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Kalyan G, Slusser-Nore A, Dunlevy JR, Bathula CS, Shabb JB, Muhonen W, Somji S, Sens DA, Garrett SH. Protein interactions with metallothionein-3 promote vectorial active transport in human proximal tubular cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267599. [PMID: 35503771 PMCID: PMC9064079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallothionein 3 (MT-3) is a small, cysteine-rich protein that binds to essential metals required for homeostasis, as well as to heavy metals that have the potential to exert toxic effects on cells. MT-3 is expressed by epithelial cells of the human kidney, including the cells of the proximal tubule. Our laboratory has previously shown that mortal cultures of human proximal tubular (HPT) cells express MT-3 and form domes in the cell monolayer, a morphological feature indicative of vectorial active transport, an essential function of the proximal tubule. However, an immortalized proximal tubular cell line HK-2 lacks the expression of MT-3 and fails to form domes in the monolayer. Transfection of HK-2 cells with the MT-3 gene restores dome formation in these cells suggesting that MT-3 is required for vectorial active transport. In order to determine how MT-3 imparts this essential feature to the proximal tubule, we sought to identify proteins that interact either directly or indirectly with MT-3. Using a combination of pulldowns, co-immunoprecipitations, and mass spectrometry analysis, putative protein interactants were identified and subsequently confirmed by Western analysis and confocal microscopy, following which proteins with direct physical interactions were investigated through molecular docking. Our data shows that MT-3 interacts with myosin-9, aldolase A, enolase 1, β-actin, and tropomyosin 3 and that these interactions are maximized at the periphery of the apical membrane of doming proximal tubule cells. Together these observations reveal that MT-3 interacts with proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization and energy metabolism, and these interactions at the apical membrane support vectorial active transport and cell differentiation in proximal tubule cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazal Kalyan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Andrea Slusser-Nore
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Jane R. Dunlevy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Chandra S. Bathula
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - John B. Shabb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Wallace Muhonen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shrestha S, Singhal S, Sens DA, Somji S, Davis BA, Guyer R, Breen S, Kalonick M, Garrett SH. Elevated glucose represses lysosomal and mTOR-related genes in renal epithelial cells composed of progenitor CD133+ cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248241. [PMID: 33764985 PMCID: PMC7993790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is one of the major health concern in many parts of the world. One of the serious complications of high glucose levels is diabetic nephropathy. The preliminary microarray study performed on primary human renal tubular epithelial (hRTE) cells exposed to high glucose levels showed a significant downregulation of mTOR as well as its associated genes as well as lysosomal genes. Based on this preliminary data, the expression of various lysosomal genes as well as mTOR and its associated genes were analyzed in hRTE cells exposed to 5.5, 7.5, 11 and 16 mM glucose. The results validated the microarray analysis, which showed a significant decrease in the mRNA as well as protein expression of the selected genes as the concentration of glucose increased. Co-localization of lysosomal marker, LAMP1 with mTOR showed lower expression of mTOR as the glucose concentration increased, suggesting decrease in mTOR activity. Although the mechanism by which glucose affects the regulation of lysosomal genes is not well known, our results suggest that high levels of glucose may lead to decrease in mTOR expression causing the cells to enter an anabolic state with subsequent downregulation of lysosomal genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swojani Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Singhal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Bethany A. Davis
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rachel Guyer
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Spencer Breen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Matthew Kalonick
