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Emond C, DeVito MJ, Birnbaum LS. A PBPK model describing the pharmacokinetics of γ-HBCD exposure in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 428:115678. [PMID: 34390738 PMCID: PMC8674938 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The brominated flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), is added-but not bound-to consumer products and is eventually found in the environment and human tissues. Commercial-grade HBCD mixtures contain three major stereoisomers, alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ), that are typically at a ratio of 12%:6%:82%, respectively. Although HBCD is widely used, the toxicological effects from its exposure in humans are not clearly understood. Using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model could help improve our understanding of the toxicity of HBCD. The aim of this work was to develop a PBPK model, consisting of five permeability limited compartments (i.e., brain, liver, adipose tissue, blood, and rest of the body), to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of γ-HBCD in C57BL/6 mice. Physiological parameters related to body size, organ weights, and blood flow were taken from the literature. All partition coefficients were calculated based on the log Kow. The elimination in urine and feces was optimized to reflect the percent dose eliminated, as published in the literature. Compared with data from the literature for brain, liver, blood, and adipose tissue, the model simulations accurately described the mouse data set within 1.5-fold of the data points. Also, two examples showing the utility of the PBPK model supplement the information regarding the internal dose that caused the health effects observed during these studies. Although this version of the PBPK model expressly describes γ-HBCD, more efforts are needed to clarify and improve the model to discriminate between the α, β, and γ stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Emond
- BioSimulation Consulting Inc., Newark, DE, USA; School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Michael J DeVito
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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2
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Harris B, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M. Exploring variations of hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in riverine sediments along the River Medway, UK. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:776-785. [PMID: 33982722 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface riverine sediment samples were collected along the course of the River Medway, UK, between Yalding and the mouth of the estuary at 40 different sites. The samples were then analysed for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) concentrations using a liquid chromatography system coupled to a high-resolution, accurate mass Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer. After normalisation to the sediment organic carbon (OC) content, average ΣHBCDD was 270 ng g-1 OC with a maximum concentration of 1006 ng g-1 OC. Spatial trend analysis revealed that industrial and residential land uses have significantly influenced HBCDD concentrations and profiles in riverine sediments. Higher concentrations of ΣHBCDD were found in sites near construction and maritime port locations, and these included freight ports, new builds and demolition sites. The HBCDD isomer profile reflected that of the commercial mixture with a comparatively high γ-HBCDD to α-HBCDD and β-HBCDD. The isomer profiles of sites located near construction activities indicate recent pollution events, with increased γ-HBCDD and decreased α-HBCDD compared to the study area's average profile. HBCDD isomer concentrations also indicated that the non-tidal portions of the river caused by locks showed a profile that was typical of older HBCDD contamination, indicating a possible sediment and HBCDD trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Harris
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Fürst P, Rose M, Ioannidou S, Nikolič M, Bordajandi LR, Vleminckx C. Update of the risk assessment of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06421. [PMID: 33732387 PMCID: PMC7938899 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. HBCDDs, predominantly mixtures of the stereoisomers α-, β- and γ-HBCDD, were widely used additive flame retardants. Concern has been raised because of the occurrence of HBCDDs in the environment, food and in humans. Main targets for toxicity are neurodevelopment, the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis and the reproductive and immune systems. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour in mice can be considered the critical effects. Based on effects on spontaneous behaviour in mice, the Panel identified a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 0.9 mg/kg body weight (bw) as the Reference Point, corresponding to a body burden of 0.75 mg/kg bw. The chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans was calculated to be 2.35 μg/kg bw per day. The derivation of a health-based guidance value (HBGV) was not considered appropriate. Instead, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied to assess possible health concerns. Over 6,000 analytical results for HBCDDs in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary LB exposure to HBCDDs were fish meat, eggs, livestock meat and poultry. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the resulting MOE values support the conclusion that current dietary exposure to HBCDDs across European countries does not raise a health concern. An exception is breastfed infants with high milk consumption, for which the lowest MOE values may raise a health concern.
