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Depardieu C, Lenz P, Marion J, Nadeau S, Girardin MP, Marchand W, Bégin C, Treydte K, Gessler A, Bousquet J, Savard MM, Isabel N. Contrasting physiological strategies explain heterogeneous responses to severe drought conditions within local populations of a widespread conifer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171174. [PMID: 38402972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how trees prioritize carbon gain at the cost of drought vulnerability under severe drought conditions is crucial for predicting which genetic groups and individuals will be resilient to future climate conditions. In this study, we investigated variations in growth, tree-ring anatomy as well as carbon and oxygen isotope ratios to assess the sensitivity and the xylem formation process in response to an episode of severe drought in 29 mature white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) families grown in a common garden trial. During the drought episode, the majority of families displayed decreased growth and exhibited either sustained or increased intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), which was largely influenced by reduced stomatal conductance as revealed by the dual carbon‑oxygen isotope approach. Different water-use strategies were detected within white spruce populations in response to drought conditions. Our results revealed intraspecific variation in the prevailing physiological mechanisms underlying drought response within and among populations of Picea glauca. The presence of different genetic groups reflecting diverse water-use strategies within this largely-distributed conifer is likely to lessen the negative effects of drought and decrease the overall forest ecosystems' sensitivity to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Depardieu
- Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Forest Research Centre, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Natural Ressources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada.
| | - Patrick Lenz
- Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Joelle Marion
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Simon Nadeau
- Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Martin P Girardin
- Natural Ressources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 boul. de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - William Marchand
- Natural Ressources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 boul. de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Christian Bégin
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Forest Research Centre, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Martine M Savard
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Isabel
- Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Natural Ressources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
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Moreno-de-Las-Heras M, Bochet E, Vicente-Serrano SM, Espigares T, Molina MJ, Monleón V, Nicolau JM, Tormo J, García-Fayos P. Drought conditions, aridity and forest structure control the responses of Iberian holm oak woodlands to extreme droughts: A large-scale remote-sensing exploration in eastern Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165887. [PMID: 37517715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how Mediterranean forests respond to the increasing frequency of extreme droughts and forest densification is crucial for effective land management in the present context of climate change and land abandonment. We study the responses of Iberian holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) woodlands to recent extreme droughts during 2000-2019 along broad gradients of climate aridity and forest structure. To this purpose, we apply large-scale remote-sensing using MODIS EVI as a primary production proxy in 5274 Q. ilex sites distributed within a 100,000 km2 region in eastern Spain. These woodlands were extensively affected by two extreme drought events in 2005 and 2012. Resistance, assessed as the capacity of the ecosystems to maintain primary production during drought, was significantly lower for semi-arid than for sub-humid and dry-transition conditions. Holm oak woodlands located in semi-arid areas of the region showed also poorer resilience to drought, characterized by low capacity to fully recover to their pre-drought production levels. Further, drought intensity and both pre- and post-drought hydric conditions controlled the variations of resistance, recovery and resilience between the two analyzed extreme drought events. Drought effects were particularly negative for dense Q. ilex stands under semi-arid climate conditions, where strong competition for scarce water resources reduced drought resistance. The observed drought vulnerability of semi-arid holm oak woodlands may affect the long-term stability of these dry forests. Adaptive management strategies, such as selective forest thinning, may be useful for improving drought responses in these more vulnerable semi-arid woodlands. Conversely, natural rewilding may more appropriately guide management actions for more humid areas, where densely developed Q. ilex woodlands show in general a high ability to maintain ecosystem primary production during drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moreno-de-Las-Heras
- Mediterranean Environmental Research Group (GRAM), Department of Geography, University of Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - E Bochet
- Desertification Research Center (CIDE, CSIC-UV-GV), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - S M Vicente-Serrano
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - T Espigares
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Molina
- Desertification Research Center (CIDE, CSIC-UV-GV), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - V Monleón
- US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - J M Nicolau
- Department of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22071 Huesca, Spain; Environmental Sciences Institute of Aragon, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Tormo
- Department of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22071 Huesca, Spain; Environmental Sciences Institute of Aragon, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P García-Fayos
- Desertification Research Center (CIDE, CSIC-UV-GV), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Alderotti F, Verdiani E. God save the queen! How and why the dominant evergreen species of the Mediterranean Basin is declining? AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad051. [PMID: 37899973 PMCID: PMC10601391 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Quercus ilex may be considered the queen tree of the Mediterranean Basin, dominating coastal forest areas up to 2000 m above sea level at some sites. However, an increase in holm oak decline has been observed in the last decade. In this review, we analysed the current literature to answer the following questions: what are the traits that allow holm oak to thrive in the Mediterranean environment, and what are the main factors that are currently weakening this species? In this framework, we attempt to answer these questions by proposing a triangle as a graphical summary. The first vertex focuses on the main morpho-anatomical, biochemical and physiological traits that allow holm oak to dominate Mediterranean forests. The other two vertices consider abiotic and biotic stressors that are closely related to holm oak decline. Here, we discuss the current evidence of holm oak responses to abiotic and biotic stresses and propose a possible solution to its decline through adequate forest management choices, thus allowing the species to maintain its ecological domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Alderotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Erika Verdiani
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
