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van Gerwen M, Vasan V, Genden E, Saul SR. Human 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure and thyroid cancer risk. Toxicology 2023; 488:153474. [PMID: 36868552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidence has been steadily rising since the 1970s and exposure to environmental pollutants, including persistent organic pollutants such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other dioxins, has emerged as a potential explanation for this increase. This study aimed to summarize available human studies on the association between TCDD exposure and thyroid cancer. A systematic review of the literature was performed searching the National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases, through January 2022, using the following keywords: "thyroid", "2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin", "TCDD", "dioxin", and "Agent Orange". Six studies were included in this review. Three studies evaluated the acute exposure to the chemical factory accident in Seveso, Italy, and found a non-significant increase in the risk of thyroid cancer. Two studies investigating Agent Orange exposure among United States Vietnam War veterans found a significant risk of thyroid cancer following exposure. No association was found in one study evaluating TCDD exposure through herbicides. The current study highlights the limited information on the potential association between TCDD exposure and thyroid cancer and thus the need for future human studies, especially considering the persistent human exposure to dioxins in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike van Gerwen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Vikram Vasan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Genden
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shira R Saul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Endocrinology, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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2
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Warner M, Rauch S, Ames J, Mocarelli P, Brambilla P, Signorini S, Eskenazi B. Prenatal dioxin exposure and thyroid hormone levels in the Seveso second generation study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109280. [PMID: 32311913 PMCID: PMC7176740 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In animal studies, perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) alters thyroid homoeostasis and thyroid hormone concentrations; epidemiologic evidence is limited. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the association of prenatal exposure to TCDD with thyroid hormone concentrations in the Seveso Second Generation Study, a unique cohort of children born to TCDD-exposed women resulting from a 1976 chemical factory explosion in Seveso, Italy. METHODS We included 570 children (288 female, 282 male) with complete follow-up data, including a fasting blood draw. Serum levels of total and free thyroxine (T4), free triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured using immunoassays. We defined prenatal TCDD exposure as: 1) maternal initial TCDD concentration measured in serum collected soon after the explosion and 2) maternal TCDD estimated at pregnancy. RESULTS Compared to the lowest quartile (Q1), maternal initial serum TCDD was associated with lower free T3 (Q2: adj-β = -0.13, 95%CI -0.26, 0.00; Q3: adj-β = -0.22, 95%CI -0.35, -0.09; Q4: adj-β = -0.14, 95%CI -0.28, 0.00; p-trend = 0.02). In participants with high thyroid antibody status, inverse associations between maternal initial serum TCDD and free T3 were significantly stronger than in participants with normal antibody status (p-interaction = 0.02). We also observed a positive association between maternal initial serum TCDD and TSH concentrations in participants with high thyroid antibody status (Q2: adj-β = 11.4%, 95%CI -25.2, 66.1; Q3: adj-β = 49.0%, 95%CI 3.0, 115.5; Q4: adj-β = 105.5, 95%CI 36.6, 209.2; p-trend < 0.01) but not in those participants with normal antibody status (p-interaction < 0.01). Similar results were found for TCDD estimated at pregnancy. DISCUSSION Our results suggest prenatal exposure to TCDD, a potent endocrine-disrupting compound, may alter thyroid function later in life. Populations with additional thyroid stress may be particularly susceptible to in utero exposure of thyroid disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Warner
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Ames
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paolo Mocarelli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, School of Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Desio, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, School of Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Desio, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Signorini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, School of Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Desio, Milano, Italy
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Li AA, Makris SL, Marty MS, Strauss V, Gilbert ME, Blacker A, Zorrilla LM, Coder PS, Hannas B, Lordi S, Schneider S. Practical considerations for developmental thyroid toxicity assessments: What's working, what's not, and how can we do better? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:111-136. [PMID: 31018155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs; T3 and T4) play a role in development of cardiovascular, reproductive, immune and nervous systems. Thus, interpretation of TH changes from rodent studies (during pregnancy, in fetuses, neonates, and adults) is critical in hazard characterization and risk assessment. A roundtable session at the 2017 Society of Toxicology (SOT) meeting brought together academic, industry and government scientists to share knowledge and different perspectives on technical and data interpretation issues. Data from a limited group of laboratories were compiled for technical discussions on TH measurements, including good practices for reliable serum TH data. Inter-laboratory historical control data, derived from immunoassays or mass spectrometry methods, revealed: 1) assay sensitivities vary within and across methodologies; 2) TH variability is similar across animal ages; 3) laboratories generally achieve sufficiently sensitive TH quantitation levels, although issues remain for lower levels of serum TH and TSH in fetuses and postnatal day 4 pups; thus, assay sensitivity is critical at these life stages. Best practices require detailed validation of rat serum TH measurements across ages to establish assay sensitivity and precision, and identify potential matrix effects. Finally, issues related to data interpretation for biological understanding and risk assessment were discussed, but their resolution remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby A Li
- Exponent Inc., 1010 14th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94114, USA.