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Moreau M, Nong A. Evaluating hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) toxicokinetics in humans and rodents by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shi X, Zha J, Wen B, Zhang S. Diastereoisomer-specific neurotoxicity of hexabromocyclododecane in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:893-902. [PMID: 31200309 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a widely applied brominated flame retardant (BFR) and is regarded as a persistent organic pollutant. It has been found in human tissues and has the potential to cause neurological disorders. However, our understanding of HBCD neurotoxicity at the diastereoisomer level remains lacking. Here, we investigated the neurotoxicity of three HBCD diastereoisomers, i.e., α-, β-, and γ-HBCD, in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Results showed that the HBCD diastereoisomers decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and impaired cytoskeleton development. Typical morphological features and apoptosis rates showed that the HBCD diastereoisomers induced SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis. The expression levels of several cell apoptosis-related genes and proteins, including Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, cytochrome c, Bcl-2, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), as well as the cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consumption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) levels, were examined. Results showed that the HBCD diastereoisomer neurotoxicity was ranked β-HBCD > γ-HBCD > α-HBCD. The cell apoptosis and caspase expression levels of the three HBCD diastereoisomers followed the same order, suggesting that caspase-dependent apoptosis may be one mechanism responsible for the structure-selective HBCD diastereoisomer neurotoxicity. The levels of intracellular Ca2+ and ROS increased significantly. The ROS levels were ordered β-HBCD > γ-HBCD > α-HBCD, whereas those of intracellular Ca2+ were γ-HBCD > β-HBCD > α-HBCD. Thus, ROS may be a key factor regulating the neurotoxicity of HBCD diastereoisomers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the diastereoisomer-specific toxicity of HBCD in human neural cells and on the possible mechanisms responsible for the selective neurotoxicity of HBCD diastereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Jondreville C, Cariou R, Travel A, Belhomme LJ, Dervilly-Pinel G, Le Bizec B, Huneau-Salaün A, Le Bouquin-Leneveu S. Hens can ingest extruded polystyrene in rearing buildings and lay eggs contaminated with hexabromocyclododecane. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:62-67. [PMID: 28768159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The overall concentration of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) in eggs is low although abnormally high concentrations exceeding 3000 ng g-1 lw have been reported. In order to test whether these contaminations may originate from the ingestion of insulating materials in rearing buildings, a group of 55 hens raised in a collective cage was provided with a 64-g piece of extruded polystyrene (XPS, 2.59% HBCDD of which 75, 15 and 10% as α-, β- and γ-HBCDD, respectively). Hens entirely consumed the piece within 3 days, leading to a mean daily exposure of 4.7 mg HBCDD per kg body weight. Whole egg HBCDD concentration reached a maximum of 1037 ng HBCDD g-1 fresh weight (fw), recorded 2 days after the piece had disappeared, and decreased down to 86 ng g-1 fw within the 19 following days. In all these samples, HBCDD was made of 98.7 ± 0.7 and 1.3 ± 0.6% α- and β-HBCDD, respectively, and 0.1% γ-HBCDD when quantified; it was enriched in (-)α- and (+)β-HBCDD with enantiomeric fractions of 0.438 ± 0.009 and 0.579 ± 0.030, respectively. HBCDD was quantified in all the individual eggs collected the last day of experiment at concentrations ranging between 0.47 and 1361 ng g-1 fw, according to a lognormal distribution. The ingestion of XPS in degraded rearing buildings is thus a plausible cause of on-farm egg contamination by HBCDD which should be strictly avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronan Cariou
- LABERCA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, 44307, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Angélique Travel
- ITAVI, Centre INRA de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France; UMT Sanivol, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Louis-Jean Belhomme
- ANSES, SELEAC, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France; UMT Sanivol, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LABERCA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, 44307, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Adeline Huneau-Salaün
- ANSES, EBEAC, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France; UMT Sanivol, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin-Leneveu
- ANSES, EBEAC, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France; UMT Sanivol, Ploufragan-Plouzané, 22440, Ploufragan, France