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shi H, Sun X, Kong A, Ma H, Xie Y, Cheng D, Wong CKC, Zhou Y, Gu J. Cadmium induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration of renal cancer cells by increasing PGE2 through a cAMP/PKA-COX2 dependent mechanism. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111480. [PMID: 33254385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental or occupational exposure of Cadmium (Cd) is concerned to be a threat to human health. The kidney is main target of Cd accumulation, which increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In addition, low content of Cd had been determined in kidney cancer, however, the roles of presence of Cd in renal tumors progression are still unclear. The present study is proposed to determine the effect of low-dose Cd exposure on the renal cancer cells and aimed to clarify the underlying mechanisms. The cell viability, cytotoxicity, and the migratory effect of low-dose Cd on the renal cancer cells were detected. Moreover, the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+, and cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)-cyclooxygenase2 (COX2) signaling, as well as COX2 catalytic product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on cell migration and invasion were identified. Our results suggested that low dose Cd exposure promoted migration of renal cancer Caki-1 cells, which was not dependent on Cd-induced ROS and intracellular Ca2+ levels. Cd exposure induced cAMP/PKA-COX2, which mediated cell migration and invasion, and decreased expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker, E-cadherin, but increased expressions of N-cadherin and Vimentin. Moreover, Cd-induced secretion of PGE2 feedback on activation of cAMP/PKA-COX2 signaling, also promoted EMT, migration and invasion of renal cancer Caki-1 cells. This study might contribute to understanding of the mechanism of Cd-induce progression of renal cancer and future studies on the prevention and therapy of renal cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Xi Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Anqi Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Haiyan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Yimin Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-Yixing Hospital, Jiangsu, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Dongrui Cheng
- General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, East Zhongshan Road 305, Xuanwu District, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210002, China
| | | | - Yang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Jie Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang 212000, China.
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Shrestha S, Somji S, Sens DA, Slusser-Nore A, Patel DH, Savage E, Garrett SH. Human renal tubular cells contain CD24/CD133 progenitor cell populations: Implications for tubular regeneration after toxicant induced damage using cadmium as a model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 331:116-129. [PMID: 28587817 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The proximal tubules of the kidney are target sites of injury by various toxicants. Cadmium (Cd+2), an environmental nephrotoxicant can cause adverse effects and overt renal damage. To decipher the mechanisms involved in nephrotoxicity, an in vitro model system is required. Mortal cultures of human proximal tubule (HPT) cells have served, as models but are difficult to acquire and do not lend themselves to stable transfection. The immortalized human proximal tubule cell line HK-2, has served as a model but it lacks vectorial active transport and shows signs of lost epithelial features. Recently a new proximal tubule cell line was developed, the RPTEC/TERT1, and the goal of this study was to determine if this cell line could serve as a model to study nephrotoxicity. Global gene expression analysis of this cell line in comparison to the HK-2 and HPT cells showed that the RPTEC/TERT1 cells had gene expression patterns similar to HPT cells when compared to the HK-2 cells. The HPT and the RPTEC/TERT1 cell line had an increased population of stem/progenitor cells co-expressing CD24 and CD133 when compared to the HK-2 cells. The level of expression of cadherins, claudins and occludin molecules was also similar between the RPTEC/TERT1 and the HPT cells. Acute exposure to Cd+2 resulted in necrosis of the RPTEC/TERT1 cells when compared to the HK-2 cells which died by apoptosis. Thus, the RPTEC/TERT1 cells are similar to HPT cells and can serve as a good model system to study mechanisms involved in toxicant induced renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swojani Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Donald A Sens
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Andrea Slusser-Nore
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - Divyen H Patel
- Genome Explorations, Division of Compass Lab Services, 654 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
| | - Evan Savage
- Genome Explorations, Division of Compass Lab Services, 654 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
| | - Scott H Garrett
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
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Voels B, Wang L, Sens DA, Garrett SH, Zhang K, Somji S. The unique C- and N-terminal sequences of Metallothionein isoform 3 mediate growth inhibition and Vectorial active transport in MCF-7 cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:369. [PMID: 28545470 PMCID: PMC5445401 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 3rd isoform of the metallothionein (MT3) gene family has been shown to be overexpressed in most ductal breast cancers. A previous study has shown that the stable transfection of MCF-7 cells with the MT3 gene inhibits cell growth. The goal of the present study was to determine the role of the unique C-terminal and N-terminal sequences of MT3 on phenotypic properties and gene expression profiles of MCF-7 cells. Methods MCF-7 cells were transfected with various metallothionein gene constructs which contain the insertion or the removal of the unique MT3 C- and N-terminal