| | - Susan L Makris
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW 8623R, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - M Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Volker Strauss
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health Environmental Effects Research Lab, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, MD B105 05, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Ann Blacker
- Bayer CropScience, P.O. Box 12014, RTP, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | - Pragati S Coder
- Charles River Laboratories, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 1407 George Road, Ashland, OH, 44805, USA.
| | - Bethany Hannas
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Sheri Lordi
- Charles River Laboratories International, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, MA, 01887, USA.
| | - Steffen Schneider
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Zhang HJ, Liu YN, Xian P, Ma J, Sun YW, Chen JS, Chen X, Tang NJ. Maternal exposure to TCDD during gestation advanced sensory-motor development, but induced impairments of spatial learning and memory in adult male rat offspring. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:678-686. [PMID: 30176550 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) is an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) with high persistency. Even a low amount can pass the placental barrier during gestational exposure. Exposure to TCDD exposure can impair the development of the nervous system in children, leading to impaired learning ability in later-life. But the changes in neurobehavioral developments in infancy and childhood caused by TCDD are unknown. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given a consecutive daily dose of TCDD (200 or 800 ng/day/kg) or an equivalent volume of vehicle by gavage on gestational days 8-14 (GD 8-14) as the prenatal TCDD exposure model. In the offspring, early neurobehavioral development was assessed at postnatal day 5 (PND5) and eye-opening was monitored from PND10 onwards. Adult male offspring was tested by Morris Water Maze for spatial memory and learning ability evaluation. Hippocampus Nissl's staining and astrocyte GFAP immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the activity of astrocytes. The results of the behavioral tests showed that gestational TCDD exposure induced premature motor activity and earlier eyes-opening, but lead to serious deficits of spatial memory and learning ability in the adult male offspring. Morphology and number of neurons in the hippocampus CA1 region was not affected, while the activity of astrocytes in the same region was significantly reduced. These data indicate that perinatal TCDD exposure induced premature neurobehavioral development but impaired the spatial learning and memory in adult male rat offspring. The decreased activity of astrocytes in the hippocampus may play a role in these adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jing Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Ping Xian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Jing Ma
- Tianjin Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Ya-Wen Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Jing-Shan Chen
- Department of Technology and Science, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Nai-Jun Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Taft JD, Colonnetta MM, Schafer RE, Plick N, Powell WH. Dioxin Exposure Alters Molecular and Morphological Responses to Thyroid Hormone in Xenopus laevis Cultured Cells and Prometamorphic Tadpoles. Toxicol Sci 2018; 161:196-206. [PMID: 29294139 PMCID: PMC5837452 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibian metamorphosis is driven by thyroid hormone (TH). We used prometamorphic tadpoles and a cell line of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) to examine immediate effects of dioxin exposure on TH. Gene expression patterns suggest cross-talk between the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling pathways. In XLK-WG cells, expression of Cytochrome P450 1A6 (cyp1A6), an AHR target, was induced 1000-fold by 100 nM TCDD (2, 3, 7, 8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin). Krüppel-Like Factor 9 (klf9), the first gene induced in a cascade of TH responses tied to metamorphosis, was upregulated over 5-fold by 50 nM triiodothyronine (T3) and 2-fold by dioxin. Co-exposure to T3 and TCDD boosted both responses, further inducing cyp1A6 by 75% and klf9 about 60%. Additional canonical targets of each receptor, including trβa and trβb (TR) and udpgt1a (AHR) responded similarly. Induction of TH targets by TCDD in XLK-WG cells predicts that exposure could speed metamorphosis. We tested this hypothesis in two remodeling events: tail resorption and hind limb growth. Resorption of ex vivo cultured tails was accelerated by 10 nM T3, while a modest increase in resorption by 100 nM TCDD lacked statistical significance. Hind limbs doubled in length over four days following 1 nM T3 treatment, but limb length was unaffected by 100 nM TCDD. TCDD co-exposure reduced the T3 effect by nearly 40%, despite TCDD induction of klf9 in whole tadpoles, alone or with T3. These results suggest that tissue-specific TCDD effects limit or reverse the increased metamorphosis rate predicted by klf9 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Taft
- Biology Department, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022
| | | | | | - Natalie Plick
- Biology Department, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022
| | - Wade H Powell
- Biology Department, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022
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6