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Huang X, Chen C, Shang Y, Zhong Y, Ren G, Yu Z, An J. In vitro study on the biotransformation and cytotoxicity of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers in liver cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:251-258. [PMID: 27434255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to clarify the cytotoxicity of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers, and to investigate the correlation of cytotoxicity and biotransformation of HBCDs, the immortalized human liver cells L02 and human hepatoma cells HepG2 were exposed to individual HBCD diastereoisomer (α-, β- and γ-HBCD). Cytotoxicity was assayed in terms of cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and DNA damage. Metabolic rate, bioisomerization and enantiomer fractions were analyzed using the liquid chromatograph coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). The α-, β- and γ-HBCD all had cytotoxicity in L02 and HepG2 cells with the toxicity order β-HBCD ≥ γ-HBCD > α-HBCD according to the results of proliferation assay. The cytotoxicity mechanism between the two cells seemed different: a) the stability of intracellular redox state plays an important role in inducing cell toxicity in HepG2 cells. b) DNA damage status is central to inhibit proliferation in L02 cells. The metabolic capability of HepG2 was superior to L02 for HBCD diastereoisomers, which may explain the greater toxicity of HBCDs in HepG2 cells. The bioisomerization and enantiomer enrichment were also detected in this study, although the results were inconsistent with other reports, which might result from species-specific differences in HBCDs metabolism or experimental conditions. The cytotoxicity and metabolic mechanism of individual enantiomers must be further investigated to evaluate the health risks of HBCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Cen Chen
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yufang Zhong
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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Barghi M, Shin ES, Son MH, Choi SD, Pyo H, Chang YS. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in the Korean food basket and estimation of dietary exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:268-277. [PMID: 26924755 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant that is used worldwide in expanded and extruded polystyrene foam and simultaneously emitted to the environment. HBCD can easily accumulate in animals and humans and cause neurotoxicity, thyroid hormone disruption, and reproductive disorders. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the HBCD concentrations in foods and estimate the human exposure through the diet. In this study a total of 521 food samples from eight food categories were sampled and analyzed for their HBCD content. Based on consumption data, the average dietary intake of the general Korean population and specific subgroups was calculated. The highest levels of HBCD were found in fish and shellfish (0.47 ng g(-1) ww), and this was attributed to natural exposure to the contaminated marine environments and the HBCD bioaccumulation. In addition, the use of expanded polystyrene buoys in aquaculture was also found to be a potential source of HBCD in bivalves. The high solubility of α-HBCD in water and the persistence of this diastereomer compared to β- and γ-HBCD in biological tissues, led to higher accumulation of α-HBCD in animal-based foods. In contrast, the diastereomeric selectivity and lower metabolic capacity in plants compared with animals led to the predominance of γ-HBCD in plant-based foods. The dietary intake of HBCD was estimated to be 0.82 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) in the general population and 2.89 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) in children up to 5 years of age. The high HBCD intake in children was found to be a result of their lower body weight and their high consumption of milk and homemade Korean baby foods that usually contain fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Barghi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Su Shin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hui Son
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesoo Pyo
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Knudsen GA, Sanders JM, Birnbaum LS. Disposition of the emerging brominated flame retardant, bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate, in female Sprague Dawley rats: effects of dose, route and repeated administration. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:245-254. [PMID: 27098498 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1174793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP; CAS No. 26040-51-7; PubChem CID: 117291; MW 706.15 g/mol, elsewhere: TeBrDEPH, TBPH, or BEHTBP) is used as an additive brominated flame retardant in consumer products. 2. Female Sprague Dawley rats eliminated 92-98% of [14C]-BEH-TEBP unchanged in feces after oral administration (0.1 or 10 μmol/kg). A minor amount of each dose (0.8-1%) was found in urine after 72 h. Disposition of orally administered BEH-TEBP in male B6C3F1/Tac mice was similar to female rats. 3. Bioaccumulation of [14C]-radioactivity was observed in liver and adrenals following 10 daily oral administrations (0.1 μmol/kg/day). These tissues contained 5- and 10-fold higher concentrations of [14C]-radioactivity, respectively, versus a single dose. 4. IV-administered [14C]-BEH-TEBP (0.1 μmol/kg) was slowly eliminated in feces, with >15% retained in tissues after 72 h. Bile and fecal extracts from these rats contained the metabolite mono-ethylhexyl tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP). 5. BEH-TEBP was poorly absorbed, minimally metabolized and eliminated mostly by the fecal route after oral administration. Repeated exposure to BEH-TEBP led to accumulation in some tissues. The toxicological significance of this effect remains to be determined. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (Project ZIA BC 011476).
