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Dang QCL, Ulualp S, Mitchell RB, Johnson RF. Perioperative Delta Weight and Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Resolution after Adenotonsillectomy. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:4141-4147. [PMID: 38551307 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) The first-line treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is adenotonsillectomy. Post-operative weight gain is a well-documented phenomenon. We hypothesized that higher peri-adenotonsillectomy delta weight correlates with lower rates of OSA resolution in pediatric patients. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study consisting of 250 patients from 2 to 17 years of age at a tertiary academic medical center between January 2021 and December 2022. Polysomnography results and body mass index (BMI) changes were collected through the electronic health record. Univariate and multivariate logistical regression analyses were performed, adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS Perioperative delta weight and pre-operative baseline AHI values were significant predictors of residual OSA. For every 1-kilogram gain in weight, the odds of residual OSA (AHI >5) increase by 6.0% (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02-1.10, p < 0.002), and the odds of residual severe OSA (AHI > 10) increase by 8% (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.04-1.12, p < 0.001). Increased AHI, Black/African American race, and male sex were also factors associated with incomplete OSA resolution. CONCLUSIONS Increased peri-adenotonsillectomy delta weight is associated with higher rates of residual OSA in children. Patients and families should be counseled about appropriate weight loss and control methods before adenotonsillectomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV Laryngoscope, 134:4141-4147, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh-Chi L Dang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Seckin Ulualp
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Ron B Mitchell
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Romaine F Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
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Hurly JA, Clements AC, Ryan MA, Ballard M, Jenks C, Sterni LM, Tunkel DE, Walsh JM. Pediatric Postoperative Outcomes for Severe and Very Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:4148-4155. [PMID: 38581366 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if increasing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) severity, as determined by preoperative polysomnography data, is an independent risk for respiratory complications and level of follow-up care after adenotonsillectomy or tonsillectomy. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients ≤21 years of age with severe OSAS (obstructive apnea-hypopnea index [OAHI] >10) undergoing adenotonsillectomy or tonsillectomy. Patients were categorized based on preoperative polysomnography data (PSG). Outcome measures including respiratory complications were collected via chart review. Logistic regression was used in the analysis of all parameters, and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were used for analysis of both OAHI and oxygen saturation nadir as continuous variables. All surgeries were performed at Johns Hopkins Hospital, a tertiary care center. RESULTS We identified 358 patients with severe OSAS who had adenotonsillectomy or tonsillectomy. OAHI >40 and oxygen saturation nadir <80% were significantly associated with postoperative respiratory complications. Increasing OAHI and O2 saturation <80% was each associated with unplanned continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) initiations postoperatively. There was no association between hypercarbia and presence of any complications. CONCLUSION Patients with very severe OSAS (preoperative OAHI ≥40) as determined by preoperative PSG may be at higher risk of developing respiratory complications postoperatively. However, there does not appear to be a linear association with increasing severity of OAHI on regression analysis. Further research is needed to understand factors associated with complications in severe and very severe OAHI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 134:4148-4155, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn A Hurly
- Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Anna Christina Clements
- Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Marisa A Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Megan Ballard
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Carolyn Jenks
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Laura M Sterni
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - David E Tunkel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan M Walsh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
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3
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Kasi AS, Perez IA. Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome and Disorders of Control of Ventilation. Clin Chest Med 2024; 45:663-673. [PMID: 39069329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of ventilatory control typically manifest as central apneas, periodic breathing, and hypoventilation in the neonatal period, but some may present at a later age. Obstructive apneas may be the initial presentation, and some may have associated autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Individuals with these disorders can have absent or impaired ventilatory and arousal responses to hypoxemia and hypercapnia. This article discusses the presentation, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and myelomeningocele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay S Kasi
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Emory University, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1400 Tullie Road Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Iris A Perez
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #83, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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Brennan MP, Webber AM, Patel CV, Chin WA, Butz SF, Rajan N. Care of the Pediatric Patient for Ambulatory Tonsillectomy With or Without Adenoidectomy: The Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia Position Statement. Anesth Analg 2024; 139:509-520. [PMID: 38517763 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The landscape of ambulatory surgery is changing, and tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy is one of the most common pediatric surgical procedures performed nationally. The number of children undergoing tonsillectomy on an ambulatory basis continues to increase. The 2 most common indications for tonsillectomy are recurrent throat infections and obstructive sleep-disordered breathing. The most frequent early complications after tonsillectomy are hemorrhage and ventilatory compromise. In areas lacking a dedicated children's hospital, these cases are managed by a nonpediatric specialized anesthesiologist and general otolaryngology surgeon. In response to requests from our members without pediatric fellowship training and/or who care for pediatric patients infrequently, the Pediatric Committee of the Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia (SAMBA) developed a position statement with recommendations for the safe perioperative care of pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy with and without adenoidectomy in freestanding ambulatory surgical facilities. This statement identifies children that are more likely to experience complications and to require additional dedicated provider time that is not conducive to the rapid pace and staffing ratios of many freestanding ambulatory centers with mixed adult and pediatric practices. The aim is to provide health care professionals with practical criteria and suggestions based on the best available evidence. When high-quality evidence is unavailable, we relied on group consensus from pediatric ambulatory specialists in the SAMBA Pediatric Committee. Consensus recommendations were presented to the Pediatric Committee of SAMBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie P Brennan
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Audra M Webber
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Chhaya V Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wanda A Chin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Lagone Health, New York, New York
| | - Steven F Butz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin Surgicenter
| | - Niraja Rajan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey Outpatient Surgery Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Scarabosio A, Surico PL, Patanè L, Tambasco D, Kahale F, Zeppieri M, Parodi PC, Coassin M, Di Zazzo A. The Overlooked Floppy Eyelid Syndrome: From Diagnosis to Medical and Surgical Management. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1828. [PMID: 39202316 PMCID: PMC11353443 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14161828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Floppy Eyelid Syndrome (FES) is an underdiagnosed ocular condition characterized by the abnormal laxity of the upper eyelids, often leading to chronic eye irritation and redness. This review provides an in-depth examination of FES, covering its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We discuss the potential etiological factors, including genetic predispositions and associations with ocular and systemic conditions such as obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, keratoconus, and glaucoma. Diagnostic strategies are outlined, emphasizing the importance of thorough clinical examinations and specific tests for an efficacious grading and assessment of FES. Management of FES ranges from conservative medical treatments to surgical interventions for more severe cases and should be driven by a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. Herein, we illustrate the practical aspects of diagnosing and managing this condition. This comprehensive review aims to enhance the recognition and treatment of FES, ultimately improving the quality of life for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scarabosio
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Pier Luigi Surico
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (A.D.Z.)
| | - Luca Patanè
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Damiano Tambasco
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital San Carlo di Nancy, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Kahale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Pier Camillo Parodi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Marco Coassin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (A.D.Z.)
| | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (A.D.Z.)
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Senthilvel E, Jawad K, Gearhart AM, Naidugari JR, El-Kersh K. Adenotonsillectomy outcomes in children with down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea: a single center study. Sleep Breath 2024:10.1007/s11325-024-03085-2. [PMID: 38896208 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-024-03085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate polysomnographic (PSG) outcomes of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) in children with Down Syndrome (DS) and OSA, and the difference in PSG outcomes of T&A between children with DS and age- and gender-matched normally developing (non-DS) children. METHODS This was a single center retrospective study that included children with DS and OSA who underwent T&A and had pre-operative and post-operative PSG. The baseline and the differences of pre- and post-operative PSG variables were compared with those of an age- and gender-matched group of non-DS children. RESULTS Forty-eight children with DS were included in the study; the median age was 5 years (IQR 5.5), 58% were males, and the median BMI was 18.2 (IQR 3.3). There was statistically significant improvement noted between pre-operative and post-operative OAHI 17.9 ± 26.7 vs. 9.1 ± 13.6 (p = 0.022) and non-REM AHI 13.9 ± 19.7 vs. 6.9 ± 14.2 (p = 0.027). However, there were no significant changes in sleep architecture, oxygen desaturation nadir, or CO2 levels. 54.2% of the DS children continued to have moderate to severe OSA after T&A. Univariate logistic regression showed that for every 1% increase in oxygen desaturation nadir, the odds of having residual moderate or severe OSA decreased by 28% (p = 0.002) compared to the cured and mild OSA groups. There was no significant pre- and post-operative differences in PSG variables noted in 16 children with DS compared to age- and gender-matched non-DS children. CONCLUSION Despite the overall significant reduction of OAHI in children with DS and OSA who underwent T&A, there was a residual moderate to severe OSA in about half of the included children. Oxygen desaturation nadir was a predicting factor for persistent moderate to severe OSA. There were no significant pre- and post-operative PSG differences in between DS children compared to non-DS children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egambaram Senthilvel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children Medical Group, 9880 Angies Way Suite 300, Louisville, KY, KY40241, USA.
