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Yang Y, He S, Qi Z, Chai X, Zhao Q, Hu B, Li G, Yu Y. Proliferation toxicity and mechanism of novel mixed bromine/chlorine transformation products of tetrabromobisphenol A on human embryonic stem cell. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:131050. [PMID: 36821903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mixed bromine/chlorine transformation products of tetrabromobisphenol A (ClyBrxBPAs) are mixed halogenated-type compounds recently identified in electronic waste dismantling sites. There are a lack of toxicity data on these compounds. To study their development toxicity, the proliferation toxicity was investigated using human embryonic stem cells (hESC) exposed to the lowest effective dose of two ClyBrxBPA analogues (2-chloro-2',6-dibromobisphenol A and 2,2'-dichloro-6-monobromobisphenol A). For comparison, tetrabromobisphenol A, 2,2',6-tribromobisphenol A, and bisphenol A were also assessed. It was observed that ClyBrxBPAs inhibited hESCs proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. The cell bioaccumulation efficiency of ClyBrxBPAs was higher than that of tetrabromobisphenol A. Also, ClyBrxBPAs were more toxic than tetrabromobisphenol A, with 2,2'-dichloro-6-monobromobisphenol A exhibiting the most potent toxicity. Furthermore, flow cytometry and oxidative stress results showed that increased reactive oxygen species raised the degree of apoptosis and reduced DNA synthesis. Metabolomics analysis on the effect of ClyBrxBPAs on metabolic pathway alteration showed that ClyBrxBPAs mainly interfered with four metabolic pathways related to amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis. These results provide an initial perspective on the proliferation toxicity of ClyBrxBPAs, indicating development toxicity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shiyao He
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xuyang Chai
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qiting Zhao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Beibei Hu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Kargaran PK, Mosqueira D, Kozicz T. Mitochondrial Medicine: Genetic Underpinnings and Disease Modeling Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:604581. [PMID: 33585579 PMCID: PMC7874022 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.604581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial medicine is an exciting and rapidly evolving field. While the mitochondrial genome is small and differs from the nuclear genome in that it is circular and free of histones, it has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, type 2 diabetes, aging and cardiovascular disorders. Currently, there is a lack of efficient treatments for mitochondrial diseases. This has promoted the need for developing an appropriate platform to investigate and target the mitochondrial genome. However, developing these therapeutics requires a model system that enables rapid and effective studying of potential candidate therapeutics. In the past decade, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become a promising technology for applications in basic science and clinical trials, and have the potential to be transformative for mitochondrial drug development. Engineered iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM) offer a unique tool to model mitochondrial disorders. Additionally, these cellular models enable the discovery and testing of novel therapeutics and their impact on pathogenic mtDNA variants and dysfunctional mitochondria. Herein, we review recent advances in iPSC-CM models focused on mitochondrial dysfunction often causing cardiovascular diseases. The importance of mitochondrial disease systems biology coupled with genetically encoded NAD+/NADH sensors is addressed toward developing an in vitro translational approach to establish effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa K Kargaran
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Diogo Mosqueira
- Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Liu W, Xi J, Cao Y, You X, Chen R, Zhang X, Han L, Pan G, Luan Y. An Adaption of Human-Induced Hepatocytes to In Vitro Genetic Toxicity Tests. Mutagenesis 2020; 34:165-171. [PMID: 30590776 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic activation is essential in standard in vitro genotoxicity test systems. At present, there is a lack of suitable cell models that can express the major characteristics of liver function for predicting substance toxicity in humans. Human-induced hepatocytes (hiHeps), which have been generated from fibroblasts by lentiviral expression of liver transcription factors, can express hepatic gene programs and can be expanded in vitro and display functional characteristics of mature hepatocytes, including cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and biliary drug clearance. Our purpose was to investigate whether hiHeps could be used as a more suitable model for genotoxicity evaluation of chemicals. Therefore, a direct mutagen, methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), and five promutagens [2-nitrofluorene (2-NF), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), aflatoxin B1, cyclophosphamide and N-nitrosodiethylamine] were tested by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test and the comet assay. Results from genotoxicity tests showed that the micronucleus frequencies were significantly increased by all of the six clastogens tested. Moreover, MMS, 2-NF and B[a]P induced significant increases in the % Tail DNA in the comet assay. In conclusion, our findings from the preliminary study demonstrated that hiHeps could detect the genotoxicity of indirect carcinogens, suggesting their potential to be applied as an effective tool for in vitro genotoxicity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Liu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xi
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyi Cao
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue You
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixue Chen
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Han
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Luan
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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A novel hiPSC-derived system for hematoendothelial and myeloid blood toxicity screens identifies compounds promoting and inhibiting endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104622. [PMID: 31404653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The exposure to toxic environmental and pharmaceutical substances can pose a long-term risk to human's health. In this study, we sought to investigate the potential of our recently developed method for induction of myeloid hematoendothelial and blood cells by overexpression of two transcription factors, GATA2 and ETV2, in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for toxicity screening. For the primary screen in a high-throughput format, we selected twenty-two chemicals with various degrees of cytotoxicity available from the NIEHS National Toxicology Program (Tox21). The compounds were applied during the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition and to differentiated myeloid progenitors growing in suspension. The system was capable of identifying compounds with both inhibitory and favorable effects on hematopoietic network, changes in expression of hematopoietic markers, and mitochondrial and cytotoxicity. The findings were confirmed and further investigated by secondary screens, colony forming cell assay, and gene expression profiling. The hematoendothelial toxicity of 5-fluorouracil, berberine chloride, and benzo(a)pyrene is characterized by the inhibition of cell division and a shift of hematopoietic programming to non-hemogenic endothelial and mesenchymal fates. This study demonstrates the feasibility of transcription factor (TF)-based differentiation systems to monitor endothelial and hematotoxicity and serves as an informative platform for screening myelosuppressive or stimulatory drugs and mechanistic studies of their action.