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Dominguez-Romero E, Cariou R, Omer E, Marchand P, Dervilly-Pinel G, Le Bizec B, Travel A, Jondreville C. Tissue Distribution and Transfer to Eggs of Ingested α-Hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) in Laying Hens (Gallus domesticus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2112-2119. [PMID: 26889954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to describe the fate of ingested α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) in laying hens. Individuals were exposed to two dietary concentrations of α-HBCDD (50 and 5 ng g(-1) feed) for 18 or 11 weeks followed by a 7-week decontamination period. The results show that no isomerization of α- to β- or γ-HBCDD forms occurred, whereas OH-HBCDD was identified as a product of α-HBCDD metabolism. Irrespective of the level of feed contamination, estimates of steady-state accumulation ratios were 5.2, 3.6, and 9.2 and half-lives were estimated at 17.4, 22.8, and 35.3 days in egg yolk, liver tissue, and abdominal fat, respectively. The steady-state carry-over rate to eggs was 22.9%. Thus, α-HBCDD ingested by laying hens is readily transferred to eggs and significantly accumulates in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dominguez-Romero
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, URAFPA, USC 340 , 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, UR 83 Recherches Avicoles , 37380 Nouzilly, France
- ITAVI, Centre INRA de Tours , 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Ronan Cariou
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, LABERCA, INRA, USC 1329 , 44307 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Elsa Omer
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, LABERCA, INRA, USC 1329 , 44307 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Marchand
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, LABERCA, INRA, USC 1329 , 44307 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, LABERCA, INRA, USC 1329 , 44307 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, LABERCA, INRA, USC 1329 , 44307 Nantes Cedex, France
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Hakk H. Comparative Metabolism Studies of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Diastereomers in Male Rats Following a Single Oral Dose. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:89-96. [PMID: 26629593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally with 3 mg/kg of one of three hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers. Each diastereomer was well absorbed (73-83%), and distributed preferentially to lipophilic tissues. Feces were the major route of excretion; cumulatively accounting for 42% of dose for α-HBCD, 59% for ß-HBCD, and 53% for γ-HBCD. Urine was also an important route of HBCD excretion, accounting for 13% of dose for α-HBCD, 30% for ß-HBCD, and 21% for γ-HBCD. Total metabolism of HBCD diastereomers followed the rank order ß > γ > α, and was >65% of that administered. The metabolites formed were distinct in male rats: α-HBCD did not debrominate or stereoisomerize, but formed two hydroxylated metabolites; ß- and γ-HBCD were both extensively metabolized via pathways of stereoisomerization, oxidation, dehydrogenation, reductive debromination, and ring opening. ß-HBCD was biotransformed to two mercapturic acid pathway metabolites. The metabolites of ß- and γ-HBCD were largely distinct, and could possibly be used as markers of exposure. These isomer-specific data suggest that α-HBCD would be the most dominant HBCD diastereomer in biological tissues because it was metabolized to the lowest degree and also accumulated from the stereoisomerization of the β- and γ- diastereomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heldur Hakk
- USDA Agriculture Research Service, 1605 Albrecht Blvd Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
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Abstract
I would certainly never have predicted that I would become the director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) when I was a Jewish girl growing up in Teaneck, New Jersey. My family stressed the importance of education. Yet for a girl there were many not-so-subtle suggestions that the appropriate careers were in teaching or nursing, and the most important thing was to be a wife and mother. Well, I can't disagree with the latter, although I would have to add grandmother to that list of achievements. My parents were both college graduates, but my mom only taught high school English for one year before leaving the field to start our family. My dad returned from World War II and joined his brother in accounting. After my first sister was born, my father joined my mother's family jewelry business and helped to open a second retail store. My mother helped my dad out during the busy times—Christmas and wedding season—but otherwise focused on our growing family of three girls and one boy. This became increasingly challenging when it became clear that my little brother was severely retarded and would require extra care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709;
