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Rafiq L, Zahra Naqvi SH, Shahzad L, Ali SM. Exploring the links between indoor air pollutants and health outcomes in South Asian countries: a systematic review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:741-752. [PMID: 36302378 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution (IAP) has adverse effects on the health of people, globally. The objective of this systematic review was to present the range of health problems studied in association with indoor air pollutants in South Asian countries. We searched five databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and CAB Direct for articles published between the years 2000 and 2020. We retrieved 5,810 articles, out of which we included 90 articles in our review. Among South Asian countries, only five countries have published results related to relationship between indoor air pollutants and adverse health conditions. All studies have shown adversity of indoor air pollutants on human's health. We found indoor solid fuel burning as a key source of indoor air pollution in the included studies, while women and children were most affected by their exposure to solid fuel burning. More than half of the studies accounted particulate matter responsible for indoor air pollution bearing negative health effects. In the included studies, eyes and lungs were the most commonly affected body organs, exhibiting common symptoms like cough, breathing difficulty and wheezing. This might have developed into common conditions like respiratory tract infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and eye cataract. In addition to promote research in South Asian countries, future research should focus on novel digital ways of capturing effects of indoor air pollutants among vulnerable segments of the population. As a result of this new knowledge, public health agencies should develop and test interventions to reduce people's exposure levels and prevent them to develop adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiba Rafiq
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Hamayal Zahra Naqvi
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Laila Shahzad
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Mustafa Ali
- Center of Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Singh D, Tassew DD, Nelson J, Chalbot MCG, Kavouras IG, Tesfaigzi Y, Demokritou P. Physicochemical and toxicological properties of wood smoke particulate matter as a function of wood species and combustion condition. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129874. [PMID: 36084462 PMCID: PMC9532370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Wood burning is a major source of ambient particulate matter (PM) and has been epidemiologically linked to adverse pulmonary health effects, however the impact of fuel and burning conditions on PM properties has not been investigated systematically. Here, we employed our recently developed integrated methodology to characterize the physicochemical and biological properties of emitted PM as a function of three common hardwoods (oak, cherry, mesquite) and three representative combustion conditions (flaming, smoldering, incomplete). Differences in PM and off-gas emissions (aerosol number/mass concentrations; carbon monoxide; volatile organic compounds) as well as inorganic elemental composition and organic carbon functional content of PM0.1 were noted between wood types and combustion conditions, although the combustion scenario exerted a stronger influence on the emission profile. More importantly, flaming combustion PM0.1 from all hardwoods significantly stimulated the promoter activity of Sterile Alpha Motif (SAM) pointed domain containing ETS (E-twenty-six) Transcription Factor (SPDEF) in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293 T) cells, a biomarker for mucin gene expression associated with mucus production in pulmonary diseases. However, no bioactivity was observed for smoldering and incomplete combustion, which was likely driven by differences in the organic composition of PM0.1. Detailed chemical speciation of organic components of wood smoke is warranted to identify the individual compounds that drive specific biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Dereje Damte Tassew
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jordan Nelson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35216, USA
| | - Marie-Cecile G Chalbot
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35216, USA
| | - Ilias G Kavouras
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, 55 West 125th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Serra DS, de Souza KCL, Naidu ST, de Lima JR, de Lima Gondim F, Gomes MDM, Araújo RDS, de Oliveira MLM, Cavalcante FSÁ. Lung injury caused by exposure to the gaseous fraction of exhaust from biomass combustion (cashew nut shells): a mice model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:9568-9581. [PMID: 31919820 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, to reduce the use of nonrenewable energy sources in energy matrices, some industries have already incorporated biomass as a source of energy for their processes. Additionally, filters are used in an attempt to retain the particulate matter present in exhaust gases. In this work, the emission gases of a cashew nut shell (CNS) combustion reactor and the deleterious effects on the respiratory system of mice exposed to gaseous fraction present in CNS emissions (GF-CNS) are analyzed. The system for CNS combustion is composed of a cylindrical stainless steel burner, and exhaust gases generated by CNS combustion were directed through a chimney to a system containing two glass fiber filters to retain all the PM present in the CNS exhaust and, posteriorly, were directed to a mice exposure chamber. The results show changes in the variables of respiratory system mechanics (G, H, CST, IC, and PV loop area) in oxidative stress (SOD, CAT, and NO2-), as well as in the histopathological analysis and lung morphometry (alveolar collapse, PMN cells, mean alveolar diameter, and BCI). Through our results, it has been demonstrated that even with the use of filters by industries for particulate material retention, special attention should still be given to the gaseous fraction that is released into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Silveira Serra
- Science and Technology Center, State University of Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, 60714-903, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Jéssica Rocha de Lima
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Federal Institute of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mona Lisa Moura de Oliveira
- Science and Technology Center, State University of Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, 60714-903, Brazil
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Miglani K, Kumar S, Yadav A, Aggarwal N, Ahmad I, Gupta R. A multibiomarker approach to evaluate the effect of polyaromatic hydrocarbon exposure on oxidative and genotoxic damage in tandoor workers. Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:486-496. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233719862728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a cohort study of tandoor workers to evaluate the relationship between the biomarkers of oxidative and genotoxic damage and exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons. A series of oxidative and genotoxic damage biomarkers, including urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and tail moment (TM) by comet assay, was studied. A total of 76 tandoor workers and 79 demographically matched healthy individuals as controls were included. Our results showed that the tandoor workers had significantly higher urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, urinary 8-OHdG, MDA content, and TM compared with the control population. The concentration of all these biomarkers increased with age in the control population as well as tandoor workers. In tandoor workers, significant variation in MDA, 8-oxodG (8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine) and TM concentration was detected between smokers (5.08 ± 1.72 nmol/mL, 16.01 ± 4.94 ng/mg creatinine, and 5.87 ± 0.98 µm, respectively) and nonsmokers (3.84 ± 0.98 nmol/mL, 13.74 ± 3.60 ng/mg creatinine, and 5.32 ± 0.69 µm, respectively). A similar pattern was obtained for the control population. We did not obtain significant variations for alcoholics and tobacco chewers. A significant increase in all these three biomarkers was observed with the increase in the period of work exposure in tandoor workers. Multivariate regression analysis also revealed that urinary 8-oxodG, MDA, and TM were statistically significantly related to age and period of work exposure. Overall, the present study showed that the exposure to wood smoke in tandoor workers under occupational conditions led to increased DNA damage because of oxidative stress and genotoxicity. These biomarkers, therefore, are good indices to assess oxidative DNA damage in these workers exposed to occupational genotoxicants. It is also necessary to make preventive changes in work conditions and lifestyle, which will help these occupational workers to lead a healthy life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Miglani
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Deprtment of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Anita Yadav
- Deprtment of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Neeraj Aggarwal
- Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Imteyaz Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Ranjan Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