domains. Global gene expression analysis was performed on the MCF-7 cells containing the various constructs and the expression of the unique C- and N- terminal domains of MT3 was correlated to phenotypic properties of the cells. Results The results of the present study demonstrate that the C-terminal sequence of MT3, in the absence of the N-terminal sequence, induces dome formation in MCF-7 cells, which in cell cultures is the phenotypic manifestation of a cell’s ability to perform vectorial active transport. Global gene expression analysis demonstrated that the increased expression of the GAGE gene family correlated with dome formation. Expression of the C-terminal domain induced GAGE gene expression, whereas the N-terminal domain inhibited GAGE gene expression and that the effect of the N-terminal domain inhibition was dominant over the C-terminal domain of MT3. Transfection with the metallothionein 1E gene increased the expression of GAGE genes. In addition, both the C- and the N-terminal sequences of the MT3 gene had growth inhibitory properties, which correlated to an increased expression of the interferon alpha-inducible protein 6. Conclusions Our study shows that the C-terminal domain of MT3 confers dome formation in MCF-7 cells and the presence of this domain induces expression of the GAGE family of genes. The differential effects of MT3 and metallothionein 1E on the expression of GAGE genes suggests unique roles of these genes in the development and progression of breast cancer. The finding that interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 expression is associated with the ability of MT3 to inhibit growth needs further investigation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3355-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Voels
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.,Departments of Science, Cankdeska Cikana Community College, 214 1st Avenue, Fort Totten, ND, 58335, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.,Present address: Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Techology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Donald A Sens
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Scott H Garrett
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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Fu H, Qi L, Chen L, He Y, Zhang N, Guo H. Expression of Ovol2 is related to epithelial characteristics and shows a favorable clinical outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:5963-5973. [PMID: 27729805 PMCID: PMC5047729 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis involves epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal–epithelial transition. Ovol2 belongs to the Ovo-like family (Ovol) of evolutionarily conserved zinc-finger transcription factors that regulate gene expression in various differentiation processes. Recent studies have demonstrated that Ovols affect mesenchymal–epithelial transition by inducing the expression of miR-200 in a range of human cancers. Downregulated Ovol2 expression is involved in the invasion and metastasis of breast and prostate cancers, but little is known about its expression and prognostic value in other cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study was designed to explore the clinical and prognostic significance of Ovol2 in patients with HCC. The expression of Ovol2 in tumor samples from patients with HCC and HCC cell lines was examined using Western blotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of EMT-related markers, including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin, were detected in relation to Ovol2 expression. The prognostic significance of Ovol2 in patients with HCC was statistically analyzed by Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses. Ovol2 expression was significantly lower in HCC tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues. Low expression of Ovol2 was detected in HCC tissues with poor histological differentiation, microvascular invasion, and cirrhosis. A significant relationship was observed between Ovol2 and EMT marker expression levels. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that overall survival was significantly worse in patients with HCC with low Ovol2 expression, indicating that Ovol2 deletion was an independent predictor of unfavorable prognosis in patients with HCC. Elevated Ovol2 expression may suppress HCC cell invasion and metastasis via restricting EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fu
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer
| | - Lisha Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer
| | - Yuchao He
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer