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Stoffmonographie für 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromcyclododecan (HBCDD) - HBM-Werte für HBCDD im Fettanteil der Muttermilch oder des Blutplasmas. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 58:889-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-015-2193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lim SI, Hahn YS, Kwon I. Site-specific albumination of a therapeutic protein with multi-subunit to prolong activity in vivo. J Control Release 2015; 207:93-100. [PMID: 25862515 PMCID: PMC4430413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Albumin fusion/conjugation (albumination) has been an effective method to prolong in vivo half-life of therapeutic proteins. However, its broader application to proteins with complex folding pathway or multi-subunit is restricted by incorrect folding, poor expression, heterogeneity, and loss of native activity of the proteins linked to albumin. We hypothesized that the site-specific conjugation of albumin to a permissive site of a target protein will expand the utilities of albumin as a therapeutic activity extender to proteins with a complex structure. We show here the genetic incorporation of a non-natural amino acid (NNAA) followed by chemoselective albumin conjugation to prolong therapeutic activity in vivo. Urate oxidase (Uox), a therapeutic enzyme for treatment of hyperuricemia, is a homotetramer with multiple surface lysines, limiting conventional approaches for albumination. Incorporation of p-azido-l-phenylalanine into two predetermined positions of Uox allowed site-specific linkage of dibenzocyclooctyne-derivatized human serum albumin (HSA) through strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). The bio-orthogonality of SPAAC resulted in the production of a chemically well-defined conjugate, Uox-HSA, with a retained enzymatic activity. Uox-HSA had a half-life of 8.8 h in mice, while wild-type Uox had a half-life of 1.3 h. The AUC increased 5.5-fold (1657 vs. 303 mU/mL x h). These results clearly demonstrated that site-specific albumination led to the prolonged enzymatic activity of Uox in vivo. Site-specific albumination enabled by NNAA incorporation and orthogonal chemistry demonstrates its promise for the development of long-acting protein therapeutics with high potency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, VA 22904, United States
| | - Young S Hahn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, VA 22908, United States
| | - Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, VA 22904, United States; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Koch C, Schmidt-Kötters T, Rupp R, Sures B. Review of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) with a focus on legislation and recent publications concerning toxicokinetics and -dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:26-34. [PMID: 25618363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review recent publications regarding the toxicokinetics and -dynamics of the flame retardant Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). HBCD has recently been listed as a persistent organic pollutant, which therefore influenced the legislation concerning its manufacturing and formulation. However, under specific circumstances it may still be used until 2024. Early toxicity studies have only focussed on HBCD itself, which is a mixture of different isomers with different physical and toxicological characteristics. Here we take a more differentiated look at the three diastereomers α-, β- and γ-HBCD. We also address the different enantiomers to give an overview of the toxicity of HBCD to identify present gaps in our knowledge about this chemical, especially with respect to its possible formulation until 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koch
- Aquatische Ökologie und Zentrum für Wasser- und Umweltforschung (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG, 45966, Gladbeck, Germany.
| | | | - Roman Rupp
- Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG, 45966, Gladbeck, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatische Ökologie und Zentrum für Wasser- und Umweltforschung (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
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