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Li Q, Liu X, Sun X, Zhao M, Liu L, Wang N, Gao Q, Fan P, Du N, Wang H, Wang R. Effects of drought hardening on the carbohydrate dynamics of Quercus acutissima seedlings under successional drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1184584. [PMID: 37692418 PMCID: PMC10485557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction As precipitation patterns are predicted to become increasingly erratic, the functional maintenance of warm-temperate forests constitutes a key challenge for forest managers. In this study, 2-year-old Quercus acutissima seedlings were selected to elucidate the mechanisms whereby they respond to soil water fluctuations and the drought hardening effects on plant carbohydrate dynamics. Methods Seedlings were trained under different soil water conditions for 2 months: drought (D), well-watered (W), 1-month drought and then 1-month well-watered (D-W), and 1-month well-watered and then 1-month drought (W-D). The functional traits involved in water- and carbon-use strategies were explored at the end of the hardening period. Compared with seedlings in group W, seedlings in groups D, D-W, and W-D had increased potential for carbon uptake (i.e., light saturated point, maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) saturated rate, and electron transport rate) and water uptake (i.e., fine root-to-coarse root ratio) and downregulated growth and mitochondrial respiration to decrease carbon consumption. After water fluctuation hardening, we performed a successional dry-down experiment for 1 month to detect carbohydrate dynamics and explore the acclimation caused by prior hardening. Results and discussion Our results revealed that there were more soluble sugars allocated in the leaves and more starch allocated in the stems and roots of seedlings hardened in the D, W-D, and D-W treatments than that of seedlings hardened in the W treatment. No significant changes in total non-structural carbohydrates were found. In addition, we found near-zero (seedlings trained by D and D-W treatments) or negative (seedlings trained by W-D treatment) growth of structural biomass at the end of the dry-down experiment, which was significantly lower than that of W-hardened seedlings. This suggests that there was a shift in allocation patterns between carbon storage and growth under recurrent soil drought, which can be strengthened by drought memory. We conclude that Q. acutissima seedlings adjusted water- and carbon-use strategies in response to water fluctuations, whereas stress memory can enhance their overall performance in reoccurring drought. Therefore, taking advantage of stress memory is a promising management strategy in forest nurseries, and drought-trained seedlings might be more suitable for afforestation practices in sites characterized by fluctuating soil water content, considering the ongoing global climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinke Sun
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lele Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peixian Fan
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Barkaoui K, Volaire F. Drought survival and recovery in grasses: Stress intensity and plant-plant interactions impact plant dehydration tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1489-1503. [PMID: 36655754 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant dehydration tolerance confers drought survival in grasses, but the mortality thresholds according to soil water content (SWC), vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and plant-plant interactions are little explored. We compared the dehydration dynamics of leaf meristems, which are the key surviving organs, plant mortality, and recovery of Mediterranean and temperate populations of two perennial grass species, Dactylis glomerata and Festuca arundinacea, grown in monocultures and mixtures under a low-VPD (1.5 kPa) versus a high-VPD drought (2.2 kPa). The lethal drought index (LD50 ), that is, SWC associated with 50% plant mortality, ranged from 2.87% (ψs = -1.68 MPa) to 2.19% (ψs = -4.47 MPa) and reached the lowest values under the low-VPD drought. Populations of D. glomerata were more dehydration-tolerant (lower LD50 ), survived and recovered better than F. arundinacea populations. Plant-plant interactions modified dehydration tolerance and improved post-drought recovery in mixtures compared with monocultures. Water content as low as 20.7%-36.1% in leaf meristems allowed 50% of plants to survive. We conclude that meristem dehydration causes plant mortality and that drought acclimation can increase dehydration tolerance. Genetic diversity, acclimation and plant-plant interactions are essential sources of dehydration tolerance variability to consider when predicting drought-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Barkaoui
- CIRAD, UMR ABSys, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ABSys, Univ Montpellier, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Volaire
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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Akhmetzyanov L, Sánchez-Salguero R, García-González I, Domínguez-Delmás M, Sass-Klaassen U. Blue is the fashion in Mediterranean pines: New drought signals from tree-ring density in southern Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159291. [PMID: 36208747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Long-term records of tree-ring width (TRW), latewood maximum density (MXD) and blue intensity (BI) measurements on conifers have been largely used to develop high-resolution temperature reconstructions in cool temperate forests. However, the potential of latewood blue intensity (LWBI), less commonly used earlywood blue intensity (EWBI), and delta (difference between EWBI and LWBI, dBI) blue intensity in Mediterranean tree species is still unexplored. Here we developed BI chronologies in moist-elevation limits of the most southwestern European distribution of Pinus nigra subsp. salzmanii Arnold. We tested whether BI variables derived from tree rings of black pine are better proxies than ring-width variables to reconstruct long-term changes in climatic factors and water availability. For this we applied correlations and regression analyses with daily and monthly climate data, a spatial and temporal drought index (Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index-SPEI) and Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD), as well as atmospheric circulation patterns: North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO). We found a positive relation between black pine growth (RW) and temperature during the winter preceding the growing season. Among all variables LWBI and dBI were found to be more sensitive than TRW to SPEI at low-elevation site, with EWBI series containing an opposite climatic signal. LWBI and dBI were significantly related to June and September precipitation at high-elevation site. Winter VPD was related with higher EWI and LWI series, whereas dBI and EWBI were related with January SOI and February NAO. We confirm the potential of long-term dBI series to reconstruct climate in drought-prone regions. This novel study in combination with other wood anatomical measurements has wide implications for further use of BI to understand and reconstruct environmental changes in Mediterranean conifer forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linar Akhmetzyanov
- DendroOlavide, Depto. de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Crta. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- DendroOlavide, Depto. de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Crta. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-González
- Departamento de Botánica, Escola Politécnica Superior de Enxeñaría, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marta Domínguez-Delmás
- Departamento de Botánica, Escola Politécnica Superior de Enxeñaría, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Humanities, Turfdraagsterpad 15, Postbus 94551, 1090, GN, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Jia H, Guan C, Zhang J, He C, Yin C, Meng P. Drought effects on tree growth, water use efficiency, vulnerability and canopy health of Quercus variabilis-Robinia pseudoacacia mixed plantation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1018405. [PMID: 36311079 PMCID: PMC9597382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1018405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced forest canopy die-back and tree mortality have been commonly recorded in the lithoid mountainous regions of northern China. However, the capacity of trees to regulate their carbon and water balance in response to drought remains inadequately understood. We measured tree growth, intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), vulnerability, and canopy health during drought events using dendrochronology, C isotope measurements, and a tree canopy health survey in a mixed plantation of Quercus variabilis and Robinia pseudoacacia. Resistance (Rt), recovery (Rc), resilience (Rs), and increased amplitude in iWUE compared to the indices 3 years before drought (iWUEr) were calculated for each species across the dominant tree (D), co-dominant tree (CD), and suppressed tree (S). Our results revealed that D and CD showed lower Rt, higher Rc, and higher iWUEr than S. After exposure to multiple sequential drought events, Q. variabilis showed an increasing trend in Rt, and R. pseudoacacia showed a decreasing trend in Rc. R. pseudoacacia exhibited a more conservative strategy towards drought, resulting in a negative SRt-iWUEr (slope of the linear model fitted to capture the trend between Rt and iWUEr) during drought events than Q. variabilis. For individual trees, lower Rc or positive SRt-iWUEr Q. variabilis and negative SRt-iWUEr R. pseudoacacia were more susceptible to canopy die-back. In conclusion, our study offers a new perspective for improved management practices in the design of silvicultural actions for forestry plantations in lithoid mountainous areas with increasing drought risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- HanSen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, China