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Green ML, Lebron JA, Tanis KQ, Redfern BG, Zhu L, Yu Y, Wang E, Kaczor AR, Wysoczanski E, Chen F, Raymond CS, Mattson B, Sistare FD, DeGeorge JJ. Use of Alternative Developmental Toxicity Assays to Assess Teratogenicity Potential of Pharmaceuticals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maia L. Green
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Jose A. Lebron
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Keith Q. Tanis
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian G. Redfern
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Lei Zhu
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Yan Yu
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Erjia Wang
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Allen R. Kaczor
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Wysoczanski
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - FeiFei Chen
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher S. Raymond
- Mouse Transgenic and Gene Targeting Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Britta Mattson
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank D. Sistare
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph J. DeGeorge
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
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Yin L, Wei H, Liang S, Yu X. From the Cover: An Animal-Free In Vitro Three-Dimensional Testicular Cell Coculture Model for Evaluating Male Reproductive Toxicants. Toxicol Sci 2017; 159:307-326. [PMID: 28962518 PMCID: PMC6074874 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary testicular cell coculture model has been used to evaluate testicular abnormalities during development, and was able to identify the testicular toxicity of phthalates. However, the primary testicular cell coculture model has disadvantages in employing animals for the isolation of testicular cells, and the complicated isolation procedure leads to inconsistent results. We developed an invitro testicular coculture model from rodent testicular cell lines, including spermatogonial cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells with specified cell density and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. Using comparative high-content analysis of F-actin cytoskeletal structure between the coculture and single cell culture models, we demonstrated a 3D structure of the coculture, which created an invivo-like niche, and maintained and supported germ cells within a 3D environment. We validated this model by discriminating between reproductive toxicants and nontoxicants among 32 compounds in comparison to the single cell culture models. Furthermore, we conducted a comparison between the invitro (IC50) and invivo reproductive toxicity testing (lowest observed adverse effect level on reproductive system). We found the invitro coculture model could classify the tested compounds into 4 clusters, and identify the most toxic reproductive substances, with high concordance, sensitivity, and specificity of 84%, 86.21%, and 100%, respectively. We observed a strong correlation of IC50 between the invitro coculture model and the invivo testing results. Our results suggest that this novel invitro coculture model may be useful for screening testicular toxicants and prioritize chemicals for further assessment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia
- ReproTox Biotech LLC, Athens 30602, Georgia
| | - Hongye Wei
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia
| | - Shenxuan Liang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia
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7
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Juberg DR, Knudsen TB, Sander M, Beck NB, Faustman EM, Mendrick DL, Fowle JR, Hartung T, Tice RR, Lemazurier E, Becker RA, Fitzpatrick SC, Daston GP, Harrill A, Hines RN, Keller DA, Lipscomb JC, Watson D, Bahadori T, Crofton KM. FutureTox III: Bridges for Translation. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:22-31. [PMID: 27780885 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Future Tox III, a Society of Toxicology Contemporary Concepts in Toxicology workshop, was held in November 2015. Building upon Future Tox I and II, Future Tox III was focused on developing the high throughput risk assessment paradigm and taking the science of in vitro data and in silico models forward to explore the question-what progress is being made to address challenges in implementing the emerging big-data toolbox for risk assessment and regulatory decision-making. This article reports on the outcome of the workshop including 2 examples of where advancements in predictive toxicology approaches are being applied within Federal agencies, where opportunities remain within the exposome and AOP domains, and how collectively the toxicology community across multiple sectors can continue to bridge the translation from historical approaches to Tox21 implementation relative to risk assessment and regulatory decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas B Knudsen
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Nancy B Beck
- American Chemistry Council, Washington, The District of Columbia
| | | | | | - John R Fowle
- Science to Inform, LLC, Pittsboro, North Carolina
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Raymond R Tice
- National Toxicology Program/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Richard A Becker
- American Chemistry Council, Washington, The District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Alison Harrill
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ronald N Hines
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Tina Bahadori
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, The District of Columbia
| | - Kevin M Crofton
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Effects of a discoloration-resistant calcium aluminosilicate cement on the viability and proliferation of undifferentiated human dental pulp stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17177. [PMID: 26617338 PMCID: PMC4663481 DOI: 10.1038/srep17177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoloration-resistant calcium aluminosilicate cement has been formulated to overcome the timely problem of tooth discoloration reported in the clinical application of bismuth oxide-containing hydraulic cements. The present study examined the effects of this experimental cement (Quick-Set2) on the viability and proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) by comparing the cellular responses with commercially available calcium silicate cement (white mineral trioxide aggregate; WMTA) after different aging periods. Cell viability and proliferation were examined using assays that examined plasma membrane integrity, leakage of cytosolic enzyme, caspase-3 activity for early apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial metabolic activity and intracellular DNA content. Results of the six assays indicated that both Quick-Set2 and WMTA were initially cytotoxic to hDPSCs after setting for 24 h, with Quick-Set2 being comparatively less cytotoxic than WMTA at this stage. After two aging cycles, the cytotoxicity profiles of the two hydraulic cements were not significantly different and were much less cytotoxic than the positive control (zinc oxide-eugenol cement). Based on these results, it is envisaged that any potential beneficial effect of the discoloration-resistant calcium aluminosilicate cement on osteogenesis by differentiated hDPSCs is more likely to be revealed after outward diffusion and removal of its cytotoxic components.