| | - Kahir Jawad
- Department of Pediatrics, Norton Children's Research Institute, Affiliated with University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alessandra M Gearhart
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Janki R Naidugari
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky,, USA
| | - Karim El-Kersh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Leon-Astudillo C, Dy FJ, McCown MY, Perez IA, Chhabra D, Bansal M, Maloney MA, Bedoya M, Ezmigna D, Bush D, Okorie CUA, Gross JE. ATS core curriculum 2023. Pediatric pulmonary medicine: Respiratory disorders in infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024; 59:1552-1568. [PMID: 38545994 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The American Thoracic Society Core Curriculum updates clinicians annually in pediatric pulmonary disease. This is a summary of the Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine Core Curriculum presented at the 2023 American Thoracic Society International Conference. The respiratory disorders of infancy discussed in this year's review include: the care of the patient with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the neonatal intensive care unit, clinical phenotypes and comorbidities; diffuse lung disease; pulmonary hypertension; central and obstructive sleep apnea. The care of infants with respiratory disorders often poses significant challenges to the general pediatric pulmonologist, sleep clinician, and neonatologist. This review aims to highlight the most clinically relevant aspects of the evaluation, management, and outcomes of infants with these key respiratory disorders, while emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary care. Furthermore, this document summarizes essential aspects of genetic testing, novel imaging and treatment modalities, and includes multiple resources for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Leon-Astudillo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fei J Dy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Y McCown
- Department of Pediatrics, Inova Children's Hospital, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Iris A Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Divya Chhabra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Manvi Bansal
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Melissa A Maloney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mariana Bedoya
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Monroe Carrell Jr. Children's Hospital of Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dima Ezmigna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Douglas Bush
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Caroline U A Okorie
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Children's Health, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jane E Gross
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Moroco AE, Friedman N, Jabbour C, Roy S, Schmidt R, Nardone HC. Current Pediatric Tertiary Care Practices Following Adenotonsillectomy: An Update. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:2931-2936. [PMID: 38073113 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adenotonsillectomy is a common procedure performed in children, and the practice patterns at academic centers have been evolving with the publication of updated societal guidelines. In this study, we assess perioperative practice patterns at tertiary care children's hospitals for children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. METHODS A cross-sectional 18-question survey distributed in July of 2022 recruited responses through August 25, 2022. The division chiefs of 70 pediatric otolaryngology groups at tertiary care children's hospitals across the United States and Canada were surveyed. Division chiefs submitted survey responses on behalf of the group practice patterns for children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. The main measure was survey responses from the division chiefs of pediatric otolaryngology reporting group practice. RESULTS The survey response rate was 46%. Eighty-eight percent of groups reported an official adenotonsillectomy admission policy. Commonly reported admission criteria included age (93%) and obesity (59%). Eighty-eight percent of groups defined severe obstructive sleep apnea as apnea-hypopnea index ≥10. Only 41% of groups required a child to be observed sleeping on room air prior to ambulatory discharge. Ninety-seven percent of groups reported routinely obtaining preoperative polysomnography in a variety of clinical settings. CONCLUSIONS Many children's hospitals report an official admission policy following adenotonsillectomy. Despite a decade passing since the initial publication of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery clinical practice guidelines, there remains great variability in the practice patterns for both preoperative polysomnography and postoperative monitoring and admission. These results highlight an opportunity for an improved unified approach to perioperative pediatric adenotonsillectomy practice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5 Laryngoscope, 134:2931-2936, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie E Moroco
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Norman Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Colorado Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Jabbour
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A
| | - Soham Roy
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Colorado Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Richard Schmidt
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A
| | - Heather C Nardone
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A
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Escobar NS, Lim AYL, Amin R. The latest on positive airway pressure for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Expert Rev Respir Med 2024; 18:409-421. [PMID: 38949916 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2024.2375428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an important and evolving area in the pediatric population, with significant sequelae when not adequately managed. The use of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is expanding rapidly and is being prescribed to patients with persistent OSA post adenotonsillectomy as well as those children who are not surgical candidates including those with medical complexity. AREAS DISCUSSED This article provides a state-of-the-art review on the diagnosis of pediatric OSA and treatment with positive airway pressure (PAP). The initiation of PAP therapy, pediatric interface considerations, PAP mode selection, administration and potential complications of PAP therapy, factors influencing PAP adherence, the use of remote ventilation machine downloads, considerations surrounding follow-up of patients post PAP initiation and evaluation of weaning off PAP will be reviewed. The literature search was conducted via PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases through to March 2024. EXPERT OPINION Further research is required to address barriers to adherence. Further innovation of home monitoring devices for both the diagnosis and assessment of OSA is required, given the limited pediatric sleep medicine resources in several countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Escobar
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adeline Y L Lim
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Reshma Amin
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Child Health and Evaluative Science, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
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Moon C, Schneider A, Cho YE, Zhang M, Dang H, Vu K. Sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and amyloid β among cognitively healthy later-life adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:408. [PMID: 38714912 PMCID: PMC11076214 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-05010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal amyloid β (Aβ) deposits in the brain are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insufficient sleep duration and poor sleep quality are risk factors for developing AD. Sleep may play a role in Aβ regulation, but the magnitude of the relationship between sleep and Aβ deposition remains unclear. This systematic review examines the relationship between sleep (i.e., duration and efficiency) with Aβ deposition in later-life adults. METHODS A search of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycINFO generated 5,005 published articles. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative syntheses; thirteen studies for quantitative syntheses related to sleep duration and Aβ; and nine studies for quantitative syntheses related to sleep efficiency and Aβ. RESULTS Mean ages of the samples ranged from 63 to 76 years. Studies measured Aβ using cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and positron emission tomography scans with two tracers: Carbone 11-labeled Pittsburgh compound B or fluorine 18-labeled. Sleep duration was measured subjectively using interviews or questionnaires, or objectively using polysomnography or actigraphy. Study analyses accounted for demographic and lifestyle factors. Based on 13 eligible articles, our synthesis demonstrated that the average association between sleep duration and Aβ was not statistically significant (Fisher's Z = -0.055, 95% CI = -0.117 ~ 0.008). We found that longer self-report sleep duration is associated with lower Aβ (Fisher's Z = -0.062, 95% CI = -0.119 ~ -0.005), whereas the objectively measured sleep duration was not associated with Aβ (Fisher's Z = 0.002, 95% CI = -0.108 ~ 0.113). Based on 9 eligible articles for sleep efficiency, our synthesis also demonstrated that the average association between sleep efficiency and Aβ was not statistically significant (Fisher's Z = 0.048, 95% CI = -0.066 ~ 0.161). CONCLUSION The findings from this review suggest that shorter self-reported sleep duration is associated with higher Aβ levels. Given the heterogeneous nature of the sleep measures and outcomes, it is still difficult to determine the exact relationship between sleep and Aβ. Future studies with larger sample sizes should focus on comprehensive sleep characteristics and use longitudinal designs to better understand the relationship between sleep and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chooza Moon
- University of Iowa College of Nursing, 50 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Aaron Schneider
- University of Iowa College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Department of Health and Human Physiology, 225 S. Grand Ave., Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- University of Iowa College of Nursing, 50 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Meina Zhang
- University of Iowa College of Nursing, 50 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hellen Dang
- University of Iowa College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Department of Health and Human Physiology, 225 S. Grand Ave., Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
| | - Kelly Vu
- University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 180 S. Grand Avenue, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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11
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Kang KT, Hsu WC. Efficacy of adenotonsillectomy on pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and related outcomes: A narrative review of current evidence. J Formos Med Assoc 2024; 123:540-550. [PMID: 37718211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current evidence in systematic reviews, meta-analysis and randomized controlled trials regarding adenotonsillectomy outcomes in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Adenotonsillectomy is effective in treating OSA in children without co-morbidities, despite postoperative residual OSA remained in roughly half of these children. For children with comorbidities such as Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, sickle cell disease, or cerebral palsy, adenotonsillectomy is less effective and associated with more postoperative complications than that in children without comorbidities. For other OSA-related outcomes, evidence from meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials confirm adenotonsillectomy results in improvement of subjective OSA-related outcomes (e.g. symptoms, behaviors, and quality of life), but the results in objective OSA-related outcomes (e.g. cardiometabolic parameters or neurocognitive functions) are inconsistent. Future studies should focus on randomized controlled trials comparing objective OSA-related outcomes and the long-term effects of adenotonsillectomy in children with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Tai Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Health Policy and Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Sleep Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Ng NBH, Lim CYS, Tan SCHL, Foo YW, Tok CLX, Lim YY, Goh DYT, Loke KY, Lee YS. Screening for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children and adolescents with obesity: A scoping review of national and international pediatric obesity and pediatric OSA management guidelines. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13712. [PMID: 38355893 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent complication that affects up to 60% of children and adolescents with obesity. It is associated with poorer cardiometabolic outcomes and neurocognitive deficits. Appropriate screening and intervention for OSA are crucial in the management of children with obesity. We performed a scoping review of international and national pediatric obesity (n = 30) and pediatric OSA (n = 10) management guidelines to evaluate the recommendations on OSA screening in pediatric obesity. Sixteen (53%) of the pediatric obesity guidelines had incorporated OSA screening to varying extents, with no consistent recommendations on when and how to screen for OSA, and subsequent management of OSA in children with obesity. We provide our recommendations that are based on the strength and certainty of evidence presented. These include a clinical-based screening for OSA in all children with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 85th percentile or those with rapid BMI gain (upward crossing of 2 BMI percentiles) and the use of overnight polysomnography to confirm the diagnosis of OSA in those with high clinical suspicion. We discuss further management of OSA unique to children with obesity. An appropriate screening strategy for OSA would facilitate timely intervention that has been shown to improve cardiometabolic and neurocognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Beng Hui Ng
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, Department of Paediatrics, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carey Yun Shan Lim
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, Department of Paediatrics, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarah Caellainn Hui Lin Tan
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, Department of Paediatrics, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Yvonne Yijuan Lim
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, Department of Paediatrics, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Yam Thiam Goh
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, Department of Paediatrics, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kah Yin Loke