- Henan Xiaolangdi Earth Critical Zone National Research Station on the Middle Yellow River, Jiyuan, China
| | - ChongFan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, China
- Henan Xiaolangdi Earth Critical Zone National Research Station on the Middle Yellow River, Jiyuan, China
| | - JinSong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, China
- Henan Xiaolangdi Earth Critical Zone National Research Station on the Middle Yellow River, Jiyuan, China
| | - ChunXia He
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, China
- Henan Xiaolangdi Earth Critical Zone National Research Station on the Middle Yellow River, Jiyuan, China
| | - ChangJun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, China
- Henan Xiaolangdi Earth Critical Zone National Research Station on the Middle Yellow River, Jiyuan, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, China
- Henan Xiaolangdi Earth Critical Zone National Research Station on the Middle Yellow River, Jiyuan, China
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8
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Lombardi E, Shestakova TA, Santini F, Resco de Dios V, Voltas J. Harnessing tree-ring phenotypes to disentangle gene by environment interactions and their climate dependencies in a circum-Mediterranean pine. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:509-523. [PMID: 35797146 PMCID: PMC9510947 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Understanding the genetic basis of adaptation and plasticity in trees constitutes a knowledge gap. We linked dendrochronology and genomics [single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] for a widespread conifer (Pinus halepensis Mill.) to characterize intraspecific growth differences elicited by climate. METHODS The analysis comprised 20-year tree-ring series of 130 trees structured in 23 populations evaluated in a common garden. We tested for genotype by environment interactions (G × E) of indexed ring width (RWI) and early- to latewood ratios (ELI) using factorial regression, which describes G × E as differential gene sensitivity to climate. KEY RESULTS The species' annual growth was positively influenced by winter temperature and spring moisture and negatively influenced by previous autumn precipitation and warm springs. Four and five climate factors explained 10 % (RWI) and 16 % (ELI) of population-specific interannual variability, respectively, with populations from drought-prone areas and with uneven precipitation experiencing larger growth reductions during dry vegetative periods. Furthermore, four and two SNPs explained 14 % (RWI) and 10 % (ELI) of interannual variability among trees, respectively. Two SNPs played a putative role in adaptation to climate: one identified from transcriptome sequencing of P. halepensis and another involved in response regulation to environmental stressors. CONCLUSIONS We highlight how tree-ring phenotypes, obtained from a common garden experiment, combined with a candidate-gene approach allow the quantification of genetic and environmental effects determining adaptation for a conifer with a large and complex genome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Filippo Santini
- Joint Research Unit CTFC – AGROTECNIO – CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida E-25198, Spain
- Departament of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida E-25198, Spain
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- Joint Research Unit CTFC – AGROTECNIO – CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida E-25198, Spain
- Departament of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida E-25198, Spain
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Joint Research Unit CTFC – AGROTECNIO – CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida E-25198, Spain
- Departament of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida E-25198, Spain
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9
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Khan A, Shen F, Yang L, Xing W, Clothier B. Limited Acclimation in Leaf Morphology and Anatomy to Experimental Drought in Temperate Forest Species. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081186. [PMID: 36009813 PMCID: PMC9404820 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Climate change shown to have a significant impact on the forest ecosystem due to increased and more frequent occurrence of extreme drought. However, in order to successfully adjust to the xeric environments, plants can usually adopt a variety of adaptation strategies. Here, we investigated the morpho-anatomical traits and biomass allocation patterns as acclimation mechanisms in drought conditions. We found that the interrelation between leaf morphological and anatomical traits were equally affected by drought conditions across all species. This suggests that there is no convincing evidence to classify taxa based on drought resistance vs. drought tolerance. However, based on the biomass allocation pattern, we found that P. koraiensis and F. mandshurica had the higher RMF and total PB, but lower LFM, suggesting higher drought tolerance than those of the other species. Therefore, our dataset revealed some easily measurable traits, such as LMF, RMF, and PB, which demonstrated the seedling’s ability to cope with drought and which could be utilized to choose drought-tolerant species for reforestation in the temperate forest. Abstract Drought is a critical and increasingly common abiotic factor that has impacts on plant structures and functioning and is a challenge for the successful management of forest ecosystems. Here, we test the shifts in leaf morpho-anatomical or hydraulic traits and plant growth above ground caused by drought. A factorial experiment was conducted with two gymnosperms (Larix gmelinii and Pinus koraiensis) and two angiosperms (Fraxinus mandshurica and Tilia amurensis), tree species grown under three varying drought intensities in NE China. Considering all the species studied, the plant height (PH), root collar diameter (RCD), and plant biomass (PB) were significantly decreased by drought. The leaf thickness (LT) increased, while the leaf area (LA) decreased with drought intensity. In the gymnosperms, the mesophyll thickness (MT) increased, and the resin duct decreased, while in the angiosperms the palisade mesophyll thickness (PMT), the spongy mesophyll thickness (SMT), and the abaxial (ABE) and adaxial epidermis (ADE) thickness were increased by drought. The correlation analysis revealed that P. koraiensis and F. mandshurica had the higher RMF and total plant biomass, but the least LMF, suggesting drought tolerance. In contrast, the L. gmelinii had the least RMF and higher LMF, suggesting vulnerability to drought. Similarly, T. amurensis had the higher leaf size, which increased the evaporative demand and depleted the soil water quickly relative to the other species. The interrelation among the morpho-anatomical leaf traits was equally affected by drought across all the studied species, suggesting that there is no clear evidence to differentiate the taxa based on drought resistance vs. drought tolerance. Thus, we have identified some easily measurable traits (i.e., LMF, RMF, and PB) which evidenced the seedling’s ability to cope with drought and which therefore could be used as proxies in the selection of drought tolerant species for reforestation in the temperate forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attaullah Khan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Fangyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lixue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Wei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Brent Clothier
- Sustainable Production, New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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10
