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Oh HN, Yoo D, Park S, Lee S, Kim WK. Assessment of poly(hexamethylenebicyanoguanide-hexamethylenediamine) hydrochloride-induced developmental neurotoxicity via oxidative stress mechanism: Integrative approaches with neuronal cells and zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133146. [PMID: 38064952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Poly(hexamethylenebicyanoguanide-hexamethylenediamine) hydrochloride (PHMB) is a biocide with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Its use as a disinfectant and preservative in consumer products results in human exposure to PHMB. Toxicity studies on PHMB mainly focus on systemic toxicity or skin irritation; however, its effects on developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, the DNT effects of PHMB were evaluated using IMR-32 and SH-SY5Y cell lines and zebrafish. In both cell lines, PHMB concentrations ≥ 10 µM reduced neurite outgrowth, and cytotoxicity was observed at concentrations up to 40 µM. PHMB regulated expression of neurodevelopmental genes and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine reversed the toxic effects of PHMB. Toxicity tests on zebrafish embryos showed that PHMB reduced viability and heart rate and caused irregular hatching. PHMB concentrations of 1-4 µM reduced the width of the brain and spinal cord of transgenic zebrafish and attenuated myelination processes. Furthermore, PHMB modulated expression of neurodevelopmental genes in zebrafish and induced ROS accumulation. These results suggested that PHMB exerted DNT effects in vitro and in vivo through a ROS-dependent mechanism, highlighting the risk of PHMB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Na Oh
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Donggon Yoo
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Kim D, Shin Y, Kim HS, Park KH, Bae ON. An integrated in vitro approach to identifying chemically induced oxidative stress and toxicity in mitochondria. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140857. [PMID: 38070616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Growing concerns exist about increasing chemical usage and the potential health risks. Developing an efficient strategy to evaluate or predict the toxicity of chemicals is necessary. The mitochondria are essential organelles for cell maintenance and survival but also serve as one of the main targets of toxic chemicals. Mitochondria play an important role in the pathology of respiratory disease, and many environmental chemicals may induce impairment of the respiratory system through mitochondrial damage. This study aimed to develop integrated in vitro approaches to identify chemicals that could induce adverse health effects by increasing mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress using the H441 cells, which have a club-cell-like phenotype. Twenty-six environmental toxicants (biocides, phthalates, bisphenols, and particles) were tested, and each parameter was compared with eleven reference compounds. The inhibitory concentrations (IC20 and IC50) and benchmark doses (BMD) of the tested compounds were estimated from three in vitro assays, and the toxic concentration was determined. At the lowest IC20, the effects of compounds on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were compared. Principal component analysis and k-mean clustering were performed to cluster the chemicals that had comparable effects on the cells. Chemicals that induce mitochondrial damage at different concentrations were used for an in-depth high-tier assessment and classification as electron transport system (ETS) uncoupling or inhibiting agents. Additionally, using in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) tools, equivalent administration doses and maximum plasma concentrations of tested compounds in human were estimated. This study suggests an in vitro approach to identifying mitochondrial damage by integrating several in vitro toxicity tests and calculation modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan, South Korea.
| | - Yusun Shin
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan, South Korea.
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Hwa Park
- Division of Chemical Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea.
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan, South Korea.