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, Department of Paediatrics, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, Department of Paediatrics, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Rizzo L, Barbetta E, Ruberti F, Petz M, Tornesello M, Deolmi M, Fainardi V, Esposito S. The Role of Telemedicine in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS): A Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2108. [PMID: 38610873 PMCID: PMC11012248 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13072108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of telemedicine marked a significant turning point in the healthcare landscape, introducing a revolutionary approach to the delivery of medical care. Digital technologies easily connect health professionals and patients, overcoming geographical and temporal barriers. Telemedicine has been used for sleep disorders including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) since the mid-1990s. In adult patients with OSAS, telemedicine is helpful both for consultation and diagnosis, the latter obtained through remote recordings of oxygen saturation and further parameters registered with telemonitored respiratory polygraphy or polysomnography. Remote monitoring can be used to follow up the patient and verify adherence to daily treatments including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). In children, studies on the role of telemedicine in OSAS are scarce. This narrative review aims to describe the application of telemedicine in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), assessing its advantages and disadvantages. In patients with OSA, telemedicine is applicable at every stage of patient management, from diagnosis to treatment monitoring also in pediatric and adolescent ages. While telemedicine offers convenience and accessibility in healthcare delivery, its application in managing OSAS could be associated with some disadvantages, including limitations in physical examination, access to diagnostic tools, and education and counseling; technology barriers; and privacy concerns. The adoption of a hybrid approach, integrating both in-office and virtual appointments, could effectively meet the needs of children with OSAS. However, more studies are needed to fully assess the effectiveness and safety of telemedicine in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Rizzo
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Barbetta
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Flaminia Ruberti
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Matilde Petz
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Tornesello
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Michela Deolmi
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Fainardi
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Fitzgerald DA, MacLean J, Fauroux B. Assessment of obstructive sleep apnoea in children: What are the challenges we face? Paediatr Respir Rev 2024:S1526-0542(24)00027-7. [PMID: 38616458 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for the assessment of sleep-disordered breathing in children of all ages to prevent the deleterious neurocognitive and behaviour consequences of the under-diagnosis and under-treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea [OSA]. OSA can be considered in three broad categories based on predominating contributory features: OSA type 1 [enlarged tonsils and adenoids], type II [Obesity] and type III [craniofacial abnormalities, syndromal, storage diseases and neuromuscular conditions]. The reality is that sleep questionnaires or calculations of body mass index in isolation are poorly predictive of OSA in individuals. Globally, the access to testing in tertiary referral centres is comprehensively overwhelmed by the demand and financial cost. This has prompted the need for better awareness and focussed history taking, matched with simpler tools with acceptable accuracy used in the setting of likely OSA. Consequently, we present key indications for polysomnography and present scalable, existing alternatives for assessment of OSA in the hospital or home setting, using polygraphy, oximetry or contactless sleep monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Fitzgerald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Joanna MacLean
- Divisions of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Brigitte Fauroux
- Pediatric Non-invasive Ventilation and Sleep Unit AP-HP, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Cité University, EA 7330 VIFASOM, Paris, France
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15
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Fields CM, Poupore NS, Barengo JH, Smaily H, Nguyen SA, Angles J, Clemmens CS, Pecha PP, Carroll WW. Does REM AHI Predict Persistent OSA After Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy? Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2024; 133:431-440. [PMID: 38258762 DOI: 10.1177/00034894241227030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The utility of REM AHI in managing pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of preoperative REM AHI to postoperative persistence of OSA in children who underwent adenotonsillectomy. METHODS This retrospective chart review identified children under the age of 18 years that received an adenotonsillectomy for OSA and a preoperative and postoperative polysomnogram. Children with craniofacial or neuromuscular disorders or a tracheostomy were excluded. The primary outcome was the postoperative persistence of OSA, defined as a postoperative obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (oAHI) ≥ 1.5 events/hour. REM-predominant OSA was defined as a ratio of REM/NREM AHI ≥ 2. REM AHI minus NREM AHI and REM AHI minus oAHI helped to identify patients with a larger distribution of REM AHI. RESULTS A total of 353 patients were included. Postoperative persistent OSA was seen in 232 (65.7%) children. The preoperative REM AHI, REM AHI minus NREM AHI, and REM AHI minus oAHI of children with persistent OSA did not differ significantly from children with resolution of OSA. Rates of persistence were not different between those with REM-predominant OSA and REM-independent OSA (63.8% vs 70.7%, P = .218). CONCLUSION This study suggests that preoperative REM AHI may be a poor predictor of OSA persistence after adenotonsillectomy. Further study is needed to help characterize how pre-operative REM AHI should impact clinicians' decision making, family counseling and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Fields
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Nicolas S Poupore
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jenna H Barengo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hussein Smaily
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Shaun A Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jacqueline Angles
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Clarice S Clemmens
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Phayvanh P Pecha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - William W Carroll
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Couto MCHD, Canhetti de Oliveira CM, Merlo S, Briley PM, Pinato L. Risk of sleep problems in a clinical sample of children who stutter. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2024; 79:106036. [PMID: 38241960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.106036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have shown increased prevalence of sleep problems among people who stutter. However, there is a lack of knowledge about what these sleep problems may specifically be. METHOD Fifty children who stutter (CWS) from 6;0 to 12;9 years of age and 50 age- and gender-matched controls participated in this study. Parents did not report coexisting conditions, excepting stuttering and/or sleep problems. Sleep problems were investigated using a standardized questionnaire answered by parents. The questionnaire shows cut-off scores to identify the risk of sleep problems as a whole and on each one of the six subscales (i.e., disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep; sleep breathing disorders; disorders of arousal; sleep-wake transition disorders; disorders of excessive somnolence; and sleep hyperhidrosis). Scores above the cut-off are suggestive of sleep problems. RESULTS Twenty-one CWS scored higher than the cut-off on the sleep questionnaire compared to only two controls (p < 0.00001). Specifically, CWS scored higher than controls in disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, sleep-wake transition disorders (especially jerking, sleep talking, and bruxism), and disorders of excessive somnolence (p < 0.0083, corrected for multiple comparisons). DISCUSSION Compared to controls, CWS are at greater risk for sleep problems, which are not consequences of coexisting disorders. Present findings confirm and expand current knowledge about sleep problems in CWS. Directionality possibilities and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Helena do Couto
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Marilia, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Sandra Merlo
- Brazilian Fluency Institute, Av. Brg. Faria Lima, 1811, conj 822, São Paulo, SP 01452-001, Brazil.
| | - Patrick M Briley
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, 3310AC Health Sciences Building, MS 668, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
| | - Luciana Pinato
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Marilia, SP, Brazil.
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Sayed-Ahmed MM, Taher MB, Zaytoun RAH, Abdel Hady AF. Evaluation of Sleep Difficulties in Egyptian Children with Down Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 76:97-102. [PMID: 38440482 PMCID: PMC10908933 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-04090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a major concern in Down syndrome children. Obstructive sleep apnea, delayed sleep onset, night-time and early awakenings have been reported contributing to the cognitive and behavioral outcomes. The aim is to evaluate sleep related difficulties in Down syndrome young children. A questionnaire of sleep related difficulties was translated and validated into Arabic language then was filled in by caregivers of 45 Down syndrome and 48 normal children. The questionnaire consisted of sections related to snoring, breathing difficulties, mouth breathing, upper respiratory tract infections, sleep position, restless sleep and frequent awakening, and daytime behavior. The results show highly significant differences between the total and subtotal questionnaire scores with higher scores in the control group. The questionnaire has a good reliability. Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire revealed a significant positive correlation in the total questionnaire and all the subitems except for the 7th subitem of the daytime behavior which showed no significant correlation. The questionnaire showed 100% sensitivity and 70.8% Specificity with at cut-off value of 8.5. The sleep related difficulties questionnaire has good psychometric properties and could detect significant sleep problems in Down syndrome children. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-023-04090-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mamdouh Sayed-Ahmed
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Badie Taher
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab Abdel Hafeez Zaytoun
- Otolaryngology Department, Phoniatric Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, El Haram Street, Giza, 12511 Egypt
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18
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Whitney K, Felt B, Collins-Anderson A, Bonuck K. The Feasibility of Screening for Sleep Problems in Early Childhood Education Programs. Behav Sleep Med 2024; 22:28-38. [PMID: 36751036 PMCID: PMC10404644 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2023.2177294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess the feasibility and staff experience of screening for behavioral sleep problems (BSP) and sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in early childhood education (ECE) settings; examine BSP/SDB prevalence and caregivers' knowledge/attitudes, perception of child sleep problems, and sleep health engagement in this sample. METHOD Eight staff representatives from four ECE sites involved with sleep problem screening procedures within a larger RCT on ECE sleep health, discussed their experiences in a focus group; transcript content reviewed. A random subset of caregiver-child dyads (n = 59) from the four ECE sites completed sleep problem measures (BSP: Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, Short form [SF-CSHQ], Tayside Children's Sleep Questionnaire [TCSQ-sleep disturbance and difficulty] and SDB: Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire [PSQ], in addition to RCT measures (Parent Knowledge/Attitude/Self-efficacy/Beliefs survey and sleep health goals). Caregiver sleep health engagement was measured by the sleep health goals set. RESULTS ECE staff reported sleep problem screening as self-explanatory and doable but sometimes administratively burdensome. BSPs were identified in 44% (SF-CSHQ) to 63% (TCSQ-sleep disturbance) of children; SDBs in 13%. Only 11% of caregivers endorsed their child having a sleep "difficulty" (TCSQ). Sleep health goals were set by 85% of caregivers; 63% employed educational materials' language. CONCLUSION Sleep problem screening in ECE is feasible, and problems are elicited. While caregivers readily engage in setting healthy sleep goals, few endorse sleep as difficult. ECE education could improve caregiver understanding/recognition of sleep problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Whitney
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY
| | - Barbara Felt
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Karen Bonuck
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY
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19
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Lloyd RM, Crawford T, Donald R, Gray DD, Healy WJ, Junna MR, Lewin D, Revana A, Schutte-Rodin S. Quality measures for the care of pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea: 2023 update after measure maintenance. J Clin Sleep Med 2024; 20:127-134. [PMID: 37772707 PMCID: PMC10758557 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common respiratory sleep disorder in the United States in preschool and school-aged children. In an effort to continue addressing gaps and variations in care in this patient population, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) Quality Measures Task Force performed quality measure maintenance on the Quality Measures for the Care of Pediatric Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (originally developed in 2015). The Quality Measures Task Force reviewed the current medical literature, including updated clinical practice guidelines and systematic literature reviews, existing pediatric OSA quality measures, and performance data highlighting remaining gaps or variations in care since implementation of the original quality measure set to inform any potential revisions to the quality measures. These revised quality measures have been implemented in the AASM Sleep Clinical Data Registry (Sleep CDR) to capture performance data and encourage continuous quality improvement, specifically in outcomes associated with diagnosing and managing OSA in the pediatric population. CITATION Lloyd RM, Crawford T, Donald R, et al. Quality measures for the care of pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea: 2023 update after measure maintenance. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(1):127-134.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - William J. Healy
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - Daniel Lewin
- Sleep Health and Wellness Center, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Amee Revana
- Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sharon Schutte-Rodin
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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20
