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Quiñones Martorello AS, Gyenge JE, Colabelli MN, Petigrosso LR, Fernández ME. Functional responses to multiple sequential abiotic stress (waterlogging-drought) in three woody taxa with different root systems and stress tolerance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13958. [PMID: 37338179 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
There is generally a trade-off in the resistance to drought and to waterlogging. However, several species are sequentially subjected to both stressors in many environments. We evaluated the ecophysiological strategies to cope with multiple sequential stress of waterlogging and drought (W + D) of three taxa differing in stress resistance and root morphology: the phreatophic Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Ec) and two shallow-rooted willow clones: Salix matsudana x Salix alba (SmxSa) and Salix nigra (Sn4). Individuals of the three taxa were grown in pots and assigned to either of four treatments: Control (well-watered plants), well-watered followed by drought (C + D); waterlogged for 15 days followed by drought (W15d + D) and waterlogged for 30 days followed by drought (W30d + D). Biomass allocation, growth (diameter, height, length of leaves, and roots), specific leaf area, stomatal conductance, water potential, hydraulic conductivity of roots and branches, leaf C13 and root cortical aerenchyma formation were determined at different stages of the experiment. Ec growth was not affected by W + D, developing tolerance strategies at leaf and whole plant levels. Differential effects of W + D were observed in both Salix clones depending on the time of waterlogging. In Sn4 and SmxSa, the root biomass was affected in W15d + D treatment, but a root tolerance response (aerenchyma and adventitious root formation) was observed in W30d + D. In the three taxa, and contrary to expectations, the previous exposure to a waterlogging period did not increase the susceptibility of the plants to a subsequent drought event. On the contrary, we found tolerance, which depended on the time of waterlogging exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Quiñones Martorello
- LIA FORESTIA (INTA_INRAE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J E Gyenge
- LIA FORESTIA (INTA_INRAE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UEDD INTA CONICET Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) sede Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M N Colabelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L R Petigrosso
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M E Fernández
- LIA FORESTIA (INTA_INRAE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UEDD INTA CONICET Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) sede Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Barotto AJ, Martínez-Meier A, Segura V, Monteoliva S, Charpentier JP, Gyenge J, Sergent AS, Millier F, Rozenberg P, Fernández ME. Use of near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate physical, anatomical and hydraulic properties of Eucalyptus wood. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:501-514. [PMID: 36383394 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tree breeding programs and wood industries require simple, time- and cost-effective techniques to process large volumes of samples. In recent decades, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been acknowledged as one of the most powerful techniques for wood analysis, making it the most used tool for high-throughput phenotyping. Previous studies have shown that a significant number of anatomical, physical, chemical and mechanical wood properties can be estimated through NIRS, both for angiosperm and gymnosperm species. However, the ability of this technique to predict functional traits related to drought resistance has been poorly explored, especially in angiosperm species. This is particularly relevant since determining xylem hydraulic properties by conventional techniques is complex and time-consuming, clearly limiting its use in studies and applications that demand large amounts of samples. In this study, we measured several wood anatomical and hydraulic traits and collected NIR spectra in branches of two Eucalyptus L'Hér species. We developed NIRS calibration models and discussed their ability to accurately predict the studied traits. The models generated allowed us to adequately calibrate the reference traits, with high R2 (≥0.75) for traits such as P12, P88, the slope of the vulnerability curves to xylem embolism or the fiber wall fraction, and with lower R2 (0.39-0.52) for P50, maximum hydraulic conductivity or frequency of ray parenchyma. We found that certain wavenumbers improve models' calibration, with those in the range of 4000-5500 cm-1 predicting the highest number of both anatomical and functional traits. We concluded that the use of NIRS allows calibrating models with potential predictive value not only for wood structural and chemical variables but also for anatomical and functional traits related to drought resistance in wood types with complex structure as eucalypts. These results are promising in light of the required knowledge about species and genotypes adaptability to global climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Barotto
- Cátedra de Dendrología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 31 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Meier
- INTA EEA Bariloche, Grupo de Ecología Forestal, UEDD IFAB INTA-CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología, Ecofisiología y Madera (LEEMA), Modesta Victoria 4450 (8400), Río Negro, Argentina
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
| | - Vincent Segura
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Paul Charpentier
- UMR 0588 BioForA, INRAE, ONF, Orléans, France, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Javier Gyenge
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