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Matsubara K, Nakamura N, Sanoh S, Ohta S, Kitamura S, Uramaru N, Miyagawa S, Iguchi T, Fujimoto N. Altered expression of the Olr59, Ethe1, and Slc10a2 genes in the liver of F344 rats by neonatal thyroid hormone disruption. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1030-1035. [PMID: 28299817 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many concerns have been expressed regarding the possible adverse effects of thyroid hormone-disrupting chemicals in the environment. The disruption of thyroid hormones in the neonatal period may lead to permanent effects on thyroid hormone homeostasis as well as related developmental disorders, as thyroid hormones are essential for regulating the growth and differentiation of many tissues. To understand the long-term alteration in gene expressions by neonatal administration of thyroid hormone-like chemicals in general, we identified genes whose expression was altered in the liver, an important component of the thyroid hormone axis, by neonatal exposure to triiodothyronine (T3). T3 was administered to male F344 rats on postnatal days 1, 3, and 5 (week 0). At 8 weeks of age, cDNA microarray analysis was used to identify hepatic genes whose expression was altered by neonatal exposure to T3. Among the up-regulated genes that were identified, the expression of Olr59, Ethe1, and Slc10a2 increased specifically in rats neonatally exposed to T3. Interestingly, altered hepatic expression of these genes indeed increased when a hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), OH-BDE42, which is capable of binding to the TR, was given neonatally. Our data demonstrated that neonatal exposure to thyroid hormones could affect the long-term expression of the genes, which could be useful markers for neonatal effects by thyroid hormone-disrupting chemicals. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Matsubara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | | | - Naoto Uramaru
- Faculty of Pharmacology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Japan
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Japan
| | - Nariaki Fujimoto
- Endocrine Research Group, Department of Disease Model, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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7
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Hattori Y, Takeda T, Fujii M, Taura J, Ishii Y, Yamada H. Dioxin-induced fetal growth retardation: the role of a preceding attenuation in the circulating level of glucocorticoid. Endocrine 2014; 47:572-80. [PMID: 24723259 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of pregnant rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at a low dose causes developmental disorders such as growth retardation and sexual immaturity in their pups. Our previous studies have demonstrated that TCDD attenuates the expression of pituitary luteinizing hormone in fetuses, resulting in the impairment of sexual behavior after they reach maturity. In this study, we focused on growth disturbance and investigated whether TCDD affects the expression of growth hormone (GH), another pituitary hormone which is essential for normal development in perinatal pups. The result showed that maternal exposure to TCDD (1 µg/kg) at gestational day (GD) 15 reduced the fetal expression of GH from the onset at GD18. In accordance with this, TCDD attenuated the pup weight during the perinatal period. We then examined the effect of TCDD on the serum concentration of corticosterone, which plays a key role in the proliferation of GH-producing cells, and found that TCDD reduces the circulating level of corticosterone in the mothers at GD18 and the male fetuses at GD19. The reduction in fetuses seems to be due to increased inactivation rather than reduced synthesis, because TCDD induces the fetal expression of hepatic enzymes participating in the metabolism of glucocorticoids without changing the expression of steroidogenic proteins in the pituitary-adrenal axis. Supplying corticosterone to TCDD-exposed mothers restored or tended to restore a TCDD-induced reduction in pup weight as well as the levels of pituitary GH mRNA and serum GH. These results suggest that TCDD lowers GH expression and growth retardation owing, at least partially, to a reduction in the circulating level of glucocorticoid in pregnant mothers and their fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hattori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Sugai E, Yoshioka W, Kakeyama M, Ohsako S, Tohyama C. In utero and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin modulates dysregulation of the lipid metabolism in mouse offspring fed a high-calorie diet. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:296-306. [PMID: 23749557 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals, including dioxins, is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. This study explored the hypothesis that in utero and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic congener among dioxins, aggravates this disease state later in adulthood. Pregnant C57Bl/6 J mice were administered either a single oral dose of TCDD (3.0 µg kg(-1) body weight) or corn oil on gestational day 12.5. The male pups born to these two groups of dams were given either a regular diet or a high-calorie diet, after postnatal day (PND) 28. The four groups of investigated offspring were thus termed T-R (TCDD regular diet), T-H (TCDD high-calorie diet), V-R (vehicle regular diet), and V-H (vehicle high-calorie diet). The mice were regularly monitored for body weight, blood pressure and glucose, until they reached 26 weeks of age. Mice in the V-H group were significantly obese at weeks 15 and 26, but they exhibited no diabetes-associated signs of insulin resistance or hypertension. However, metabolic syndrome-related alterations with marginal signs of liver damage were found at week 26. Pronounced signs of dysregulated lipid metabolism with altered gene expression and liver inflammation were already present at week 15, whereas such alterations were suppressed in the T-H group. Although the mechanism is unclear, this study showed that in utero and lactational exposure to low-dose TCDD does not aggravate obesity-induced disease states, such as adult-onset diabetes, but instead attenuates the dysregulation of lipid metabolism brought on by a high-calorie diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Sugai