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Kanavitoon S, Ngamprasertwong P, Gurbani N, Nakamura A, Hossain MM, Heubi CH, Simakajornboon N. Polysomnographic parameters and clinical risk factors predicting postoperative respiratory complications in children undergoing supraglottoplasty. J Clin Sleep Med 2024; 20:9-16. [PMID: 37584453 PMCID: PMC10758547 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Postoperative respiratory complications (PORCs) can occur following supraglottoplasty (SGP) for obstructive sleep apnea. However, there are very limited data on risk factors associated with these complications. This study aims to evaluate the occurrence of PORC in children undergoing SGP and to assess clinical factors and polysomnographic parameters predicting these complications. METHODS A retrospective study was performed in children with laryngomalacia who underwent SGP with preoperative polysomnography. RESULTS 400 children who underwent SGP met the criteria for entry into the analysis with a total of 416 surgeries with corresponding preoperative polysomnography. The median age (interquartile range) at the time of polysomnography was 0.4 (0.2, 1.5) years. A total of 96 (23.1%) PORCs were noted. Compared with those without complications, children with PORCs had a higher proportion of congenital heart disease (P < .05), higher median obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (obstructive AHI; median 16.0 vs 11.4 events/h; P < .01), and lower median oxygen saturation (SpO2) (P < .001). The unadjusted odd ratio indicated an increased risk of PORCs in children with congenital heart disease (odds ratio 1.66; P < .05) and those with an obstructive AHI > 10 events/h (odds ratio 2.06; P < .01). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that an obstructive AHI > 10 events/h was the only independent risk factor for PORCs (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS In our cohort of children with laryngomalacia undergoing SGP, those with underlying congenital heart disease, higher obstructive AHI, and lower SpO2 were more likely to develop PORCs. Only children with an obstructive AHI > 10 events/h were at significantly increased risk for PORCs following SGP. Preoperative polysomnography is useful in preoperative planning in children undergoing SGP. CITATION Kanavitoon S, Ngamprasertwong P, Gurbani N, et al. Polysomnographic parameters and clinical risk factors predicting postoperative respiratory complications in children undergoing supraglottoplasty. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(1):9-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawita Kanavitoon
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Neepa Gurbani
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Aisaku Nakamura
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Md Monir Hossain
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christine H. Heubi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Narong Simakajornboon
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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21
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Leung TNH, Wong KL, Chan AKC, Li AM. Common Childhood Sleep Problems and Disorders. Curr Pediatr Rev 2024; 20:27-42. [PMID: 36043722 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220827102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep insufficiency and disturbances affect the physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being of children. OBJECTIVE To perform a narrative review on common sleep problems and disorders encountered in primary care for children and adolescents. METHODS A search of English literature in the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases published from 1 January 2000 till 31 October 2021 was conducted with the keywords "sleep problem" or "sleep disorder" and "child" or "adolescent". Findings in the relevant articles and cross-references were compiled. RESULTS Sleep duration and habits of children vary widely across countries with different cultural backgrounds. There is robust evidence to support the promotion of positive bedtime routines and sleep hygiene as prevention and management of sleep problems. 15-70% of parents reported their children having sleep problems or disturbances. Common sleep complaints include difficulty in initiation or maintenance of sleep, abnormal behaviors or movements, snoring or abnormal breathing, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Comprehensive sleep history and a sleep diary are the first steps for evaluation. Home video and actigraphy may be used as preliminary tools to confirm the history. Referrals to a sleep specialist for polysomnography and other tests are needed, if suspecting specific sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy, needs timely intervention. Common sleep disorders in different age groups encountered in primary care are reviewed with clinical features, indications for evaluation, and treatment options summarized. CONCLUSION Screening for sleep problems shall be an integral part of each child's health care visit. It is important to evaluate the impact of common sleep problems and identify specific sleep disorders for early intervention to prevent long-term adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Ngan Ho Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kin Lok Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anthony Kam Chuen Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albert Martin Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Garg N, Silber EJ, Levi JR. A commentary on broader use of preoperative polysomnography in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 170:296-298. [PMID: 37702190 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by repeated episodes of prolonged airway obstruction during sleep, is a common condition in pediatric patients ages 2 to 6. Polysomnography (PSG) testing can be used to assess the severity of OSA or obstructive sleep-disordered breathing prior to adenotonsillectomy. The article "Characteristics and Frequency of Children With Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Undergoing Elective Polysomnography" by Bains et al. notes the variability in guidelines regarding indication for PSG amongst professional societies, making it difficult for physicians to determine which patients require PSG. The purpose of this commentary is to emphasize and elaborate on the potential benefit for preoperative PSG in all patients considering adenotonsillectomy as presented by the aforementioned article. With broader use of preoperative PSG, providers would have a more accurate assessment of OSA severity and to aid in surgical decision-making and postoperative planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Garg
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Silber
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica R Levi
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Tamir S, Dye TJ, Witt RM. Sleep and Circadian Disturbances in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2023; 48:101090. [PMID: 38065637 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2023.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Sleep problems are highly prevalent in those with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). We propose this is secondary to multiple factors that directly and indirectly negatively impact sleep and circadian processes in those with NDDs, which in turn, further perturbs development, resulting in a "developmental and sleep/circadian-related encephalopathy." In this review, we discuss select NDDs with known or suspected sleep and circadian phenotypes. We also highlight important considerations when evaluating and treating sleep and circadian disorders in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tamir
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Thomas J Dye
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Pulmonary Medicine and the Sleep Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Center for Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Rochelle M Witt
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Pulmonary Medicine and the Sleep Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Center for Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.
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24
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Kohanzadeh A, Wajsberg B, Yakubova E, Kravitz MB, Choi J, Gao Q, Sutton NJ, Yang CJ. Association and risk factors of pediatric pulmonary hypertension with obstructive sleep apnea: A national study utilizing the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 175:111750. [PMID: 37844425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Assess the prevalence of and risk factors for pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the 2016 Kids' Inpatient Database (KID), including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional cohort study utilizing 6,081,132 weighted pediatric discharges from the 2016 KID. Study variables included age, length of stay, mortality, gender, hospital region, primary payer, race, median household income for patient's ZIP code, OSA, central sleep apnea (CSA), obesity, Down syndrome, sickle cell disease (SCD), thalassemia, congenital heart disease (CHD), hypertension, asthma and chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLDP). PH was the primary outcome of interest. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were utilized with odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals. RESULTS The mean age was 3.76 years, the mean hospital length of stay was 3.85 days, 48.9 % were male, 52.6 % had government health insurance, 51.0 % were White, 16.1 % were Black, 21.1 % were Hispanic, 5.0 % were Asian or Pacific Islander, 0.80 % were Native American and 6.1 % identified as "other". The prevalence of PH was 0.21 % (12,777 patients). There were 37,631 patients with OSA and the prevalence of PH among this cohort was 3.3 %, over 10x greater than the overall prevalence of PH in the 2016 KID (0.21 %). Risk factors associated with PH included CLDP, CHD, Down syndrome, asthma, OSA, CSA, hypertension, SCD, obesity, race/ethnicity, government insurance, age, male gender (p < 0.0001), and hospital region (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Several risk factors were independently associated with PH, such as OSA, CSA, obesity, asthma, and insurance status. Prospective multi-institutional studies are needed to assess the relationships between these risk factors, severity metrics, and causative links in the development of PH; in addition to identifying children with OSA who are most likely to benefit from cardiopulmonary screening prior to adenotonsillectomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Yakubova
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai Morningside and West Hospitals, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meryl B Kravitz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jaeun Choi
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Qi Gao
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nicole J Sutton
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Christina J Yang
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA.
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25
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Pascoe JE, Zygmunt A, Ehsan Z, Gurbani N. Sleep in pediatric neuromuscular disorders. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2023; 48:101092. [PMID: 38065635 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2023.101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is prevalent among children with neuromuscular disorders (NMD). The combination of respiratory muscle weakness, altered drive, and chest wall distortion due to scoliosis make sleep a stressful state in this population. Symptomatology can range from absent to snoring, nocturnal awakenings, morning headaches, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Sequelae of untreated SDB includes cardiovascular effects, metabolic derangements, and neurocognitive concerns which can be compounded by those innate to the NMD. The clinician should have a low threshold for obtaining polysomnography and recognize the nuances of individual disorders due to disproportionately impacted muscle groups such as hypoventilation in ambulating patients from diaphragm weakness. Non-invasive or invasive ventilation are the mainstay of treatment. In this review we explore the diagnosis and treatment of SDB in children with various NMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Pascoe
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Alexander Zygmunt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Zarmina Ehsan
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Neepa Gurbani
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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26
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Isaiah A, Teplitzky TB, Dontu P, Saini S, Som M, Pereira KD, Bortfeld H. Resting-State Cerebral Hemodynamics is Associated With Problem Behaviors in Pediatric Sleep-Disordered Breathing. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 169:1290-1298. [PMID: 37078337 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Untreated sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with problem behaviors in children. The neurological basis for this relationship is unknown. We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to assess the relationship between cerebral hemodynamics of the frontal lobe of the brain and problem behaviors in children with SDB. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Urban tertiary care academic children's hospital and affiliated sleep center. METHODS We enrolled children with SDB aged 5 to 16 years old referred for polysomnography. We measured fNIRS-derived cerebral hemodynamics within the frontal lobe during polysomnography. We assessed parent-reported problem behaviors using the Behavioral Response Inventory of Executive Function Second Edition (BRIEF-2). We compared the relationships between (i) the instability in cerebral perfusion in the frontal lobe measured fNIRS, (ii) SDB severity using apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and (iii) BRIEF-2 clinical scales using Pearson correlation (r). A p < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS A total of 54 children were included. The average age was 7.8 (95% confidence interval, 7.0-8.7) years; 26 (48%) were boys and 25 (46%) were Black. The mean AHI was 9.9 (5.7-14.1). There is a statistically significant inverse relationship between the coefficient of variation of perfusion in the frontal lobe and BRIEF-2 clinical scales (range of r = 0.24-0.49, range of p = .076 to <.001). The correlations between AHI and BRIEF-2 scales were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION These results provide preliminary evidence for fNIRS as a child-friendly biomarker for the assessment of adverse outcomes of SDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Isaiah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Taylor B Teplitzky
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pragnya Dontu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sumeet Saini
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Som
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin D Pereira
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Bortfeld
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA
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27
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Aubertin G, Akkari M, Andrieux A, Colas des Francs C, Fauroux B, Franco P, Gagnadoux F, de Santerre OG, Grollemund B, Hartley S, Jaffuel D, Lafond L, Schröder CM, Schweitzer C, Charley-Monaca C. Management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome type 1 in children and adolescents - A French consensus. Arch Pediatr 2023; 30:510-516. [PMID: 37537084 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This document is the outcome of a group of experts brought together at the request of the French Society of Sleep Research and Medicine to provide recommendations for the management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome type 1 (OSA1) in children. The recommendations are based on shared experience and published literature. OSA1 is suspected when several nighttime respiratory symptoms related to upper airway obstruction are identified on clinical history taking. A specialist otolaryngologist examination, including nasofibroscopy, is essential during diagnosis. A sleep study for OSA1 is not mandatory when at least two nighttime symptoms (including snoring) are noted. Therapeutic management must be individualized according to the location of the obstruction. Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgery is often required, as hypertrophy of the lymphoid tissues is the main cause of OSA1 in children. According to clinical findings, orthodontic treatment generally associated with specialized orofacial-myofunctional therapy might also be indicated. Whatever treatment is chosen, follow-up must be continuous and multidisciplinary, in a network of trained specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aubertin
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Armand Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, 75012, France; Centre de recherche Saint Antoine (CRSA), INSERM UMR-S 938, Paris, 75012, France; Centre de pneumologie de l'enfant, Ramsay Générale de Santé, Boulogne-Billancourt, 92100, France.