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Sood A, Assad NA, Barnes PJ, Churg A, Gordon SB, Harrod KS, Irshad H, Kurmi OP, Martin WJ, Meek P, Mortimer K, Noonan CW, Perez-Padilla R, Smith KR, Tesfaigzi Y, Ward T, Balmes J. ERS/ATS workshop report on respiratory health effects of household air pollution. Eur Respir J 2018; 51:51/1/1700698. [PMID: 29301918 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00698-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel combustion affects almost half of the world population. Adverse respiratory outcomes such as respiratory infections, impaired lung growth and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have been linked to HAP exposure. Solid fuel smoke is a heterogeneous mixture of various gases and particulates. Cell culture and animal studies with controlled exposure conditions and genetic homogeneity provide important insights into HAP mechanisms. Impaired bacterial phagocytosis in exposed human alveolar macrophages possibly mediates several HAP-related health effects. Lung pathological findings in HAP-exposed individuals demonstrate greater small airways fibrosis and less emphysema compared with cigarette smokers. Field studies using questionnaires, air pollution monitoring and/or biomarkers are needed to better establish human risks. Some, but not all, studies suggest that improving cookstove efficiency or venting emissions may be associated with reduced respiratory symptoms, lung function decline in women and severe pneumonia in children. Current studies focus on fuel switching, stove technology replacements or upgrades and air filter devices. Several governments have initiated major programmes to accelerate the upgrade from solid fuels to clean fuels, particularly liquid petroleum gas, which provides research opportunities for the respiratory health community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Sood
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nour A Assad
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Churg
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Kevin S Harrod
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hammad Irshad
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Paula Meek
- University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kirk R Smith
- University of California School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Tony Ward
- University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - John Balmes
- University of California School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Burchiel SW, Lauer FT, MacKenzie D, McClain S, Kuehl PJ, McDonald JD, Harrod KS. Changes in HPBMC markers of immmune function following controlled short-term inhalation exposures of humans to hardwood smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:61-70. [PMID: 26895307 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1136714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that complex mixtures containing particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produce systemic immunotoxicity in animal models following inhalation exposures. While we and others have shown that emissions associated with hardwood smoke (HWS), cigarette smoke and diesel exhaust can suppress the immune systems of animals in vitro and in vivo, there have been few immune function studies on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (HPBMC) following exposure of humans to HWS. Our work shows that T cells are an important targets of PM and PAH immunotoxicity. These studies were conducted on HPBMC from 14 human volunteers receiving four 2 h nightly exposures to clean air or HWS at a concentration of 500 ug/m(3). We measured anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulated T-cell proliferation and HPBMC cytokine production in cell supernatants, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), TH1 cytokines γIFN and IL-2, TH2 cytokine IL-4, Th17 cytokine interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). We analyzed results using analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-tests and Pearson correlation. Results showed that there was significant variation in the amount of T-cell proliferation observed following polyclonal activation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies in both the air and HWS-exposed groups. There was not a significant effect of HWS on T-cell proliferation. However, we did find a strong relationship between the presence of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, but not IL-8) and the amount of T-cell proliferation seen in individual donors, demonstrating that brief exposures of humans to HWS can produce changes in systemic immunity that is associated with proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Burchiel
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Fredine T Lauer
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Debra MacKenzie
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Shea McClain
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Philip J Kuehl
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA , and
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA , and
| | - Kevin S Harrod
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA , and.,c Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
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Mebratu YA, Smith KR, Agga GE, Tesfaigzi Y. Inflammation and emphysema in cigarette smoke-exposed mice when instilled with poly (I:C) or infected with influenza A or respiratory syncytial viruses. Respir Res 2016; 17:75. [PMID: 27363862 PMCID: PMC4929744 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The length of time for cigarette smoke (CS) exposure to cause emphysema in mice is drastically reduced when CS exposure is combined with viral infection. However, the extent of inflammatory responses and lung pathologies of mice exposed to CS and infected with influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or treated with the viral derivative dsRNA (polyinosine-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] have not been compared. METHODS Mice were exposed to CS or filtered air for 4 weeks and received a single dose of vehicle, AV, or RSV infection and extent of inflammation and emphysema was evaluated 14 d later. In another set of experiments, mice were instilled with poly (I:C) twice a week during the third and fourth weeks of CS exposure and immediately analyzed for extent of inflammation and lung pathologies. RESULTS In CS-exposed mice, inflammation was characterized mainly by macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils after IAV infection, mainly by lymphocytes, and neutrophils after RSV infection, and mainly by lymphocytes and neutrophils after poly (I:C) instillations. Despite increased inflammation, extent of emphysema by poly (I:C) was very mild; but was robust and similar for both IAV and RSV infections with enhanced MMP-12 mRNA expression and TUNEL positivity. Both IAV and RSV infections increased the levels of IL-17, IL-1β, IL-12b, IL-18, IL-23a, Ccl-2, Ccl-7 mRNAs in the lungs of CS-exposed mice with IAV causing more increases than RSV. CONCLUSION CS-induced inflammatory responses and extent of emphysematous changes differ depending on the type of viral infection. These animal models may be useful to study the mechanisms by which different viruses exacerbate CS-induced inflammation and emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes A Mebratu
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA.
| | - Kevin R Smith
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | - Getahun E Agga
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, R, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
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Chronic Household Air Pollution Exposure Is Associated with Impaired Alveolar Macrophage Function in Malawian Non-Smokers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138762. [PMID: 26406307 PMCID: PMC4583259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution in low income countries is an important cause of mortality from respiratory infection. We hypothesised that chronic smoke exposure is detrimental to alveolar macrophage function, causing failure of innate immunity. We report the relationship between macrophage function and prior smoke exposure in healthy Malawians. METHODS Healthy subjects exposed daily to cooking smoke at home volunteered for bronchoalveolar lavage. Alveolar macrophage particulate content was measured as a known correlate of smoke exposure. Phagocytosis and intraphagosomal function (oxidative burst and proteolysis) were measured by a flow cytometric assay. Cytokine responses in macrophages were compared following re-exposure in vitro to wood smoke, before and after glutathione depletion. RESULTS Volunteers had a range of alveolar macrophage particulate loading. The macrophage capacity for phagosomal oxidative burst was negatively associated with alveolar macrophage particulate content (n = 29, r2 = 0.16, p = 0.033), but phagocytosis per se and proteolytic function were unaffected. High particulate content was associated with lower baseline CXCL8 release (ratio 0.51, CI 0.29-0.89) and lower final concentrations on re-exposure to smoke in vitro (ratio 0.58, CI 0.34-0.97). Glutathione depletion augmented CXCL8 responses by 1.49x (CI 1.02-2.17) compared with wood smoke alone. This response was specific to smoke as macrophages response to LPS were not modulated by glutathione. CONCLUSION Chronic smoke exposure is associated with reduced human macrophage oxidative burst, and dampened inflammatory cytokine responses. These are critical processes in lung defence against infection and likely to underpin the relationship between air pollution and pneumonia.