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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10
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Hombach-Klonisch S, Danescu A, Begum F, Amezaga MR, Rhind SM, Sharpe RM, Evans NP, Bellingham M, Cotinot C, Mandon-Pepin B, Fowler PA, Klonisch T. Peri-conceptional changes in maternal exposure to sewage sludge chemicals disturbs fetal thyroid gland development in sheep. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 367:98-108. [PMID: 23291342 PMCID: PMC3581773 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ewes were exposed to sewage sludge-fertilized pastures in a study designed investigate pre-conceptual and/or gestational exposure to environmental chemicals. The in utero impact on fetal thyroid morphology and function at day 110 (of 145) of pregnancy was then determined. Pre-conceptual exposure increased the relative thyroid organ weights in male fetuses. The number of thyroid follicles in thyroids of fetuses after pre-conceptual or gestational exposure was reduced. This correlated with an increase in Ki67 positive cells. Pre-conceptual exposure to sewage sludge reduced small blood vessels in fetal thyroids. Thyroid tissues of exposed fetuses contained regions where mature angio-follicular units were reduced exhibiting decreased immunostaining for sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). Fetal plasma levels of fT3 and fT4 in exposed animals, however, were not different from controls suggesting compensatory changes in the thyroid gland to maintain homeostasis in exposed fetuses. The regional aberrations in thyroid morphology may impact on the post-natal life of the exposed offspring.
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Key Words
- ecs, environmental chemicals
- edcs, endocrine-disrupting compounds
- nis, sodium-iodide symporter
- ft3, free triiodothyronine
- ft4, free thyroxine
- th, thyroid hormone
- tsh, thyroid stimulating hormone
- tr, thyroid hormone receptor
- ttr, transthyretin
- hpt, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
- pcbs, polychlorinated biphenyls
- pbde, polybrominated diphenyl ether
- dehp, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
- cv, coefficient of variation
- dab, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride
- hrp, horseradish peroxidase
- rt, room temperature
- he, hematoxylin-eosin
- gnrh, gonadotropin releasing hormone
- gd, gestational day
- tunel, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dutp nick end labeling
- endocrine disruptors
- thyroid gland
- sheep
- fetal
- sewage sludge
- development
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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11
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Tomasini MC, Beggiato S, Ferraro L, Tanganelli S, Marani L, Lorenzini L, Antonelli T. Prenatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin produces alterations in cortical neuron development and a long-term dysfunction of glutamate transmission in rat cerebral cortex. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:759-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Uemura H. [Associations of exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls with diabetes: based on epidemiological findings]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2012; 67:363-374. [PMID: 22781010 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.67.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a group of chemical substances that have the common properties of resistance to biodegradation, wide-range transportation, high lipophilicity, bioaccumulation in fat, and biomagnification in the food chain. POPs are persistent in the environment worldwide and have potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are well known chemicals that are considered as POPs. The association between high-level exposure to dioxins and type 2 diabetes among U.S. Air Force veterans who had been exposed to Agent Orange contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during the Vietnam War was reported in the late 1990s. This association has been supported by similar epidemiologic studies, whose subjects were exposed to high doses of dioxins in their places of work involving phenoxyacid herbicide production and spraying, and in the industrial accident in Seveso, Italy. Recently, low-level exposure to dioxins and PCBs has been reported to be linked to type 2 diabetes. Cross-sectional studies in the U.S. general population and Japanese general population showed that body burden levels of some dioxins and PCBs were strongly associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Very recently, following these cross-sectional studies, several prospective studies have suggested that low-level exposure to some PCBs predicted the future risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population. Environmental exposure to some dioxins and PCBs, which mainly accumulate in adipose tissue, may play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Uemura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan.