| | - M Akkari
- Ear, Nose and Throat & Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - A Andrieux
- Cabinet de pneumo-pédiatrie et somnologie pédiatrique, Mérignac, 33700, France; Pôle d'Exploration des Apnées du Sommeil (PEAS), Nouvelle Clinique Bel Air, Bordeaux, 33200, France; Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital Pellegrin - Enfants, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - C Colas des Francs
- Pediatric Sleep Unit, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, 69500, France; Réseau Morphée, Garches, 92380, France
| | - B Fauroux
- Pediatric Noninvasive Ventilation and Sleep Unit, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, 75015, France; VIFASOM, University of Paris Cité, Paris, 75004, France
| | - P Franco
- Pediatric Sleep Unit, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, 69500, France; Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal Systems, CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 University of Lyon 1, Bron, 69675, France
| | - F Gagnadoux
- Department of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, 49000, France; INSERM 1083, UMR CNRS 6015, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University of Angers, Angers, 49000, France
| | | | - B Grollemund
- Department of Dental-Facial Orthopedics, Pole of Bucco Dentaries' Medicine and Surgery, Cleft Competence Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - S Hartley
- Réseau Morphée, Garches, 92380, France; Sleep Unit, Department of Physiology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, Garches, 92380, France
| | - D Jaffuel
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France; PhyMedExp, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier University, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - L Lafond
- Oro-myofunctional Therapy Office, Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - C M Schröder
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Strasbourg University and Strasbourg University Hospitals, Strasbourg, 67000, France; CNRS UPR 3212, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg, 67000, France; Sleep Disorders Center & CIRCSom (International Research Center for ChronoSomnology), Strasbourg University Hospitals, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - C Schweitzer
- Children's Medicine, Department of Pediatric Lung Function Testing, Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, 54501, France; EA3450 Développement Adaptation et Handicap (DevAH), University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, 54505, France
| | - C Charley-Monaca
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology-Sleep Disorders Unit, University of Lille, University Hospital of Lille, and U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neurosciences & Cognition, Lille, 59000, France
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28
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MacLean JE, Fauroux B. Long-term non-invasive ventilation in children: Transition from hospital to home. Paediatr Respir Rev 2023; 47:3-10. [PMID: 36806331 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is an accepted therapy for sleep-related respiratory disorders and respiratory insufficiency or failure. Increase in the use of long-term NIV may, in part, be driven by an increase in the number of children surviving critical illness with comorbidities. As a result, some children start on long-term NIV as part of transitioning from hospital to home. NIV may be used in acute illness to avoid intubation, facilitate extubation or support tracheostomy decannulation, and to avoid the need for a tracheostomy for long-term invasive ventilation. The decision about whether long-term NIV is appropriate for an individual child and their family needs to be made with care. Preparing for transition from the hospital to home involves understanding how NIV equipment is obtained and set-up, education and training for parents/caregivers, and arranging a plan for clinical follow-up. While planning for these transitions is challenging, the goals of a shorter time in hospital and a child living well at home with their family are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E MacLean
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada; Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Canada; Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brigitte Fauroux
- Pediatric Noninvasive Ventilation and Sleep Unit, Necker University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Université de Paris, EA 7330 VIFASOM, F-75004 Paris, France
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29
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Truitt BA, Kallam EF, Price EW, Shah AS, Simon DM, Kasi AS. Outpatient Utilization of the RAM Cannula for Nasal Noninvasive Ventilation in Children. Clin Med Insights Pediatr 2023; 17:11795565231192965. [PMID: 37600750 PMCID: PMC10439674 DOI: 10.1177/11795565231192965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The RAM cannula® consists of nasal prongs that can be used to administer oxygen, continuous, and bilevel positive airway pressure therapies. Studies have reported the efficacy and utility of the RAM cannula in inpatients requiring noninvasive ventilation (NIV); however, there is limited literature on the use of the RAM cannula to provide NIV in the outpatient setting. Objectives This study aimed to describe the clinical features and outcomes of children who used NIV via RAM cannula in the outpatient setting. Design Retrospective review. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of children treated with outpatient NIV via RAM cannula at our institution between January 2010 and March 2023. The analyzed data included age, diagnoses, indications for NIV, duration of RAM cannula use, complications, and outcomes at 6 months. Results We identified 20 patients who used outpatient NIV via RAM cannula during the study period. The median age at initiation of NIV via RAM cannula was 5.8 months (IQR 2.4-9.9 months). Indications for NIV included sleep-related hypoventilation (15%), restrictive lung disease (25%), obstructive sleep apnea (45%), and chronic respiratory failure (50%), with 6 patients having ⩾2 indications for NIV. RAM cannula was utilized for inability to tolerate conventional NIV interfaces (80%), to alleviate dyspnea (60%), and to avoid tracheostomy (55%). Patients used NIV via RAM cannula for a median duration of 7.7 months (IQR 3.7-20.6 months). Patient outcomes included ongoing usage of RAM cannula (55%), changing to conventional NIV interfaces (15%) or oxygen (10%), weaning off respiratory support (5%), and death (15%). There were no complications related to using the RAM cannula. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the utility of outpatient NIV via RAM cannula in children with a variety of diagnoses until clinical improvement or tolerance of conventional interfaces, and for avoidance of tracheostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Truitt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin F Kallam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric W Price
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amit S Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dawn M Simon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ajay S Kasi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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30
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Chang JL, Goldberg AN, Alt JA, Alzoubaidi M, Ashbrook L, Auckley D, Ayappa I, Bakhtiar H, Barrera JE, Bartley BL, Billings ME, Boon MS, Bosschieter P, Braverman I, Brodie K, Cabrera-Muffly C, Caesar R, Cahali MB, Cai Y, Cao M, Capasso R, Caples SM, Chahine LM, Chang CP, Chang KW, Chaudhary N, Cheong CSJ, Chowdhuri S, Cistulli PA, Claman D, Collen J, Coughlin KC, Creamer J, Davis EM, Dupuy-McCauley KL, Durr ML, Dutt M, Ali ME, Elkassabany NM, Epstein LJ, Fiala JA, Freedman N, Gill K, Boyd Gillespie M, Golisch L, Gooneratne N, Gottlieb DJ, Green KK, Gulati A, Gurubhagavatula I, Hayward N, Hoff PT, Hoffmann OM, Holfinger SJ, Hsia J, Huntley C, Huoh KC, Huyett P, Inala S, Ishman SL, Jella TK, Jobanputra AM, Johnson AP, Junna MR, Kado JT, Kaffenberger TM, Kapur VK, Kezirian EJ, Khan M, Kirsch DB, Kominsky A, Kryger M, Krystal AD, Kushida CA, Kuzniar TJ, Lam DJ, Lettieri CJ, Lim DC, Lin HC, Liu SY, MacKay SG, Magalang UJ, Malhotra A, Mansukhani MP, Maurer JT, May AM, Mitchell RB, Mokhlesi B, Mullins AE, Nada EM, Naik S, Nokes B, Olson MD, Pack AI, Pang EB, Pang KP, Patil SP, Van de Perck E, Piccirillo JF, Pien GW, Piper AJ, Plawecki A, Quigg M, Ravesloot MJ, Redline S, Rotenberg BW, Ryden A, Sarmiento KF, Sbeih F, Schell AE, Schmickl CN, Schotland HM, Schwab RJ, Seo J, Shah N, Shelgikar AV, Shochat I, Soose RJ, Steele TO, Stephens E, Stepnowsky C, Strohl KP, Sutherland K, Suurna MV, Thaler E, Thapa S, Vanderveken OM, de Vries N, Weaver EM, Weir ID, Wolfe LF, Tucker Woodson B, Won CH, Xu J, Yalamanchi P, Yaremchuk K, Yeghiazarians Y, Yu JL, Zeidler M, Rosen IM. International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13:1061-1482. [PMID: 36068685 PMCID: PMC10359192 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation and interpretation of the literature on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) allows for consolidation and determination of the key factors important for clinical management of the adult OSA patient. Toward this goal, an international collaborative of multidisciplinary experts in sleep apnea evaluation and treatment have produced the International Consensus statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (ICS:OSA). METHODS Using previously defined methodology, focal topics in OSA were assigned as literature review (LR), evidence-based review (EBR), or evidence-based review with recommendations (EBR-R) formats. Each topic incorporated the available and relevant evidence which was summarized and graded on study quality. Each topic and section underwent iterative review and the ICS:OSA was created and reviewed by all authors for consensus. RESULTS The ICS:OSA addresses OSA syndrome definitions, pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors for disease, screening methods, diagnostic testing types, multiple treatment modalities, and effects of OSA treatment on multiple OSA-associated comorbidities. Specific focus on outcomes with positive airway pressure (PAP) and surgical treatments were evaluated. CONCLUSION This review of the literature consolidates the available knowledge and identifies the limitations of the current evidence on OSA. This effort aims to create a resource for OSA evidence-based practice and identify future research needs. Knowledge gaps and research opportunities include improving the metrics of OSA disease, determining the optimal OSA screening paradigms, developing strategies for PAP adherence and longitudinal care, enhancing selection of PAP alternatives and surgery, understanding health risk outcomes, and translating evidence into individualized approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolie L. Chang
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Liza Ashbrook
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Indu Ayappa
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Maurits S. Boon
- Sidney Kimmel Medical Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pien Bosschieter
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Itzhak Braverman
- Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera Technion, Faculty of Medicine, Hadera, Israel
| | - Kara Brodie
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ray Caesar
- Stone Oak Orthodontics, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yi Cai
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susmita Chowdhuri
- Wayne State University and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter A. Cistulli
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Claman
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacob Collen
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Eric M. Davis
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Mohan Dutt
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mazen El Ali
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kirat Gill
- Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | - Lea Golisch
- University Hospital Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Arushi Gulati
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Paul T. Hoff
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Oliver M.G. Hoffmann
- University Hospital Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer Hsia
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colin Huntley
- Sidney Kimmel Medical Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Sanjana Inala
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Meena Khan
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Alan Kominsky
- Cleveland Clinic Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Meir Kryger
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Derek J. Lam
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Atul Malhotra
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Joachim T. Maurer
- University Hospital Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna M. May
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ron B. Mitchell
- University of Texas, Southwestern and Children’s Medical Center Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Brandon Nokes
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Allan I. Pack
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Quigg
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Susan Redline
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Armand Ryden
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Firas Sbeih
- Cleveland Clinic Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiyeon Seo
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Neomi Shah
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan J. Soose
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Erika Stephens
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Erica Thaler
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sritika Thapa
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Nico de Vries
