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Wei N, Liu C, Zhu H, Wang C, Zhou Y, Xiao Z, Du L, Song Y. Hypoalbuminemia contributes to ascites formation via sodium and water retention: Evidence from clinical date and albumin deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167275. [PMID: 38844112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Albumin infusions improve circulatory and renal function in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. However, there is no convincing evidence that hypoalbuminemia contributes to ascites formation in liver cirrhosis. The aim of our study is to determine the exact role of hypoalbuminemia in the formation of ascites caused by liver cirrhosis and its underlying mechanism. Clinical profiles of patients with liver cirrhosis retrospectively analyzed. The details of albumin involved in ascites formation were investigated in rat model and murine model. Statistical analysis demonstrated hypoalbuminemia was an independent risk factor for ascites formation in patients with liver cirrhosis (OR = 0.722, P < 0.001). In carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced rat model of liver cirrhosis, a significant reduction in serum albumin was observed in rats with ascites (13.37 g/L) compared with rats without ascites (21.43 g/L, P < 0.001). In thioacetamide (TAA)-treated mice, ascites amount of heterozygous albumin (Alb+/-) mice (112.0 mg) was larger than that of wild-type (Alb+/+) mice (58.46 mg, P < 0.001). In CCl4-induced chronic liver injury, ascites amounts of Alb+/- or Alb+/+ mice were 80.00 mg or 48.46 mg (P = 0.001). Further study demonstrated 24-h urinary sodium excretion in Alb+/- mice was lower than that of Alb+/+ mice in TAA/CCl4-induce murine models of liver cirrhosis. Additionally, serum sodium concentration of Alb+/- mice was lower than that of Alb+/+ mice. In cirrhotic mice, higher level of antidiuretic hormone was observed in Alb+/- mice compared with the control; and renal aquaporin (AQP2) expression in Alb+/- mice was significantly higher than that of WT mice. These revealed hypoalbuminemia contributed to the occurrence of ascites in liver cirrhosis through sodium and water retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Huifang Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chengbo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yangyang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhuanglong Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Li Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuhu Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Li R, Liu Z, Huang W, Guo Y, Xie C, Wu H, Liu J, Hong X, Wang X, Huang J, Cai M, Guo Z, Liang L, Lin L, Zhu K. Microbial-derived Urolithin A Targets GLS1 to Inhibit Glutaminolysis and Attenuate Cirrhotic Portal Hypertension. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:101379. [PMID: 39038605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cirrhotic portal hypertension (CPH) is the leading cause of mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Over 50% of patients with CPH treated with current clinical pharmacotherapy still present variceal bleeding or sometimes death owing to insufficient reduction in portal pressure. Elevated intrahepatic vascular resistance (IHVR) plays a fundamental role in increasing portal pressure. Because of its potent effect in reducing portal pressure and maintaining normal portal inflow to preserve liver function, lowering the IHVR is acknowledged as an optimal anti-CPH strategy but without clinical drugs. We aimed to investigate the protective effect of microbial-derived Urolithin A (UroA) in IHVR and CPH. METHODS Carbon tetrachloride or bile duct ligation surgery was administered to mice to induce liver fibrosis and CPH. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used for microbial analysis. Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses were employed to study the host and cell responses. RESULTS UroA was remarkably deficient in patients with CPH and was negatively correlated with disease severity. UroA deficiency was also confirmed in CPH mice and was associated with a reduced abundance of UroA-producing bacterial strain (Lactobacillus murinus, L. murinus). Glutaminolysis of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was identified as a previously unrecognized target of UroA. UroA inhibited the activity of glutaminase1 to suppress glutaminolysis, which counteracted fibrogenesis and contraction of HSCs and ameliorated CPH by relieving IHVR. Supplementation with UroA or L. murinus effectively ameliorated CPH in mice. CONCLUSIONS We for the first time identify the deficiency of gut microbial metabolite UroA as an important cause of CPH. We demonstrate that UroA exerts an excellent anti-CPH effect by suppressing HSC glutaminolysis to lower the IHVR, which highlighted its great potential as a novel therapeutic agent for CPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhile Liu
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wensou Huang
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Guo
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chan Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Hong
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjun Huang
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Cai
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxiong Guo
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Licong Liang
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liteng Lin
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Kangshun Zhu