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Rodrigues RM, Heymans A, De Boe V, Sachinidis A, Chaudhari U, Govaere O, Roskams T, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, De Kock J. Toxicogenomics-based prediction of acetaminophen-induced liver injury using human hepatic cell systems. Toxicol Lett 2015; 240:50-9. [PMID: 26497421 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (hHEP), human HepaRG and HepG2 cell lines are the most used human liver-based in vitro models for hepatotoxicity testing, including screening of drug-induced liver injury (DILI)-inducing compounds. hHEP are the reference hepatic in vitro system, but their availability is limited and the cells available for toxicology studies are often of poor quality. Hepatic cell lines on the other hand are highly proliferative and represent an inexhaustible hepatic cell source. However, these hepatoma-derived cells do not represent the population diversity and display reduced hepatic metabolism. Alternatively, stem cell-derived hepatic cells, which can be produced in high numbers and can differentiate into multiple cell lineages, are also being evaluated as a cell source for in vitro hepatotoxicity studies. Human skin-derived precursors (hSKP) are post-natal stem cells that, after conversion towards hepatic cells (hSKP-HPC), respond to hepatotoxic compounds in a comparable way as hHEP. In the current study, four different human hepatic cell systems (hSKP-HPC, hHEP, HepaRG and HepG2) are evaluated for their capacity to predict hepatic toxicity. Their hepatotoxic response to acetaminophen (APAP) exposure is compared to data obtained from patients suffering from APAP-induced acute liver failure (ALF). The results indicate that hHEP, HepaRG and hSKP-HPC identify comparable APAP-induced hepatotoxic functions and that HepG2 cells show the slightest hepatotoxic response. Pathway analyses further points out that HepaRG cells show the highest predicted activation of the functional genes related to 'damage of liver', followed by hSKP-HPC and hHEP cells that generated similar results. HepG2 did not show any activation of this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anja Heymans
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veerle De Boe
- Department of Urology, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Umesh Chaudhari
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), Minderbroedersstraat 12, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), Minderbroedersstraat 12, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Knudsen TB, Keller DA, Sander M, Carney EW, Doerrer NG, Eaton DL, Fitzpatrick SC, Hastings KL, Mendrick DL, Tice RR, Watkins PB, Whelan M. FutureTox II: in vitro data and in silico models for predictive toxicology. Toxicol Sci 2015; 143:256-67. [PMID: 25628403 PMCID: PMC4318934 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FutureTox II, a Society of Toxicology Contemporary Concepts in Toxicology workshop, was held in January, 2014. The meeting goals were to review and discuss the state of the science in toxicology in the context of implementing the NRC 21st century vision of predicting in vivo responses from in vitro and in silico data, and to define the goals for the future. Presentations and discussions were held on priority concerns such as predicting and modeling of metabolism, cell growth and differentiation, effects on sensitive subpopulations, and integrating data into risk assessment. Emerging trends in technologies such as stem cell-derived human cells, 3D organotypic culture models, mathematical modeling of cellular processes and morphogenesis, adverse outcome pathway development, and high-content imaging of in vivo systems were discussed. Although advances in moving towards an in vitro/in silico based risk assessment paradigm were apparent, knowledge gaps in these areas and limitations of technologies were identified. Specific recommendations were made for future directions and research needs in the areas of hepatotoxicity, cancer prediction, developmental toxicity, and regulatory toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Knudsen
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Douglas A Keller
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Miriam Sander
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Edward W Carney
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Nancy G Doerrer
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - David L Eaton
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Suzanne Compton Fitzpatrick
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Kenneth L Hastings
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Donna L Mendrick
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Raymond R Tice
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Paul B Watkins
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Maurice Whelan
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, Page One Editorial Services, Boulder, Colorado 80304, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, Sanofi, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, The Hamner Institutes, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and European Commission Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
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11
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Using Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Progeny as an In VitroModel to Assess (Developmental) Neurotoxicity. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527674183.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Kandasamy K, Narayanan K, Ni M, Du C, Wan ACA, Zink D. Polysulfone Membranes Coated with Polymerized 3,4-Dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine are a Versatile and Cost-Effective Synthetic Substrate for Defined Long-Term Cultures of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2067-78. [DOI: 10.1021/bm5001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Kandasamy
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Karthikeyan Narayanan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Ming Ni
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Chan Du
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Andrew C. A. Wan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Daniele Zink
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
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13
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SUN XIAOCHUN, SUN MIN, XIE YAN, ZHAI WEI, ZHU WEI, MA RUI, LU RONGZHU, XU WENRONG. Cytotoxic effects of acrylonitrile on human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:97-102. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abstract
Understanding the potential health risks posed by environmental chemicals is a significant challenge elevated by the large number of diverse chemicals with generally uncharacterized exposures, mechanisms, and toxicities. The ToxCast computational toxicology research program was launched by EPA in 2007 and is part of the federal Tox21 consortium to develop a cost-effective approach for efficiently prioritizing the toxicity testing of thousands of chemicals and the application of this information to assessing human toxicology. ToxCast addresses this problem through an integrated workflow using high-throughput screening (HTS) of chemical libraries across more than 650 in vitro assays including biochemical assays, human cells and cell lines, and alternative models such as mouse embryonic stem cells and zebrafish embryo development. The initial phase of ToxCast profiled a library of 309 environmental chemicals, mostly pesticidal actives having rich in vivo data from guideline studies that include chronic/cancer bioassays in mice and rats, multigenerational reproductive studies in rats, and prenatal developmental toxicity endpoints in rats and rabbits. The first phase of ToxCast was used to build models that aim to determine how well in vivo animal effects can be predicted solely from the in vitro data. Phase I is now complete and both the in vitro data (ToxCast) and anchoring in vivo database (ToxRefDB) have been made available to the public (http://actor.epa.gov/). As Phase II of ToxCast is now underway, the purpose of this chapter is to review progress to date with ToxCast predictive modeling, using specific examples on developmental and reproductive effects in rats and rabbits with lessons learned during Phase I.
