department of Psychology and Center for Magnetic Resonance ResearchUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands,Department of Psychiatry and NeuropsychologySchool for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
| | | | - Aysegul Ozerdem
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey,Department of NeurosciencesHealth Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey,Department of Psychiatry and PsychologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense OrgansUniversity of Bari 'Aldo Moro'BariItaly
| | - Marco M. Picchioni
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental ScienceInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Camille Piguet
- INSERM U955 Team 15 "Translational Psychiatry"CréteilFrance,NeuroSpin neuroimaging platform, Psychiatry Team, UNIACT Lab, CEA SaclayGif‐Sur‐YvetteFrance,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland,School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de CatalunyaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Edith Pomarol‐Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain,CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm RegionStockholmSweden,CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain,Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical‐detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis StudiesInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ian S. Ramsay
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Anja Richter
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General PsychiatryUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Raymond Salvador
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain,CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain
| | - Aybala Saricicek Aydogan
- Department of NeurosciencesHealth Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineIzmir Katip Çelebi UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Salvador Sarró
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain,CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford HospitalHartfordConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Fatma Simsek
- SoCAT LAB, Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine, Ege UniversityIzmirTurkey,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK,Cigli State HospitalDepartment of PsychiatryIzmirTurkey
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Scott R. Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA,Minneapolis VA Health Care SystemMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Gisela Sugranyes
- CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR881Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain,University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Timothea Toulopoulou
- Department of PsychologyBilkent UniversityAnkaraTurkey,Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Giulia Tronchin
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Eduard Vieta
- CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental)MadridSpain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain,Bipolar and Depressive Disorders UnitHospital Clinic, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Henrik Walter
- Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders UnitHospital Clinic, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Heather C. Whalley
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of ArtsDokuz Eylül UniversityİzmirTurkey
| | - Mon‐Ju Wu
- Department of Psychology and Center for Magnetic Resonance ResearchUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Nefize Yalin
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological MedicineInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway,Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sophia I. Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA,Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and MemoryUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands,Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Neeltje E. M. van Haren
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus University Medical Center‐Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamNetherlands
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14
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Schmaal L, Pozzi E, C Ho T, van Velzen LS, Veer IM, Opel N, Van Someren EJW, Han LKM, Aftanas L, Aleman A, Baune BT, Berger K, Blanken TF, Capitão L, Couvy-Duchesne B, R Cullen K, Dannlowski U, Davey C, Erwin-Grabner T, Evans J, Frodl T, Fu CHY, Godlewska B, Gotlib IH, Goya-Maldonado R, Grabe HJ, Groenewold NA, Grotegerd D, Gruber O, Gutman BA, Hall GB, Harrison BJ, Hatton SN, Hermesdorf M, Hickie IB, Hilland E, Irungu B, Jonassen R, Kelly S, Kircher T, Klimes-Dougan B, Krug A, Landrø NI, Lagopoulos J, Leerssen J, Li M, Linden DEJ, MacMaster FP, M McIntosh A, Mehler DMA, Nenadić I, Penninx BWJH, Portella MJ, Reneman L, Rentería ME, Sacchet MD, G Sämann P, Schrantee A, Sim K, Soares JC, Stein DJ, Tozzi L, van Der Wee NJA, van Tol MJ, Vermeiren R, Vives-Gilabert Y, Walter H, Walter M, Whalley HC, Wittfeld K, Whittle S, Wright MJ, Yang TT, Zarate C, Thomopoulos SI, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Veltman DJ. ENIGMA MDD: seven years of global neuroimaging studies of major depression through worldwide data sharing. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:172. [PMID: 32472038 PMCID: PMC7260219 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A key objective in the field of translational psychiatry over the past few decades has been to identify the brain correlates of major depressive disorder (MDD). Identifying measurable indicators of brain processes associated with MDD could facilitate the detection of individuals at risk, and the development of novel treatments, the monitoring of treatment effects, and predicting who might benefit most from treatments that target specific brain mechanisms. However, despite intensive neuroimaging research towards this effort, underpowered studies and a lack of reproducible findings have hindered progress. Here, we discuss the work of the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Consortium, which was established to address issues of poor replication, unreliable results, and overestimation of effect sizes in previous studies. The ENIGMA MDD Consortium currently includes data from 45 MDD study cohorts from 14 countries across six continents. The primary aim of ENIGMA MDD is to identify structural and functional brain alterations associated with MDD that can be reliably detected and replicated across cohorts worldwide. A secondary goal is to investigate how demographic, genetic, clinical, psychological, and environmental factors affect these associations. In this review, we summarize findings of the ENIGMA MDD disease working group to date and discuss future directions. We also highlight the challenges and benefits of large-scale data sharing for mental health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Elena Pozzi
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura S van Velzen
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura K M Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lybomir Aftanas