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Interventional Cancer Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Pan D, Qu Y, Shi C, Xu C, Zhang J, Du H, Chen X. Oleanolic acid and its analogues: promising therapeutics for kidney disease. Chin Med 2024; 19:74. [PMID: 38816880 PMCID: PMC11140902 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00934-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases pose a significant threat to human health due to their high prevalence and mortality rates. Worryingly, the clinical use of drugs for kidney diseases is associated with more side effects, so more effective and safer treatments are urgently needed. Oleanolic acid (OA) is a common pentacyclic triterpenoid that is widely available in nature and has been shown to have protective effects in kidney disease. However, comprehensive studies on its role in kidney diseases are still lacking. Therefore, this article first explores the botanical sources, pharmacokinetics, derivatives, and safety of OA, followed by a summary of the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-oxidative stress, autophagy-enhancing, and antifibrotic effects of OA and its analogues in renal diseases, and an analysis of the molecular mechanisms, aiming to provide further insights for the development of novel drugs for the treatment of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Pan
- The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yilun Qu
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chunru Shi
- The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hongjian Du
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Alibeg AAA, Mohammed MH. Molecular docking, synthesis, characteristics and preliminary cytotoxic study of new coumarin-sulfonamide derivatives as histone deacetylase inhibitors. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2024; 77:514-525. [PMID: 38691794 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202403118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim: To evaluate the cytotoxic activity of newly synthesized a series of novel HDAC inhibitors comprising sulfonamide as zinc binding group and Coumarin as cap groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and Methods: The utilization of sulfonamide as zinc binding group and Coumarin as cap groups known to possess antitumor activity in the designed of new histone deacetylase inhibitors and using the docking and MTT assay to evaluate the compounds. RESULTS Results: Four compounds have been synthesized and characterized successfully by ART-FTIR, NMR and ESI-Ms. The synthesized compound assessed for their cytotoxic activity against hepatoblastoma HepG2 (IC50, I=0.094, II=0.040, III=0.032, IV=0.046, SAHA=0.141) and human colon adenocarcinoma MCF-7 (IC50, I=0.135, II=0.050, III= 0.065, IV=0.059, SAHA=0.107). The binding mode to the active site of [HDAC6] were determined by docking study which give results that they might be good inhibitors for [HDAC6]. CONCLUSION Conclusions: The synthesized compounds (I, II, III and IV) showed a comparable cytotoxic result with FDA approved drug (SAHA) toward HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines and their docking analysis provided a preliminary indication that they are viable [HDAC6] candidates.
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Hu F, Li W, Wang H, Peng H, He J, Ding J, Zhang W. Environmentally relevant concentrations of tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) induce hepatotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio): a whole life-cycle assessment. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1421-1433. [PMID: 37950834 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a typical organophosphate flame retardant, is of increasingly great concern considering their ubiquitous presence in aquatic environments and potential ecotoxicity. The present work was aimed to investigate the potential growth inhibition and hepatic stress induced by whole life-cycle exposure to TCEP (0.8, 4, 20 and 100 μg/L) in zebrafish. The results revealed that the body length, body mass and hepatic-somatic index (HSI) of zebrafish were significantly declined after exposure to TCEP for 120 days. GPx activity and GSH content were increased in the liver of zebrafish treated with low concentrations (0.8 and 4 μg/L) of TCEP, while exposure to high concentrations (20 and 100 μg/L) of TCEP reduced antioxidative capacity and elevated lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels. Gene transcription analysis demonstrated that the mRNA levels of nrf2 were altered in a similar manner to the transcription of the downstream genes nqo1 and hmox1, suggesting that Nrf2-Keap1 pathway mediated TCEP-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish liver. In addition, TCEP exposure might alleviate inflammatory response through down-regulating transcription of inflammatory cytokines (il-1β, il-6 and inos), and induce apoptosis via activating the p53-Bax pathway. Moreover, whole life-cycle exposure to TCEP caused a series of histopathological anomalies in zebrafish liver. Overall, our results revealed that lifetime exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCEP could result in growth retardation and induce significant hepatotoxicity in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hangke Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiabo He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jieyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Weini Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Zhang J, Qiao W, Luo Y. Mitochondrial quality control proteases and their modulation for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:399-436. [PMID: 36208112 DOI: 10.1002/med.21929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria, the main provider of energy in eukaryotic cells, contains more than 1000 different proteins and is closely related