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Sigsgaard T, Forsberg B, Annesi-Maesano I, Blomberg A, Bølling A, Boman C, Bønløkke J, Brauer M, Bruce N, Héroux ME, Hirvonen MR, Kelly F, Künzli N, Lundbäck B, Moshammer H, Noonan C, Pagels J, Sallsten G, Sculier JP, Brunekreef B. Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:1577-88. [PMID: 26405285 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01865-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Climate change policies have stimulated a shift towards renewable energy sources such as biomass. The economic crisis of 2008 has also increased the practice of household biomass burning as it is often cheaper than using oil, gas or electricity for heating. As a result, household biomass combustion is becoming an important source of air pollutants in the European Union.This position paper discusses the contribution of biomass combustion to pollution levels in Europe, and the emerging evidence on the adverse health effects of biomass combustion products.Epidemiological studies in the developed world have documented associations between indoor and outdoor exposure to biomass combustion products and a range of adverse health effects. A conservative estimate of the current contribution of biomass smoke to premature mortality in Europe amounts to at least 40 000 deaths per year.We conclude that emissions from current biomass combustion products negatively affect respiratory and, possibly, cardiovascular health in Europe. Biomass combustion emissions, in contrast to emissions from most other sources of air pollution, are increasing. More needs to be done to further document the health effects of biomass combustion in Europe, and to reduce emissions of harmful biomass combustion products to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Sigsgaard
- University of Aarhus, Institute of Public Health, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Dept of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- INSERM UMR-S 1136, Institute Pierre Louis of Epidemiology and Public Health, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases, Paris, France UPMC, UMR-S 1136, Institute Pierre Louis of Epidemiology and Public Health, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Dept of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anette Bølling
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, Dept of Air Pollution and Noise, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christoffer Boman
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Dept of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jakob Bønløkke
- University of Aarhus, Institute of Public Health, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Brauer
- University of British Columbia, School of Population and Public Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Nino Künzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bo Lundbäck
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanns Moshammer
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Environmental Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Curtis Noonan
- The University of Montana, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Joachim Pagels
- Lund University, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Bert Brunekreef
- Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Rylance J, Fullerton DG, Scriven J, Aljurayyan AN, Mzinza D, Barrett S, Wright AKA, Wootton DG, Glennie SJ, Baple K, Knott A, Mortimer K, Russell DG, Heyderman RS, Gordon SB. Household air pollution causes dose-dependent inflammation and altered phagocytosis in human macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:584-93. [PMID: 25254931 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0188oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three billion people are exposed to household air pollution from biomass fuel use. Exposure is associated with higher incidence of pneumonia, and possibly tuberculosis. Understanding mechanisms underlying these defects would improve preventive strategies. We used human alveolar macrophages obtained from healthy Malawian adults exposed naturally to household air pollution and compared them with human monocyte-derived macrophages exposed in vitro to respirable-sized particulates. Cellular inflammatory response was assessed by IL-6 and IL-8 production in response to particulate challenge; phagosomal function was tested by uptake and oxidation of fluorescence-labeled beads; ingestion and killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were measured by microscopy and quantitative culture. Particulate ingestion was quantified by digital image analysis. We were able to reproduce the carbon loading of naturally exposed alveolar macrophages by in vitro exposure of monocyte-derived macrophages. Fine carbon black induced IL-8 release from monocyte-derived and alveolar macrophages (P < 0.05) with similar magnitude responses (log10 increases of 0.93 [SEM = 0.2] versus 0.74 [SEM = 0.19], respectively). Phagocytosis of pneumococci and mycobacteria was impaired with higher particulate loading. High particulate loading corresponded with a lower oxidative burst capacity (P = 0.0015). There was no overall effect on killing of M. tuberculosis. Alveolar macrophage function is altered by particulate loading. Our macrophage model is comparable morphologically to the in vivo uptake of particulates. Wood smoke-exposed cells demonstrate reduced phagocytosis, but unaffected mycobacterial killing, suggesting defects related to chronic wood smoke inhalation limited to specific innate immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Rylance
- 1 Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Awji EG, Chand H, Bruse S, Smith KR, Colby JK, Mebratu Y, Levy BD, Tesfaigzi Y. Wood smoke enhances cigarette smoke-induced inflammation by inducing the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor in airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:377-86. [PMID: 25137396 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0142oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that cigarette smokers who are exposed to wood smoke (WS) are at an increased risk for chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function. The present study was undertaken to determine the mechanisms for WS-induced adverse effects. We studied the effect of WS exposure using four cohorts of mice. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed for 4 or 12 weeks to filtered air, to 10 mg/m(3) WS for 2 h/d, to 250 mg/m(3) cigarette smoke (CS) for 6 h/d, or to CS followed by WS (CW). Inflammation was absent in the filtered air and WS groups, but enhanced by twofold in the bronchoalveolar lavage of the CW compared with CS group as measured by neutrophil numbers and levels of the neutrophil chemoattractant, keratinocyte-derived chemokine. The levels of the anti-inflammatory lipoxin, lipoxin A4, were reduced by threefold along with cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES)-1 in airway epithelial cells and PGE2 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage of CW compared with CS mice. We replicated, in primary human airway epithelial cells, the changes observed in mice. Immunoprecipitations showed that WS blocked the interaction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) with AHR nuclear transporter to reduce expression of COX-2 and mPGES-1 by increasing expression of AHR repressor (AHRR). Collectively, these studies show that exposure to low concentrations of WS enhanced CS-induced inflammation by inducing AHRR expression to suppress AHR, COX-2, and mPGES-1 expression, and levels of PGE2 and lipoxin A4. Therefore, AHRR is a potential therapeutic target for WS-associated exacerbations of CS-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias G Awji
- 1 COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and