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ian D. Weir
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Josie Xu
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilene M. Rosen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Teplitzky TB, Zauher AJ, Isaiah A. Alternatives to Polysomnography for the Diagnosis of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13111956. [PMID: 37296808 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) requires hospital-based, overnight level I polysomnography (PSG). Obtaining a level I PSG can be challenging for children and their caregivers due to the costs, barriers to access, and associated discomfort. Less burdensome methods that approximate pediatric PSG data are needed. The goal of this review is to evaluate and discuss alternatives for evaluating pediatric SDB. To date, wearable devices, single-channel recordings, and home-based PSG have not been validated as suitable replacements for PSG. However, they may play a role in risk stratification or as screening tools for pediatric OSA. Further studies are needed to determine if the combined use of these metrics could predict OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor B Teplitzky
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Audrey J Zauher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Amal Isaiah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Long B, McKinlay A, Arora S, Foster S, Hansen S. Lost to follow-up: Post-operative polysomnography in at-risk, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 170:111581. [PMID: 37187142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analyze adherence to AASM recommendations for post-operative polysomnography in eligible pediatric patients. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Cohort. SETTING Tertiary, Outpatient Sleep Lab. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of pediatric patients, ages 1-17, previously diagnosed with moderate-severe obstructive sleep apnea that completed a surgical intervention. Chart review included demographic data, a co-morbidity of interest, the presence of an otolaryngology, primary care, or sleep medicine encounter, time to follow-up, the presence of a post-operative polysomnography, time to post-operative polysomnography, and the presence of an annual follow-up with any provider. RESULTS Of the 373 patients, 67 patients met inclusion criteria. Fifty-nine followed-up with any provider, with 21 completing post-operative polysomnography. Patients with residual or recurrent symptoms (p < 0.01) and all patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea (p = 0.04) were more likely to complete post-operative polysomnography (PSG). Sub-analysis across at-risk categories (isolated moderate, isolated severe, moderate & a co-morbidity, and severe & a co-morbidity) revealed patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea & a co-morbidity completed a follow-up PSG more often than isolated moderate obstructive sleep apnea (p = 0.01). There was a difference in follow-up with sleep medicine across at-risk categories (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Recurrent symptoms and increasing disease severity were associated with obtaining post-operative polysomnography. However, variability existed for which patients completed post-operative polysomnography. We speculate an inconsistent standard across disciplines, inadequate post-operative obstructive sleep apnea management education, and uncoordinated systemic processes contribute to this discrepancy. Our findings support a standardized, multi-disciplinary care pathway for the management of at-risk, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Long
- San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Alex McKinlay
- San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Subodh Arora
- San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Foster
- San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shana Hansen
- San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Matarese CA, Patel N, Lloyd RM, Sorensen C, Morgenthaler TI, Baughn JM. The impact of obstructive sleep apnea screening guidelines in a population-based, midwestern cohort of children with Down Syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 168:111546. [PMID: 37058866 PMCID: PMC10593252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE /Background: The high rate of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in Down Syndrome (DS) is well described in the literature. The impact of the 2011 screening guidelines has not been fully evaluated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the 2011 screening guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a community cohort of children with Down Syndrome. PATIENTS/METHODS This is a retrospective, observational study conducted on 85 individuals with DS born between 1995 and 2011 in a nine-county region of southeast Minnesota. The Rochester Epidemiological Project (REP) Database was used to identify these individuals. RESULTS /Conclusions: Sixty-four percent of the patients with DS had OSA. Post guideline publication, the median age at OSA diagnosis was higher (5.9 years; p = 0.003) and polysomnography (PSG) was used more often to establish the diagnosis. Most children underwent first line therapy with adenotonsillectomy. There was a high degree of residual OSA after surgery (65%). There were trends post guideline publication towards increased PSG use and for consideration of additional therapy beyond adenotonsillectomy. The use of PSG before and after first line treatment for OSA in children with DS is needed due to the high rate of residual OSA. Unexpectedly, in our study, the age at OSA diagnosis was higher after guideline publication. Continued assessment of clinical impact and refinement of these guidelines will be of benefit to individuals with DS given the prevalence and longitudinal nature of OSA in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Matarese
- Mayo Clinic Center for Sleep Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Nisha Patel
- Mayo Clinic Center for Sleep Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Robin M Lloyd
- Mayo Clinic Center for Sleep Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Channing Sorensen
- Mayo Clinic Center for Sleep Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | | | - Julie M Baughn
- Mayo Clinic Center for Sleep Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Sowho MO, Koehl R, Shade R, Judge E, Woo H, Wu TD, Brigham EP, Hansel NN, Tversky J, Sterni LM, McCormack MC. Obstructive sleep apnea screening in children with asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol 2023; 58:1683-1690. [PMID: 36852547 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Obstructive sleep apnea is highly prevalent in children with asthma, particularly in obese children. The sleep-related breathing disorder screening questionnaire has low screening accuracy for obstructive sleep apnea in children with asthma. Our goal was to identify the questions on the sleep-related breathing disorder survey associated with obstructive sleep apnea in children with asthma. METHODS Participants completed the survey, underwent polysomnography and their body mass index z-score was measured. Participants with survey scores above 0.33 were considered high risk for obstructive sleep apnea and those with an apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 2 events/h classified as having obstructive sleep apnea. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of each survey question and obstructive sleep apnea. Positive and negative predictive values were calculated to estimate screening accuracy. RESULTS The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea was 40% in our sample (n = 136). Loud snoring, morning dry mouth, and being overweight were the survey questions associated with obstructive sleep apnea. The composite survey score obtained from all 22 questions had positive and negative predictive values of 51.0% and 65.5%, while the combined model of loud snoring, morning dry mouth, and being overweight had positive and negative predictive values of 60.3% and 77.6%. On the other hand, the body mass index z-score alone had positive and negative predictive values of 76.3% and 72.2%. CONCLUSIONS The body mass index z-score is useful for obstructive sleep apnea screening in children with asthma and should be applied routinely given its simplicity and concerns that obstructive sleep apnea may contribute to asthma morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudiaga O Sowho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachelle Koehl
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Shade
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eliza Judge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Han Woo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tianshi David Wu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily P Brigham
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nadia N Hansel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jody Tversky
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura M Sterni
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith C McCormack
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Bucci R, Rongo R, Zunino B, Michelotti A, Bucci P, Alessandri-Bonetti G, Incerti-Parenti S, D'Antò V. Effect of orthopedic and functional orthodontic treatment in children with obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2023; 67:101730. [PMID: 36525781 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic treatment is suggested in growing individuals to correct transverse maxillary deficiency and mandibular retrusion. Since, as a secondary effect, these orthodontic procedures may improve pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), this systematic review assessed their effects on apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen saturation (SaO2). Twenty-five (25) manuscripts were included for qualitative synthesis, 19 were selected for quantitative synthesis. Five interventions were analyzed: rapid maxillary expansion (RME, 15 studies), mandibular advancement (MAA, five studies), myofunctional therapy (MT, four studies), and RME combined with MAA (one study). RME produced a significant AHI reduction and minimum SaO2 increase immediately after active treatment, at six and 12 months from baseline. A significant AHI reduction was also observed six and 12 months after the beginning of MAA treatment. MT showed positive effects, with different protocols. In this systematic review and meta-analysis of data from mainly uncontrolled studies, interceptive orthodontic treatments showed overall favorable effects on respiratory outcomes in pediatric OSA. However, due to the low to very low level of the body evidence, this treatment cannot be suggested as elective for OSA treatment. An orthodontic indication is needed to support this therapy and a careful monitoring is required to ensure positive improvement in OSA parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Bucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Temporomandibular Disorders, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Rongo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Temporomandibular Disorders, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Benedetta Zunino
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Temporomandibular Disorders, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ambrosina Michelotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Temporomandibular Disorders, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Bucci
- Department of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Alessandri-Bonetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Section of Orthodontics and Sleep Dentistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Serena Incerti-Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Section of Orthodontics and Sleep Dentistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo D'Antò
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Temporomandibular Disorders, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Arzilli C, Annunziata M, Ernst CM, Peruzzi M, Macucci C, Pochesci S, Nassi N. Inter-hospital cardiorespiratory telemonitoring of newborns and infants: a wellworking example of a hub and spoke network. Ital J Pediatr 2023; 49:5. [PMID: 36635722 PMCID: PMC9837930 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients who experience cardiorespiratory events usually have to be moved to specialized centers to perform cardiorespiratory studies. To avoid the transfer of these patients to specialized centers, a network has been created based on an interchange system, where the recordings were uploaded in unspecialized centers (spokes) and downloaded by the Sleep Disorders Breathing (SDB) Center (hub) to be analyzed. METHODS The inter-hospital network was established in November 2008. Initially only 3 non-tertiary hospitals in the Tuscany Region joined the network. Currently, 12 Tuscany hospitals are included. RESULTS From November 2008 to December 2020, 625 recordings were collected belonging to 422 infants. No recurrent life-threatening episode or infant death occurred in the study population and none of the infants needed to be readmitted or be moved to a tertiary center, except infants who underwent home monitoring. The discharge diagnoses belong to the following categories: apnoea, respiratory problem of the newborn, syncope, gastroesophageal reflux, altered consciousness, transient loss of consciousness and cyanosis. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the inter-hospital network is an efficient system that allows accurate and safe management of infants at risk for apnoea, bradycardia, and hypoxemia to remain in unspecialized centers, avoiding unnecessary transfers of patients and over - hospitalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Arzilli
- grid.413181.e0000 0004 1757 8562Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Sleep Disorder Breathing and SIDS Center, Viale Pieraccini, 24, Florence, 50139 Italy
| | - Monica Annunziata
- grid.413181.e0000 0004 1757 8562Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Sleep Disorder Breathing and SIDS Center, Viale Pieraccini, 24, Florence, 50139 Italy