to the development of cells. However, damaged proteins impair mitochondrial function, further contributing to several human diseases. Evidence shows mitochondrial proteases are critically important for protein maintenance. Most importantly, quality control enzymes exert a crucial role in the modulation of mitochondrial functions by degrading misfolded, aged, or superfluous proteins. Interestingly, cancer cells thrive under stress conditions that damage proteins, so targeting mitochondrial quality control proteases serves as a novel regulator for cancer cells. Not only that, mitochondrial quality control proteases have been shown to affect mitochondrial dynamics by regulating the morphology of optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), which is closely related to the occurrence and progression of cancer. In this review, we introduce mitochondrial quality control proteases as promising targets and related modulators in cancer therapy with a focus on caseinolytic protease P (ClpP), Lon protease (LonP1), high-temperature requirement protein A2 (HrtA2), and OMA-1. Further, we summarize our current knowledge of the advances in clinical trials for modulators of mitochondrial quality control proteases. Overall, the content proposed above serves to suggest directions for the development of novel antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Lung Cancer Center, Laboratory of Lung Cancer, Western China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Mabrouk AA, Eltablawy NA, El-Allawy RM, Abdel Maksoud H, Elsenosi YA. The ameliorating effect of Terminalia muelleri extract on oxidative stress–related factors in induced hepatocellular carcinoma rat model. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lewis JH, Jadoul M, Block GA, Chin MP, Ferguson DA, Goldsberry A, Meyer CJ, O'Grady M, Pergola PE, Reisman SA, Wigley WC, Chertow GM. Effects of Bardoxolone Methyl on Hepatic Enzymes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Stage 4 CKD. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:299-309. [PMID: 32860734 PMCID: PMC7877861 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In a multinational placebo‐controlled phase III clinical trial in 2,185 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease, treatment with the Nrf2 activator bardoxolone methyl increased estimated glomerular filtration rate, a measure of kidney function, but also resulted in increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma glutamyl transferase. These increases in liver enzyme level(s) were maximal after 4 weeks of treatment and reversible, trending back toward baseline through week 48. Total bilirubin concentrations did not increase, and no cases met Hy’s Law criteria, although two subjects had ALT concentrations that exceeded 10 × the upper limit of the population reference range leading to discontinuation of treatment. Animal and cell culture experiments suggested that the increases in ALT and AST induced by bardoxolone methyl may be related to its pharmacological activity. Bardoxolone methyl significantly induced the mRNA expression of ALT and AST isoforms in cultured cells. Expression of ALT and AST isoforms in liver and kidney also positively correlated with Nrf2 status in mice. Overall, these data suggest that the increases in ALT and AST observed clinically were, at least in part, related to the pharmacological induction of aminotransferases via Nrf2 activation, rather than to any intrinsic form of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Michel Jadoul
- Department of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Glenn M Chertow
- Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Reisman SA, Ferguson DA, Lee CI, Proksch JW. Omaveloxolone and TX63682 are hepatoprotective in the STAM mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22526. [PMID: 32410268 PMCID: PMC9285621 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Omaveloxolone is a potent activator of Nrf2, a master transcriptional regulator of a multitude of cytoprotective functions, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondrial bioenergetic effects. Some of the most potent known effects of Nrf2 involve hepatoprotective functions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of omaveloxolone and TX63682, a closely related structural analog with similar oral bioavailability, in the STAM mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). C57Bl/6 mice received a single subcutaneous injection of streptozotocin two days after birth and were fed a high-fat diet from 4 to 9 weeks of age. Omaveloxolone and TX63682 were orally administered at doses of 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg/d from 6 to 9 weeks of age. Consistent with the beneficial effects of Nrf2 on hepatoprotection and improved lipid handling, both omaveloxolone and TX63682 decreased hepatic fat deposition, hepatocellular ballooning, inflammatory cell infiltration, and collagen deposition. Omaveloxolone and TX63682 also improved blood glucose control, as evidenced by reductions in nonfasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin A1C concentrations. Reductions in liver and serum triglycerides with omaveloxolone and TX63682 treatment were also observed. Both omaveloxolone and TX63682 decreased leptin and increased adiponectin in serum, which is consistent with the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects observed in the liver. These results were associated with significant induction of Nrf2 target gene expression in the liver, including NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, sulfiredoxin 1, and ferritin heavy chain 1. Overall, these data suggest that omaveloxolone and related Nrf2 activators may be useful for the treatment of NASH.