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Kamal A, Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Malik RN. A review of PAH exposure from the combustion of biomass fuel and their less surveyed effect on the blood parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4076-4098. [PMID: 25410307 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies from all over the world have reported that populations of rural and urban environments differ in their health issues due to the differences in the countrywide pollution pattern. In developing countries, various occupational cohorts and subsections of the population in urban and rural areas are routinely exposed to several environmentally widespread contaminants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over hundred different compounds and have ubiquitous presence in rural and urban environments. Smoke from the combustion of biomass fuel contains a high concentration of carcinogenic PAHs, which are related with several human morbidities. The sources and types of biomass fuel are diverse and wide in distribution. Limited numbers of literature reports have focused the significant impact of PAHs on several components of blood, both in human and wildlife. The toxicity of PAHs to rapidly dividing cells (e.g., bone marrow cells) and other tissues is largely attributed to their reactive oxygenated metabolites, potential of causing oxidative stress, and the adducts of their metabolites with DNA. This review aims to encompass the blood-related effects of PAHs and associated human health risks-an aspect that needs further research-on the population of developing countries of the world in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Kamal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan,
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Sehgal M, Rizwan SA, Krishnan A. Disease burden due to biomass cooking-fuel-related household air pollution among women in India. Glob Health Action 2014; 7:25326. [PMID: 25373414 PMCID: PMC4221659 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.25326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Household air pollution (HAP) due to biomass cooking fuel use is an important risk factor for a range of diseases, especially among adult women who are primary cooks, in India. About 80% of rural households in India use biomass fuel for cooking. The aim of this study is to estimate the attributable cases (AC) for four major diseases/conditions associated with biomass cooking fuel use among adult Indian women. Methods We used the population attributable fraction (PAF) method to calculate the AC of chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis (TB), cataract, and stillbirths due to exposure to biomass cooking fuel. A number of data sources were accessed to obtain population totals and disease prevalence rates. A meta-analysis was conducted to obtain adjusted pooled odds ratios (ORs) for strength of association. Using this, PAF and AC were calculated using a standard formula. Results were presented as number of AC and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The fixed effects pooled OR obtained from the meta-analysis were 2.37 (95% CI: 1.59, 3.54) for chronic bronchitis, 2.33 (1.65, 3.28) for TB, 2.16 (1.42, 3.26) for cataract, and 1.26 (1.12, 1.43) for stillbirths. PAF varied across conditions being maximum (53%) for chronic bronchitis in rural areas and least (1%) for cataract in older age and urban areas. About 2.4 (95% CI: 1.4, 3.1) of 5.6 m cases of chronic bronchitis, 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) of 0.76 m cases of TB, 5.0 (2.8, 6.7) of 51.4 m cases of cataract among adult Indian women and 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) of 0.15 m stillbirths across India are attributable to HAP due to biomass cooking fuel. These estimates should be cautiously interpreted in the light of limitations discussed which relate to exposure assessment, exposure characterization, and age-specific prevalence of disease. Conclusions HAP due to biomass fuel has diverse and major impacts on women’s health in India. Although challenging, incorporating the agenda of universal clean fuel access or cleaner technology within the broader framework of rural development will go a long way in reducing disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Sehgal
- Centre for Environmental Studies, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India;
| | | | - Anand Krishnan
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Gordon SB, Bruce NG, Grigg J, Hibberd PL, Kurmi OP, Lam KBH, Mortimer K, Asante KP, Balakrishnan K, Balmes J, Bar-Zeev N, Bates MN, Breysse PN, Buist S, Chen Z, Havens D, Jack D, Jindal S, Kan H, Mehta S, Moschovis P, Naeher L, Patel A, Perez-Padilla R, Pope D, Rylance J, Semple S, Martin WJ. Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:823-60. [PMID: 25193349 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A third of the world's population uses solid fuel derived from plant material (biomass) or coal for cooking, heating, or lighting. These fuels are smoky, often used in an open fire or simple stove with incomplete combustion, and result in a large amount of household air pollution when smoke is poorly vented. Air pollution is the biggest environmental cause of death worldwide, with household air pollution accounting for about 3·5-4 million deaths every year. Women and children living in severe poverty have the greatest exposures to household air pollution. In this Commission, we review evidence for the association between household air pollution and respiratory infections, respiratory tract cancers, and chronic lung diseases. Respiratory infections (comprising both upper and lower respiratory tract infections with viruses, bacteria, and mycobacteria) have all been associated with exposure to household air pollution. Respiratory tract cancers, including both nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer, are strongly associated with pollution from coal burning and further data are needed about other solid fuels. Chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis in women, are associated with solid fuel use for cooking, and the damaging effects of exposure to household air pollution in early life on lung development are yet to be fully described. We also review appropriate ways to measure exposure to household air pollution, as well as study design issues and potential effective interventions to prevent these disease burdens. Measurement of household air pollution needs individual, rather than fixed in place, monitoring because exposure varies by age, gender, location, and household role. Women and children are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of pollution and are exposed to the highest concentrations. Interventions should target these high-risk groups and be of sufficient quality to make the air clean. To make clean energy available to all people is the long-term goal, with an intermediate solution being to make available energy that is clean enough to have a health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Gordon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Nigel G Bruce
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Patricia L Hibberd
- Division of Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Om P Kurmi
- Clinical Trials Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kin-bong Hubert Lam
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kevin Mortimer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - John Balmes
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael N Bates
- Divisions of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick N Breysse
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sonia Buist
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trials Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah Havens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Darby Jack
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sumi Mehta
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Moschovis
- Division of Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke Naeher
- The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Science, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Pope
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jamie Rylance
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Sean Semple
- University of Aberdeen, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Aberdeen, UK
| | - William J Martin