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Sandquist EJ, Somji S, Dunlevy JR, Garrett SH, Zhou XD, Slusser-Nore A, Sens DA. Loss of N-Cadherin Expression in Tumor Transplants Produced From As+3- and Cd+2-Transformed Human Urothelial (UROtsa) Cell Lines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156310. [PMID: 27224422 PMCID: PMC4880289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is a process in which a cell experiences a loss of epithelial cell characteristics and acquires a more mesenchymal cell phenotype. In cancer, epithelial to mesenchymal transition has been proposed to play an important role during specific stages of tumor progression. The role epithelial to mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal to epithelial transition might play in toxicant-induced urothelial cancer is unknown. METHODS Real-time PCR, Western blotting, immuno-histochemistry and immuno-fluorescence were used to determine the expression of E- and N-cadherin in the UROtsa parent, the As+3- and Cd+2-transformed cell lines, the spheroids isolated from these cell lines as well as the tumor heterotransplants that were produced by the injection of the transformed cells into immune compromised mice. RESULTS This study showed that N-cadherin expression was increased in 6 As+3- and 7 Cd+2- transformed cell lines generated from human urothelial cells (UROtsa). The expression varied within each cell line, with 10% to 95% of the cells expressing N-cadherin. Tumors produced from these cell lines showed no expression of the N-cadherin protein. Spheroids which are made up of putative cancer initiating cells produced from these cell lines showed only background expression of N-cadherin mRNA, increased expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 mRNA and produced tumors which did not express N-cadherin. There was no change in the expression of E-cadherin in the tumors, and the tumors formed by all the As+3 and Cd+2-transformed cell lines and cancer initiating cells stained intensely and uniformly for E-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS The finding that the cells expressing N-cadherin gave rise to tumors with no expression of N-cadherin is in agreement with the classical view of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition and N-cadherin are associated with dissemination and not with the ability to establish new tumor growth. Mesenchymal to epithelial transition and E-cadherin are viewed as necessary for a cell to establish a new metastatic site. The lack of N-cadherin expression in tumor transplants is consistent with E-cadherin expressing cells "seeding" a site for tumor growth. The study shows that a minority population of cultured cells can be the initiators of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Sandquist
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jane R. Dunlevy
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Andrea Slusser-Nore
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Slusser A, Bathula CS, Sens DA, Somji S, Sens MA, Zhou XD, Garrett SH. Cadherin expression, vectorial active transport, and metallothionein isoform 3 mediated EMT/MET responses in cultured primary and immortalized human proximal tubule cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120132. [PMID: 25803827 PMCID: PMC4372585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultures of human proximal tubule cells have been widely utilized to study the role of EMT in renal disease. The goal of this study was to define the role of growth media composition on classic EMT responses, define the expression of E- and N-cadherin, and define the functional epitope of MT-3 that mediates MET in HK-2 cells. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, microdissection, real-time PCR, western blotting, and ELISA were used to define the expression of E- and N-cadherin mRNA and protein in HK-2 and HPT cell cultures. Site-directed mutagenesis, stable transfection, measurement of transepithelial resistance and dome formation were used to define the unique amino acid sequence of MT-3 associated with MET in HK-2 cells. RESULTS It was shown that both E- and N-cadherin mRNA and protein are expressed in the human renal proximal tubule. It was shown, based on the pattern of cadherin expression, connexin expression, vectorial active transport, and transepithelial resistance, that the HK-2 cell line has already undergone many of the early features associated with EMT. It was shown that the unique, six amino acid, C-terminal sequence of MT-3 is required for MT-3 to induce MET in HK-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the HK-2 cell line can be an effective model to study later stages in the conversion of the renal epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell. The HK-2 cell line, transfected with MT-3, may be an effective model to study the process of MET. The study implicates the unique C-terminal sequence of MT-3 in the conversion of HK-2 cells to display an enhanced epithelial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Slusser
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Chandra S. Bathula
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Lash LH, Putt DA, Benipal B. Multigenerational study of chemically induced cytotoxicity and proliferation in cultures of human proximal tubular cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21348-65. [PMID: 25411799 PMCID: PMC4264229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cultures of human proximal tubular (hPT) cells are a useful experimental model to study transport, metabolism, cytotoxicity, and effects on gene expression of a diverse array of drugs and environmental chemicals because they are derived directly from the in vivo human kidney. To extend the model to investigate longer-term processes, primary cultures (P0) were passaged for up to four generations (P1-P4). hPT cells retained epithelial morphology and stained positively for cytokeratins through P4, although cell growth and proliferation successively slowed with each passage. Necrotic cell death due to the model