| | - Carola-Maria Ernst
- grid.413181.e0000 0004 1757 8562Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Sleep Disorder Breathing and SIDS Center, Viale Pieraccini, 24, Florence, 50139 Italy
| | - Marta Peruzzi
- grid.413181.e0000 0004 1757 8562Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Sleep Disorder Breathing and SIDS Center, Viale Pieraccini, 24, Florence, 50139 Italy
| | - Chiara Macucci
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Paediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Saverio Pochesci
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Paediatrics, Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Nassi
- grid.413181.e0000 0004 1757 8562Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Sleep Disorder Breathing and SIDS Center, Viale Pieraccini, 24, Florence, 50139 Italy
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Qian ZJ, Howard JM, Cohen SM, Jin MC, Bhargava S, Cheng AG, Valdez TA. Use of Polysomnography and CPAP in Children Who Received Adenotonsillectomy, US 2004 to 2018. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:184-188. [PMID: 35285524 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 1) To determine the prevalence polysomnogram (PSG) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy use in children who received adenotonsillectomy (AT) for sleep symptoms. 2) To identify health care disparities in these regards. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective database analysis. METHODS This study used data from Optum (Health Services Innovation Company) to identify 92,490 children who received AT for sleep symptoms between 2004 and 2018. Prevalence of preoperative PSG and postoperative PSG and CPAP were described. Clinical and demographic characteristics were compared between children who had preoperative PSG and those who did not. Characteristics of children with trisomy 21 (T21) were compared to assess PSG and CPAP use in a high-risk cohort. Predictive modeling was used to identify patient characteristics associated with postoperative PSG and CPAP use. RESULTS Preoperative PSG was obtained in 5.5% of children overall and 33.2% of children with T21. Male sex, obesity, other medical comorbidities, non-White race/ethnicity, and higher parent education were associated with preoperative PSG. Fewer than 3% of children received postoperative PSGs and approximately 3% went on to receive CPAP therapy postoperatively. Multiple logistic regression showed that age at surgery, male sex, obesity, other medical comorbidities, non-White race/ethnicity, and higher parent education were associated with postoperative PSG and CPAP use. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study described the prevalence pre-AT PSG use and post-AT PSG and CPAP use for persistent symptoms and identified sleep health care disparities in these regards. These results show that increased, equitable access to PSG is needed in children, particularly in the workup and treatment persistent symptoms after AT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 133:184-188, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jason Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Javier M Howard
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Michael C Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Sumit Bhargava
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Tulio A Valdez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
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Johnson ZJ, Lestrud SO, Hauck A. Current understanding of the role of sleep-disordered breathing in pediatric pulmonary hypertension. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2022.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hassinger AB, Berger JA, Aljohani OA, Kudchadkar SR. Post-operative sleep and activity patterns in critically ill children after cardiac surgery. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2022.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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40
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Jurado MJ, Sampol G, Quintana M, Romero O, Cambrodí R, Ferré A, Sampol J. Nasal cannula use during polysomnography in children aged under three with suspected sleep apnea. Sleep Med 2022; 99:41-48. [PMID: 35947888 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is important. The use of a nasal cannula as an airflow sensor during polysomnography has not been evaluated in younger children. The study aims to evaluate the use of nasal cannula in detecting respiratory events in children under three with suspected OSA during daytime nap studies. METHODS A total of 185 patients were prospectively included. Respiratory events were scored using nasal cannula alone, thermistor alone, and both methods simultaneously as the airflow sensor. Agreement and diagnostic accuracy were assessed. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-two children were finally analyzed and 110 (64.0%) presented OSA. Total sleep time with an uninterpretable signal was longer with the nasal cannula than with the thermistor (17.8% vs 1.9%; p < 0.001), and was associated with poor sensor tolerance and adenotonsillar hypertrophy. In the estimation of the apnea-hypopnea index, the nasal cannula showed lower agreement than the thermistor with the joint use of the two sensors (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.79 vs 0.996 with thermistor). Compared with the thermistor, the nasal cannula presented lower sensitivity for detecting OSA (82.7% vs 95.5%) and a lower negative predictive value (76.5% vs 92.4%). Overall, fewer children were diagnosed with severe OSA with the nasal cannula (19.8% vs 30.8% with the thermistor, and 32.6% with both). CONCLUSIONS In children under the age of three, the ability of the nasal cannula to detect obstructive events was relatively low. Therefore, other non-invasive measurements for identifying respiratory events during sleep may be of additional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Jurado
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Multidisciplinary Sleep Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de la Salud Carlos III (ISCIIII), Avenida de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Sampol
- Department of Respiratory Care, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Multidisciplinary Sleep Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de la Salud Carlos III (ISCIIII), Avenida de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Quintana
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Odile Romero
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Multidisciplinary Sleep Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de la Salud Carlos III (ISCIIII), Avenida de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Roser Cambrodí
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Multidisciplinary Sleep Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de la Salud Carlos III (ISCIIII), Avenida de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alex Ferré
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Multidisciplinary Sleep Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Júlia Sampol
- Department of Respiratory Care, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Multidisciplinary Sleep Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de la Salud Carlos III (ISCIIII), Avenida de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Ryu G, Kim HY, Choi JH. Associations of respiratory mechanic instability with respiratory parameters in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 159:111208. [PMID: 35728462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of respiratory mechanic instability (RMI) in the diagnosis of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). We sought to evaluate the correlations of RMI with sleep-related parameters and determine the effectiveness of using RMI for diagnosing OSAS in children. METHODS Children who underwent polysomnography (PSG) for various reasons were enrolled in this study. Patients' clinical and PSG data at two university hospitals were reviewed retrospectively. During PSG, RMI parameters were automatically calculated according to the phase relationship between thoracic and abdominal movement signals. RESULTS Among 263 children who underwent PSG, 183 (70.4%) were diagnosed with OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥ 1). RMI parameters were higher in the OSAS group than in the control group. They also tended to increase with disease severity. RMI scores were well correlated with respiratory parameters, showing a stronger correlation in those with moderate or severe OSAS without central apnea. Areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUROCs) of RMI indicators were over 0.65. The percentage of RMI in stage duration showed the highest value of the AUROCs. CONCLUSION Paradoxical thoraco-abdominal movement assessed by RMI provides additional information. It may be useful in diagnosing OSAS in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwanghui Ryu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo Yeol Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Ho Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Chang CW, Chang CH, Chuang HY, Cheng HY, Lin CI, Chen HT, Yang CC. What is the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) and possible obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Environ Health 2022; 21:58. [PMID: 35710478 PMCID: PMC9202174 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association between smoking and sleep apnea is well-known from previous studies. However, the influence of secondhand smoke (SHS), which is a potential risk factor of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between SHS and OSA using a meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the meta-analysis, searches were performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases on January 10, 2022, by combining various keywords including "SHS exposure" and "OSA". Data were extracted using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fixed-effects model meta-analyses were used to pool risk ratio (RR) estimates with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). I2 was used to assess heterogeneity. Moreover, we performed subgroup meta-analyses of children-adults, and smoker fathers and mothers. RESULTS In total, 267 articles were obtained through an electronic search. Twenty-six articles were included in our analysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We found evidence of an association between SHS exposure and possible OSA (RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.44-1.88). The results of the subgroup analyses showed that children passive smokers (RR 1.84, 95% CI 1.60-2.13) were at greater risks of possible OSA than adult passive smokers (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.21-1.50). Also, significant differences were observed in mothers with smoking exposure (RR 2.61, 95% CI 1.62-4.21, p < 0.0001), as well as in fathers with smoking exposure (RR 2.15, 95% CI 0.98-4.72, p = 0.06). SHORT CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis confirmed that SHS exposure is significantly associated with OSA. In the subgroup analyses, the association of SHS and possible OSA was significant in both children and adults, as well as in smoker mothers and fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Chang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiung Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chuang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, and Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yun Cheng
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Lin
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Tai Chen
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Chen-Cheng Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Duis J, Pullen LC, Picone M, Friedman N, Hawkins S, Sannar E, Pfalzer AC, Shelton AR, Singh D, Zee PC, Glaze DG, Revana A. Diagnosis and management of sleep disorders in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med 2022; 18:1687-1696. [PMID: 35172921 PMCID: PMC9163612 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical experience and a growing body of evidence suggest that sleep disturbances are common in people with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). PWS is a rare neuroendocrine disorder characterized by early hypotonia and feeding difficulties; developmental delays; endocrinopathies; and behavioral concerns, especially rigidity, anxiety, and behavioral outbursts. PWS is also characterized by decreased resting energy expenditure and transition to hyperphagia and obesity. We propose that, for many people with PWS, clinical diagnosis and management of sleep disorders is an unmet need. We present current information to suggest disordered sleep is a significant burden for individuals with PWS and often overlooked. While central and obstructive sleep apnea are more widely recognized in PWS, other sleep disorders have increasingly gained recognition, including hypersomnia, narcolepsy-like phenotypes, and insomnia. Sleep disorders can impact behavior, cognition, and quality of life and health for individuals with PWS. Our goal is to bring sleep disorders to the forefront of therapeutic intervention for patients with PWS. This paper presents a review of the literature and recommendations for clinical practice based on published research and our clinical experience as sleep specialists, geneticists, psychiatrists, pediatricians, otolaryngologists, and pulmonologists with extensive experience with this patient population. We recommend that management of sleep be considered an integral part of successful medical management of PWS. Further research concerning sleep problems in PWS is urgently needed to develop best practices and work toward a consensus statement for medical management to meet the needs of people with PWS. CITATION Duis J, Pullen LC, Picone M, et al. Diagnosis and management of sleep disorders in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(6):1687-1696.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Duis