- FSSBI Scientific Research Institute of Physiology & Basic Medicine, Laboratory of Affective, Cognitive & Translational Neuroscience, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Neuroscience, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - André Aleman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tessa F Blanken
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liliana Capitão
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kathryn R Cullen
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christopher Davey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracy Erwin-Grabner
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience and Imaging in Psychiatry (SNIP-Lab), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Evans
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Cynthia H Y Fu
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Goya-Maldonado
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience and Imaging in Psychiatry (SNIP-Lab), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nynke A Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Geoffrey B Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Marco Hermesdorf
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Eva Hilland
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benson Irungu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rune Jonassen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nils Inge Landrø
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeanne Leerssen
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - David E J Linden
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Center, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Frank P MacMaster
- Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Addictions and Mental Health Strategic Clinical Network, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Clinical Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David M A Mehler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- MRC Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Center, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Marburg University Hospital UKGM, Marburg, Germany
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J Portella
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, location AMC, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel E Rentería
- Department of Genetics & Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew D Sacchet
- Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, location AMC, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region/Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine/National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- SA MRC Research Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leonardo Tozzi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nic J A van Der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José van Tol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Vermeiren
- Curium-LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henrik Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena, Germany
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Centre for Clinical Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sarah Whittle
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tony T Yang
- Department of Psychiatry & Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Zarate
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Saarinen AIL, Huhtaniska S, Pudas J, Björnholm L, Jukuri T, Tohka J, Granö N, Barnett JH, Kiviniemi V, Veijola J, Hintsanen M, Lieslehto J. Structural and functional alterations in the brain gray matter among first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: A multimodal meta-analysis of fMRI and VBM studies. Schizophr Res 2020; 216:14-23. [PMID: 31924374 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a multimodal coordinate-based meta-analysis (CBMA) to investigate structural and functional brain alterations in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients (FRs). METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search from electronic databases to find studies that examined differences between FRs and healthy controls using whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or voxel-based morphometry (VBM). A CBMA of 30 fMRI (754 FRs; 959 controls) and 11 VBM (885 FRs; 775 controls) datasets were conducted using the anisotropic effect-size version of signed differential mapping. Further, we conducted separate meta-analyses about functional alterations in different cognitive tasks: social cognition, executive functioning, working memory, and inhibitory control. RESULTS FRs showed higher fMRI activation in the right frontal gyrus during cognitive tasks than healthy controls. In VBM studies, there were no differences in gray matter density between FRs and healthy controls. Furthermore, multi-modal meta-analysis obtained no differences between FRs and healthy controls. By utilizing the BrainMap database, we showed that the brain region which showed functional alterations in FRs (i) overlapped only slightly with the brain regions that were affected in the meta-analysis of schizophrenia patients and (ii) correlated positively with the brain regions that exhibited increased activity during cognitive tasks in healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS Based on this meta-analysis, FRs may exhibit only minor functional alterations in the brain during cognitive tasks, and the alterations are much more restricted and only slightly overlapping with the regions that are affected in schizophrenia patients. The familial risk did not relate to structural alterations in the gray matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino I L Saarinen
- Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - Sanna Huhtaniska
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Juho Pudas
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Lassi Björnholm
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomas Jukuri
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niklas Granö
- Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Finland
| | - Jennifer H Barnett
- Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vesa Kiviniemi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Veijola
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Johannes Lieslehto