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Guo X, Meng Q, Liu J, Wu J, Jia H, Liu D, Gu Y, Liu J, Huang J, Fan A, Lin W. Sclerotiamides C-H, Notoamides from a Marine Gorgonian-Derived Fungus with Cytotoxic Activities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1067-1078. [PMID: 35213164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation in association with LC-MS and NMR detection led to the isolation of six new alkaloids, sclerotiamides C-H (1-6), from the marine gorgonian-derived fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum LZDX-33-4. Their structures were determined from extensive spectroscopic data, including ECD data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis for configurational assignments. Sclerotiamides C (1) and D (2) are notoamide-type alkaloids with the incorporation of a unique 2,2-diaminopropane unit, and sclerotiamides E (3) and F (4) are unprecedented notoamide hybrids with a new coumarin unit. Sclerotiamide H (6) represents a new highly oxidized notoamide scaffold. Sclerotiamides C and F showed significant inhibition against a panel of tumor cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 1.6 to 7.9 μM. Sclerotiamide C induces apoptosis in HeLa cells by arresting the cell cycle, activating ROS production, and regulating apoptosis-related proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway. The present study extends the scaffold diversity of the notoamides and provides a potential lead for the development of a cytotoxic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingshuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell, Berks RG42 6EY, U.K
| | - Jianrong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Aili Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
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Shrestha R, Johnson E, Byrne FL. Exploring the therapeutic potential of mitochondrial uncouplers in cancer. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101222. [PMID: 33781939 PMCID: PMC8129951 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial uncouplers are well-known for their ability to treat a myriad of metabolic diseases, including obesity and fatty liver diseases. However, for many years now, mitochondrial uncouplers have also been evaluated in diverse models of cancer in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, some mitochondrial uncouplers are now in clinical trials for cancer, although none have yet been approved for the treatment of cancer. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review we summarise published studies in which mitochondrial uncouplers have been investigated as an anti-cancer therapy in preclinical models. In many cases, mitochondrial uncouplers show strong anti-cancer effects both as single agents, and in combination therapies, and some are more toxic to cancer cells than normal cells. Furthermore, the mitochondrial uncoupling mechanism of action in cancer cells has been described in detail, with consistencies and inconsistencies between different structural classes of uncouplers. For example, many mitochondrial uncouplers decrease ATP levels and disrupt key metabolic signalling pathways such as AMPK/mTOR but have different effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Many of these effects oppose aberrant phenotypes common in cancer cells that ultimately result in cell death. We also highlight several gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed before we have a clear direction and strategy for applying mitochondrial uncouplers as anti-cancer agents. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS There is a large body of evidence supporting the therapeutic use of mitochondrial uncouplers to treat cancer. However, the long-term safety of some uncouplers remains in question and it will be critical to identify which patients and cancer types would benefit most from these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Shrestha
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, Australia
| | - Edward Johnson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, Australia
| | - Frances L Byrne
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, Australia.
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Shinozawa T, Kimura M, Cai Y, Saiki N, Yoneyama Y, Ouchi R, Koike H, Maezawa M, Zhang RR, Dunn A, Ferguson A, Togo S, Lewis K, Thompson W, Asai A, Takebe T. High-Fidelity Drug-Induced Liver Injury Screen Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:831-846.e10. [PMID: 33039464 PMCID: PMC7878295 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Preclinical identification of compounds at risk of causing drug induced liver injury (DILI) remains a significant challenge in drug development, highlighting a need for a predictive human system to study complicated DILI mechanism and susceptibility to individual drug. Here, we established a human liver organoid (HLO)-based screening model for analyzing DILI pathology at organoid resolution. METHODS We first developed a reproducible method to generate HLO from storable foregut progenitors from pluripotent stem cell (PSC) lines with reproducible bile transport function. The qRT-PCR and single cell RNA-seq determined hepatocyte transcriptomic state in cells of HLO relative to primary hepatocytes. Histological and ultrastructural analyses were performed to evaluate micro-anatomical architecture. HLO based drug-induced liver injury assays were transformed into a 384 well based high-speed live imaging platform. RESULTS HLO, generated from 10 different pluripotent stem cell lines, contain polarized immature hepatocytes with bile canaliculi-like architecture, establishing the unidirectional bile acid transport pathway. Single cell RNA-seq profiling identified diverse and zonal hepatocytic populations that in part emulate primary adult hepatocytes. The accumulation of fluorescent bile acid into organoid was impaired by CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing and transporter inhibitor treatment with BSEP. Furthermore, we successfully developed an organoid based assay with multiplexed readouts measuring viability, cholestatic and/or mitochondrial toxicity with high predictive values for 238 marketed drugs at 4 different concentrations (Sensitivity: 88.7%, Specificity: 88.9%). LoT positively predicts genomic predisposition (CYP2C9∗2) for Bosentan-induced cholestasis. CONCLUSIONS Liver organoid-based Toxicity screen (LoT) is a potential assay system for liver toxicology studies, facilitating compound optimization, mechanistic study, and precision medicine as well as drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Shinozawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yuqi Cai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Norikazu Saiki