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15
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Soellner L, Olejniczak K. The need for juvenile animal studies – A critical review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 65:87-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Balls M. Where does iPS cell technology leave the promoters of the creation and use of admixed animal-human embryos? Altern Lab Anim 2012; 40:227-8. [PMID: 23215660 DOI: 10.1177/026119291204000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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A review of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for high-throughput drug discovery, cardiotoxicity screening, and publication standards. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 6:22-30. [PMID: 23229562 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug attrition rates have increased in past years, resulting in growing costs for the pharmaceutical industry and consumers. The reasons for this include the lack of in vitro models that correlate with clinical results and poor preclinical toxicity screening assays. The in vitro production of human cardiac progenitor cells and cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells provides an amenable source of cells for applications in drug discovery, disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and cardiotoxicity screening. In addition, the ability to derive human-induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic tissues, combined with current high-throughput screening and pharmacogenomics, may help realize the use of these cells to fulfill the potential of personalized medicine. In this review, we discuss the use of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for drug discovery and cardiotoxicity screening, as well as current hurdles that must be overcome for wider clinical applications of this promising approach.
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18
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SUN XIAOCHUN, XIE YAN, WU LELE, ZHU WEI, HU JIABO, LU RONGZHU, XU WENRONG. Lead acetate reduces the ability of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells to support hematopoiesis in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:827-32. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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19
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Rana P, Anson B, Engle S, Will Y. Characterization of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: bioenergetics and utilization in safety screening. Toxicol Sci 2012; 130:117-31. [PMID: 22843568 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity remains the number one reason for drug withdrawal from the market, and Food and Drug Administration issued black box warnings, thus demonstrating the need for more predictive preclinical safety screening, especially early in the drug discovery process when much chemical substrate is available. Whereas human-ether-a-go-go related gene screening has become routine to mitigate proarrhythmic risk, the development of in vitro assays predicting additional on- and off-target biochemical toxicities will benefit from cellular models exhibiting true cardiomyocyte characteristics such as native tissue-like mitochondrial activity. Human stem cell-derived tissue cells may provide such a model. This hypothesis was tested using a combination of flux analysis, gene and protein expression, and toxicity-profiling techniques to characterize mitochondrial function in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived human cardiomyocytes in the presence of differing carbon sources over extended periods in cell culture. Functional analyses demonstrate that iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes are (1) capable of utilizing anaerobic or aerobic respiration depending upon the available carbon substrate and (2) bioenergetically closest to adult heart tissue cells when cultured in galactose or galactose supplemented with fatty acids. We utilized this model to test a variety of kinase inhibitors with known clinical cardiac liabilities for their potential toxicity toward these cells. We found that the kinase inhibitors showed a dose-dependent toxicity to iPSC cardiomyocytes grown in galactose and that oxygen consumption rates were significantly more affected than adenosine triphosphate production. Sorafenib was found to have the most effect, followed by sunitinib, dasatinib, imatinib, lapatinib, and nioltinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Rana
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer Global R&D, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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20
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Keller DA, Juberg DR, Catlin N, Farland WH, Hess FG, Wolf DC, Doerrer NG. Identification and characterization of adverse effects in 21st century toxicology. Toxicol Sci 2012; 126:291-7. [PMID: 22262567 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The practice of toxicology is changing rapidly, as demonstrated by the response to the 2007 NRC report on "Toxicity Testing in the 21(st) Century." New assays are being developed to replace animal testing; yet the use of data from these assays in decision making is not clear. A Health and Environmental Sciences Institute committee held a May 2011 workshop to discuss approaches to identifying adverse effects in the context of the NRC report. Scientists from industry, government, academia, and NGOs discussed two case studies and explored how information from new, high data content assays developed for screening can be used to differentiate adverse effects from adaptive responses. The terms "adverse effect" and "adaptive response" were defined, as well as two new terms, the relevant pathways of toxicological concern (RPTCs) and relevant responses for regulation (RRRs). RPTCs are biochemical pathways associated with adverse events and need to be elucidated before they are used in regulatory decision making. RRRs are endpoints that are the basis for risk assessment and may or may not be at the level of pathways. Workshop participants discussed the criteria for determining whether, at the RPTC level, an effect is potentially adverse or potentially indicative of adaptability, and how the use of prototypical, data-rich compounds could lead to a greater understanding of RPTCs and their use as RRRs. Also discussed was the use of RPTCs in a weight-of-evidence approach to risk assessment. Inclusion of data at this level could decrease uncertainty in risk assessments but will require the use of detailed dosimetry and consideration of exposure context and the time and dose continuum to yield scientifically based decisions. The results of this project point to the need for an extensive effort to characterize RPTCs and their use in risk assessment to make the vision of the 2007 NRC report a reality.