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Abstract
Covering: up to 2020The transcription factor NRF2 is one of the body's major defense mechanisms, driving transcription of >300 antioxidant response element (ARE)-regulated genes that are involved in many critical cellular processes including redox regulation, proteostasis, xenobiotic detoxification, and primary metabolism. The transcription factor NRF2 and natural products have an intimately entwined history, as the discovery of NRF2 and much of its rich biology were revealed using natural products both intentionally and unintentionally. In addition, in the last decade a more sinister aspect of NRF2 biology has been revealed. NRF2 is normally present at very low cellular levels and only activated when needed, however, it has been recently revealed that chronic, high levels of NRF2 can lead to diseases such as diabetes and cancer, and may play a role in other diseases. Again, this "dark side" of NRF2 was revealed and studied largely using a natural product, the quassinoid, brusatol. In the present review, we provide an overview of NRF2 structure and function to orient the general reader, we will discuss the history of NRF2 and NRF2-activating compounds and the biology these have revealed, and we will delve into the dark side of NRF2 and contemporary issues related to the dark side biology and the role of natural products in dissecting this biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Chen J, Mitra A, Li S, Song S, Nguyen BN, Chen JS, Shin JH, Gough NR, Lin P, Obias V, He AR, Yao Z, Malta TM, Noushmehr H, Latham PS, Su X, Rashid A, Mishra B, Wu RC, Mishra L. Targeting the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase PJA1 Enhances Tumor-Suppressing TGFβ Signaling. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1819-1832. [PMID: 32127355 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RING-finger E3 ligases are instrumental in the regulation of inflammatory cascades, apoptosis, and cancer. However, their roles are relatively unknown in TGFβ/SMAD signaling. SMAD3 and its adaptors, such as β2SP, are important mediators of TGFβ signaling and regulate gene expression to suppress stem cell-like phenotypes in diverse cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, PJA1, an E3 ligase, promoted ubiquitination and degradation of phosphorylated SMAD3 and impaired a SMAD3/β2SP-dependent tumor-suppressing pathway in multiple HCC cell lines. In mice deficient for SMAD3 (Smad3 +/-), PJA1 overexpression promoted the transformation of liver stem cells. Analysis of genes regulated by PJA1 knockdown and TGFβ1 signaling revealed 1,584 co-upregulated genes and 1,280 co-downregulated genes, including many implicated in cancer. The E3 ligase inhibitor RTA405 enhanced SMAD3-regulated gene expression and reduced growth of HCC cells in culture and xenografts of HCC tumors, suggesting that inhibition of PJA1 may be beneficial in treating HCC or preventing HCC development in at-risk patients.Significance: These findings provide a novel mechanism regulating the tumor suppressor function of TGFβ in liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Abhisek Mitra
- Pfizer Inc. Integrative Biotechnology Group, Pearl River, New York
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of GI Medical Oncology-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bao-Ngoc Nguyen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, D.C
| | - Jiun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ji-Hyun Shin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nancy R Gough
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.,BioSerendipity, LLC, Elkridge, Maryland
| | - Paul Lin
- Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, D.C
| | - Vincent Obias
- Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, D.C
| | - Aiwu Ruth He
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, Georgetown University, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Washington, D.C
| | - Zhixing Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, Washington, D.C
| | - Tathiane M Malta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Houtan Noushmehr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Patricia S Latham
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, D.C
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Asif Rashid
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bibhuti Mishra
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, D.C
| | - Ray-Chang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, George Washington University, Washington, D.C
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. .,Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Section, VA Medical Center, Washington, D.C
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Diao JX, Ou JY, Dai H, Li HY, Huang W, Hua HY, Xie T, Wang M, Yang YG. Antioxidant and Antiapoptotic Polyphenols from Green Tea Extract Ameliorate CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice. Chin J Integr Med 2019; 26:736-744. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-019-3043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Liu J, Lu YF, Wu Q, Xu SF, Shi FG, Klaassen CD. Oleanolic acid reprograms the liver to protect against hepatotoxicants, but is hepatotoxic at high doses. Liver Int 2019; 39:427-439. [PMID: 30079536 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a triterpenoid that exists widely in fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs. OA is included in some dietary supplements and is used as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in China, India, Asia, the USA and European countries. OA is effective in protecting against various hepatotoxicants, and one of the protective mechanisms is reprogramming the liver to activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). OA derivatives, such as CDDO-Im and CDDO-Me, are even more potent Nrf2 activators. OA has recently been shown to also activate the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor (TGR5). However, whereas a low dose of OA is hepatoprotective, higher doses and long-term use of OA can produce liver injury, characterized by cholestasis. This paradoxical hepatotoxic effect occurs not only for OA, but also for other OA-type triterpenoids. Dose and length of time of OA exposure differentiate the ability of OA to produce hepatoprotection vs hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity produced by herbs is increasingly recognized and is of global concern. Given the appealing nature of OA in dietary supplements and its use as an alternative medicine around the world, as well as the development of OA derivatives (CDDO-Im and CDDO-Me) as therapeutics, it is important to understand not only that they program the liver to protect against hepatotoxic chemicals, but also how they produce hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yuan-Fu Lu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fu-Guo Shi
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
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Brooks D, Zimmer A, Wakefield L, Lyle LT, Difilippantonio S, Tucci FC, Illiano S, Annunziata CM, Steeg PS. Limited fibrosis accompanies triple-negative breast cancer metastasis in multiple model systems and is not a preventive target. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23462-23481. [PMID: 29805748 PMCID: PMC5955109 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) is mechanistically implicated in both tumor metastasis and tissue fibrosis. Previously, metastasis was increased when fulminant fibrosis was first induced in mice, suggesting a direct connection between these processes. The current report examined the extent of metastasis-induced fibrosis in breast cancer model systems, and tested the metastasis preventive efficacy and fibrosis attenuation of antagonists for LPAR1 and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) in breast and ovarian cancer models. Staining analysis demonstrated only focal, low-moderate levels of fibrosis in lungs from eleven metastasis model systems. Two orally available LPAR1 antagonists, SAR100842 and EPGN9878, significantly inhibited breast cancer motility to LPA in vitro. Both compounds were negative for metastasis prevention and failed to reduce fibrosis in the experimental MDA-MB-231T and spontaneous murine 4T1 in vivo breast cancer metastasis models. SAR100842 demonstrated only occasional reductions in invasive metastases in the SKOV3 and OVCAR5 ovarian cancer experimental metastasis models. Two approved drugs for IPF, nintedanib and pirfenidone, were investigated. Both were ineffective at preventing MDA-MB-231T metastasis, with no attenuation of fibrosis. In summary, metastasis-induced fibrosis is only a minor component of metastasis in untreated progressive breast cancer. LPAR1 antagonists, despite in vitro evidence of specificity and efficacy, were ineffective in vivo as oral agents, as were approved IPF drugs. The data argue against LPAR1 and fibrosis as monotherapy targets for metastasis prevention in triple-negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Brooks
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Zimmer
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lalage Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L. Tiffany Lyle
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Christina M. Annunziata
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia S. Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Chu F, Zhang W, Guo W, Wang Z, Yang Y, Zhang X, Fang K, Yan M, Wang P, Lei H. Oleanolic Acid-amino Acids Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, and Hepatoprotective Evaluation In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2018; 23:E322. [PMID: 29393898 PMCID: PMC6017290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing cells in the injured liver and the key mediators of liver fibrosis; they also promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the acidic extracellular microenvironment of HCC, HSCs are activated to promote the migration of HCC cells. It is worth attempting to alter the weak acidic microenvironment to promote activated HSC apoptosis to treat liver fibrosis and liver cancer. In the present study, a series of novel OA-amino acids analogues were designed and synthesized to introduce different amino acids in the 3-hydroxyl of OA using the ester condensation reaction to enhance hydrophilicity, alkalinity, and biological activity. We found that OA-lysine derivative (3g) could improve the hydrophilic of OA and induce HSCs apoptosis via inducing MMP depolarization and increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels. Additionally, 3g displayed a better hepatoprotective effect than OA (20 mg/kg, intragastric administration) against the acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in mice. The results suggested that basic amino acids (lysine) could effectively enhance OA's hydrophilicity, alkalinity, and hepatoprotective activity in vitro and in vivo, which might be likely associated with increasing bioavailability and altering an extracellular weak acidic microenvironment with further verification. Therefore, the OA-lysine derivative (3g) has the potential to be developed as an agent with hepatoprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhao Chu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Wenxi Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Wenbo Guo