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yoneyama
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Rie Ouchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Koike
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mari Maezawa
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ran-Ran Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Dunn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Autumn Ferguson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shodai Togo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kyle Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wendy Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Akihiro Asai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Communication Design Center, Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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6
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Zink A, Conrad J, Telugu NS, Diecke S, Heinz A, Wanker E, Priller J, Prigione A. Assessment of Ethanol-Induced Toxicity on iPSC-Derived Human Neurons Using a Novel High-Throughput Mitochondrial Neuronal Health (MNH) Assay. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:590540. [PMID: 33224955 PMCID: PMC7674658 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.590540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive ethanol exposure can cause mitochondrial and cellular toxicity. In order to discover potential counteracting interventions, it is essential to develop assays capable of capturing the consequences of ethanol exposure in human neurons, and particularly dopaminergic neurons that are crucial for the development of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Here, we developed a novel high-throughput (HT) assay to quantify mitochondrial and neuronal toxicity in human dopaminergic neuron-containing cultures (DNs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The assay, dubbed mitochondrial neuronal health (MNH) assay, combines live-cell measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) with quantification of neuronal branching complexity post-fixation. Using the MNH assay, we demonstrated that chronic ethanol exposure in human iPSC-derived DNs decreases MMP and neuronal outgrowth in a dose-dependent manner. The toxic effect of ethanol on DNs was already detectable after 1 h of exposure, and occurred similarly in DNs derived from healthy individuals and from patients with AUD. We next used the MNH assay to carry out a proof-of-concept compound screening using FDA-approved drugs. We identified potential candidate compounds modulating acute ethanol toxicity in human DNs. We found that disulfiram and baclofen, which are used for AUD treatment, and lithium caused neurotoxicity also in the absence of ethanol, while the spasmolytic drug flavoxate positively influenced MNH. Altogether, we developed an HT assay to probe human MNH and used it to assess ethanol neurotoxicity and to identify modulating agents. The MNH assay represents an effective new tool for discovering modulators of MNH and toxicity in live human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Zink
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Josefin Conrad
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich Wanker
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,University of Edinburgh and UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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Lew SY, Lim SH, Lim LW, Wong KH. Neuroprotective effects of Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. against high-dose corticosterone-induced oxidative stress in PC-12 cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:340. [PMID: 33176761 PMCID: PMC7656699 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hericium erinaceus is a culinary and medicinal mushroom in Traditional Chinese Medicines. It has numerous pharmacological effects including immunomodulatory, anti-tumour, anti-microbial, anti-aging and stimulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis, but little is known about its potential role in negating the detrimental effects of oxidative stress in depression. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of H. erinaceus standardised aqueous extract (HESAE) against high-dose corticosterone-induced oxidative stress in rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells, a cellular model mimicking depression. METHODS PC-12 cells was pre-treated with HESAE for 48 h followed by 400 μM corticosterone for 24 h to induce oxidative stress. Cells in complete medium without any treatment or pre-treated with 3.125 μg/mL desipramine served as the negative and positive controls, respectively. The cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, aconitase activity, mitochondrial membrane potentials (MMPs), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and number of apoptotic nuclei were quantified. In addition, HESAE ethanol extract was separated into fractions by chromatographic methods prior to spectroscopic analysis. RESULTS We observed that PC-12 cells treated with high-dose corticosterone at 400 μM had decreased cell viability, reduced endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, disrupted mitochondrial function, and increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, pre-treatment with HESAE ranging from 0.25 to 1 mg/mL had increased cell viability, decreased LDH release, enhanced endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, restored MMP, attenuated intracellular ROS and protected from ROS-mediated apoptosis. The neuroprotective effects could be attributed to significant amounts of adenosine and herierin III isolated from HESAE. CONCLUSIONS HESAE demonstrated neuroprotective effects against high-dose corticosterone-induced oxidative stress in an in vitro model mimicking depression. HESAE could be a potential dietary supplement to treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Yuen Lew