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Ahmed R. Perinatal TCDD exposure alters developmental neuroendocrine system. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1276-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fernández M, Paradisi M, D’Intino G, Del Vecchio G, Sivilia S, Giardino L, Calzà L. A single prenatal exposure to the endocrine disruptor 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters developmental myelination and remyelination potential in the rat brain. J Neurochem 2010; 115:897-909. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Xiao W, Li K, Wu Q, Nishimura N, Chang X, Zhou Z. Influence of persistent thyroxine reduction on spermatogenesis in rats neonatally exposed to 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexa-chlorobiphenyl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 89:18-25. [PMID: 20025066 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study is to determine the long-term testicular effects of neonatal exposure to PCB153. METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated by oral gavage with PCB153 in corn oil at doses of 0, 0.025, and 2.5 mg/kg per day from postnatal day 3 (PND 3) to PND7. The rats were sacrificed on PND 8 and PND 77. TUNEL in situ detection for testis apoptosis, immunohistochemical staining of thyroid gland for thyroxine (T4), semi-quantitative RT-PCR for mRNA expression, and radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serum hormone levels were performed. RESULTS Neonatal treatment with PCB153 at both doses had no obvious effects on body weight, testis weight, testis histology, and germ cell apoptosis, but decreased T4 staining in thyroid gland was observed on PND 8. On PND 77, neonatal treatment with 2.5 mg/kg per day of PCB153 significantly reduced daily sperm product (DSP). Serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine (FT4) decreased, but there were no differences in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level between the control and exposed groups. Gap junction connexin43 (CX43) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) P27kip1 mRNA expression, which was associated with Sertoli cell differentiation, was significantly reduced after PCB153 treatment on PND 8 but not on PND 77. Androgen-binding protein (ABP) and androgen receptor (AR) mRNA expression, which indicates Sertoli cell maturation, was suppressed on PND 77 after neonatal PCB153 exposure. CONCLUSIONS The findings in this study suggest that neonatal exposure to PCB153 induces persistent T4 reduction, which disturbs Sertoli cell function, and subsequently results in alterations in adult spermatogenesis. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:18-25, 2010. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wusheng Xiao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Bell DR, Clode S, Fan MQ, Fernandes A, Foster PMD, Jiang T, Loizou G, MacNicoll A, Miller BG, Rose M, Tran L, White S. Interpretation of studies on the developmental reproductive toxicology of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in male offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1439-47. [PMID: 20388530 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There have been several studies on the maternal administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and effects in the reproductive tract of male offspring, subsequent to risk assessments undertaken in 2001. This review compares the methodology and results to examine key methodological features, and consistency in reported outcomes. Maternal dosing at >0.8 microg TCDD/kg causes lethality and weight loss, and it is difficult to distinguish between direct and indirect effects of TCDD at these dose levels. Statistically significant effects of maternal doses of <1 microg TCDD/kg (i.e. the dose levels relevant for risk assessment) on prostate weight or epididymal sperm counts in offspring were reported in the minority of studies. The pharmacokinetics of TCDD differs considerably between acute and chronic dosing, and with dose level of TCDD. On the basis of body burden, TCDD had different potency at inducing adverse effects in the only comparison study between acute and chronic dosing. Understanding of the pharmacokinetics of TCDD and relationship to adverse effects in offspring is required. These analyses identify key features of TCDD developmental toxicity in male offspring, and identify data needs for future risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Bell
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
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17
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Monostory K, Pascussi JM, Kóbori L, Dvorak Z. Hormonal regulation of CYP1A expression. Drug Metab Rev 2009; 41:547-72. [DOI: 10.1080/03602530903112284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Effect of hyperosmotic conditions on flavin-containing monooxygenase activity, protein and mRNA expression in rat kidney. Toxicol Lett 2009; 187:115-8. [PMID: 19429252 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxigenases (FMOs) are a polymorphic family of drug and pesticide metabolizing enzymes, found in the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum that catalyze the oxidation of soft nucleophilic heteroatom substances to their respective oxides. Previous studies in euryhaline fishes have indicated induction of FMO expression and activity in vivo under hyperosmotic conditions. In this study we evaluated the effect of hypersaline conditions in rat kidney. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneal with 3.5M NaCl at a doses ranging from 0.3cm(3)/100g to 0.6cm(3)/100g in two separate treatments. Three hours after injection, FMO activities and FMO1 protein was examined in the first experiment, and the expression of FMO1 mRNA was measured in the second experiment from kidneys after treatment with NaCl. A positive significant correlation was found between FMO1 protein expression and plasma osmolarity (p<0.05, r=0.6193). Methyl-p-tolyl sulfide oxidase showed a statistically significant increase in FMO activity, and a positive correlation was observed between plasma osmolarity and production of FMO1-derived (R)-methyl-p-tolyl sulfoxide (p<0.05, r=0.6736). Expression of FMO1 mRNA was also positively correlated with plasma osmolality (p<0.05, r=0.8428). Similar to studies in fish, these results suggest that expression and activities of FMOs may be influenced by hyperosmotic conditions in the kidney of rats.