- Section of Genetics and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Section of Pediatrics Special Care Clinic, Prader-Willi Syndrome Multidisciplinary Clinic, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,Address correspondence to: Jessica Duis, MD, MS, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Genetics, Section of Genetics and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Section of Pediatrics Special Care Clinic, Director, Prader-Willi Syndrome Multidisciplinary Clinic, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045; Tel: (303) 724-2370;
| | | | | | - Norman Friedman
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephen Hawkins
- Breathing Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elise Sannar
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Deepan Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Phyllis C. Zee
- Department of Neurology, Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel G. Glaze
- The Children’s Sleep Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Amee Revana
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Kaplan A, Ulualp SO. Assessment of Central Sleep Apnea Events in Children with Sleep-Disordered Breathing. SLEEP DISORDERS 2022; 2022:2590337. [PMID: 35619739 PMCID: PMC9130007 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2590337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To determine the prevalence of central apnea (CA) events and central sleep apnea (CSA) in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and to assess the effect of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (TA) on CSA in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Material and Methods. The medical charts of children with SDB were reviewed to obtain information on past medical history, polysomnography (PSG) findings, and surgical management. Counts and indexes of obstructive apnea, obstructive hypopnea, and central apnea were evaluated before and after TA. The prevalence of CSA and the effect of age, gender, obesity, and comorbid conditions on CSA were assessed in children with SDB as well as in children with PSG proven OSA. Results Seven hundred twelve children with SDB (age range: 1 to 18 yrs, mean: 5.8 ± 3.4) were identified. CA events occurred in 640 of 712 (89.5%) patients. Of the 712 patients, 315 (44.2%) met the criteria for the diagnosis of CSA. CSA was more prevalent in toddlers and preschoolers (p < 0.001). Obese children had a higher prevalence of CSA compared to nonobese children (p < 0.001). The prevalence of CSA in patients with OSA was 45.4%. The number of CA events, CAI, and OAHI after TA was less than that of before TA (p < 0.001). Residual CSA after TA occurred in 20 children (26%). Conclusion Central apnea events and central sleep apnea occur in children who present to a pediatric otolaryngology clinic for evaluation of sleep disordered breathing. Central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea both improve after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Kaplan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Seckin O. Ulualp
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Health Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Is it necessary to perform a follow-up study after adenotonsillectomy in all children with moderate-severe obstructive sleep apnoea? ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2022; 73:191-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otoeng.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Willis LD, Spray BJ, Scribner A, Pruss K, Jambhekar S. Outcomes of Pediatric Titration Sleep Studies Following Empirical Use of Positive Airway Pressure and the Effect on Adherence to Therapy. Respir Care 2022; 67:464-470. [PMID: 35042747 PMCID: PMC9994003 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.09521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is diagnosed through polysomnography (PSG) testing and commonly treated with positive airway pressure (PAP). The initial recommended treatment for pediatric OSA is adenotonsillectomy, but when this is contraindicated or ineffective, PAP is the next option. Children followed in our pediatric sleep disorders center who are diagnosed with OSA and meet criteria for therapy are empirically prescribed a PAP device, usually auto-titrating PAP (APAP), to avoid delays in therapy. Titration PSG is performed later to assess adequacy of settings. The aims of this study were to determine how often PSG titration results in changes to empirically prescribed PAP and to assess adherence to therapy before and after PSG titration. METHODS A retrospective medical records review was completed for children diagnosed with OSA, prescribed PAP, and had a titration PSG within a 5-y consecutive period of 2008-2012. Demographic data, type of device, pressure settings, and adherence downloads were reviewed. Adherence was assessed before and after titration overall and compared for those who did and did not have therapy changes following titration. RESULTS The study included 121 participants. Median age at the time of the diagnostic PSG was 11 (interquartile range [IQR] 8-14) y. Most (106, 88%) were initially prescribed APAP. Median length of time between initial and follow-up PSG was 6.4 (IQR 4.4-10.1) months. The majority (94, 78%) had therapy changes following titration. Overall, adherence percentage > 4 h per night was not significantly increased post titration (P = .47). There were no statistically significant differences in adherence between those who had therapy changes and those who did not (P = .26). CONCLUSIONS Titration studies resulted in therapy modifications for most children. Adherence was not increased following the titration PSG. Changes in therapy did not result in increased adherence. Titration PSGs may optimize empirically prescribed settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Denise Willis
- Respiratory Care Services, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Beverly J Spray
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - April Scribner
- Respiratory Care Services, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kristi Pruss
- Respiratory Care Services, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Supriya Jambhekar
- Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
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Abstract
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common entity that can cause both daytime and nighttime issues. Children with symptoms should be screened for OSA. If possible, polysomnography should be performed to evaluate symptomatic children. Depending on the severity, first-line options for treatment of pediatric OSA may include observation, weight loss, medication, or surgery. Even after adenotonsillectomy, about 20% of children will have persistent OSA. Sleep endoscopy and cine MRI are tools that may be used to identify sites of obstruction, which in turn can help in the selection of site-specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakkay Ngai
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital, Hackensack Meridian Children's Health, 30 Prospect Avenue, WFAN 3rd Floor, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
| | - Michael Chee
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital, Hackensack Meridian Children's Health, 30 Prospect Avenue, WFAN PC-311, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA.
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Green A, Nagel N, Kemer L, Dagan Y. Comparing in-lab full polysomnography for diagnosing sleep apnea in children to home sleep apnea tests (HSAT) with an online video attending technician. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2022; 20:397-401. [PMID: 35309258 PMCID: PMC8917253 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-022-00384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The main study aim was to compare the validity of children sleep apnea data obtained from standard polysomnography (PSG) to a home sleep apnea test (HSAT) accompanied by an attending online video technician. Our study population was comprised of 100 children, 54 boys and 46 girls, ages 3–11 (average age 5.2, SD 1.2) assigned randomly either to in-lab full PSG or to a HSAT with real-time, online technical support to rule out obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A t test comparison did not yield significant differences between data obtained from the in-lab PSG and HSAT with real-time, online, technical support for any of the following measures: Apnea–Hypopnea Index, Oxygen desaturation Index, baseline O2, or minimum O2 parameters. However, a significant difference was found for time in bed and total sleep time, which was significantly longer in the HAST. Online HSAT can provide a safe, convenient and a reliable way to perform sleep studies in young children for diagnosing OSA in their familiar home environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Green
- The Sleep and Fatigue Institute, Assuta Medical Center, 96 Yigal Alon Street, 67891 Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Research Institute of Applied Chronobiology, The Academic College of Tel-Hai, 1220800 Tel Hai, Israel
| | - Noam Nagel
- The Sleep and Fatigue Institute, Assuta Medical Center, 96 Yigal Alon Street, 67891 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lilach Kemer
- The Sleep and Fatigue Institute, Assuta Medical Center, 96 Yigal Alon Street, 67891 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaron Dagan
- The Sleep and Fatigue Institute, Assuta Medical Center, 96 Yigal Alon Street, 67891 Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Research Institute of Applied Chronobiology, The Academic College of Tel-Hai, 1220800 Tel Hai, Israel
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Kang M, Mo F, Witmans M, Santiago V, Tablizo MA. Trends in Diagnosing Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatrics. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9030306. [PMID: 35327678 PMCID: PMC8947481 DOI: 10.3390/children9030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea in children has been linked with behavioral and neurocognitive problems, impaired growth, cardiovascular morbidity, and metabolic consequences. Diagnosing children at a young age can potentially prevent significant morbidity associated with OSA. Despite the importance of taking a comprehensive sleep history and performing thorough physical examination to screen for signs and symptoms of OSA, these findings alone are inadequate for definitively diagnosing OSA. In-laboratory polysomnography (PSG) remains the gold standard of diagnosing pediatric OSA. However, there are limitations related to the attended in-lab polysomnography, such as limited access to a sleep center, the specialized training involved in studying children, the laborious nature of the test and social/economic barriers, which can delay diagnosis and treatment. There has been increasing research about utilizing alternative methods of diagnosis of OSA in children including home sleep testing, especially with the emergence of wearable technology. In this article, we aim to look at the presentation, physical exam, screening questionnaires and current different modalities used to aid in the diagnosis of OSA in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandip Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco-Fresno, Fresno, CA 93701, USA; (F.M.); (M.A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fan Mo
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco-Fresno, Fresno, CA 93701, USA; (F.M.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Manisha Witmans
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | | | - Mary Anne Tablizo
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco-Fresno, Fresno, CA 93701, USA; (F.M.); (M.A.T.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Valley Children’s Hospital, Madera, CA 93720, USA
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Gurbani N, Benscoter D, Torres-Silva C, Huang G, Hossain MM, Simakajornboon N. Utility of polysomnography for management of chronic invasive mechanical ventilation in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:560-566. [PMID: 34816625 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With advances in technology, pediatric patients are sent home with chronic invasive mechanical ventilation (CIMV). Ventilation optimization and preparation for weaning are essential processes, however, there is no standard approach to weaning and titrating ventilator settings in children. There is little information in the literature on the utility of polysomnography (PSG) in weaning and titration of CIMV. Our objective is to review the role of PSG on titration and weaning of CIMV in children. METHODS A retrospective review of medical records and polysomnograms was performed on CIMV dependent patients at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center from January 2011 to October 2017. Patients underwent overnight ventilator weaning or titration PSG. Subjects with less than 3 h of total sleep time were excluded. RESULTS About 163 PSGs were divided into 97 PSGs for ventilator titration and 66 PSGs for ventilator weaning. Of the 97 ventilator titration PSGs, 59 (60.8%) had inadequate ventilation, 10 (10.3%) had inadequate oxygenation, 22 (22.7%) had significant tracheostomy leak, 13 (13.4%) had autocycling, 3 (3.1%) had failure to trigger, 4 (4.1%) had central sleep apnea, and 24 (25.8%) had adequate ventilation on current ventilator settings. Of the 66 ventilator weaning PSGs, 48 (72.7%) weaned to lower ventilator settings or off ventilator support and 18 (27.3%) did not wean. DISCUSSION Our results indicate that PSG is useful in titration and weaning of ventilator settings in children with CIMV. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the subgroup of this population who would benefit most from PSG for assessment of adequate ventilator support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neepa Gurbani
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Dan Benscoter
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Cherie Torres-Silva
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Guixia Huang
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Md M Hossain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Narong Simakajornboon
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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