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Kamal A, Malik RN, Martellini T, Cincinelli A. PAH exposure biomarkers are associated with clinico-chemical changes in the brick kiln workers in Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:521-527. [PMID: 24878696 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the clinico-chemical parameters and the level of exposure of brick kiln workers to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Punjab (Pakistan). The brick kiln workers and a non-occupationally exposed group were recruited for comparative analysis of urinary biomarkers of PAH exposure (i.e. 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr), α-naphthol and β-naphthol) and blood level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), as a biomarker of oxidative stress and other hematologic parameters. Questionnaires were used to document information on socio-demographic characteristics of all the subjects. The analysis of urinary biomarkers showed higher median concentrations of 1-OHPyr, and α- and β-naphthols in brick kiln workers (1.53, 3.65 and 1.53 μmol/mol-Cr, respectively) than non-occupationally exposed group (0.62, 0.64 and 0.66 μmol/mol-Cr, respectively). The 1-OHPyr in brick kiln workers was above the occupational exposure level. Among the clinical parameters of brick kiln workers, hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells (RBCs) were very low and closely associate with 1-OHPyr and β-naphthol. Additionally, the white blood cells (WBCs) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also elevated in brick kiln workers, which suggested inflammatory symptoms and high oxidative stress. The results show that regardless of possibly being affected by the poor nutrition, the anemic state and hematological changes observed in brick kiln workers may be associated with their exposure to smoke present in the environment of brick kilns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Kamal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Gordon CJ, Johnstone AF, Aydin C, Phillips PM, MacPhail RC, Kodavanti UP, Ledbetter AD, Jarema KA. Episodic ozone exposure in adult and senescent Brown Norway rats: acute and delayed effect on heart rate, core temperature and motor activity. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:380-90. [PMID: 24779854 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.905659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Setting exposure standards for environmental pollutants may consider the aged as a susceptible population but the few published studies assessing susceptibility of the aged to air pollutants are inconsistent. Episodic ozone (O₃) is more reflective of potential exposures occurring in human populations and could be more harmful to the aged. This study used radiotelemetry to monitor heart rate (HR), core temperature (T(c)) and motor activity (MA) in adult (9-12 months) and senescent (20-24 months) male, Brown Norway rats exposed to episodic O₃ (6 h/day of 1 ppm O₃ for 2 consecutive days/week for 13 weeks). Acute O₃ initially led to marked drops in HR and T(c). As exposures progressed each week, there was diminution in the hypothermic and bradycardic effects of O₃. Senescent rats were less affected than adults. Acute responses were exacerbated on the second day of O₃ exposure with adults exhibiting greater sensitivity. During recovery following 2 d of O₃, adult and senescent rats exhibited an elevated T(c) and HR during the day but not at night, an effect that persisted for at least 48 h after O₃ exposure. MA was elevated in adults but not senescent rats during recovery from O₃. Overall, acute effects of O₃, including reductions in HR and T(c), were attenuated in senescent rats. Autonomic responses during recovery, included an elevation in T(c) with a pattern akin to that of a fever and rise in HR that were independent of age. An attenuated inflammatory response to O₃ in senescent rats may explain the relatively heightened physiological response to O₃ in younger rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gordon
- Toxicity Assessment Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Salje H, Gurley ES, Homaira N, Ram PK, Haque R, Petri W, Moss WJ, Luby SP, Breysse P, Azziz-Baumgartner E. Impact of neighborhood biomass cooking patterns on episodic high indoor particulate matter concentrations in clean fuel homes in Dhaka, Bangladesh. INDOOR AIR 2014; 24:213-20. [PMID: 24033488 PMCID: PMC3932152 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5 ) from the burning of biomass is associated with increased risk of respiratory disease. In Dhaka, Bangladesh, households that do not burn biomass often still experience high concentrations of PM2.5 , but the sources remain unexplained. We characterized the diurnal variation in the concentrations of PM2.5 in 257 households and compared the risk of experiencing high PM2.5 concentrations in biomass and non-biomass users. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were estimated every minute over 24 h once a month from April 2009 through April 2010. We found that households that used gas or electricity experienced PM2.5 concentrations exceeding 1000 μg/m(3) for a mean of 35 min within a 24-h period compared with 66 min in biomass-burning households. In both households that used biomass and those that had no obvious source of particulate matter, the probability of PM2.5 exceeding 1000 μg/m(3) were highest during distinct morning, afternoon, and evening periods. In such densely populated settings, indoor pollution in clean fuel households may be determined by biomass used by neighbors, with the highest risk of exposure occurring during cooking periods. Community interventions to reduce biomass use may reduce exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 in both biomass and non-biomass using households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Salje
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Homaira
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pavani K. Ram
- University at Buffalo School of Public Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - William Petri
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William J. Moss
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Global Disease Detection Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Patrick Breysse
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Global Disease Detection Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Perrone MG, Gualtieri M, Consonni V, Ferrero L, Sangiorgi G, Longhin E, Ballabio D, Bolzacchini E, Camatini M. Particle size, chemical composition, seasons of the year and urban, rural or remote site origins as determinants of biological effects of particulate matter on pulmonary cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 176:215-27. [PMID: 23434772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), a complex mix of chemical compounds, results to be associated with various health effects. However there is still lack of information on the impact of its different components. PM2.5 and PM1 samples, collected during the different seasons at an urban, rural and remote site, were chemically characterized and the biological effects induced on A549 cells were assessed. A Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis has been performed to relate PM chemical composition to the toxic effects observed. Results show that PM-induced biological effects changed with the seasons and sites, and such variations may be explained by chemical constituents of PM, derived both from primary and secondary sources. The first-time here reported biological responses induced by PM from a remote site at high altitude were associated with the high concentrations of metals and secondary species typical of the free tropospheric aerosol, influenced by long range transports and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Perrone
- Research Center POLARIS, Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Milano-Bicocca, DISAT, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy.
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Gordon CJ, Jarema KA, Lehmann JR, Ledbetter AD, Schladweiler MC, Schmid JE, Ward WO, Kodavanti UP, Nyska A, MacPhail RC. Susceptibility of adult and senescent Brown Norway rats to repeated ozone exposure: an assessment of behavior, serum biochemistry and cardiopulmonary function. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:141-59. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.764946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Scarino A, Noël A, Renzi PM, Cloutier Y, Vincent R, Truchon G, Tardif R, Charbonneau M. Impact of emerging pollutants on pulmonary inflammation in asthmatic rats: ethanol vapors and agglomerated TiO2 nanoparticles. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:528-38. [PMID: 22746402 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.696741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO(2)) and ethanol vapors are air contaminants with increasing importance. The presence of a pathological pulmonary condition, such as asthma, may increase lung susceptibility to such contaminants. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate if exposure to inhaled ethanol vapors or nano-TiO(2) can modulate the rat pulmonary inflammatory response resulting from an allergic asthmatic reaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Brown Norway rats were sensitized (sc) and challenged (15 min inhalation, 14 days later) with chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA). Leukocytes were counted in bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) performed at 6, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h following the challenge and either after ethanol exposures (3000 ppm, 6 h/day, daily) or at 48 h (peak inflammation) for nano-TiO(2) exposures (9.35 mg/m(3) aerosol for 6 and 42 h after the OVA challenge). For the nano-TiO(2) exposures, plasma and BAL cytokines were measured and lung histological analyzes were performed. RESULTS Exposure to ethanol did not significantly affect BAL leukocytes after OVA challenge. Exposure to nano-TiO(2) significantly decreased BAL leukocytes compared to OVA-challenged controls. Plasma and BAL IL-4, IL-6, and INF-γ levels were also decreased in the nano-TiO(2) group. DISCUSSION While ethanol vapors do not modify the pulmonary inflammation in rats during an asthmatic response, a surprising protective effect for agglomerated nano-TiO(2) was observed. A putative mechanistic basis involving a decrease in the Th2 response caused by OVA is proposed. CONCLUSION Allergic pulmonary inflammation is not up-regulated by inhalation of the pollutants ethanol and nano-TiO(2). On the contrary, nano-TiO(2) decreases lung inflammation in asthmatic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scarino