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Yuqin Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Kang Fang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Mengmeng Yan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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16
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Chen QL, Sun YL, Liu ZH, Li YW. Sex-dependent effects of subacute mercuric chloride exposure on histology, antioxidant status and immune-related gene expression in the liver of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:1-9. [PMID: 28865787 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant that causes negative health effects. In order to assess Hg-induced hepatotoxicity in fish and examine whether gender differences existed in response to Hg exposure, adult zebrafish were exposed to 0, 15 and 30 μg L-1 Hg2+ for 30 days, and histology, antioxidant status and the transcription levels of several immune-related genes were examined in the liver. Hg2+ exposure caused a dose-dependent increase in histopathological lesions of the liver, including vacuolization, parenchyma disorganization and pyknotic nucleus, and these lesions were more severe in males than in females. In females, Hg2+ exposure decreased CAT activity and its mRNA levels, while increased GSH content and the expressions of sod1, gpx1a, gstr and keap1. In males, the decrease in cat1 expression and the increase in GST activity, GSH and MDA contents as well as gpx1a, gstr, nrf2 and keap1 mRNA levels were observed in Hg2+-exposed groups, but the activities of CAT, SOD and GPX were only stimulated in the 15 μg L-1 Hg2+ group. Moreover, both in females and males, Hg2+ exposure down-regulated il-8 expression while up-regulated il-10 and lyz mRNAs. However, the down-regulation of il-1β and tnfα was detected only in males under Hg2+ treatments. Thus, our results indicated that HgCl2 exposure induced histopathological damage, oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in the liver of zebrafish. Different response patterns of histology, antioxidant status and immune defenses to Hg2+ between females and males suggested sex-dependent effects of Hg, and males showed more vulnerable to Hg2+ exposure than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Liang Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Ya-Ling Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Ying-Wen Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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17
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Salvador JA, Leal AS, Valdeira AS, Gonçalves BM, Alho DP, Figueiredo SA, Silvestre SM, Mendes VI. Oleanane-, ursane-, and quinone methide friedelane-type triterpenoid derivatives: Recent advances in cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:95-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Crowley VM, Ayi K, Lu Z, Liby KT, Sporn M, Kain KC. Synthetic oleanane triterpenoids enhance blood brain barrier integrity and improve survival in experimental cerebral malaria. Malar J 2017; 16:463. [PMID: 29137631 PMCID: PMC5686938 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection associated with high mortality and neurocognitive impairment in survivors. New anti-malarials and host-based adjunctive therapy may improve clinical outcome in CM. Synthetic oleanane triterpenoid (SO) compounds have shown efficacy in the treatment of diseases where inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to pathogenesis. Methods A derivative of the SO 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), CDDO-ethyl amide (CDDO-EA) was investigated for the treatment of severe malaria in a pre-clinical model. CDDO-EA was evaluated in vivo as a monotherapy as well as adjunctive therapy with parenteral artesunate in the Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model. Results CDDO-EA alone improved outcome in ECM and, given as adjunctive therapy in combination with artesunate, it significantly improved outcome over artesunate alone (p = 0.009). Improved survival was associated with reduced inflammation, enhanced endothelial stability and blood–brain barrier integrity. Survival was improved even when administered late in the disease course after the onset of neurological symptoms. Conclusions These results indicate that SO are a new class of immunomodulatory drugs and support further studies investigating this class of agents as potential adjunctive therapy for severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M Crowley
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kodjo Ayi
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ziyue Lu
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Michael Sporn
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Kevin C Kain
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Tropical Diseases Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UHN-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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19
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Zhang C, Tian X, Zhang K, Li GY, Wang HY, Wang JH. Protective effects of Foeniculum vulgare root bark extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5722-5731. [PMID: 28883697 PMCID: PMC5569286 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i31.5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the protective effects of Foeniculum vulgare root bark (FVRB), a traditional Uyghur medicine, against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice.