- Grupo Forestal, UEDD IPADS INTA-CONICET-Oficina Tandil, Rodríguez 370 (7000), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Anne Sophie Sergent
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina UEDD IFAB INTA-CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología, Ecofisiología y Madera (LEEMA), Modesta Victoria 4450 (8400), RíoNegro, Argentina
| | - Frédéric Millier
- UMR 0588 BioForA, INRAE, ONF, Orléans, France, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Philippe Rozenberg
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
- UMR 0588 BioForA, INRAE, ONF, Orléans, France, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - María Elena Fernández
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
- Grupo Forestal, UEDD IPADS INTA-CONICET-Oficina Tandil, Rodríguez 370 (7000), Tandil, Argentina
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Chen Z, Li S, Wan X, Liu S. Strategies of tree species to adapt to drought from leaf stomatal regulation and stem embolism resistance to root properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:926535. [PMID: 36237513 PMCID: PMC9552884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.926535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Considerable evidences highlight the occurrence of increasing widespread tree mortality as a result of global climate change-associated droughts. However, knowledge about the mechanisms underlying divergent strategies of various tree species to adapt to drought has remained remarkably insufficient. Leaf stomatal regulation and embolism resistance of stem xylem serves as two important strategies for tree species to prevent hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, as comprising interconnected physiological mechanisms underlying drought-induced tree mortality. Hence, the physiological and anatomical determinants of leaf stomatal regulation and stems xylem embolism resistance are evaluated and discussed. In addition, root properties related to drought tolerance are also reviewed. Species with greater investment in leaves and stems tend to maintain stomatal opening and resist stem embolism under drought conditions. The coordination between stomatal regulation and stem embolism resistance are summarized and discussed. Previous studies showed that hydraulic safety margin (HSM, the difference between minimum water potential and that causing xylem dysfunction) is a significant predictor of tree species mortality under drought conditions. Compared with HSM, stomatal safety margin (the difference between water potential at stomatal closure and that causing xylem dysfunction) more directly merge stomatal regulation strategies with xylem hydraulic strategies, illustrating a comprehensive framework to characterize plant response to drought. A combination of plant traits reflecting species' response and adaptation to drought should be established in the future, and we propose four specific urgent issues as future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Xianchong Wan
- Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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De Kauwe MG, Sabot MEB, Medlyn BE, Pitman AJ, Meir P, Cernusak LA, Gallagher RV, Ukkola AM, Rifai SW, Choat B. Towards species-level forecasts of drought-induced tree mortality risk. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:94-110. [PMID: 35363880 PMCID: PMC9321630 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Predicting species-level responses to drought at the landscape scale is critical to reducing uncertainty in future terrestrial carbon and water cycle projections. We embedded a stomatal optimisation model in the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) land surface model and parameterised the model for 15 canopy dominant eucalypt tree species across South-Eastern Australia (mean annual precipitation range: 344-1424 mm yr-1 ). We conducted three experiments: applying CABLE to the 2017-2019 drought; a 20% drier drought; and a 20% drier drought with a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The severity of the drought was highlighted as for at least 25% of their distribution ranges, 60% of species experienced leaf water potentials beyond the water potential at which 50% of hydraulic conductivity is lost due to embolism. We identified areas of severe hydraulic stress within-species' ranges, but we also pinpointed resilience in species found in predominantly semiarid areas. The importance of the role of CO2 in ameliorating drought stress was consistent across species. Our results represent an important advance in our capacity to forecast the resilience of individual tree species, providing an evidence base for decision-making around the resilience of restoration plantings or net-zero emission strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manon E. B. Sabot
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate ExtremesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Climate Change Research CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Belinda E. Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Andrew J. Pitman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate ExtremesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Climate Change Research CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of GeosciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FFUK
| | - Lucas A. Cernusak
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityCairnsQld4878Australia
| | - Rachael V. Gallagher
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Anna M. Ukkola
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate ExtremesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Climate Change Research CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Sami W. Rifai
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate ExtremesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Climate Change Research CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW2751Australia