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21
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Campion S, Catlin N, Heger N, McDonnell EV, Pacheco SE, Saffarini C, Sandrof MA, Boekelheide K. Male reprotoxicity and endocrine disruption. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 101:315-60. [PMID: 22945574 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian reproductive tract development is a tightly regulated process that can be disrupted following exposure to drugs, toxicants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), or other compounds via alterations to gene and protein expression or epigenetic regulation. Indeed, the impacts of developmental exposure to certain toxicants may not be fully realized until puberty or adulthood when the reproductive tract becomes sexually mature and altered functionality is manifested. Exposures that occur later in life, once development is complete, can also disrupt the intricate hormonal and paracrine interactions responsible for adult functions, such as spermatogenesis. In this chapter, the biology and toxicology of the male reproductive tract is explored, proceeding through the various life stages including in utero development, puberty, adulthood, and senescence. Special attention is given to the discussion of EDCs, chemical mixtures, low-dose effects, transgenerational effects, and potential exposure-related causes of male reproductive tract cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Campion
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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Nagano R, Akanuma H, Qin XY, Imanishi S, Toyoshiba H, Yoshinaga J, Ohsako S, Sone H. Multi-parametric profiling network based on gene expression and phenotype data: a novel approach to developmental neurotoxicity testing. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:187-207. [PMID: 22312247 PMCID: PMC3269681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of more efficient approaches for developmental neurotoxicity testing (DNT) has been an emerging issue for children’s environmental health. Here we describe a systematic approach for DNT using the neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) as a model of fetal programming. During embryoid body (EB) formation, mESCs were exposed to 12 chemicals for 24 h and then global gene expression profiling was performed using whole genome microarray analysis. Gene expression signatures for seven kinds of gene sets related to neuronal development and neuronal diseases were selected for further analysis. At the later stages of neuronal cell differentiation from EBs, neuronal phenotypic parameters were determined using a high-content image analyzer. Bayesian network analysis was then performed based on global gene expression and neuronal phenotypic data to generate comprehensive networks with a linkage between early events and later effects. Furthermore, the probability distribution values for the strength of the linkage between parameters in each network was calculated and then used in principal component analysis. The characterization of chemicals according to their neurotoxic potential reveals that the multi-parametric analysis based on phenotype and gene expression profiling during neuronal differentiation of mESCs can provide a useful tool to monitor fetal programming and to predict developmentally neurotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Nagano
- Health Risk Research Section, Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (R.N.); (H.A.); (X.-Y.Q.); (H.T.)
| | - Hiromi Akanuma
- Health Risk Research Section, Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (R.N.); (H.A.); (X.-Y.Q.); (H.T.)
| | - Xian-Yang Qin
- Health Risk Research Section, Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (R.N.); (H.A.); (X.-Y.Q.); (H.T.)
- Department of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 270-8563, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Satoshi Imanishi
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; E-Mails: (S.I.); (S.O.)
| | - Hiroyoshi Toyoshiba
- Health Risk Research Section, Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (R.N.); (H.A.); (X.-Y.Q.); (H.T.)
| | - Jun Yoshinaga
- Department of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 270-8563, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Seiichiroh Ohsako
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; E-Mails: (S.I.); (S.O.)
| | - Hideko Sone
- Health Risk Research Section, Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (R.N.); (H.A.); (X.-Y.Q.); (H.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-29-850-2464; Fax: +81-29-850-2546
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23
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Developmental toxicity testing in the 21st century: the sword of Damocles shattered by embryonic stem cell assays? Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1361-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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24
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Stephens ML, Barrow C, Andersen ME, Boekelheide K, Carmichael PL, Holsapple MP, Lafranconi M. Accelerating the development of 21st-century toxicology: outcome of a Human Toxicology Project Consortium workshop. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:327-34. [PMID: 21948868 PMCID: PMC3262850 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The U.S. National Research Council (NRC) report on "Toxicity Testing in the 21st century" calls for a fundamental shift in the way that chemicals are tested for human health effects and evaluated in risk assessments. The new approach would move toward in vitro methods, typically using human cells in a high-throughput context. The in vitro methods would be designed to detect significant perturbations to "toxicity pathways," i.e., key biological pathways that, when sufficiently perturbed, lead to adverse health outcomes. To explore progress on the report's implementation, the Human Toxicology Project Consortium hosted a workshop on 9-10 November 2010 in Washington, DC. The Consortium is a coalition of several corporations, a research institute, and a non-governmental organization dedicated to accelerating the implementation of 21st-century Toxicology as aligned with the NRC vision. The goal of the workshop was to identify practical and scientific ways to accelerate implementation of the NRC vision. The workshop format consisted of plenary presentations, breakout group discussions, and concluding commentaries. The program faculty was drawn from industry, academia, government, and public interest organizations. Most presentations summarized ongoing efforts to modernize toxicology testing and approaches, each with some overlap with the NRC vision. In light of these efforts, the workshop identified recommendations for accelerating implementation of the NRC vision, including greater strategic coordination and planning across projects (facilitated by a steering group), the development of projects that test the proof of concept for implementation of the NRC vision, and greater outreach and communication across stakeholder communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Stephens
- The Humane Society of United States, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA.
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25
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Identifying developmental toxicity pathways for a subset of ToxCast chemicals using human embryonic stem cells and metabolomics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 257:111-21. [PMID: 21925528 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics analysis was performed on the supernatant of human embryonic stem (hES) cell cultures exposed to a blinded subset of 11 chemicals selected from the chemical library of EPA's ToxCast™ chemical screening and prioritization research project. Metabolites from hES cultures were evaluated for known and novel signatures that may be indicative of developmental toxicity. Significant fold changes in endogenous metabolites were detected for 83 putatively annotated mass features in response to the subset of ToxCast chemicals. The annotations were mapped to specific human metabolic pathways. This revealed strong effects on pathways for nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism pathways. Predictivity for adverse outcomes in mammalian prenatal developmental toxicity studies used ToxRefDB and other sources of information, including Stemina Biomarker Discovery's predictive DevTox® model trained on 23 pharmaceutical agents of known developmental toxicity and differing potency. The model initially predicted developmental toxicity from the blinded ToxCast compounds in concordance with animal data with 73% accuracy. Retraining the model with data from the unblinded test compounds at one concentration level increased the predictive accuracy for the remaining concentrations to 83%. These preliminary results on a 11-chemical subset of the ToxCast chemical library indicate that metabolomics analysis of the hES secretome provides information valuable for predictive modeling and mechanistic understanding of mammalian developmental toxicity.