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Huah Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, China
| | - Kah Hui Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Fey SJ, Korzeniowska B, Wrzesinski K. Response to and recovery from treatment in human liver-mimetic clinostat spheroids: a model for assessing repeated-dose drug toxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:379-389. [PMID: 32905230 PMCID: PMC7467243 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicines are usually prescribed for repeated use over shorter or longer times. Unfortunately, repeated-dose animal toxicity studies do not correlate well with observations in man. As emphasized by the '3Rs' and the desire to phase-out animal research, in vitro models are needed. One potential approach uses clinostat-cultured 3D HepG2-C3A liver-mimetic spheroids. They take 18 days to recover in vivo physiological functionality and reach a metabolic equilibrium, which is thereafter stable for a year. Acute and chronic repeated-dose studies of six drugs (amiodarone, diclofenac, metformin, phenformin, paracetamol and valproic acid) suggest that spheroids are more predictive of human in vivo toxicity than either 2D-cultured HepG2 cells or primary human hepatocytes. Repeated non-lethal treatment results in a clear response and return to equilibrium. Mitochondrial toxic compounds can be identified using a galactose-based medium. Some drugs induced a protective (or stress) response that intensifies after the second treatment. This 3D spheroid model is inexpensive, highly reproducible and well-suited for the determination of repeated-dose toxicity of compounds (naturally or chemically synthesized).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Fey
- CelVivo ApS, Middelfartvej 469, DK-5491 Blommenslyst, Denmark
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9
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Contreras-Baeza Y, Ceballo S, Arce-Molina R, Sandoval PY, Alegría K, Barros LF, San Martín A. MitoToxy assay: A novel cell-based method for the assessment of metabolic toxicity in a multiwell plate format using a lactate FRET nanosensor, Laconic. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224527. [PMID: 31671132 PMCID: PMC6822764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial toxicity is a primary source of pre-clinical drug attrition, black box warning and post-market drug withdrawal. Methods that detect mitochondrial toxicity as early as possible during the drug development process are required. Here we introduce a new method for detecting mitochondrial toxicity based on MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing the genetically encoded FRET lactate indicator, Laconic. The method takes advantage of the high cytosolic lactate accumulation observed during mitochondrial stress, regardless of the specific toxicity mechanism, explained by compensatory glycolytic activation. Using a standard multi-well plate reader, dose-response curve experiments allowed the sensitivity of the methodology to detect metabolic toxicity induced by classical mitochondrial toxicants. Suitability for high-throughput screening applications was evaluated resulting in a Z’-factor > 0.5 and CV% < 20 inter-assay variability. A pilot screening allowed sensitive detection of commercial drugs that were previously withdrawn from the market due to liver/cardiac toxicity issues, such as camptothecin, ciglitazone, troglitazone, rosiglitazone, and terfenadine, in ten minutes. We envisage that the availability of this technology, based on a fluorescent genetically encoded indicator, will allow direct assessment of mitochondrial metabolism, and will make the early detection of mitochondrial toxicity in the drug development process possible, saving time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robinson Arce-Molina
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
- Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh), Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Karin Alegría
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
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10
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Hong JM, Kim JH, Kim H, Lee WJ, Hwang YI. SB365, Pulsatilla Saponin D Induces Caspase-Independent Cell Death and Augments the Anticancer Effect of Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183230. [PMID: 31491945 PMCID: PMC6766801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SB365, a saponin D extracted from the roots of Pulsatilla koreana, has been reported to show cytotoxicity in several cancer cell lines. We investigated the effects of SB365 on U87-MG and T98G glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells, and its efficacy in combination with temozolomide for treating GBM. SB365 exerted a cytotoxic effect on GBM cells not by inducing apoptosis, as in other cancer cell lines, but by triggering caspase-independent cell death. Inhibition of autophagic flux and neutralization of the lysosomal pH occurred rapidly after application of SB365, followed by deterioration of mitochondrial membrane potential. A cathepsin B inhibitor and N-acetyl cysteine, an antioxidant, partially recovered cell death induced by SB365. SB365 in combination with temozolomide exerted an additive cytotoxic effect in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, SB365 inhibits autophagic flux and induces caspase-independent cell death in GBM cells in a manner involving cathepsin B and mainly reactive oxygen species, and its use in combination with temozolomide shows promise for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Man Hong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Korea.
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.