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Barigah TS, Gyenge JE, Barreto F, Rozenberg P, Fernández ME. Narrow vessels cavitate first during a simulated drought in Eucalyptus camaldulensis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:2081-2090. [PMID: 34523145 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Establishing drying-limits for mortality of different tree species and understanding the anatomical and physiological traits involved is crucial to predict forests' responses to climate change. The xylem of Eucalyptus camaldulensis presents a complex of solitary vessels surrounded by different imperforate tracheary elements and parenchyma that influence, in a poorly known way, its hydraulic functioning. We aimed at describing the dynamics of embolism propagation in this type of xylem, seeking any vessel-size pattern, and unraveling the threshold of xylem embolism leading to nonrecovery after drought in E. camaldulensis. We assigned potted saplings to a protracted water-stress for 70 days. We relied on colorimetric and hydraulic methods to test for links between xylem anatomy and embolism propagation in the main stem. On average, the occurrence of embolism was randomly distributed in the stem xylem, but the probability of embolized vessels was higher than predicted by chance in the narrowest vessels of individuals that experienced low to moderate water-stress. The saplings could recover from severe water-stress if their percentage loss of conductance (PLC) was <77%, but not when the PLC was ˃ 85%. We concluded that, contrary to results reported for most species, the narrowest vessels are the most vulnerable to cavitation in E. camaldulensis, suggesting a lack of tradeoff between xylem efficiency and safety (in response to drought) at the tissue level. These results challenge the well-established paradigm of the effect of vessel size on cavitation, which states that the widest conduits are the most vulnerable to both freeze-thaw and drought-induced cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Enrique Gyenge
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Ecología Forestal, UEDD INTA-CONICET IPADS, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Florencia Barreto
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María Elena Fernández
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- INTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Ecología Forestal, UEDD INTA-CONICET IPADS, Tandil, Argentina
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6
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Pittermann J, Baer A, Sang Y. Primary tissues may affect estimates of cavitation resistance in ferns. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:285-296. [PMID: 33786827 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Different methods of measuring cavitation resistance in fern petioles lead to variable results, particularly with respect to the P50 metric. We hypothesised that the fern dictyostele structure affects air entry into the xylem, and therefore impacts the shape of the vulnerability curve. Our study examined this variation by comparing vulnerability curves constructed on petioles collected from evergreen and deciduous ferns in the field, with curves generated using the standard centrifuge, air-injection and bench-top dehydration methods. Additional experiments complemented the vulnerability curves to better understand how anatomy shapes estimates of cavitation resistance. Centrifugation and radial air injection generated acceptable vulnerability curves for the deciduous species, but overestimated drought resistance in the two evergreen ferns. In these hardy plants, axial air injection and bench-top dehydration produced results that most closely aligned with observations in nature. Additional experiments revealed that the dictyostele anatomy impedes air entry into the xylem during spinning and radial air injection. Each method produced acceptable vulnerability curves, depending on the species being tested. Therefore, we stress the importance of validating the curves with in situ measures of water potential and, if possible, hydraulic data to generate realistic results with any of the methods currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Alex Baer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Ying Sang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
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Olson ME, Anfodillo T, Gleason SM, McCulloh KA. Tip-to-base xylem conduit widening as an adaptation: causes, consequences, and empirical priorities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1877-1893. [PMID: 32984967 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the stems of terrestrial vascular plants studied to date, the diameter of xylem water-conducting conduits D widens predictably with distance from the stem tip L approximating D ∝ Lb , with b ≈ 0.2. Because conduit diameter is central for conductance, it is essential to understand the cause of this remarkably pervasive pattern. We give reason to suspect that tip-to-base conduit widening is an adaptation, favored by natural selection because widening helps minimize the increase in hydraulic resistance that would otherwise occur as an individual stem grows longer and conductive path length increases. Evidence consistent with adaptation includes optimality models that predict the 0.2 exponent. The fact that this prediction can be made with a simple model of a single capillary, omitting much biological detail, itself makes numerous important predictions, e.g. that pit resistance must scale isometrically with conduit resistance. The idea that tip-to-base conduit widening has a nonadaptive cause, with temperature, drought, or turgor limiting the conduit diameters that plants are able to produce, is less consistent with the data than an adaptive explanation. We identify empirical priorities for testing the cause of tip-to-base conduit widening and underscore the need to study plant hydraulic systems leaf to root as integrated wholes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Olson ME. From Carlquist's ecological wood anatomy to Carlquist's Law: why comparative anatomy is crucial for functional xylem biology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1328-1341. [PMID: 33078405 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