oxidants tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) increased with increasing passage number, whereas that due to the selective nephrotoxicant S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (DCVC) was modest and did not change with passage number. Mitochondrial activity was lower in P2-P4 cells than in either P0 or P1 cells. P1 and P2 cells were most sensitive to DCVC-induced apoptosis. DCVC also increased cell proliferation most prominently in P1 and P2 cells. Modest differences with respect to passage number and response to DCVC exposure were observed in expression of three key proteins (Hsp27, GADD153, p53) involved in stress response. Hence, although there are some modest differences in function with passage, these results support the use of multiple generations of hPT cells as an experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - David A Putt
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Bavneet Benipal
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Slusser A, Zheng Y, Zhou XD, Somji S, Sens DA, Sens MA, Garrett SH. Metallothionein isoform 3 expression in human skin, related cancers and human skin derived cell cultures. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:141-8. [PMID: 25290577 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human skin is a well known target site of inorganic arsenic with effects ranging from hyperkeratosis to dermal malignancies. The current study characterizes the expression of a protein known to bind inorganic, As(3+), metallothionein 3 (MT-3). Expression of this protein was assessed immunohistochemically with a specific MT-3 antibody on human formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens in normal skin, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and melanoma. Assessment in normal skin using nine normal specimens showed moderate to intense MT-3 staining in epidermal karatinocytes with staining extending into the basal cells and moderate to intense staining in melanocytes of nevi. MT-3 immunoexpression was shown to be moderate to intense in 12 of 13 of SCC, low to moderate in 8 of 10 BCC, and moderate to intense in 12 melanoma samples. MT-3 expression in cell culture models (normal human epidermal keratinocytes, normal human melanocytes, and HaCaT cells) showed only trace expression of MT-3, while exposures to the histone deacytalase inhibitor, MS-275, partially restored expression levels. These results indicate that the epidermis of human skin and resulting malignancies express high level of MT-3 and potentially impact on the known association of arsenic exposure and the development of skin disorders and related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Slusser
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Donald A Sens
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Mary Ann Sens
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Scott H Garrett
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
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The limitations of renal epithelial cell line HK-2 as a model of drug transporter expression and function in the proximal tubule. Pflugers Arch 2012; 464:601-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Sipos F, Galamb O. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions in the colon. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:601-8. [PMID: 22363130 PMCID: PMC3281216 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i7.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions are well established biological events which have an important role in not just normal tissue and organ development, but in the pathogenesis of diseases. Increasing evidence has established their presence in the human colon during colorectal carcinogenesis and cancer invasion, chronic inflammation-related fibrosis and in the course of mucosal healing. A large body of evidence supports the role for transforming growth factor-β and its downstream Smad signaling, the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt/mTOR axis, the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase/Snail/Slug and FOXC2 pathway, and Hedgehog signaling and microRNAs in the development of colorectal cancers via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. C-met and Frizzled-7, among others, seem to be the principle effectors of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, hence have a role not just in mucosal regeneration but in the progression of colonic wall fibrosis. Here we discuss a role for these pathways in the initiation and development of the transition events. A better understanding of their induction and regulation may lead to the identification of pathways and factors that could be potent therapeutic targets. The inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition using mTOR kinase inhibitors targeting the ATP binding pocket and which inhibit both mTORC1 and mTORC2, RNA aptamers or peptide mimetics, such as a Wnt5A-mimetic, may all be useful in both cancer treatment and delaying fibrosis, while the induction of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in induced pluripotent stem cells may enhance epithelial healing in the case of severe mucosal damage. The preliminary results of the current studies are promising, but more clinical investigations are needed to develop new and safe therapeutic strategies for diseases of the colon.