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19
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Miyazaki W, Iwasaki T, Takeshita A, Tohyama C, Koibuchi N. Identification of the functional domain of thyroid hormone receptor responsible for polychlorinated biphenyl-mediated suppression of its action in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:1231-6. [PMID: 18795168 PMCID: PMC2535627 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and poly-chlorinated dibenzofurans adversely affect the health of humans and various animals. Such effects might be partially exerted through the thyroid hormone (TH) system. We previously reported that one of the hydroxylated PCB congeners suppresses TH receptor (TR)-mediated transcription by dissociating TR from the TH response element (TRE). However, the binding site of PCB within TR has not yet been identified. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify the functional TR domain responsible for the PCB-mediated suppression of TR action by comparing the magnitude of suppression using several representative PCB/dioxin congeners. MATERIALS AND METHODS We generated chimeric receptors by combining TR and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and determined receptor-mediated transcription using transient transfection-based reporter gene assays, and TR-TRE binding using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. RESULTS Although several PCB congeners, including the hydroxylated forms, suppressed TR-mediated transcription to various degrees, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin did not alter TR action, but 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran weakly suppressed it. The magnitude of suppression correlated with that of TR-TRE dissociation. The suppression by PCB congeners was evident from experiments using chimeric receptors containing a TR DNA-binding domain (DBD) but not a GR-DBD. CONCLUSIONS Several nondioxin-like PCB congeners and hydroxylated PCB compounds suppress TR action by dissociating TR from TRE through interaction with TR-DBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Iwasaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Address correspondence to T. Iwasaki, Department of Integrative Physiology, Division of Biological Regulation, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan. Telephone: 81-27-220-7923. Fax: 81-27-220-7926. E-mail:
| | - Akira Takeshita
- Endocrine Center, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tohyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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20
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Bell DR, Clode S, Fan MQ, Fernandes A, Foster PMD, Jiang T, Loizou G, MacNicoll A, Miller BG, Rose M, Tran L, White S. Relationships between Tissue Levels of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), mRNAs, and Toxicity in the Developing Male Wistar(Han) Rat. Toxicol Sci 2007; 99:591-604. [PMID: 17656490 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of a single acute dose, or chronic fetal exposure, to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the male reproductive system of the Wistar(Han) rat. Tissue samples were taken from dams on gestation day (GD)16 and GD21, and from offspring on postnatal days (PND)70 and 120. Steady-state concentration of TCDD was demonstrated in the chronic study: body burdens were comparable in both studies. Fetal TCDD concentrations were comparable after acute and chronic exposure, and demonstrate more potent toxicity after chronic versus acute dosing. In maternal liver, cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1 and CYP1A2 RNA were induced. In fetus, there was induction of both CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 RNA at medium and high doses, but inadequate evidence for induction at low dose in either study. The low level induction of CYP1A1 RNA at low dose in fetus argues against AhR activation in fetus as a mechanism of toxicity of TCDD in causing delay in balanopreputial separation (BPS), and the greater induction of CYP1A1 RNA in PND70 offspring liver from chronically-dosed dams suggests that lactational transfer of TCDD is crucial to this toxicity. These data characterize the maternal and fetal disposition of TCDD, induction of CYP1A1 RNA as a measure of AhR activation, and suggest that lactational transfer of TCDD determines the difference in delay in BPS between the two studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Bell
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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21
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Mastorakos G, Karoutsou EI, Mizamtsidi M, Creatsas G. The menace of endocrine disruptors on thyroid hormone physiology and their impact on intrauterine development. Endocrine 2007; 31:219-37. [PMID: 17906368 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-007-0030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of the appropriate thyroid hormones quantity to target tissues in euthyroidism is the result of unopposed synthesis, transport, metabolism, and excretion of these hormones. Thyroid hormones homeostasis depends on the maintenance of the circulating 'free' thyroid hormone reserves and on the development of a dynamic balance between the 'free' hormones reserves and those of the 'bound' hormones with the transport proteins. Disturbance of this hormone system, which is in constant interaction with other hormone systems, leads to an adaptational counter-response targeting to re-establish a new homeostatic equilibrium. An excessive disturbance is likely to result, however, in hypo- or hyper- thyroid clinical states. Endocrine disruptors are chemical substances forming part of 'natural' contaminating agents found in most ecosystems. There is abundant evidence that several key components of the thyroid hormones homeostasis are susceptible to the action of endocrine disruptors. These chemicals include some chlorinated organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, herbicides, and pharmaceutical agents. Intrauterine exposure to endocrine disruptors that either mimic or antagonize thyroid hormones can produce permanent developmental disorders in the structure and functioning of the brain, leading to behavioral changes. Steroid receptors are important determinants of the consequences of endocrine disruptors. Their interaction with thyroid hormones complicates the effect of endocrine disruptors. The aim of this review is to present the effect of endocrine disruptors on thyroid hormones physiology and their potential impact on intrauterine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mastorakos
- Endocrine Unit, Second Department of Obstretics and Gynecology, Aretaieion Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens 10674, Greece.