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D’Orangeville L, Itter M, Kneeshaw D, Munger JW, Richardson AD, Dyer JM, Orwig DA, Pan Y, Pederson N. Peak radial growth of diffuse-porous species occurs during periods of lower water availability than for ring-porous and coniferous trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:304-316. [PMID: 34312673 PMCID: PMC8842417 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate models project warmer summer temperatures will increase the frequency and heat severity of droughts in temperate forests of Eastern North America. Hotter droughts are increasingly documented to affect tree growth and forest dynamics, with critical impacts on tree mortality, carbon sequestration and timber provision. The growing acknowledgement of the dominant role of drought timing on tree vulnerability to water deficit raises the issue of our limited understanding of radial growth phenology for most temperate tree species. Here, we use well-replicated dendrometer band data sampled frequently during the growing season to assess the growth phenology of 610 trees from 15 temperate species over 6 years. Patterns of diameter growth follow a typical logistic shape, with growth rates reaching a maximum in June, and then decreasing until process termination. On average, we find that diffuse-porous species take 16-18 days less than other wood-structure types to put on 50% of their annual diameter growth. However, their peak growth rate occurs almost a full month later than ring-porous and conifer species (ca. 24 ± 4 days; mean ± 95% credible interval). Unlike other species, the growth phenology of diffuse-porous species in our dataset is highly correlated with their spring foliar phenology. We also find that the later window of growth in diffuse-porous species, coinciding with peak evapotranspiration and lower water availability, exposes them to a higher water deficit of 88 ± 19 mm (mean ± SE) during their peak growth than ring-porous and coniferous species (15 ± 35 mm and 30 ± 30 mm, respectively). Given the high climatic sensitivity of wood formation, our findings highlight the importance of wood porosity as one predictor of species climatic sensitivity to the projected intensification of the drought regime in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc D’Orangeville
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 N Main St, Petersham, MA, 10366, USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Malcolm Itter
- Research Center for Ecological Change, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 4, 00014, Finland
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 225 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst MA 01003, USA
| | - Dan Kneeshaw
- Center for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - J William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, 1295 S. Knoles Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5620, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - James M Dyer
- Department of Geography, Ohio University, Clippinger 122, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - David A Orwig
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 N Main St, Petersham, MA, 10366, USA
| | - Yude Pan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 11 Campus Blvd #200, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 N Main St, Petersham, MA, 10366, USA
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11
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Liu X, Ziaco E, Biondi F. Water-Use Efficiency of Co-occurring Sky-Island Pine Species in the North American Great Basin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:787297. [PMID: 34925427 PMCID: PMC8678526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.787297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-use efficiency (WUE), weighing the balance between plant transpiration and growth, is a key characteristic of ecosystem functioning and a component of tree drought resistance. Seasonal dynamics of tree-level WUE and its connections with drought variability have not been previously explored in sky-island montane forests. We investigated whole-tree transpiration and stem growth of bristlecone (Pinus longaeva) and limber pine (Pinus flexilis) within a high-elevation stand in central-eastern Nevada, United States, using sub-hourly measurements over 5 years (2013-2017). A moderate drought was generally observed early in the growing season, whereas interannual variability of summer rains determined drought levels between years, i.e., reducing drought stress in 2013-2014 while enhancing it in 2015-2017. Transpiration and basal area increment (BAI) of both pines were coupled throughout June-July, resulting in a high but relatively constant early season WUE. In contrast, both pines showed high interannual plasticity in late-season WUE, with a predominant role of stem growth in driving WUE. Overall, bristlecone pine was characterized by a lower WUE compared to limber pine. Dry or wet episodes in the late growing season overrode species differences. Our results suggested thresholds of vapor pressure deficit and soil moisture that would lead to opposite responses of WUE to late-season dry or wet conditions. These findings provide novel insights and clarify potential mechanisms modulating tree-level WUE in sky-island ecosystems of semi-arid regions, thereby helping land managers to design appropriate science-based strategies and reduce uncertainties associated with the impact of future climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Liu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
- College of Tourism and Geography, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Emanuele Ziaco
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Franco Biondi
- DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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12
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D'Andrea E, Scartazza A, Battistelli A, Collalti A, Proietti S, Rezaie N, Matteucci G, Moscatello S. Unravelling resilience mechanisms in forests: role of non-structural carbohydrates in responding to extreme weather events. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1808-1818. [PMID: 33823054 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extreme weather events are increasing in frequency and intensity due to global climate change. We hypothesized that tree carbon reserves are crucial for resilience of beech, buffering the source-sink imbalance due to late frosts and summer droughts, and that different components of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) play specific roles in coping with stressful situations. To assess the compound effects on mature trees of two extreme weather events, first a late frost in spring 2016 and then a drought in summer 2017, we monitored the phenology, radial growth and the dynamics of starch and soluble sugars in a Mediterranean beech forest. A growth reduction of 85% was observed after the spring late frost, yet not after the drought event. We observed a strong impact of late frost on starch, which also affected its dynamic at the beginning of the subsequent vegetative season. In 2017, the increase of soluble sugars, associated with starch hydrolysis, played a crucial role in coping with the severe summer drought. Non-structural carbohydrates helped to counteract the negative effects of both events, supporting plant survival and buffering source-sink imbalances under stressful conditions. Our findings indicate a strong trade-off between growth and NSC storage in trees. Overall, our results highlight the key role of NSCs on beech trees, response to extreme weather events, confirming the resilience of this species to highly stressful events. These insights are useful for assessing how forests may respond to the potential impacts of climate change on ecosystem processes in the Mediterranean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore D'Andrea
- Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), P. le Enrico Fermi 1 - Loc. Porto del Granatello, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, Terni, Italy
| | - Alessio Collalti
- Forest Modelling Laboratory, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Via Madonna Alta 128, 06128 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Simona Proietti
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, Terni, Italy
| | - Negar Rezaie
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, Terni, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), via Madonna del Piano, 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, Terni, Italy
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13