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland; Section for Neurodiagnostic Applications, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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de Zwarte SMC, Brouwer RM, Agartz I, Alda M, Aleman A, Alpert KI, Bearden CE, Bertolino A, Bois C, Bonvino A, Bramon E, Buimer EEL, Cahn W, Cannon DM, Cannon TD, Caseras X, Castro-Fornieles J, Chen Q, Chung Y, De la Serna E, Di Giorgio A, Doucet GE, Eker MC, Erk S, Fears SC, Foley SF, Frangou S, Frankland A, Fullerton JM, Glahn DC, Goghari VM, Goldman AL, Gonul AS, Gruber O, de Haan L, Hajek T, Hawkins EL, Heinz A, Hillegers MHJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, Hultman CM, Ingvar M, Johansson V, Jönsson EG, Kane F, Kempton MJ, Koenis MMG, Kopecek M, Krabbendam L, Krämer B, Lawrie SM, Lenroot RK, Marcelis M, Marsman JBC, Mattay VS, McDonald C, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Michielse S, Mitchell PB, Moreno D, Murray RM, Mwangi B, Najt P, Neilson E, Newport J, van Os J, Overs B, Ozerdem A, Picchioni MM, Richter A, Roberts G, Aydogan AS, Schofield PR, Simsek F, Soares JC, Sugranyes G, Toulopoulou T, Tronchin G, Walter H, Wang L, Weinberger DR, Whalley HC, Yalin N, Andreassen OA, Ching CRK, van Erp TGM, Turner JA, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Kahn RS, van Haren NEM. The Association Between Familial Risk and Brain Abnormalities Is Disease Specific: An ENIGMA-Relatives Study of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:545-556. [PMID: 31443932 PMCID: PMC7068800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share genetic liability, and some structural brain abnormalities are common to both conditions. First-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia (FDRs-SZ) show similar brain abnormalities to patients, albeit with smaller effect sizes. Imaging findings in first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder (FDRs-BD) have been inconsistent in the past, but recent studies report regionally greater volumes compared with control subjects. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis of global and subcortical brain measures of 6008 individuals (1228 FDRs-SZ, 852 FDRs-BD, 2246 control subjects, 1016 patients with schizophrenia, 666 patients with bipolar disorder) from 34 schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder family cohorts with standardized methods. Analyses were repeated with a correction for intracranial volume (ICV) and for the presence of any psychopathology in the relatives and control subjects. RESULTS FDRs-BD had significantly larger ICV (d = +0.16, q < .05 corrected), whereas FDRs-SZ showed smaller thalamic volumes than control subjects (d = -0.12, q < .05 corrected). ICV explained the enlargements in the brain measures in FDRs-BD. In FDRs-SZ, after correction for ICV, total brain, cortical gray matter, cerebral white matter, cerebellar gray and white matter, and thalamus volumes were significantly smaller; the cortex was thinner (d < -0.09, q < .05 corrected); and third ventricle was larger (d = +0.15, q < .05 corrected). The findings were not explained by psychopathology in the relatives or control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Despite shared genetic liability, FDRs-SZ and FDRs-BD show a differential pattern of structural brain abnormalities, specifically a divergent effect in ICV. This may imply that the neurodevelopmental trajectories leading to brain anomalies in schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M C de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), K.G. Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - André Aleman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kathryn I Alpert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Catherine Bois
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aurora Bonvino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, Neuroscience in Mental Health Research Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth E L Buimer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and National Centre for Biomedical Engineering (NCBES), Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Psychology and Psychology, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yoonho Chung
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United Kingdom
| | - Elena De la Serna
- Psychology and Psychology, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabella Di Giorgio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gaelle E Doucet
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Mehmet Cagdas Eker
- SoCAT LAB, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Susanne Erk
- Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Scott C Fears
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sonya F Foley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Andrew Frankland
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - David C Glahn
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vina M Goghari
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ali Saffet Gonul
- SoCAT LAB, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Early Psychosis Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Emma L Hawkins
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manon H J Hillegers
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingvar
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Johansson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), K.G. Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fergus Kane
- Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Kempton
- Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marinka M G Koenis
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Miloslav Kopecek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lydia Krabbendam
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rhoshel K Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Machteld Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Bernard C Marsman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Venkata S Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and National Centre for Biomedical Engineering (NCBES), Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stijn Michielse
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dolores Moreno
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin M Murray
- Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benson Mwangi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Pablo Najt
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and National Centre for Biomedical Engineering (NCBES), Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Emma Neilson
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Newport
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Aysegul Ozerdem
- Department of Psychiatry, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Marco M Picchioni
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Richter
- Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aybala Saricicek Aydogan
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Peter R Schofield
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fatma Simsek
- SoCAT LAB, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Cigli State Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Gisela Sugranyes
- Psychology and Psychology, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institute d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timothea Toulopoulou
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Giulia Tronchin
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and National Centre for Biomedical Engineering (NCBES), Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Henrik Walter
- Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nefize Yalin
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), K.G. Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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