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Bell DR, Clode S, Fan MQ, Fernandes A, Foster PMD, Jiang T, Loizou G, MacNicoll A, Miller BG, Rose M, Tran L, White S. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the Developing Male Wistar(Han) Rat. II: Chronic Dosing Causes Developmental Delay. Toxicol Sci 2007; 99:224-33. [PMID: 17545211 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated whether fetal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes defects in the male reproductive system of the rat using chronically exposed rats to ensure continuous exposure of the fetus. Five- to six-week-old rats were exposed to control diet, or diet containing TCDD, to attain an average dose of 2.4, 8, and 46 ng TCDD/kg/day for 12 weeks, whereupon the rats were mated and allowed to litter; rats were switched to control diet after parturition. Male offsprings were allowed to develop until kills on PND70 (25 per group) or PND120 (all remaining animals). Offspring from the high-dose group showed an increase in total litter loss, and the number of animals alive on postnatal day (PND)4 in the high-dose group was approximately 26% less than control. The high and medium dose offsprings showed decreased weights at various ages. Balano-preputial separation (BPS) was significantly delayed in all three dose groups compared to control. There were no significant effects of maternal treatment when the offsprings were subjected to a functional observational battery or learning tests, with the exception that the high-dose group showed a deficit in motor activity. Twenty rats per group were mated to females, and there were no significant effects of maternal treatment on the fertility of these rats or on the F1 or F2 sex ratio. Sperm parameters at PND70 and 120 showed no significant effect of maternal treatment, with the exception that there was an increase in the proportion of abnormal sperm in the high-dose group at PND70; this is associated with the developmental delay in puberty in this dose group. There were no remarkable findings of maternal treatment on organ weights, with the exception that testis weights were reduced by approximately 10% at PND70 (but not PND120), and although the experiment was sufficiently powered to detect small changes, ventral prostate weight was not reduced. There were no significant effects of maternal treatment upon histopathological comparison of high-dose and control group organs. These data confirm that developmental exposure to TCDD shows no potent effect on adult sperm parameters or accessory sexual organs, but show that delay in BPS occurs after exposure to low doses of TCDD, and this is dependent upon whether TCDD is administered acutely or chronically.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Bell
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Ginsberg GL, Hattis DB, Zoeller RT, Rice DC. Evaluation of the U.S. EPA/OSWER preliminary remediation goal for perchlorate in groundwater: focus on exposure to nursing infants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:361-9. [PMID: 17431484 PMCID: PMC1849902 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perchlorate is a common contaminant of drinking water and food. It competes with iodide for uptake into the thyroid, thus interfering with thyroid hormone production. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) set a groundwater preliminary remediation goal (PRG) of 24.5 microg/L to prevent exposure of pregnant women that would affect the fetus. This does not account for the greater exposure that is possible in nursing infants or for the relative source contribution (RSC), a factor normally used to lower the PRG due to nonwater exposures. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to assess whether the OSWER PRG protects infants against exposures from breast-feeding, and to evaluate the perchlorate RSC. METHODS We used Monte Carlo analysis to simulate nursing infant exposures associated with the OSWER PRG when combined with background perchlorate. RESULTS The PRG can lead to a 7-fold increase in breast milk concentration, causing 90% of nursing infants to exceed the reference dose (RfD) (average exceedance, 2.8-fold). Drinking-water perchlorate must be < 6.9 microg/L to keep the median, and < 1.3 microg/L to keep the 90th-percentile nursing infant exposure below the RfD. This is 3.6- to 19-fold below the PRG. Analysis of biomonitoring data suggests an RSC of 0.7 for pregnant women and of 0.2 for nursing infants. Recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest that the RfD itself needs to be reevaluated because of hormonal effects in the general population. CONCLUSIONS The OSWER PRG for perchlorate can be improved by considering infant exposures, by incorporating an RSC, and by being responsive to any changes in the RfD resulting from the new CDC data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Ginsberg
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut 06134, USA.