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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Johnson P, Balakrishnan K, Ramaswamy P, Ghosh S, Sadhasivam M, Abirami O, Sathiasekaran BWC, Smith KR, Thanasekaraan V, Subhashini AS. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural women of Tamilnadu: implications for refining disease burden assessments attributable to household biomass combustion. Glob Health Action 2011; 4:7226. [PMID: 22065945 PMCID: PMC3208970 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v4i0.7226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the 13th leading cause of burden of disease worldwide and is expected to become 5th by 2020. Biomass fuel combustion significantly contributes to COPD, although smoking is recognized as the most important risk factor. Rural women in developing countries bear the largest share of this burden resulting from chronic exposures to biomass fuel smoke. Although there is considerable strength of evidence for the association between COPD and biomass smoke exposure, limited information is available on the background prevalence of COPD in these populations. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of COPD and its associated factors among non-smoking rural women in Tiruvallur district of Tamilnadu in Southern India. DESIGN This cross-sectional study was conducted among 900 non-smoking women aged above 30 years, from 45 rural villages of Tiruvallur district of Tamilnadu in Southern India in the period between January and May 2007. COPD assessments were done using a combination of clinical examination and spirometry. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between COPD and use of biomass for cooking. R software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The overall prevalence of COPD in this study was found to be 2.44% (95% CI: 1.43-3.45). COPD prevalence was higher in biomass fuel users than the clean fuel users 2.5 vs. 2%, (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.36-6.64) and it was two times higher (3%) in women who spend >2 hours/day in the kitchen involved in cooking. Use of solid fuel was associated with higher risk for COPD, although no statistically significant results were obtained in this study. CONCLUSION The estimates generated in this study will contribute significantly to the growing database of available information on COPD prevalence in rural women. Moreover, with concomitant indoor air pollution measurements, it may be possible to increase the resolution of the association between biomass use and COPD prevalence and refine available attributable burden of disease estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
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Sreeramareddy CT, Shidhaye RR, Sathiakumar N. Association between biomass fuel use and maternal report of child size at birth--an analysis of 2005-06 India Demographic Health Survey data. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:403. [PMID: 21619613 PMCID: PMC3125371 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational epidemiological studies and a systematic review have consistently shown an association between maternal exposure to biomass smoke and reduced birth weight. Our aim was to further test this hypothesis. METHODS We analysed the data from 47,139 most recent singleton births during preceding five years of 2005-06 India Demographic Health Survey (DHS). Information about birth weight from child health card and/or mothers' recall) was analysed. Since birth weight was not recorded for nearly 60% of the reported births, maternal self-report of child's size at birth was used as a proxy. Fuel type was classified as high pollution fuels (wood, straw, animal dung, and crop residues kerosene, coal and charcoal), and low pollution fuels (electricity, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas and biogas). Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were developed using SURVEYLOGISTIC procedure in SAS system. We used three logistic regression models in which child factors, maternal factors and demographic factors were added step-by-step to the main exposure variable. Adjusted Odds Ratios (AORs) and their 95% CI were calculated. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS Child's birth weight was available for only 19,270 (41%) births; 3113 from health card and 16,157 from mothers' recall. For available data, mean birth weight was 2846.5 grams (SD = 684.6). Children born in households using high pollution fuels were 73 grams lighter than those born in households using low pollution fuels (mean birth weight 2883.8 grams versus 2810.7 grams, p < 0.001). Use of biomass fuels was associated with size at birth. Unadjusted OR was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.27 1.55). Adjusted OR after controlling for child factors was 1.41 (95% CI 1.29, 1.57). AOR after controlling for both child and maternal factors was 1.21 (95% CI 1.06, 1.32). In final model AOR was 1.07 (95% 0.94, 1.22) after controlling for child, maternal and demographic factors. Gender, birth order, mother's BMI, haemoglobin level and education were significant in all three models. CONCLUSIONS Use of biomass fuels is associated with child size at birth. Future studies should investigate this association using more direct methods for measurement of exposure to smoke emitted from biomass fuels and birth weight.
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Eisner MD, Anthonisen N, Coultas D, Kuenzli N, Perez-Padilla R, Postma D, Romieu I, Silverman EK, Balmes JR. An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:693-718. [PMID: 20802169 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200811-1757st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Although cigarette smoking is the most important cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a substantial proportion of COPD cases cannot be explained by smoking alone. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the risk factors for COPD besides personal cigarette smoking. METHODS We constituted an ad hoc subcommittee of the American Thoracic Society Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly. An international group of members was invited, based on their scientific expertise in a specific risk factor for COPD. For each risk factor area, the committee reviewed the literature, summarized the evidence, and developed conclusions about the likelihood of it causing COPD. All conclusions were based on unanimous consensus. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The population-attributable fraction for smoking as a cause of COPD ranged from 9.7 to 97.9%, but was less than 80% in most studies, indicating a substantial burden of disease attributable to nonsmoking risk factors. On the basis of our review, we concluded that specific genetic syndromes and occupational exposures were causally related to the development of COPD. Traffic and other outdoor pollution, secondhand smoke, biomass smoke, and dietary factors are associated with COPD, but sufficient criteria for causation were not met. Chronic asthma and tuberculosis are associated with irreversible loss of lung function, but there remains uncertainty about whether there are important phenotypic differences compared with COPD as it is typically encountered in clinical settings. CONCLUSIONS In public health terms, a substantive burden of COPD is attributable to risk factors other than smoking. To prevent COPD-related disability and mortality, efforts must focus on prevention and cessation of exposure to smoking and these other, less well-recognized risk factors.