| | - Wang Jae Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Young-Il Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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Rotermund C, Machetanz G, Fitzgerald JC. The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:400. [PMID: 30072954 PMCID: PMC6060268 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for treatments for neurodegenerative diseases is a major concern in light of today's aging population and an increasing burden on individuals, families, and society. Although great advances have been made in the last decades to understand the underlying genetic and biological cause of these diseases, only some symptomatic treatments are available. Metformin has long since been used to treat Type 2 Diabetes and has been shown to be beneficial in several other conditions. Metformin is well-tested in vitro and in vivo and an approved compound that targets diverse pathways including mitochondrial energy production and insulin signaling. There is growing evidence for the benefits of metformin to counteract age-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. We will discuss evidence showing that certain neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes are explicitly linked and that metformin along with other diabetes drugs can reduce neurological symptoms in some patients and reduce disease phenotypes in animal and cell models. An interesting therapeutic factor might be how metformin is able to balance survival and death signaling in cells through pathways that are commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy neurons, these overarching signals keep energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and proteostasis in check, avoiding the dysfunction and neuronal death that defines neurodegenerative disease. We will discuss the biological mechanisms involved and the relevance of neuronal vulnerability and potential difficulties for future trials and development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia C. Fitzgerald
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Rotermund C, Machetanz G, Fitzgerald JC. The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:400. [PMID: 30072954 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00400/xml/nlm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for treatments for neurodegenerative diseases is a major concern in light of today's aging population and an increasing burden on individuals, families, and society. Although great advances have been made in the last decades to understand the underlying genetic and biological cause of these diseases, only some symptomatic treatments are available. Metformin has long since been used to treat Type 2 Diabetes and has been shown to be beneficial in several other conditions. Metformin is well-tested in vitro and in vivo and an approved compound that targets diverse pathways including mitochondrial energy production and insulin signaling. There is growing evidence for the benefits of metformin to counteract age-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. We will discuss evidence showing that certain neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes are explicitly linked and that metformin along with other diabetes drugs can reduce neurological symptoms in some patients and reduce disease phenotypes in animal and cell models. An interesting therapeutic factor might be how metformin is able to balance survival and death signaling in cells through pathways that are commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy neurons, these overarching signals keep energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and proteostasis in check, avoiding the dysfunction and neuronal death that defines neurodegenerative disease. We will discuss the biological mechanisms involved and the relevance of neuronal vulnerability and potential difficulties for future trials and development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia C Fitzgerald
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Stanford KR, Taylor-Clark TE. Mitochondrial modulation-induced activation of vagal sensory neuronal subsets by antimycin A, but not CCCP or rotenone, correlates with mitochondrial superoxide production. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197106. [PMID: 29734380 PMCID: PMC5937758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation causes nociceptive sensory neuron activation, evoking debilitating symptoms and reflexes. Inflammatory signaling pathways are capable of modulating mitochondrial function, resulting in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial depolarization and calcium release. Previously we showed that mitochondrial modulation with antimycin A, a complex III inhibitor, selectively stimulated nociceptive bronchopulmonary C-fibers via the activation of transient receptor potential (TRP) ankyrin 1 (A1) and vanilloid 1 (V1) cation channels. TRPA1 is ROS-sensitive, but there is little evidence that TRPV1 is activated by ROS. Here, we used dual imaging of dissociated vagal neurons to investigate the correlation of mitochondrial superoxide production (mitoSOX) or mitochondrial depolarization (JC-1) with cytosolic calcium (Fura-2AM), following mitochondrial modulation by antimycin A, rotenone (complex I inhibitor) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP, mitochondrial uncoupling agent). Mitochondrial modulation by all agents selectively increased cytosolic calcium in a subset of TRPA1/TRPV1-expressing (A1/V1+) neurons. There was a significant correlation between antimycin A-induced calcium responses and mitochondrial superoxide in wild-type 'responding' A1/V1+ neurons, which was eliminated in TRPA1-/- neurons, but not TRPV1-/- neurons. Nevertheless, antimycin A-induced superoxide production did not always increase calcium in A1/V1+ neurons, suggesting a critical role of an unknown factor. CCCP caused both superoxide production and mitochondrial depolarization but neither correlated with calcium fluxes in A1/V1+ neurons. Rotenone-induced calcium responses in 'responding' A1/V1+ neurons correlated with mitochondrial depolarization but not superoxide production. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction causes calcium fluxes in a subset of A1/V1+ neurons via ROS-dependent and ROS-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Stanford
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Taylor-Clark
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
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14
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Duan Y, Sun L, Liu J, Fu W, Wang S, Ni Y, Zhao R. Effects of tonic immobility and corticosterone on mitochondria metabolism in pectoralis major muscle of broiler chickens. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tonic immobility (TI), which can be divided into short (STI) or long (LTI) duration, is a trait related to fear and stress response. In a previous study, we found that in broilers that LTI phenotype and chronic corticosterone (CORT) administration caused retarded growth and lower muscle weight compared with their control counterparts. The aim of this study is to determine whether the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the vital factors involved in regulating energy homeostasis, have been changed by LTI or CORT treatment. The results showed that STI broilers had higher mtDNA copy number and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) enzyme activity compared with LTI broilers. Analysis of mtDNA-encoded OXPHOS genes revealed that the mRNA expression of the COX subunit 1, 2, NADH dehydrogenase (ND) subunits 1, 3 and 6, were also increased in STI broilers compared with LTI broilers. Regarding the transcriptional regulation of mtDNA-encoded OXPHOS genes, no difference was found in the methylation of the mitochondria control region between the TI phenotypes or the CORT treatments. The PGC-1α protein level was higher in STI broilers, but the av uncoupling proteins, did not show significant difference at the protein level between TI phenotypes. These results suggest that the mitochondrial function in pectoralis major muscle of STI broilers is better than that of LTI counterparts. However, chronic CORT administration did not affect the mitochondrial metabolism, indicating the mitochondrial insensitivity to CORT treatment in pectoralis major muscle.