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Ohyama K, Ohta M, Sano T, Sato K, Nakagomi Y, Shimura Y, Yamano Y. Maternal Exposure of Low Dose of TCDD Modulates the Expression of Estrogen Receptor Subunits of Male Gonads in Offspring. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:619-25. [PMID: 17611358 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the effects of low-dose transplacental and lactational exposure of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on gene expression relating to the dioxin and sexual hormone cascade, and demonstrated the effects on testicular growth and sexual maturation in male offspring rats. TCDD (10 ng/kg) was administered to dams on Days 7 and 14 of gestation, and on Days 0, 7 and 14 after delivery. Gene expression of cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1) in the liver of 17-day-old rats was significantly increased compared with controls. Furthermore, expression of estrogen receptors (ER)alpha and ERbeta was significantly increased at 17 and 42 days old, respectively in the testis of TCDD-administered rats compared with controls. Although testicular weight and the seminiferous tubule diameter were increased in 17-day-old rats, there was no difference in the number of germ cells between TCDD-treated and control animals. The expressions of androgen receptor and inhibin subunit genes were not significantly changed. These findings suggest that low-dose exposure of TCDD leads to unusual development of the testis by perturbation of steroid hormone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohyama
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medical and Engineering Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Nishimura N, Yonemoto J, Nishimura H, Tohyama C. Localization of cytochrome P450 1A1 in a specific region of hydronephrotic kidney of rat neonates lactationally exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology 2006; 227:117-26. [PMID: 16959395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydronephrosis is typically observed in terata caused by in utero and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), via the arylhydrocarbon receptor, but the molecular mechanism underlying its pathogenesis is largely unknown. In the present study, pregnant Holtzman rats were treated once by gavage with TCDD (1.0 microg/kg bw) or corn oil on gestation day 15. All dams were allowed to litter, and standardized litters in terms of litter size were then reciprocally cross-fostered on postnatal day (PND) 1. On PND1, pups were divided into four experimental groups: pups exposed only in utero, pups exposed only lactationally, pups not exposed via either route (vehicle control), and pups exposed via both routes. Pups were euthanized on PND21 for further analyses. The TCDD dose used was not overtly toxic to the dams or neonates. The incidence and severity of hydronephrosis were markedly high in pups exposed to TCDD lactationally, but not those exposed in utero. On PND21, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 was detected predominantly in the outer zone of the medulla of the kidney from all the pups lactationally exposed to TCDD, regardless of the occurrence of hydronephrosis. Interestingly, TCDD concentrations in the cortex, the outer zone of the medulla and the inner zone of the medulla were similar. When adult Holtzman rats were administered TCDD, the induction of CYP1A1 was immunohistochemically detected in the liver but not in the kidney 7 days postadministration. The present findings suggest that TCDD-inducible genes via an AhR-dependent mechanism may be associated with the etiology of hydronephrosis in a particular region of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nishimura
- Endocrine Disruptors and Dioxin Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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Ikushiro SI, Emi Y, Kato Y, Yamada S, Sakaki T. Monospecific Antipeptide Antibodies Against Human Hepatic UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A Subfamily (UGT1A) Isoforms. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006; 21:70-4. [PMID: 16547396 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.21.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) in mammals is thought to be regulated in both a tissue- and developmental-specific manner. Furthermore, induction of genes encoding UGT occurs after exposure to xenobiotics including drugs, environmental pollutants and dietary compounds. In human, isoforms of UGT 1A subfamily catalyze the glucuronidation of a greater proportion of drugs, suggesting that the expression of UGT1A isoforms is responsible for the clearance of a diverse range of drugs. To analyze the expression of human UGT1A isoforms, we have developed polyclonal antibodies against specific peptide regions within the isoforms (UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6 and 1A9). The prepared antipeptide antibodies were found to be highly monospecific for each UGT1A isoform and no cross-reactivity with UGT2B isoforms was detected. Analysis of UGT1A protein levels in hepatic microsomes using these antibodies demonstrated interindividual differential expression of each isoform. These highly specific antipeptide antibodies provide an important tool to analyze tissue distribution and interindividual expression levels of human UGT1As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Ikushiro
- Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Japan.
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