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Danielsen PH, Loft S, Jacobsen NR, Jensen KA, Autrup H, Ravanat JL, Wallin H, Møller P. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage in rats after intratracheal instillation or oral exposure to ambient air and wood smoke particulate matter. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:574-85. [PMID: 20864625 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood combustion is a significant source of ambient particulate matter (PM) in many regions of the world. Exposure occurs through inhalation or ingestion after deposition of wood smoke particulate matter (WSPM) on crops and food. We investigated effects of ambient PM and WSPM by intragastric or intratracheal exposure in terms of oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, and DNA repair after 24 h in liver and lung tissue of rats. Rats were exposed to WSPM from high or low oxygen combustion and ambient PM collected in areas with and without many operating wood stoves or carbon black (CB) at the dose of 0.64 mg/kg body weight. The levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, 1,N(6)-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine, and 1-N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine (εdG) were significantly increased with 23% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.1-45%), 54% (95% CI:18-90%), and 73% (95% CI: 31-134%) in the liver of rats exposed orally to CB, respectively. Rats orally exposed to PM from the wood stove area and low oxygen combustion WSPM (LOWS) had 35% (95% CI: 0.1-71%) and 45% (95% CI: 10-82%) increased levels of εdG in the liver, respectively. No significant differences were observed for bulky DNA adducts. Increased gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, heme oxygenase-1, and oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 was observed in the liver following intragastric exposure and in the lung following instillation in particular of LOWS. Exposure to LOWS also increased the proportion of neutrophils in BAL fluid. These results indicate that WSPM and CB exert the strongest effect in terms of oxidative stress-induced response, inflammation, and genotoxicity in the organ closest to the port of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Høgh Danielsen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Migliaccio CT, Mauderly JL. Biomass smoke exposures: toxicology and animal study design. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:104-7. [PMID: 20041808 DOI: 10.3109/08958370903008870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The International Biomass Smoke Health Effects (IBSHE) conference was convened in Missoula, MT, to define our current knowledge of smoke exposure and the potential health effects. In an effort to ascertain the relative health effects of an exposure to biomass smoke, numerous studies have utilized either animal or in vitro systems. A wide variety of systems that have been employed ranged from more mainstream animal models (i.e., rodents) and transformed cell lines to less common animal (piglets and dogs) and explant models. The Toxicology and Animal Study Design Workgroup at IBSHE was tasked with an analysis of the use of animal models in the assessment of the health effects of biomass smoke exposure. The present article contains a mini-review of models utilized historically, in addition to the adverse health effects assessed, and an overview of the discussion within the breakout session. The most common question that arose in discussions at the IBSHE conference was from local and federal health departments: What level of smoke is unhealthy? The present workgroup determined categories of exposure, common health concerns, and the availability of animal models to answer key health questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Migliaccio
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA.
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Samuelsen M, Cecilie Nygaard U, Løvik M. Particles from wood smoke and road traffic differently affect the innate immune system of the lung. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:943-51. [PMID: 19552530 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802590499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of particles from road traffic and wood smoke on the innate immune response in the lung was studied in a lung challenge model with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Female Balb/cA mice were instilled intratracheally with wood smoke particles, particles from road traffic collected during winter (studded tires used; St+), and during autumn (no studded tires; St-), or diesel exhaust particles (DEP). Simultaneously with, and 1 or 7 days after particle instillation, 10(5) bacteria were inoculated intratracheally. Bacterial numbers in the lungs and spleen 1 day after Listeria challenge were determined, as an indicator of cellular activation. In separate experiments, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected 4 h and 24 h after particle instillation. All particles tested reduced the numbers of bacteria in the lung 24 h after bacterial inoculation. When particles were given simultaneously with Listeria, the reduction was greatest for DEP, followed by St+ and St-, and least for wood smoke particles. Particle effects were no longer apparent after 7 days. Neutrophil numbers in BAL fluid were increased for all particle exposed groups. St+ and St- induced the highest levels of IL-1beta, MIP-2, MCP-1, and TNF-alpha, followed by DEP, which induced no TNF-alpha. In contrast, wood smoke particles only increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, indicating a cytotoxic effect of these particles. In conclusion, all particles tested activated the innate immune system as determined with Listeria. However, differences in kinetics of anti-Listeria activity and levels of proinflammatory mediators point to cellular activation by different mechanisms.
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Kocbach Bølling A, Pagels J, Yttri KE, Barregard L, Sallsten G, Schwarze PE, Boman C. Health effects of residential wood smoke particles: the importance of combustion conditions and physicochemical particle properties. Part Fibre Toxicol 2009; 6:29. [PMID: 19891791 PMCID: PMC2777846 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-6-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residential wood combustion is now recognized as a major particle source in many developed countries, and the number of studies investigating the negative health effects associated with wood smoke exposure is currently increasing. The combustion appliances in use today provide highly variable combustion conditions resulting in large variations in the physicochemical characteristics of the emitted particles. These differences in physicochemical properties are likely to influence the biological effects induced by the wood smoke particles. OUTLINE The focus of this review is to discuss the present knowledge on physicochemical properties of wood smoke particles from different combustion conditions in relation to wood smoke-induced health effects. In addition, the human wood smoke exposure in developed countries is explored in order to identify the particle characteristics that are relevant for experimental studies of wood smoke-induced health effects. Finally, recent experimental studies regarding wood smoke exposure are discussed with respect to the applied combustion conditions and particle properties. CONCLUSION Overall, the reviewed literature regarding the physicochemical properties of wood smoke particles provides a relatively clear picture of how these properties vary with the combustion conditions, whereas particle emissions from specific classes of combustion appliances are less well characterised. The major gaps in knowledge concern; (i) characterisation of the atmospheric transformations of wood smoke particles, (ii) characterisation of the physicochemical properties of wood smoke particles in ambient and indoor environments, and (iii) identification of the physicochemical properties that influence the biological effects of wood smoke particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Division of Ergonomics & Aerosol Technology (EAT), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Espen Yttri
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Lars Barregard
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per E Schwarze
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christoffer Boman
- Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Williams AS, Eynott PR, Leung SY, Nath P, Jupp R, De Sanctis GT, Resnick R, Adcock IM, Chung KF. Role of cathepsin S in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 22:27-32. [PMID: 19041950 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ozone has been linked to the worsening of symptoms of patients with obstructive diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. We investigated the role of cathepsin S on ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation, using the selective cathepsin S inhibitor, Compound A. Balb/c mice were exposed to ozone at a concentration of 3 ppm or air for 3 h, following administration by gavage of Compound A or vehicle. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 3 h and 20-24 h following exposure, AHR was measured at 20-24 h only. Ozone exposure, compared to air exposure increased BAL cathepsin S levels, AHR and BAL inflammatory cells. Compound A (30 mg kg(-1) p.o.) dosing compared to vehicle dosing inhibited ozone-induced AHR (-logPC100 vehicle: -0.70+/-0.12, n=8 vs. cathepsin S inhibitor: -1.30+/-0.06, P<0.001, n=8) at 20-24 h and BAL neutrophilia at 3 h and 20-24 h (P<0.05, n=6). Ozone exposure increased levels of BAL cytokines IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Compound A reduced IL-6 at 3 h and 20-24 h (P<0.05, n=5) and TNF-alpha, at 20-24 h (P<0.05, n=6). These data indicate an important role for cathepsin S in the regulation of ozone-induced AHR and neutrophil cell recruitment and suggest that cathepsin S may be a target in the treatment of oxidative stress-induced AHR and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison S Williams