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15
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Shimasaki K, Watanabe-Takahashi M, Umeda M, Funamoto S, Saito Y, Noguchi N, Kumagai K, Hanada K, Tsukahara F, Maru Y, Shibata N, Naito M, Nishikawa K. Pleckstrin homology domain of p210 BCR-ABL interacts with cardiolipin to regulate its mitochondrial translocation and subsequent mitophagy. Genes Cells 2017; 23:22-34. [PMID: 29205725 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by the chimeric protein p210 BCR-ABL encoded by a gene on the Philadelphia chromosome. Although the kinase domain of p210 BCR-ABL is an active driver of CML, the pathological role of its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain remains unclear. Here, we carried out phospholipid vesicle-binding assays to show that cardiolipin (CL), a characteristic mitochondrial phospholipid, is a unique ligand of the PH domain. Arg726, a basic amino acid in the ligand-binding region, was crucial for ligand recognition. A subset of wild-type p210 BCR-ABL that was transiently expressed in HEK293 cells was dramatically translocated from the cytosol to mitochondria in response to carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) treatment, which induces mitochondrial depolarization and subsequent externalization of CL to the organelle's outer membrane, whereas an R726A mutant of the protein was not translocated. Furthermore, only wild-type p210 BCR-ABL, but not the R726A mutant, suppressed CCCP-induced mitophagy and subsequently enhanced reactive oxygen species production. Thus, p210 BCR-ABL can change its intracellular localization via interactions between the PH domain and CL to cope with mitochondrial damage. This suggests that p210 BCR-ABL could have beneficial effects for cancer proliferation, providing new insight into the PH domain's contribution to CML pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Shimasaki
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miho Watanabe-Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Umeda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Funamoto
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keigo Kumagai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fujiko Tsukahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maru
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihito Shibata
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
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16
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The use of high-throughput screening techniques to evaluate mitochondrial toxicity. Toxicology 2017; 391:34-41. [PMID: 28789971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Toxicologists and chemical regulators depend on accurate and effective methods to evaluate and predict the toxicity of thousands of current and future compounds. Robust high-throughput screening (HTS) experiments have the potential to efficiently test large numbers of chemical compounds for effects on biological pathways. HTS assays can be utilized to examine chemical toxicity across multiple mechanisms of action, experimental models, concentrations, and lengths of exposure. Many agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical chemicals classified as harmful to human and environmental health exert their effects through the mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity. Mitochondrial toxicants are compounds that cause a decrease in the number of mitochondria within a cell, and/or decrease the ability of mitochondria to perform normal functions including producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to apoptosis, necrosis, altered metabolism, muscle weakness, neurodegeneration, decreased organ function, and eventually disease or death of the whole organism. The development of HTS techniques to identify mitochondrial toxicants will provide extensive databases with essential connections between mechanistic mitochondrial toxicity and chemical structure. Computational and bioinformatics approaches can be used to evaluate compound databases for specific chemical structures associated with toxicity, with the goal of developing quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models and mitochondrial toxicophores. Ultimately these predictive models will facilitate the identification of mitochondrial liabilities in consumer products, industrial compounds, pharmaceuticals and environmental hazards.