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Sipes NS, Martin MT, Reif DM, Kleinstreuer NC, Judson RS, Singh AV, Chandler KJ, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB. Predictive Models of Prenatal Developmental Toxicity from ToxCast High-Throughput Screening Data. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:109-27. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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27
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Inamdar AA, Moore JC, Cohen RI, Bennett JW. A model to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the fungal volatile organic compound 1-octen-3-ol in human embryonic stem cells. Mycopathologia 2011; 173:13-20. [PMID: 21858547 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microbial growth in damp indoor environments has been correlated with risks to human health. This study was aimed to determine the cytotoxicity of 1-octen-3-ol ("mushroom alcohol"), a major fungal volatile organic compound (VOC) associated with mushroom and mold odors. Using an airborne exposure technique, human embryonic stem cells were exposed for 1 h to different concentrations (0-1,000 ppm) of racemic 1-octen-3-ol and its enantiomers, (R)-(-)-1-octen-3-ol and (S)-(+)-1-octen-3-ol. Cytotoxicity was assayed using both the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay and the fluorescently tagged Calcein AM-mediated "live and dead" assay. Racemic 1-octen-3-ol and (S)-(+)-1-octen-3-ol exhibited greater cytotoxicity to the undifferentiated human cell line H1 than did (R)-(-)-1-octen-3-ol. The inhibition concentration 50 (IC(50)) values assessed by the MTS assay for racemic 1-octen-3-ol, (S)-(+)-1-octen-3-ol and (R)-(-)-1-octen-3-ol were, respectively, 109, 98, and 258 ppm. These IC(50) values were 40-80-fold lower than that of vapor phase toluene, an industrial chemical used as a positive control in this study. Our report pioneers the modeling of human embryonic stem cells as an in vitro approach to screen the potential toxicity of fungal VOCs. Human embryonic stem cells exposed to 1-octen-3-ol, and its enantiomers in the vapor phase showed more cytotoxicity than those exposed to toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati A Inamdar
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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28
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Inselman AL, Hansen DK, Lee HY, Nakamura N, Ning B, Monteiro JP, Varma V, Kaput J. Assessment of research models for testing gene-environment interactions. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S108-16. [PMID: 21816149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the last century, possible effects of exposure to toxicants, nutrients or drugs were examined primarily by studies of groups or populations. Individual variation in responses was acknowledged but could not be analyzed due to lack of information or tools to analyze individual genetic make-ups and lifestyle factors such as diet and activity. The Human Genome, Haplotype Map, 1000Genomes, and Human Variome Projects are identifying and cataloging the variation found within humans. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies will soon permit the characterization of individual genomes in clinical and basic research studies, thus allowing associations to be made between an individual genotype and the response to a particular exposure. Such knowledge and tools have generated a significant challenge for scientists: to design and conduct research studies that account for individual genetic variation. However, before these studies are done in humans, they will be performed in various in vivo and in vitro models. The advantages and disadvantages of some of the model test systems that are being used or developed in relation to individual genetic make-up and responses to xenobiotics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Inselman
- Division of Personalized Nutrition and Medicine, NCTR/FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
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Knudsen TB, Kavlock RJ, Daston GP, Stedman D, Hixon M, Kim JH. Developmental toxicity testing for safety assessment: new approaches and technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 92:413-20. [PMID: 21770025 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute's Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Technical Committee held a 2-day workshop entitled "Developmental Toxicology-New Directions" in April 2009. The fourth session of this workshop focused on new approaches and technologies for the assessment of developmental toxicology. This session provided an overview of the application of genomics technologies for developmental safety assessment, the use of mouse embryonic stem cells to capture data on developmental toxicity pathways, dynamical cell imaging of zebrafish embryos, the use of computation models of development pathways and systems, and finally, high-throughput in vitro approaches being utilized by the EPA ToxCast program. Issues discussed include the challenges of anchoring in vitro predictions to relevant in vivo endpoints and the need to validate pathway-based predictions with targeted studies in whole animals. Currently, there are 10,000 to 30,000 chemicals in world-wide commerce in need of hazard data for assessing potential health risks. The traditional animal study designs for assessing developmental toxicity cannot accommodate the evaluation of this large number of chemicals, requiring that alternative technologies be utilized. Though a daunting task, technologies are being developed and utilized to make that goal reachable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Knudsen
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Pachkowski BF, Guyton KZ, Sonawane B. DNA repair during in utero development: A review of the current state of knowledge, research needs, and potential application in risk assessment. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2011; 728:35-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bhattacharya S, Zhang Q, Carmichael PL, Boekelheide K, Andersen ME. Toxicity testing in the 21 century: defining new risk assessment approaches based on perturbation of intracellular toxicity pathways. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20887. [PMID: 21701582 PMCID: PMC3118802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The approaches to quantitatively assessing the health risks of chemical exposure have not changed appreciably in the past 50 to 80 years, the focus remaining on high-dose studies that measure adverse outcomes in homogeneous animal populations. This expensive, low-throughput approach relies on conservative extrapolations to relate animal studies to much lower-dose human exposures and is of questionable relevance to predicting risks to humans at their typical low exposures. It makes little use of a mechanistic understanding of the mode of action by which chemicals perturb biological processes in human cells and tissues. An alternative vision, proposed by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) report Toxicity Testing in the 21(st) Century: A Vision and a Strategy, called for moving away from traditional high-dose animal studies to an approach based on perturbation of cellular responses using well-designed in vitro assays. Central to this vision are (a) "toxicity pathways" (the innate cellular pathways that may be perturbed by chemicals) and (b) the determination of chemical concentration ranges where those perturbations are likely to be excessive, thereby leading to adverse health effects if present for a prolonged duration in an intact organism. In this paper we briefly review the original NRC report and responses to that report over the past 3 years, and discuss how the change in testing might be achieved in the U.S. and in the European Union (EU). EU initiatives in developing alternatives to animal testing of cosmetic ingredients have run very much in parallel with the NRC report. Moving from current practice to the NRC vision would require using prototype toxicity pathways to develop case studies showing the new vision in action. In this vein, we also discuss how the proposed strategy for toxicity testing might be applied to the toxicity pathways associated with DNA damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudin Bhattacharya