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Human Chondrosarcoma Cells Acquire an Epithelial-Like Gene Expression Pattern via an Epigenetic Switch: Evidence for Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition during Sarcomagenesis. Sarcoma 2011; 2011:598218. [PMID: 21559267 PMCID: PMC3087947 DOI: 10.1155/2011/598218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes are mesenchymally derived cells that reportedly acquire some epithelial characteristics; however, whether this is a progression through a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) during chondrosarcoma development is still a matter of investigation. We observed that chondrosarcoma cells acquired the expression of four epithelial markers, E-cadherin,desmocollin 3, maspin, and 14-3-3σ, all of which are governed epigenetically through cytosine methylation. Indeed, loss of cytosine methylation was tightly associated with acquired expression of both maspin and 14-3-3σ in chondrosarcomas. In contrast, chondrocyte cells were negative for maspin and 14-3-3σ and displayed nearly complete DNA methylation. Robust activation of these genes was also observed in chondrocyte cells following 5-aza-dC treatment. We also examined the transcription factor snail which has been reported to be an important mediator of epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs). In chondrosarcoma cells snail is downregulated suggesting a role for loss of snail expression in lineage maintenance. Taken together, these results document an epigenetic switch associated with an MET-like phenomenon that accompanies chondrosarcoma progression.
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Garrett SH, Somji S, Sens MA, Zhang K, Sens DA. Microarray analysis of gene expression patterns in human proximal tubule cells over a short and long time course of cadmium exposure. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:24-42. [PMID: 21120746 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2010.514230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies showed that renal proximal tubules cells are the cell type critically affected by chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd(2+)). The aim of the present study was to apply global gene expression technology and a human renal epithelial cell culture model (HPT) to determine whether time of exposure to Cd(2+) exerts a major influence on the resulting pattern of global gene expression. HPT cells were exposed to Cd(2+) for a short, 1-d, period of exposure (9, 27, and 45 μM) versus a longer, 13-d, period (4.5, 9, and 27 μM), with the hypothesis being that the stress response of the cells would be more active during the short time of exposure. The results showed that the differential expression of genes was very extensive for HPT cells exposed to Cd(2+) for 1 d, with more than 1848 genes displaying alterations compared to control and with the major categories of genes being involved in stress responses; cell death; checkpoint arrest, DNA repair, and the cell cycle; inflammatory responses; and cell adhesion, motion and differentiation. In contrast, HPT cells exposed to Cd(2+) for 13 d showed 923 genes to be differentially expressed, with a marked reduction in the number of differentially expressed stress response genes and a significant increase in the number of genes involved in development and differentiation. There were 387 differentially expressed genes common to both times of exposure. Data suggest that unless one is actively seeking to study the acute stress response, global gene expression technology should not be applied within an early time course of toxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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Attenuation of cadmium-induced testicular injury in metallothionein-III null mice. Life Sci 2010; 87:545-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Van Kerkhove E, Pennemans V, Swennen Q. Cadmium and transport of ions and substances across cell membranes and epithelia. Biometals 2010; 23:823-55. [PMID: 20582616 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd(2+)) pose serious risks to human health. However, even though the importance of Cd(2+) as environmental health hazards is now widely appreciated, the specific mechanisms by which it produces its adverse effects have yet to be fully elucidated. Cd(2+) is known to enter cells, it binds and interacts with a multitude of molecules, it may indirectly induce oxidative stress and interfere with gene expression and repair of DNA. It also interacts with transport across cell membranes and epithelia and may therefore disturb the cell's homeostasis and function. Interaction with epithelial transport, especially in the kidney and the liver, may have serious consequences in general health. A lot of research still needs to be done to understand the exact way in which Cd(2+) interferes with these transport phenomena. It is not always clear whether Cd(2+) has primary or secondary effects on cell membrane transport. In the present review we try to summarize the work that has been done up to now and to critically discuss the relevance of the experimental work in vitro with respect to the in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Van Kerkhove
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building C, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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