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Haberstroh S, Caldeira MC, Lobo-do-Vale R, Martins JI, Moemken J, Pinto JG, Werner C. Nonlinear plant-plant interactions modulate impact of extreme drought and recovery on a Mediterranean ecosystem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1784-1797. [PMID: 34076289 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interaction effects of different stressors, such as extreme drought and plant invasion, can have detrimental effects on ecosystem functioning and recovery after drought. With ongoing climate change and increasing plant invasion, there is an urgent need to predict the short- and long-term interaction impacts of these stressors on ecosystems. We established a combined precipitation exclusion and shrub invasion (Cistus ladanifer) experiment in a Mediterranean cork oak (Quercus suber) ecosystem with four treatments: (1) Q. suber control; (2) Q. suber with rain exclusion; (3) Q. suber invaded by shrubs; and (4) Q. suber with rain exclusion and shrub invasion. As key parameter, we continuously measured ecosystem water fluxes. In an average precipitation year, the interaction effects of both stressors were neutral. However, the combination of imposed drought and shrub invasion led to amplifying interaction effects during an extreme drought by strongly reducing tree transpiration. Contrarily, the imposed drought reduced the competitiveness of the shrubs in the following recovery period, which buffered the negative effects of shrub invasion on Q. suber. Our results demonstrate the highly dynamic and nonlinear effects of interacting stressors on ecosystems and urges for further investigations on biotic interactions in a context of climate change pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Haberstroh
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University Freiburg, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1349-017, Portugal
| | - Maria C Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1349-017, Portugal
| | - Raquel Lobo-do-Vale
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1349-017, Portugal
| | - Joana I Martins
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1349-017, Portugal
| | - Julia Moemken
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Joaquim G Pinto
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Christiane Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University Freiburg, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
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14
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Drought Affected Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency of a Natural Oak Forest in Central China. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12070839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Global climate models project more frequent drought events in Central China. However, the effect of seasonal drought on ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE) and water regulation strategy in Central China’s natural forests is poorly understood. This study investigated variations in WUE associated with drought in a natural oak (Quercus aliena) forest in Central China from 2017 to 2020 at several timescales based on continuous CO2 and water vapor flux measurements. Results showed that the 4-year mean gross ecosystem production (GEP), evapotranspiration (ET) and WUE of the natural oak forest was 1613.2 ± 116 g Cm−2, 637.8 ± 163.3 mm and 2.6 ± 0.68 g Ckg−1 H2O, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 7.2%, 25.6% and 26.4%, respectively. The inter-annual variation in WUE was large, primarily due to the variation in ET caused by seasonal drought. Drought increased WUE distinctly in summer and decreased it slightly in autumn. During summer drought, surface conductance (gs) usually decreased with an increase in VPD, but the ratios of stomatal sensitivity (m) and reference conductance (gsref) were 0.21 and 0.3 molm−2s−1ln(kPa)−1 in the summer of 2019 and 2020. Strong drought can also affect ecosystem WUE and water regulation strategy in the next year. Decrease in precipitation in spring increased annual WUE. These results suggested that drought in different seasons had different effects on ecosystem WUE. Overall, our findings suggest that the natural oak forest did not reduce GEP by increasing WUE (i.e., reducing ET) under spring and summer drought, which could be due to its typical anisohydric characteristics, although it can also reduce stomatal opening during long-term drought.
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15
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Global Change and Forest Disturbances in the Mediterranean Basin: Breakthroughs, Knowledge Gaps, and Recommendations. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean Basin are mostly situated in the north of the Basin (mesic). In the most southern and dry areas, the forest can only exist where topography and/or altitude favor a sufficient availability of water to sustain forest biomass. We have conducted a thorough review of recent literature (2000–2021) that clearly indicates large direct and indirect impacts of increasing drought conditions on the forests of the Mediterranean Basin, their changes in surface and distribution areas, and the main impacts they have suffered. We have focused on the main trends that emerge from the current literature and have highlighted the main threatens and management solution for the maintenance of these forests. The results clearly indicate large direct and indirect impacts of increasing drought conditions on the forests of the Mediterranean Basin. These increasing drought conditions together with over-exploitation, pest expansion, fire and soil degradation, are synergistically driving to forest regression and dieback in several areas of this Mediterranean Basin. These environmental changes have triggered responses in tree morphology, physiology, growth, reproduction, and mortality. We identified at least seven causes of the changes in the last three decades that have led to the current situation and that can provide clues for projecting the future of these forests: (i) The direct effect of increased aridity due to more frequent and prolonged droughts, which has driven Mediterranean forest communities to the limit of their capacity to respond to drought and escape to wetter sites, (ii) the indirect effects of drought, mainly by the spread of pests and fires, (iii) the direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic activity associated with general environmental degradation, including soil degradation and the impacts of fire, species invasion and pollution, (iv) human pressure and intense management of water resources, (v) agricultural land abandonment in the northern Mediterranean Basin without adequate management of new forests, (vi) very high pressure on forested areas of northern Africa coupled with the demographic enhancement, the expansion of crops and higher livestock pressure, and the more intense and overexploitation of water resources uses on the remaining forested areas, and (vii) scarcity and inequality of human management and policies, depending on the national and/or regional governments and agencies, being unable to counteract the previous changes. We identified appropriate measures of management intervention, using the most adequate techniques and processes to counteract these impacts and thus to conserve the health, service capacity, and biodiversity of Mediterranean forests. Future policies should, moreover, promote research to improve our knowledge of the mechanisms of, and the effects on, nutrient and carbon plant-soil status concurrent with the impacts of aridity and leaching due to the effects of current changes. Finally, we acknowledge the difficulty to obtain an accurate quantification of the impacts of increasing aridity rise that warrants an urgent investment in more focused research to further develop future tools in order to counteract the negative effects of climate change on Mediterranean forests.
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16
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Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects of Ornamental Plants Adaptation to Deficit Irrigation. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7050107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing concern regarding global warming and its severe impact on the farming sector and food security. Incidences of extreme weather conditions are becoming more and more frequent, posing plants to stressful conditions, such as flooding, drought, heat, or frost etc. Especially for arid lands, there is a tug-of-war between keeping high crop yields and increasing water use efficiency of limited water resources. This difficult task can be achieved through the selection of tolerant water stress species or by increasing the tolerance of sensitive species. In this scenario, it is important to understand the response of plants to water stress. So far, the response of staple foods and vegetable crops to deficit irrigation is well studied. However, there is lack of literature regarding the responses of ornamental plants to water stress conditions. Considering the importance of this ever-growing sector for the agricultural sector, this review aims to reveal the defense mechanisms and the involved morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in ornamental plant’s responses to deficit irrigation.