All students of xylem structure-function relations need to be familiar with the work of Sherwin Carlquist. He studies xylem through the lens of the comparative method, which uses the appearance of similar anatomical features under similar conditions of natural selection to infer function. "Function" in biology implies adaptation; maximally supported adaptation inferences require experimental and comparative xylem scientists to work with one another. Engaging with comparative inferences of xylem function will, more likely sooner rather than later, bring one to the work of Sherwin Carlquist. To mark his 90th birthday, I highlight just a few examples of his extraordinarily perceptive and general comparative insights. One is "Carlquist's Law", the pervasive tendency for vessels to be solitary when background cells are conductive. I cover his pioneering of "ecological" wood anatomy, viewing xylem variation as reflecting the effects of selection across climate and habit variation. Another is the embolism vulnerability-conduit diameter relationship, one of the most widely invoked structure-function relationships in xylem biology. I discuss the inferential richness within the notion of Carlquistian paedomorphosis, including detailed functional inferences regarding ray cell orientation. My final example comes from his very recent work offering the first satisfactory hypothesis accounting for the geographical and histological distribution of scalariform perforation plates as an adaptation, including "Carlquist's Ratchet", why scalariform plates are adaptive but do not re-evolve once lost. This extraordinarily rich production over six decades is filled with comparative inferences that should keep students of xylem function busy testing for decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, DF, 04510, México
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Yazaki K, Levia DF, Takenouchi A, Watanabe M, Kabeya D, Miki NH, Taneda H, Ogasa MY, Oguro M, Saiki S, Tobita H, Fukuda K. Imperforate tracheary elements and vessels alleviate xylem tension under severe dehydration: insights from water release curves for excised twigs of three tree species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1122-1135. [PMID: 32779767 PMCID: PMC7496847 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Water stored in the xylem of woody plants is important for supporting the transpiration stream under prolonged drought, yet the source of stored water within the xylem during drought remains unclear. Insights into xylem water utilization during drought will uncover the adaptation strategies of the test species to stress. METHODS To fill the existing knowledge gap, we excised twigs of Abies firma (Japanese fir, conifer), Cercidiphyllum japonicum (katsura tree, diffuse-porous) and Quercus serrata (konara oak, ring-porous) to quantify interspecific variation of water transfer in xylem corresponding with increasing cumulative water release (CWR) using micro x-ray computed tomography and cryo-SEM. RESULTS For all species studied, the main components of water storage within the operating range of water potential were not living cells but cavitation release and capillaries. Abies firma maintained water in the earlywood-like cells, for possible maintenance of the transpiration stream. Cercidiphyllum japonicum maintained water in its vessels over 200 kg m-3 of CWR, while Q. serrata lost most of its water in vessels with increasing CWR up to 100 kg m-3 . Cercidiphyllum japonicum exhibited a higher water storage capacity than Q. serrata. Under high CWR, narrow conduits stored xylem water in C. japonicum and imperforate tracheary elements in Q. serrata. CONCLUSIONS Among the species examined, increasing CWR appears to indicate differential utilization of stored water in relation to variation of xylem structure, thereby providing insight into the interspecific responses of tree species to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Yazaki
- Department of Plant EcologyForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Delphis F. Levia
- Departments of Geography & Spatial Sciences and Plant & Soil SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkDE19716USA
| | - Akiko Takenouchi
- Research Center for Structural MaterialsNational Institute of Materials Science (NIMS)TsukubaIbaraki305‐0047Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Research Center for Structural MaterialsNational Institute of Materials Science (NIMS)TsukubaIbaraki305‐0047Japan
| | - Daisuke Kabeya
- Department of Plant EcologyForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Naoko H. Miki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayama700‐8530Japan
| | - Haruhiko Taneda
- Graduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Mayumi Y. Ogasa
- Kansai Research CenterForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)KyotoKyoto612‐0855Japan
| | - Michio Oguro
- Department of Forest VegetationForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Shin‐Taro Saiki
- Department of Plant EcologyForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tobita
- Department of Plant EcologyForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Kenji Fukuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyo113‐8657Japan