- Experimental Studies Unit, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse St., SW3 6LY London, UK
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Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Dormans JAMA, Bloemen HJT, Leseman DLAC, Boere AJF, Kelly FJ, Mudway IS, Jimenez AA, Donaldson K, Guastadisegni C, Janssen NAH, Brunekreef B, Sandström T, van Bree L, Cassee FR. Toxicity of Coarse and Fine Particulate Matter from Sites with Contrasting Traffic Profiles. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 19:1055-69. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370701626261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mishra NC, Rir-Sima-Ah J, Langley RJ, Singh SP, Peña-Philippides JC, Koga T, Razani-Boroujerdi S, Hutt J, Campen M, Kim KC, Tesfaigzi Y, Sopori ML. Nicotine primarily suppresses lung Th2 but not goblet cell and muscle cell responses to allergens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7655-63. [PMID: 18490768 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma, an inflammatory disease characterized by the infiltration and activation of various leukocytes, the production of Th2 cytokines and leukotrienes, and atopy, also affects the function of other cell types, causing goblet cell hyperplasia/hypertrophy, increased mucus production/secretion, and airway hyperreactivity. Eosinophilic inflammation is a characteristic feature of human asthma, and recent evidence suggests that eosinophils also play a critical role in T cell trafficking in animal models of asthma. Nicotine is an anti-inflammatory, but the association between smoking and asthma is highly contentious and some report that smoking cessation increases the risk of asthma in ex-smokers. To ascertain the effects of nicotine on allergy/asthma, Brown Norway rats were treated with nicotine and sensitized and challenged with allergens. The results unequivocally show that, even after multiple allergen sensitizations, nicotine dramatically suppresses inflammatory/allergic parameters in the lung including the following: eosinophilic/lymphocytic emigration; mRNA and/or protein expression of the Th2 cytokines/chemokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, and eotaxin; leukotriene C(4); and total as well as allergen-specific IgE. Although nicotine did not significantly affect hexosaminidase release, IgG, or methacholine-induced airway resistance, it significantly decreased mucus content in bronchoalveolar lavage; interestingly, however, despite the strong suppression of IL-4/IL-13, nicotine significantly increased the intraepithelial-stored mucosubstances and Muc5ac mRNA expression. These results suggest that nicotine modulates allergy/asthma primarily by suppressing eosinophil trafficking and suppressing Th2 cytokine/chemokine responses without reducing goblet cell metaplasia or mucous production and may explain the lower risk of allergic diseases in smokers. To our knowledge this is the first direct evidence that nicotine modulates allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerad C Mishra
- Immunology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Reed MD, Campen MJ, Gigliotti AP, Harrod KS, McDonald JD, Seagrave JC, Mauderly JL, Seilkop SK. Health effects of subchronic exposure to environmental levels of hardwood smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 18:523-39. [PMID: 16717024 DOI: 10.1080/08958370600685707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hardwood smoke is a contributor to both ambient and indoor air pollution. As part of a general health assessment of multiple anthropogenic source emissions conducted by the National Environmental Respiratory Center, a series of health assays was conducted on rodents exposed to environmentally relevant levels of hardwood smoke. This article summarizes the study design and exposures, and reports findings on general indicators of toxicity, bacterial clearance, cardiac function, and carcinogenic potential. Hardwood smoke was generated from an uncertified wood stove, burning wood of mixed oak species. Animals were exposed to clean air (control) or dilutions of whole emissions based on particulate (30, 100, 300, and 1000 micromg/m3). F344 rats, SHR rats, strain A/J mice, and C57BL/6 mice were exposed by whole-body inhalation 6 h/day, 7 days/wk, for either 1 wk or 6 mo. Effects of exposure on general indicators of toxicity, bacterial clearance, cardiac function, and carcinogenic potential were mild. Exposure-related effects included increases in platelets and decreases in blood urea nitrogen and serum alanine aminotransferase. Several other responses met screening criteria for significant exposure effects but were not consistent between genders or exposure times and were not corroborated by related parameters. Pulmonary histopathology revealed very little accumulation of hardwood smoke particulate matter. Parallel studies demonstrated mild exposure effects on bronchoalveolar lavage parameters and in a mouse model of asthma. In summary, the results reported here show few and only modest health hazards from short-term to subchronic exposures to realistic concentrations of hardwood smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Reed
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
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Green FHY, Vallyathan V, Hahn FF. Comparative pathology of environmental lung disease: an overview. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35:136-47. [PMID: 17325982 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601132055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors play a major role in a majority of lung diseases. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and many interstitial lung diseases are influenced or caused by environmental factors. Animals and humans may respond differently to the same agent, and a study of the comparative pathology between the two is useful for optimizing animal models of environmental lung disease and for evaluating their predictive value in carcinogenicity studies. This overview describes the most common nonneoplastic pathologic pulmonary responses to inhaled environmental agents in the human and contrasts them with the responses observed in rats exposed to the same agents. We show both similarities and difference in response to the same agents; furthermore, both species have unique responses to some agents (for example, progressive massive fibrosis in the human and proliferative squamous lesions in the rat). Quantitative analysis of the grades of response to three environmental particulate dusts revealed differences between the 2 species at the cellular level. Specifically, acute intra-alveolar inflammation, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, and alveolar lipoproteinosis were all greater in rats than in humans exposed to the same agents. These differences may account for differences between the 2 species in carcinogenic response to nonfibrous particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis H Y Green
- Respiratory Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Seagrave J, McDonald JD, Bedrick E, Edgerton ES, Gigliotti AP, Jansen JJ, Ke L, Naeher LP, Seilkop SK, Zheng M, Mauderly JL. Lung toxicity of ambient particulate matter from southeastern U.S. sites with different contributing sources: relationships between composition and effects. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1387-93. [PMID: 16966093 PMCID: PMC1570075 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution and, more specifically, particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse health effects. However, the specific PM characteristics responsible for biological effects have not been defined. OBJECTIVES In this project we examined the composition, sources, and relative toxicity of samples of PM with aerodynamic diameter </= 2.5 microm (PM2.5) collected from sites within the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) air monitoring network during two seasons. These sites represent four areas with differing sources of PM2.5, including local urban versus regional sources, urban areas with different contributions of transportation and industrial sources, and a site influenced by Gulf of Mexico weather patterns. METHODS We collected samples from each site during the winter and summer of 2004 for toxicity testing and for chemical analysis and chemical mass balance-based source apportionment. We also collected PM2.5 downwind of a series of prescribed forest burns. We assessed the toxicity of the samples by instillation into rat lungs and assessed general toxicity, acute cytotoxicity, and inflammation. Statistical dose-response modeling techniques were used to rank the relative toxicity and compare the seasonal differences at each site. Projection-to-latent-surfaces (PLS) techniques examined the relationships among sources, chemical composition, and toxicologic end points. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Urban sites with high contributions from vehicles and industry were most toxic.
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