- Program in Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Program in Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Paul L. Carmichael
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- Program in Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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Evaluation of 309 environmental chemicals using a mouse embryonic stem cell adherent cell differentiation and cytotoxicity assay. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18540. [PMID: 21666745 PMCID: PMC3110185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast landscape of environmental chemicals has motivated the need for alternative methods to traditional whole-animal bioassays in toxicity testing. Embryonic stem (ES) cells provide an in vitro model of embryonic development and an alternative method for assessing developmental toxicity. Here, we evaluated 309 environmental chemicals, mostly food-use pesticides, from the ToxCast™ chemical library using a mouse ES cell platform. ES cells were cultured in the absence of pluripotency factors to promote spontaneous differentiation and in the presence of DMSO-solubilized chemicals at different concentrations to test the effects of exposure on differentiation and cytotoxicity. Cardiomyocyte differentiation (α,β myosin heavy chain; MYH6/MYH7) and cytotoxicity (DRAQ5™/Sapphire700™) were measured by In-Cell Western™ analysis. Half-maximal activity concentration (AC50) values for differentiation and cytotoxicity endpoints were determined, with 18% of the chemical library showing significant activity on either endpoint. Mining these effects against the ToxCast Phase I assays (∼500) revealed significant associations for a subset of chemicals (26) that perturbed transcription-based activities and impaired ES cell differentiation. Increased transcriptional activity of several critical developmental genes including BMPR2, PAX6 and OCT1 were strongly associated with decreased ES cell differentiation. Multiple genes involved in reactive oxygen species signaling pathways (NRF2, ABCG2, GSTA2, HIF1A) were strongly associated with decreased ES cell differentiation as well. A multivariate model built from these data revealed alterations in ABCG2 transporter was a strong predictor of impaired ES cell differentiation. Taken together, these results provide an initial characterization of metabolic and regulatory pathways by which some environmental chemicals may act to disrupt ES cell growth and differentiation.
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Li Y, Zheng Y, Zhang K, Ying JY, Zink D. Effects of quantum dots on different renal proximal tubule cell models and on gel-free renal tubules generatedin vitro. Nanotoxicology 2011; 6:121-33. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.562326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Adler S, Basketter D, Creton S, Pelkonen O, van Benthem J, Zuang V, Andersen KE, Angers-Loustau A, Aptula A, Bal-Price A, Benfenati E, Bernauer U, Bessems J, Bois FY, Boobis A, Brandon E, Bremer S, Broschard T, Casati S, Coecke S, Corvi R, Cronin M, Daston G, Dekant W, Felter S, Grignard E, Gundert-Remy U, Heinonen T, Kimber I, Kleinjans J, Komulainen H, Kreiling R, Kreysa J, Leite SB, Loizou G, Maxwell G, Mazzatorta P, Munn S, Pfuhler S, Phrakonkham P, Piersma A, Poth A, Prieto P, Repetto G, Rogiers V, Schoeters G, Schwarz M, Serafimova R, Tähti H, Testai E, van Delft J, van Loveren H, Vinken M, Worth A, Zaldivar JM. Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects-2010. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:367-485. [PMID: 21533817 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive prohibits to put animal-tested cosmetics on the market in Europe after 2013. In that context, the European Commission invited stakeholder bodies (industry, non-governmental organisations, EU Member States, and the Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety) to identify scientific experts in five toxicological areas, i.e. toxicokinetics, repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity, skin sensitisation, and reproductive toxicity for which the Directive foresees that the 2013 deadline could be further extended in case alternative and validated methods would not be available in time. The selected experts were asked to analyse the status and prospects of alternative methods and to provide a scientifically sound estimate of the time necessary to achieve full replacement of animal testing. In summary, the experts confirmed that it will take at least another 7-9 years for the replacement of the current in vivo animal tests used for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients for skin sensitisation. However, the experts were also of the opinion that alternative methods may be able to give hazard information, i.e. to differentiate between sensitisers and non-sensitisers, ahead of 2017. This would, however, not provide the complete picture of what is a safe exposure because the relative potency of a sensitiser would not be known. For toxicokinetics, the timeframe was 5-7 years to develop the models still lacking to predict lung absorption and renal/biliary excretion, and even longer to integrate the methods to fully replace the animal toxicokinetic models. For the systemic toxicological endpoints of repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity, the time horizon for full replacement could not be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adler
- Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Krewski D, Westphal M, Al-Zoughool M, Croteau MC, Andersen ME. New Directions in Toxicity Testing. Annu Rev Public Health 2011; 32:161-78. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krewski
- McLaughlin Center for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5; , , ,
| | - Margit Westphal
- McLaughlin Center for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5; , , ,
| | - Mustafa Al-Zoughool
- McLaughlin Center for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5; , , ,
| | - Maxine C. Croteau
- McLaughlin Center for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5; , , ,
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- Program in Chemical Safety Sciences, Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA;
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Bradley CK, Scott HA, Chami O, Peura TT, Dumevska B, Schmidt U, Stojanov T. Derivation of Huntington's Disease-Affected Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:495-502. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omar Chami
- Sydney IVF Stem Cells, Sydney, Australia
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Volarevic V, Ljujic B, Stojkovic P, Lukic A, Arsenijevic N, Stojkovic M. Human stem cell research and regenerative medicine--present and future. Br Med Bull 2011; 99:155-68. [PMID: 21669982 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldr027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cells are cells with the ability to grow and differentiate into more than 200 cell types. SOURCES OF DATA We review here the characteristics and potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and adult stem cells (ASCs). AREAS OF AGREEMENT The differentiation ability of all stem cell types could be stimulated to obtain specialized cells that represent renewable sources of functional cells useful for cell-based therapy. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The proof of functional differentiated cells needs to be investigated in more detail using both in vitro and in vivo assays including animal disease models and clinical studies. GROWING POINTS Much progress has been made in the ASCs-based therapies. Meanwhile hESCs and iPSCs have dramatically emerged as novel approaches to understand pathogenesis of different diseases. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH A number of new strategies become very important in regenerative medicine. However, we discuss the limitations of stem cells and latest development in the reprogramming research.