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17
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Bermejo-Nogales A, Fernández M, Fernández-Cruz ML, Navas JM. Effects of a silver nanomaterial on cellular organelles and time course of oxidative stress in a fish cell line (PLHC-1). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 190:54-65. [PMID: 27544301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the nanomaterials currently in commercial products, those based on silver are the most used, and so there is a high probability that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) will be released into aquatic environments where they could adversely affect aquatic organisms, including fish. Taking this into account, the aim of the present work was to characterize in depth the mechanisms underlying the toxic action of AgNPs using fish cell lines, determining specifically the contribution of alterations in cellular structures and oxidative stress time course to the cytotoxicity of AgNPs. Since liver plays a key role in detoxification, the hepatoma cell line PLHC-1 was used. Exposure to AgNPs (NM-300K, obtained from the Joint Research Centre Repository) caused alterations at the lysosomal and mitochondrial levels at lower concentrations than those that disrupted plasma membrane (evaluated by means of neutral red, alamarBlue, and 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, acetoxymethyl ester assays respectively). AgNO3, used as a control Ag+ ion source, produced similar cytotoxic effects but at lower concentrations than AgNPs. Both silver forms caused oxidative disruption but the initial response was delayed in AgNPs until 6h of exposure. Transmission electron microscopy analysis also evidenced the disruption of mitochondrial structures in cells exposed to cytotoxic concentrations of both forms of silver. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, AgNPs were detected inside the nucleoli and mitochondria, thereby pointing to long-term effects. The present work evidences the mutual interaction between the induction of oxidative stress and the alterations of cellular structures, particularly mitochondria, as cytotoxicity mechanisms not exclusively associated to NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bermejo-Nogales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Carretera de la Coruña, Km 7.5, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Fernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida. Complutense 22, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M L Fernández-Cruz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Carretera de la Coruña, Km 7.5, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Navas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Carretera de la Coruña, Km 7.5, Madrid, Spain.
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Nicolas V, Oestreicher N, Vélot C. Multiple effects of a commercial Roundup® formulation on the soil filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans at low doses: evidence of an unexpected impact on energetic metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14393-404. [PMID: 27068896 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soil microorganisms are highly exposed to glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), especially to Roundup® which is widely used worldwide. However, studies on the effects of GBH formulations on specific non-rhizosphere soil microbial species are scarce. We evaluated the toxicity of a commercial formulation of Roundup® (R450), containing 450 g/L of glyphosate (GLY), on the soil filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, an experimental model microorganism. The median lethal dose (LD50) on solid media was between 90 and 112 mg/L GLY (among adjuvants, which are also included in the Roundup® formulation), which corresponds to a dilution percentage about 100 times lower than that used in agriculture. The LOAEL and NOAEL (lowest- and no-observed-adverse-effect levels) associated to morphology and growth were 33.75 and 31.5 mg/L GLY among adjuvants, respectively. The formulation R450 proved to be much more active than technical GLY. At the LD50 and lower concentrations, R450 impaired growth, cellular polarity, endocytosis, and mitochondria (average number, total volume and metabolism). In contrast with the depletion of mitochondrial activities reported in animal studies, R450 caused a stimulation of mitochondrial enzyme activities, thus revealing a different mode of action of Roundup® on energetic metabolism. These mitochondrial disruptions were also evident at a low dose corresponding to the NOAEL for macroscopic parameters, indicating that these mitochondrial biomarkers are more sensitive than those for growth and morphological ones. Altogether, our data indicate that GBH toxic effects on soil filamentous fungi, and thus potential impairment of soil ecosystems, may occur at doses far below recommended agricultural application rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Nicolas
- UMS-IPSIT, US31 Inserm-UMS3679 CNRS, Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Tour E1, 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Nathalie Oestreicher
- Laboratoire VEAC, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté des Sciences, Bât. 360, Rue du Doyen André Guinier, 91405, Orsay, France
- Pôle Risques MRSH-CNRS, Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France
| | - Christian Vélot
- Laboratoire VEAC, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté des Sciences, Bât. 360, Rue du Doyen André Guinier, 91405, Orsay, France.
- Pôle Risques MRSH-CNRS, Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France.
- CRIIGEN, 81 rue Monceau, 75008, Paris, France.
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Robinson JP, Li N, Narayanan PK. High Throughput-Based Mitochondrial Function Assays by Multi-Parametric Flow Cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 73:9.48.1-9.48.9. [PMID: 26132178 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0948s73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been increasingly implicated as an important mechanism for chemical-induced toxicity. In the present unit, we describe a multi-parametric flow cytometry assay to assess the effects of drug or chemical-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cells. Cells are cultured in a glucose-supplemented medium and exposed to increasing concentrations of various chemicals. Several key mitochondrial/cellular parameters known to be directly impacted by mitochondrial dysfunction, such as mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) level, and cell viability, are simultaneously measured by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Robinson
- Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories, West Lafayette, Indiana
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