METHODS Mice were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 20 each). Except for the normal control group, mice in the rest groups were intraperitoneally injected (i.p.) with 0.1% CCl4-olive oil mixture at 10 mL/kg twice a week to induce liver fibrosis. After 4 wk, mice were treated concurrently with the 70% ethanol extract of FVRB (88, 176, 352 and 704 mg/kg, respectively) daily by oral gavage for 4 wk to evaluate its protective effects. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), hexadecenoic acid (HA), laminin (LN), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver tissues were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin (H and E) staining and Masson trichrome (MT) staining were performed to assess histopathological changes in the liver. The expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), matrix metalloprotein 9 (MMP-9) and metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1) was detected by immunohistochemical analysis. Additionally, TGF-β1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein expression was measured by Western blot.
RESULTS A significant reduction in serum levels of AST, ALT, TG, HA and LN was observed in the FVRB-treated groups, suggesting that FVRB displayed hepatoprotective effects. Also, the depletion of GSH, SOD, and MDA accumulation in liver tissues was suppressed by FVRB. The expression of TGF-β1, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 determined by immunohistochemistry was markedly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by FVRB treatment. Furthermore, protective effects of FVRB against CCl4-induced liver injury were confirmed by histopathological studies. Protein expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA detected by Western blot was decreased by FVRB treatment.
CONCLUSION Our results indicate that FVRB may be a promising agent against hepatic fibrosis and its possible mechanisms are inhibiting lipid peroxidation and reducing collagen formation in liver tissue of liver fibrosis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xing Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guo-Yu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hang-Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
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Abstract
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-like factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and the antioxidant response element (ARE) are interacting components of a master regulatory signaling pathway that coordinates redox homeostasis, cytoprotective responses, and shifts in stem cell state. This study reexamined detailed dose–response (DR) data reported for in vitro Nrf2-ARE activation in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell lines containing either a ARE-bla or ARE-luc reporter at 12 different concentrations of each of 15 chemicals. The normalized study data were combined among chemicals exhibiting a positive response, yielding n = 531 (179) DR data for 9 (7) chemicals using the ARE-bla (ARE-luc) assay. Three-parameter linear/kth-power regression fits obtained to each combined set of ARE-bla- or ARE-luc-assay response data provided good fits (R2 = .99 or .91, respectively, Pfit > .99) that each incorporate a highly significant negative initial linear slope (P = 4 × 10−5 or .00025) and an overall J-shaped DR pattern. Results from this reanalysis of high-resolution ARE response data support the hypothesis that nonlinear ARE-mediated adaptive cellular responses to oxidative stress are governed by an ultrasensitive molecular switch.
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Guo Y, Han B, Luo K, Ren Z, Cai L, Sun L. NOX2-ROS-HIF-1α signaling is critical for the inhibitory effect of oleanolic acid on rectal cancer cell proliferation. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:733-739. [PMID: 27938946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in the western countries and accounts for 10% incidence and mortality of cancer in the whole world. Drug resistance and severe toxicity severely limited the efficiency of chemotherapy of rectal cancer. Oleanolic acid (OA) is a natural triterpenoid and an aglycone of many saponins. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of OA on rectal cancer cell proliferation and its possible mechanism. We showed that OA concentration-dependently inhibited cell proliferation in HCT-15, HT-29, HCT-8 and Colo 205 human rectal cancer cell lines. OA significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression in a concentration-dependent manner. In HCT-15 and HT-29 cells, siNOX2 notably suppressed OA-induced ROS generation, inhibition of cell proliferation, increase of S phase cell population and decrease of cyclin D1 and CDK2 expression. OA markedly decreased hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression in HCT-15 and HT-29 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Overexpression of HIF-1α significantly suppressed OA-induced inhibition of cell proliferation, increase of S phase cell population and decrease of cyclin D1 and CDK2 expression. Inhibition of NOX2 by siRNA notably blocked OA-induced suppression of HIF-1α expression. Our findings provide novel insights into OA-induced inhibition of rectal cancer cell proliferation and highlight NOX2/ROS/HIF-1α axis as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Radiology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kongliang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhijian Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Li Sun
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
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