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17
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Alonso-Forn D, Peguero-Pina JJ, Ferrio JP, Mencuccini M, Mendoza-Herrer Ó, Sancho-Knapik D, Gil-Pelegrín E. Contrasting functional strategies following severe drought in two Mediterranean oaks with different leaf habit: Quercus faginea and Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:371-387. [PMID: 33079165 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, evergreen sclerophyllous and winter-deciduous malacophyllous oaks with different paleogeographical origins coexist under Mediterranean-type climates, such as the mixed forests of the evergreen Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia Lam. and the winter-deciduous Quercus faginea Lam. Both Mediterranean oaks constitute two examples of contrasting leaf habit, so it could be expected that they would have different functional strategies to cope with summer drought. In this study, we analysed photosynthetic, photochemical and hydraulic traits of different organs for Q. faginea and Q. ilex subsp. rotundifolia under well-watered conditions and subjected to very severe drought. The coordinated response between photosynthetic and hydraulic traits explained the higher photosynthetic capacity of Q. faginea under well-watered conditions, which compensated its shorter leaf life span at the expense of higher water consumption. The progressive imposition of water stress evidenced that both types of Mediterranean oaks displayed different functional strategies to cope with water limitations. Specifically, the decrease in mesophyll conductance associated with edaphic drought seems to be the main factor explaining the differences found in the dynamics of net CO2 assimilation throughout the drought period. The sharp decline in photosynthetic traits of Q. faginea was coupled with a strong decrease in shoot hydraulic conductance in response to drought. This fact probably avoided extensive xylem embolism in the stems (i.e., 'vulnerability segmentation'), which enabled new leaf development after drought period in Q. faginea. By contrast, leaves of Q. ilex subsp. rotundifolia showed effective photoprotective mechanisms and high resistance to drought-induced cavitation, which would be related with the longer leaf life span of the evergreen Mediterranean oaks. The co-occurrence of both types of Mediterranean oaks could be related to edaphic conditions that ensure the maintenance of soil water potential above critical values for Q. faginea, which can be severely affected by soil degradation and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alonso-Forn
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2-(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Óscar Mendoza-Herrer
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2-(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
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18
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Li Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Ling L, Jiang Y, Duan H, Liu J. Effects of drought regimes on growth and physiological traits of a typical shrub species in subtropical China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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19
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Volaire F, Gleason SM, Delzon S. What do you mean "functional" in ecology? Patterns versus processes. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11875-11885. [PMID: 33209257 PMCID: PMC7663066 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of the term "functional" trait has increased exponentially in ecology. Although accounting for numerous ecological questions, this concept raises several issues. We propose that the term "functional" could be misleading because (1) no rigorous criteria exist to identify "functional" traits and (2) it suggests that only some traits ("functional" ones) can inform our understanding of species functioning, whatever the scale or discipline. Hence, the concept of "functional" trait in ecology is starting to be challenged and it remains unclear why some traits should be considered functional, whereas other traits should not. We argue that the most used "functional" traits are meaningful because they reflect important differences between populations or species, based on synchronic comparisons, that is, irrespective of time (hereafter "pattern" traits). Hence, they are useful for identifying trade-offs and strategies across large numbers of observations, usually at rather coarse scales, and are most often used in analyses of "big data." However, given that many ecological processes occur across short time scales and narrow gradients of climate and resource availability, the efficacy of these traits to inform us about these ecological processes appears questionable. We show that trait measurements that take time explicitly into account (hereafter "process" traits) differ from pattern traits because they quantify the flows of material and energy within a given environment across a defined period of time. Although pattern traits and process traits are both functional, it is important to understand the differences between the approaches. Moreover, better accounting of ontogeny, life form, plasticity, and genetic variability is required to enhance the convergence between pattern and process approaches. This revised framework allows more explicit connections between trait ecology and other biological sciences. It should enhance the study of processes at all scales in order to investigate efficiently the adaptive responses of biological organisms to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Volaire
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3MontpellierFrance
| | - Sean M. Gleason
- USDA ARS, Water Management and Systems Research UnitFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECOUniv. BordeauxPessacFrance
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20
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D'Andrea E, Rezaie N, Prislan P, Gričar J, Collalti A, Muhr J, Matteucci G. Frost and drought: Effects of extreme weather events on stem carbon dynamics in a Mediterranean beech forest. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2365-2379. [PMID: 32705694 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of short-term extreme events on tree functioning and physiology are still rather elusive. European beech is one of the most sensitive species to late frost and water shortage. We investigated the intra-annual C dynamics in stems under such conditions. Wood formation and stem CO2 efflux were monitored in a Mediterranean beech forest for 3 years (2015-2017), including a late frost (2016) and a summer drought (2017). The late frost reduced radial growth and, consequently, the amount of carbon fixed in the stem biomass by 80%. Stem carbon dioxide efflux in 2016 was reduced by 25%, which can be attributed to the reduction of effluxes due to growth respiration. Counter to our expectations, we found no effects of the 2017 summer drought on radial growth and stem carbon efflux. The studied extreme weather events had various effects on tree growth. Even though late spring frost had a strong impact on beech radial growth in the current year, trees fully recovered in the following growing season, indicating high resilience of beech to this stressful event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore D'Andrea
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Ercolano, Naples, Italy
| | - Negar Rezaie
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Ercolano, Naples, Italy
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Collalti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Jan Muhr
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Ercolano, Naples, Italy
- Institute for BioEconomy (CNR-IBE), National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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21
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Li Q, Zhao M, Wang N, Liu S, Wang J, Zhang W, Yang N, Fan P, Wang R, Wang H, Du N. Water use strategies and drought intensity define the relative contributions of hydraulic failure and carbohydrate depletion during seedling mortality. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 153:106-118. [PMID: 32485615 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