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van Dartel DAM, Pennings JLA, de la Fonteyne LJJ, Brauers KJJ, Claessen S, van Delft JH, Kleinjans JCS, Piersma AH. Evaluation of developmental toxicant identification using gene expression profiling in embryonic stem cell differentiation cultures. Toxicol Sci 2010; 119:126-34. [PMID: 20935163 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine embryonic stem cell test (EST) is an alternative testing method designed to assess potential developmental toxicity of compounds. The implementation of transcriptomics in the EST has been shown to reduce the culture duration and improve endpoint evaluation and is expected to result in an enhanced predictability and definition of the applicability domain. We evaluated the identification of developmental toxicity in the EST using two gene sets ("Van_Dartel_heartdiff_24h" and "EST biomarker genes") defined in our earlier studies. Nonexposed embryonic stem cells (ESC) differentiation cultures were sampled 0, 24, and 48 h after initiation of differentiation. Additionally, cultures exposed to 12 diverse well-characterized positive and negative developmental toxicants were isolated 24 h after the onset of exposure. Inhibition of ESC differentiation was evaluated in parallel by morphological scoring on culture day 10. Transcriptomics analysis was conducted using the Affymetrix Gene Chips platform. We applied principal component analysis on the basis of the two predefined gene sets to define the "differentiation track" that represents ESC differentiation. The significance of derivations in the gene expression-based differentiation track because of compound exposures were evaluated to determine developmental toxicity of tested compounds. We successfully predicted developmental toxicity using transcriptomics for 83% (10/12) and 67% (8/12) of the compounds, respectively, using the two predefined gene sets ("Van_Dartel_heartdiff_24h" and "EST biomarker genes"). Our study suggests that the application of transcriptomics may improve the applicability of the EST for the prediction of the developmental toxicity of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A M van Dartel
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Bonnefoi MS, Belanger SE, Devlin DJ, Doerrer NG, Embry MR, Fukushima S, Harpur ES, Hines RN, Holsapple MP, Kim JH, MacDonald JS, O’Lone R, Pettit SD, Stevens JL, Takei AS, Tinkle SS, van der Laan JW. Human and environmental health challenges for the next decade (2010–2020). Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:893-911. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.506640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Andersen ME, Krewski D. The Vision of Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: Moving from Discussion to Action. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:17-24. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Andersen ME, Al-Zoughool M, Croteau M, Westphal M, Krewski D. The future of toxicity testing. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2010; 13:163-196. [PMID: 20574896 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2010.483933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In 2007, the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) released a report, "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy," that proposes a paradigm shift for toxicity testing of environmental agents. The vision is based on the notion that exposure to environmental agents leads to adverse health outcomes through the perturbation of toxicity pathways that are operative in humans. Implementation of the NRC vision will involve a fundamental change in the assessment of toxicity of environmental agents, moving away from adverse health outcomes observed in experimental animals to the identification of critical perturbations of toxicity pathways. Pathway perturbations will be identified using in vitro assays and quantified for dose response using methods in computational toxicology and other recent scientific advances in basic biology. Implementation of the NRC vision will require a major research effort, not unlike that required to successfully map the human genome, extending over 10 to 20 years, involving the broad scientific community to map important toxicity pathways operative in humans. This article provides an overview of the scientific tools and technologies that will form the core of the NRC vision for toxicity testing. Of particular importance will be the development of rapidly performed in vitro screening assays using human cells and cell lines or human tissue surrogates to efficiently identify environmental agents producing critical pathway perturbations. In addition to the overview of the NRC vision, this study documents the reaction by a number of stakeholder groups since 2007, including the scientific, risk assessment, regulatory, and animal welfare communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin E Andersen
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
The use of experimental animals in reproductive toxicity testing is critically reviewed on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the publication of the Three Rs concept by Russell and Burch, since there is major concern that reproductive toxicity testing will significantly increase due to the requirements of the EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) system. A comparison of the test guidelines for drugs, agrochemicals and industrial chemicals shows that, for historical reasons, significantly different testing strategies are applied. The current status of development and validation of in vitro tests in reproductive toxicology is also critically evaluated. The mouse embryonic stem cell test (mEST) is the most advanced and promising of the in vitro tests. Although it has not yet been accepted for regulatory purposes, its use in preclinical drug development is well established. Moreover, promising molecular endpoints have been established in the mEST, including proteomic and toxicogenomic endpoints. Preliminary results have been obtained with a human EST (hEST). In addition, an overview is given on new in vitro reproductive toxicity tests that are currently being developed in the EU FP6 project, ReProTect, since the ReProTect test battery, which covers the essential steps of female and male fertility, implantation and embryotoxicity, holds promise for use as a screening assay for reproductive toxicity testing according to the EU REACH legislation. However, since validated in vitro methods will not be available in the short term, opportunities for the refinement of the standard in vivo tests are discussed, in order to reduce the numbers of animal used in reproductive toxicity testing. Finally, recommendations for toxicity testing in the 21st century call for the harmonisation of test methods across all areas of regulatory testing as a first step. Since the REACH system testing framework for industrial chemicals is driven by the reproductive safety testing requirements of agro-chemicals, a shift is proposed to exposure-driven testing of industrial chemicals. In particular, the implementation of a new ‘extended one-generation reproductive toxicity study’ (EOGRTS), which includes triggers for additional testing for fertility, developmental neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity, would significantly reduce test animal numbers. It is concluded that in vitro methods hold great promise for reproductive toxicity testing in the 21st century, e.g. the ReProTect in vitro battery and the embryonic stem cell (ESC) technology focusing on molecular endpoints in both the mEST and the hEST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Spielmann
- Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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