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Zhao H, Jiang Z, Ma J, Cai J. What causes the differences in cavitation resistance of two shrubs? Wood anatomical explanations and reliability testing of vulnerability curves. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 169:156-168. [PMID: 31828790 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between xylem anatomical traits and cavitation resistance have always been a major content of plant hydraulics. To know how plants cope with drought, it is extremely important to acquire detailed knowledge about xylem anatomical traits and assess the cavitation resistance accurately. This study aims to increase our knowledge in the methods determining cavitation resistance and xylem anatomical traits. We selected a semi-ring-porous species, Hippophae rhamnoides L., and a diffuse-porous species, Corylus heterophylla F., to clarify the reasons for the difference in cavitation resistance based on detailed xylem anatomical traits and reliable vulnerability curves (VCs). Both Cavitron and bench dehydration (BD) were used to construct VCs. Xylem anatomical traits, including pit membrane ultrastructure of these two species, were determined. The VCs obtained by the two different techniques were of different types for H. rhamnoides, its Cavitron VCs might be unreliable because of open-vessel artifacts. On the basis of BD VCs, H. rhamnoides showed higher cavitation resistance than C. heterophylla, and this is attributed to its low vessel connectivity as well as non-porous and thicker pit membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zaimin Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jin Ma
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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Olson M, Rosell JA, Martínez‐Pérez C, León‐Gómez C, Fajardo A, Isnard S, Cervantes‐Alcayde MA, Echeverría A, Figueroa‐Abundiz VA, Segovia‐Rivas A, Trueba S, Vázquez‐Segovia K. Xylem vessel‐diameter–shoot‐length scaling: ecological significance of porosity types and other traits. ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Olson
- Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Julieta A. Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Cecilia Martínez‐Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Calixto León‐Gómez
- Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Camino Baguales s/n Coyhaique 5951601 Chile
| | - Sandrine Isnard
- Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture de Plantes de des Végétations Institut de Recherche pourle Développement Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Université de Montpellier Montpellier 34398 France
- Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture de Plantes de des Végétations Institut de Recherche pourle Développement Herbier de Nouvelle‐Caledonia Nouméa 98848 New Caledonia
| | - María Angélica Cervantes‐Alcayde
- Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Alberto Echeverría
- Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Víctor A. Figueroa‐Abundiz
- Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Alí Segovia‐Rivas
- Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Santiago Trueba
- Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture de Plantes de des Végétations Institut de Recherche pourle Développement Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Université de Montpellier Montpellier 34398 France
- Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture de Plantes de des Végétations Institut de Recherche pourle Développement Herbier de Nouvelle‐Caledonia Nouméa 98848 New Caledonia
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06511 USA
| | - Karen Vázquez‐Segovia
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México 04510 México
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Chacon AI, Baer A, Wheeler JK, Pittermann J. Two coastal Pacific evergreens, Arbutus menziesii, Pursh. and Quercus agrifolia, Née show little water stress during California's exceptional drought. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230868. [PMID: 32240222 PMCID: PMC7117729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
California's coastal climate is characterized by rainy winters followed by a dry summer season that is supplemented by frequent fog. While rising temperatures and drought caused massive tree mortality in central California during the 2011–2015 extreme drought, dying trees were less common in the central coast region. We hypothesized that cooler, maritime-ameliorated temperatures reduced the effects of drought stress on coastal vegetation. To test this, weekly measurements of water potential and stomatal conductance were made on two coast evergreen tree species, Arbutus menziesii and Quercus agrifolia, throughout the summer 2014 dry season. Water potential remained generally constant during this period but stomatal conductance declined in both species as the dry season progressed. Species' resistance to embolism was determined using the centrifuge method, and showed Q. agrifolia to be more vulnerable to embolism than A. menziesii. The stem vulnerability curves were consistent with species' seasonal water relations as well as their anatomy; the ring-porous Q. agrifolia had substantially larger conduits than the diffuse-porous A. menziesii. Leaf turgor loss points differed significantly as did other pressure-volume parameters but these data were consistent with the trees' seasonal water relations. Overall, the two species appear to employ differing water use strategies; A. menziesii is more profligate in its water use, while Q. agrifolia is more conservative, with a narrower safety margin against drought-induced loss of xylem transport capacity. Despite the extended drought, these species exhibited neither branch die-back nor any obvious symptoms of pronounced water-stress during the study period, implying that the maritime climate of California's central coast may buffer the local vegetation against the severe effects of prolonged drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Chacon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Baer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - James K. Wheeler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Poovaiah C, Coleman HD. Development of secondary cell walls in cells adjacent to vessel elements may be controlled by signals from the vessel element. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:511-513. [PMID: 30931474 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charleson Poovaiah
- Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, 49 Sala Street, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Heather D Coleman
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Jacobsen AL, Valdovinos-Ayala J, Pratt RB. Functional lifespans of xylem vessels: Development, hydraulic function, and post-function of vessels in several species of woody plants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:142-150. [PMID: 29570215 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Xylem vessels transition through different stages during their functional lifespan, including expansion and development of vessel elements, transition to vessel hydraulic functionality, and eventual transition to post-functionality. We used information on vessel development and function to develop a model of vessel lifespan for woody plants. METHODS We examined vessel functional lifespan using repeated anatomical sampling throughout the growing season, combined with active-xylem staining to evaluate vessel hydraulic transport functionality. These data were combined with a literature review. The transitions between vessel functional lifespans for several species are illustrated, including grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae), English oak (Quercus robur L., Fagaceae), American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh.; Fagaceae], and several arid and semi-arid shrub species. KEY RESULTS In intact woody plants, development and maturation of vessel elements may be gradual. Once hydraulically functional, vessel elements connect to form a vessel network that is responsible for bulk hydraulic flow through the xylem. Vessels become nonfunctional due to the formation of gas emboli. In some species and under some conditions, vessel functionality of embolized conduits may be restored through refilling. Blockages, such as tyloses, gels, or gums, indicate permanent losses in hydraulic functional capacity; however, there may be some interesting exceptions to permanent loss of functionality for gel-based blockages. CONCLUSIONS The gradual development and maturation of vessel elements in woody plants, variation in the onset of functionality between different populations of vessels throughout the growing season, and differences in the timing of vessel transitions to post-functionality are important aspects of plant hydraulic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy., Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - Jessica Valdovinos-Ayala
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy., Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy., Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
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Barotto AJ, Monteoliva S, Gyenge J, Martinez-Meier A, Fernandez ME. Functional relationships between wood structure and vulnerability to xylem cavitation in races of Eucalyptus globulus differing in wood density. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:243-251. [PMID: 29177476 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wood density can be considered as a measure of the internal wood structure, and it is usually used as a proxy measure of other mechanical and functional traits. Eucalyptus is one of the most important commercial forestry genera worldwide, but the relationship between wood density and vulnerability to cavitation in this genus has been little studied. The analysis is hampered by, among other things, its anatomical complexity, so it becomes necessary to address more complex techniques and analyses to elucidate the way in which the different anatomical elements are functionally integrated. In this study, vulnerability to cavitation in two races of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. with different wood density was evaluated through Path analysis, a multivariate method that allows evaluation of descriptive models of causal relationship between variables. A model relating anatomical variables with wood properties and functional parameters was proposed and tested. We found significant differences in wood basic density and vulnerability to cavitation between races. The main exogenous variables predicting vulnerability to cavitation were vessel hydraulic diameter and fibre wall fraction. Fibre wall fraction showed a direct impact on wood basic density and the slope of vulnerability curve, and an indirect and negative effect over the pressure imposing 50% of conductivity loss (P50) through them. Hydraulic diameter showed a direct negative effect on P50, but an indirect and positive influence over this variable through wood density on one hand, and through maximum hydraulic conductivity (ks max) and slope on the other. Our results highlight the complexity of the relationship between xylem efficiency and safety in species with solitary vessels such as Eucalyptus spp., with no evident compromise at the intraspecific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Barotto
- Instituto de Fisiología vegetal (INFIVE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 31 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Silvia Monteoliva
- Instituto de Fisiología vegetal (INFIVE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 31 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Javier Gyenge
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- INTA, EEA Balcarce-Oficina Tandil, CC 370 (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | | | - María Elena Fernandez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- INTA, EEA Balcarce-Oficina Tandil, CC 370 (7000) Tandil, Argentina
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