COMBINING HYDRAULIC: and carbon-related measurements can help elucidate drought-induced plant mortality. To study drought mortality mechanisms, seedlings of two woody species, including the anisohydric Robinia pseudoacacia and isohydric Quercus acutissima, were cultivated in a greenhouse and subjected to intense drought by withholding water and mild drought by adding half of the amount of daily water lost. Patterns of leaf and root gas exchange, leaf surface areas, growth, leaf and stem hydraulics, and carbohydrate dynamics were determined in drought-stressed and control seedlings. We detected a complete loss of hydraulic conductivity and partial depletion of total nonstructural carbohydrates contents (TNC) in the dead seedlings. We also found that intense drought triggered a more rapid decrease in plant water potential and a faster drop in net photosynthesis below zero, and a greater TNC loss in dead seedlings than mild drought. Additionally, anisohydric R. pseudoacacia suffered a rapider death than the isohydric Q. acutissima. Based on these findings, we propose that hydraulic conductivity loss and carbon limitation jointly contributed to drought-induced death, while the relative contributions could be altered by drought intensity. We thus believe that it is important to illustrate the mechanistic relationships between stress intensity and carbon-hydraulics coupling in the context of isohydric vs. anisohydric hydraulic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuna Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Forestry, 42 Wenhuadong Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Qingdao Forestry Station, 106 Yan'an'yi Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Peixian Fan
- Qingdao Forestry Station, 106 Yan'an'yi Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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22
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Shifts in Growth Responses to Climate and Exceeded Drought-Vulnerability Thresholds Characterize Dieback in Two Mediterranean Deciduous Oaks. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11070714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drought stress has induced dieback episodes affecting many forest types and tree species worldwide. However, there is scarce information regarding drought-triggered growth decline and canopy dieback in Mediterranean deciduous oaks. These species face summer drought but have to form new foliage every spring which can make them vulnerable to hotter and drier conditions during that season. Here, we investigated two stands dominated by Quercus frainetto Ten. and Quercus canariensis Willd. and situated in southern Italy and Spain, respectively, showing drought-induced dieback since the 2000s. We analyzed how radial growth and its responses to climate differed between non-declining (ND) and declining (D) trees, showing different crown defoliation and coexisting in each stand by: (i) characterizing growth variability and its responsiveness to climate and drought through time, and (ii) simulating growth responses to soil moisture and temperature thresholds using the Vaganov–Shashkin VS-lite model. Our results show how growth responsiveness to climate and drought was higher in D trees for both oak species. Growth has become increasingly limited by warmer-drier climate and decreasing soil moisture availability since the 1990s. These conditions preceded growth drops in D trees indicating they were more vulnerable to warming and aridification trends. Extremely warm and dry conditions during the early growing season trigger dieback. Changes in the seasonal timing of water limitations caused contrasting effects on long-term growth trends of D trees after the 1980s in Q. frainetto and during the 1990s in Q. canariensis. Using growth models allows identifying early-warning signals of vulnerability, which can be compared with shifts in the growth responses to warmer and drier conditions. Our approach facilitates establishing drought-vulnerability thresholds by combining growth models with field records of dieback.
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23
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Al-Yasi H, Attia H, Alamer K, Hassan F, Ali E, Elshazly S, Siddique KHM, Hessini K. Impact of drought on growth, photosynthesis, osmotic adjustment, and cell wall elasticity in Damask rose. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 150:133-139. [PMID: 32142986 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The response of Damask rose to drought and the underlying mechanisms involved are not known. In this study, vegetative, propagated rose plants were grown under control and water-deficit conditions in a greenhouse at Taïf University, south-west of Saudi Arabia. Control plants were irrigated to field capacity (FC), while water-stressed plants were irrigated to either 50% FC (mild stress) or 25% FC (severe stress). After 60 days, leaf, stem and root fresh and dry weights (g plant-1), photosynthetic activity, leaf water potential (Ψw), leaf water content (WC), apoplastic water fraction (AWF), osmotic potential at full turgor (Ψs100) and turgor loss point (Ψs0), cell wall elasticity, osmotic adjustment (OA), and some solutes (K+, Ca2+, Cl-, proline and soluble carbohydrates) were evaluated. Water stress significantly decreased fresh and dry weights of R. damascena and all photosynthetic parameters, apart from leaf temperature, which increased. Severe water stress (25% FC) resulted in more negative Ψs100 and Ψs0 values than the mild water stress and control. The AWF did not significantly change in response to water stress. The leaf bulk modulus of elasticity (ε) increased from 2.5 MPa under well-watered conditions to 2.82 and 3.5 MPa under mild and severe water stress, respectively. R. damascena experienced OA in response to water stress, which was due to the active accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and, to a lesser degree, proline under mild stress, along with tissue dehydration (passive OA) under severe stress. Overall, we identified two important mechanisms of drought tolerance in R. damascena-osmotic and elastic adjustment-but they could not offer resistance to water stress beyond 25% FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatim Al-Yasi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taïf University, 21974, Taïf, PO Box 888, Saudi Arabia
| | - Houneida Attia
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taïf University, 21974, Taïf, PO Box 888, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alamer
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taïf University, 21974, Taïf, PO Box 888, Saudi Arabia; Biology Dep. Science and Arts College-Rabigh Campus, King Abdul-Aziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahmy Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taïf University, 21974, Taïf, PO Box 888, Saudi Arabia; Horticulture Dep., Faculty of Agric., Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Esmat Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taïf University, 21974, Taïf, PO Box 888, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Elshazly
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taïf University, 21974, Taïf, PO Box 888, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Kamel Hessini
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taïf University, 21974, Taïf, PO Box 888, Saudi Arabia; Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, The University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
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24
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Wagner B, Vogel H, Francke A, Friedrich T, Donders T, Lacey JH, Leng MJ, Regattieri E, Sadori L, Wilke T, Zanchetta G, Albrecht C, Bertini A, Combourieu-Nebout N, Cvetkoska A, Giaccio B, Grazhdani A, Hauffe T, Holtvoeth J, Joannin S, Jovanovska E, Just J, Kouli K, Kousis I, Koutsodendris A, Krastel S, Lagos M, Leicher N, Levkov Z, Lindhorst K, Masi A, Melles M, Mercuri AM, Nomade S, Nowaczyk N, Panagiotopoulos K, Peyron O, Reed JM, Sagnotti L, Sinopoli G, Stelbrink B, Sulpizio R, Timmermann A, Tofilovska S, Torri P, Wagner-Cremer F, Wonik T, Zhang X. Mediterranean winter rainfall in phase with African monsoons during the past 1.36 million years. Nature 2019; 573:256-260. [PMID: 31477908 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mediterranean climates are characterized by strong seasonal contrasts between dry summers and wet winters. Changes in winter rainfall are critical for regional socioeconomic development, but are difficult to simulate accurately1 and reconstruct on Quaternary timescales. This is partly because regional hydroclimate records that cover multiple glacial-interglacial cycles2,3 with different orbital geometries, global ice volume and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are scarce. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of change and their persistence remain unexplored. Here we show that, over the past 1.36 million years, wet winters in the northcentral Mediterranean tend to occur with high contrasts in local, seasonal insolation and a vigorous African summer monsoon. Our proxy time series from Lake Ohrid on the Balkan Peninsula, together with a 784,000-year transient climate model hindcast, suggest that increased sea surface temperatures amplify local cyclone development and refuel North Atlantic low-pressure systems that enter the Mediterranean during phases of low continental ice volume and high concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. A comparison with modern reanalysis data shows that current drivers of the amount of rainfall in the Mediterranean share some similarities to those that drive the reconstructed increases in precipitation. Our data cover multiple insolation maxima and are therefore an important benchmark for testing climate model performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Wagner
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Vogel
- Institute of Geological Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Francke
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tobias Friedrich
- International Pacific Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Timme Donders
- Palaeoecology, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jack H Lacey
- National Environmental Isotope Facility, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK
| | - Melanie J Leng
- National Environmental Isotope Facility, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK.,Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Eleonora Regattieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Earth Sciences and Earth Resources-Italian National Research Council (IGG-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Sadori
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Wilke
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Albrecht
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Adele Bertini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Aleksandra Cvetkoska
- Palaeoecology, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Biagio Giaccio
- Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria - CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Andon Grazhdani
- Faculty of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Torsten Hauffe
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Sebastien Joannin
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5554, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Jovanovska
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janna Just
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Katerina Kouli
- Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Kousis
- Paleoenvironmental Dynamics Group, Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Koutsodendris
- Paleoenvironmental Dynamics Group, Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Krastel
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Lagos
- Institute of Geosciences and Meteorology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niklas Leicher
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zlatko Levkov
- Institute of Biology, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Katja Lindhorst
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alessia Masi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Melles
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna M Mercuri
- Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sebastien Nomade
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA/CNRS/UVSQ UMR 8212, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Norbert Nowaczyk
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Odile Peyron
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5554, Montpellier, France
| | - Jane M Reed
- Department of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | - Gaia Sinopoli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Björn Stelbrink
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Roberto Sulpizio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,IDPA-CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Axel Timmermann
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea.,Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Slavica Tofilovska
- Institute of Geosciences and Meteorology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paola Torri
- Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Wonik
- Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics (LIAG), Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiaosen Zhang
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Unsupervised Clustering of Forest Response to Drought Stress in Zululand Region, South Africa. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10070531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Drought limits the production of plantation forests, notably in the drought-prone Zululand region of South Africa. During the last 40 years, the country has faced a series of severe droughts, however that of 2015 stands out as the most extreme and prolonged. The 2015 drought impaired forest productivity and led to widespread tree mortality in this region, but the identification of tree response to drought stress remains uncertain because of its spatial variability. To address this problem, a method that can capture drought patterns and identify trees with similar reactions to drought stress is desired. This could improve the accuracy of detecting trees suffering from drought stress which is key for forest management planning. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the utility of unsupervised mapping approaches in compartments of Eucalyptus trees with similar drought characteristics based on the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and to demonstrate the value of cloud-based Google Earth Engine (GEE) resources for rapid landscape drought monitoring. Our results showed that calculating distances between pixels using three different matrices (Random Forest (RF) proximity, Euclidean and Manhattan) can accurately detect similarities within a dataset. The RF proximity matrix produced the best measures, which were clustered using Wards hierarchical clustering to detect drought with the highest overall accuracy of 87.7%, followed by Manhattan (85.9%) and Euclidean similarity measures (79.9%), with user and producer results between 84.2% to 91.2%, 42.8% to 98.2% and 37.2% to 94.7%, respectively. These results confirm the value of the RF proximity matrix and underscore the capability of automatic unsupervised mapping approaches for monitoring drought stress in tree plantations, as well as the value of using GEE for providing cost effective datasets to resource stricken countries.
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26
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Bai T, Li Z, Song C, Song S, Jiao J, Liu Y, Dong Z, Zheng X. Contrasting Drought Tolerance in Two Apple Cultivars Associated with Difference in Leaf Morphology and Anatomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2019.105051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Caldeira MC. The timing of drought coupled with pathogens may boost tree mortality. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1-5. [PMID: 30615167 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Caldeira
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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28
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Drought Sensitiveness on Forest Growth in Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9090524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drought is one of the key natural hazards impacting net primary production and tree growth in forest ecosystems. Nonetheless, tree species show different responses to drought events, which make it difficult to adopt fixed tools for monitoring drought impacts under contrasting environmental and climatic conditions. In this study, we assess the response of forest growth and a satellite proxy of the net primary production (NPP) to drought in peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands, a region characterized by complex climatological, topographical, and environmental characteristics. Herein, we employed three different indicators based on in situ measurements and satellite image-derived vegetation information (i.e., tree-ring width, maximum annual greenness, and an indicator of NPP). We used seven different climate drought indices to assess drought impacts on the tree variables analyzed. The selected drought indices include four versions of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI, Palmer Hydrological Drought Index (PHDI), Z-index, and Palmer Modified Drought Index (PMDI)) and three multi-scalar indices (Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Standardized Precipitation Drought Index (SPDI)). Our results suggest that—irrespective of drought index and tree species—tree-ring width shows a stronger response to interannual variability of drought, compared to the greenness and the NPP. In comparison to other drought indices (e.g., PDSI), and our results demonstrate that multi-scalar drought indices (e.g., SPI, SPEI) are more advantageous in monitoring drought impacts on tree-ring growth, maximum greenness, and NPP. This finding suggests that multi-scalar indices are more appropriate for monitoring and modelling forest drought in peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands.
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