1
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Yu G, Zhang L, Xue H, Chen Y, Liu X, Del Pozo JC, Zhao C, Lozano-Duran R, Macho AP. Cell wall-mediated root development is targeted by a soil-borne bacterial pathogen to promote infection. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114179. [PMID: 38691455 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens manipulate host development, facilitating colonization and proliferation. Ralstonia solanacearum is a soil-borne bacterial pathogen that penetrates roots and colonizes plants through the vascular system, causing wilting and death. Here, we find that RipAC, an effector protein from R. solanacearum, alters root development in Arabidopsis, promoting the formation of lateral roots and root hairs. RipAC interacts with CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA)-INTERACTIVE PROTEIN 1 (CSI1), which regulates the activity of CESA complexes at the plasma membrane. RipAC disrupts CESA-CSI1 interaction, leading to a reduction in cellulose content, root developmental alterations, and a promotion of bacterial pathogenicity. We find that CSI1 also associates with the receptor kinase FERONIA, forming a complex that negatively regulates immunity in roots; this interaction, however, is not affected by RipAC. Our work reveals a bacterial virulence strategy that selectively affects the activities of a host target, promoting anatomical alterations that facilitate infection without causing activation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiao Chen
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan C Del Pozo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-CSIC (INIA/CSIC), Campus Montegancedo, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
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Liu S, Xue Q, Zhu S, Liu Y, Zou H. Ralstonia solanacearum Suppresses Tomato Root Growth by Downregulation of a Wall-Associated Receptor Kinase. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3600. [PMID: 37896064 PMCID: PMC10610323 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The root architecture of a range of host plants is altered in response to Ralstonia solanacearum infection. This work aimed to identify host genes involved in root development during R. solanacearum infection. A deficient mutant of the type III secretion system regulator hrpB was created in R. solanacearum GMI1000. The hrpB mutant was impaired in virulence but showed a similar suppressive effect as wild-type GMI1000 on tomato root development. Based on comparative transcriptome analysis, 209 genes were found that showed the same changed expression pattern in GMI1000 and hrpB mutant infected roots relative to uninoculated roots. Among them, the wall-associated receptor kinase WAKL20 was substantially downregulated in GMI1000 and hrpB mutant infected roots. Knockdown of WAKL20 led to a shorter primary root length and fewer lateral roots in tomato as well as in Nicotiana benthamiana. The WAKL20 is a pivotal target suppressed by R. solanacearum to shape the altered root development during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Huasong Zou
- School of Life Sciences and Health, Huzhou College, Huzhou 313000, China; (S.L.); (Q.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
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3
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Yu G, Zhang L, Wang K, Macho AP. Inoculation of Arabidopsis seedlings with Ralstonia solanacearum in sterile agar plates. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102474. [PMID: 37515761 PMCID: PMC10400951 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum invades plants through their roots and causes devastating bacterial diseases in multiple crops. Here, we present a versatile inoculation assay in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown in sterile agar plates. We describe steps for plant preparation, bacterial inoculation, tissue sampling, and bacterial quantification. This protocol can be used for accurate assessment of bacterial colonization and observation of plant response to infection. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Dindas et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Keke Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
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4
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Wang K, Yu W, Yu G, Zhang L, Xian L, Wei Y, Perez‐Sancho J, Xue H, Rufian JS, Zhuang H, Kwon C, Macho AP. A bacterial type III effector targets plant vesicle-associated membrane proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1154-1167. [PMID: 37278116 PMCID: PMC10423332 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The soilborne bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive plant pathogens worldwide, and its infection process involves the manipulation of numerous plant cellular functions. In this work, we found that the R. solanacearum effector protein RipD partially suppressed different levels of plant immunity triggered by R. solanacearum elicitors, including specific responses triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns and secreted effectors. RipD localized in different subcellular compartments in plant cells, including vesicles, and its vesicular localization was enriched in cells undergoing R. solanacearum infection, suggesting that this specific localization may be particularly relevant during infection. Among RipD-interacting proteins, we identified plant vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMPs). We also found that overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana VAMP721 and VAMP722 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves promoted resistance to R. solanacearum, and this was abolished by the simultaneous expression of RipD, suggesting that RipD targets VAMPs to contribute to R. solanacearum virulence. Among proteins secreted in VAMP721/722-containing vesicles, CCOAOMT1 is an enzyme required for lignin biosynthesis, and mutation of CCOAOMT1 enhanced plant susceptibility to R. solanacearum. Altogether our results reveal the contribution of VAMPs to plant resistance against R. solanacearum and their targeting by a bacterial effector as a pathogen virulence strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Wenjia Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liu Xian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yali Wei
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jessica Perez‐Sancho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Hao Xue
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jose S. Rufian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Haiyan Zhuang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular BiologyDankook UniversityCheonanSouth Korea
| | - Alberto P. Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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5
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Jeon H, Segonzac C. Manipulation of the Host Endomembrane System by Bacterial Effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:208-217. [PMID: 36645655 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-22-0190-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The endomembrane system, extending from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane, is critical to the plant response to pathogen infection. Synthesis and transport of immunity-related proteins and antimicrobial compounds to and from the plasma membrane are supported by conventional and unconventional processes of secretion and internalization of vesicles, guided by the cytoskeleton networks. Although plant bacterial pathogens reside mostly in the apoplast, major structural and functional modifications of the endomembrane system in the host cell occur during bacterial infection. Here, we review the dynamics of these cellular compartments, briefly, for their essential contributions to the plant defense responses and, in parallel, for their emerging roles in bacterial pathogenicity. We further focus on Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas spp., and Ralstonia solanacearum type III secreted effectors that one or both localize to and associate with components of the host endomembrane system or the cytoskeleton network to highlight the diversity of virulence strategies deployed by bacterial pathogens beyond the inhibition of the secretory pathway. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyelim Jeon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Agricultural and Life Science Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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6
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Niu Y, Fu S, Chen G, Wang H, Wang Y, Hu J, Jin X, Zhang M, Lu M, He Y, Wang D, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Coll NS, Valls M, Zhao C, Chen Q, Lu H. Different epitopes of Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipAW are recognized by two Nicotiana species and trigger immune responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:188-203. [PMID: 34719088 PMCID: PMC8743020 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diverse pathogen effectors convergently target conserved components in plant immunity guarded by intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) and activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI), often causing cell death. Little is known of the differences underlying ETI in different plants triggered by the same effector. In this study, we demonstrated that effector RipAW triggers ETI on Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum. Both the first 107 amino acids (N1-107 ) and RipAW E3-ligase activity are required but not sufficient for triggering ETI on N. benthamiana. However, on N. tabacum, the N1-107 fragment is essential and sufficient for inducing cell death. The first 60 amino acids of the protein are not essential for RipAW-triggered cell death on either N. benthamiana or N. tabacum. Furthermore, simultaneous mutation of both R75 and R78 disrupts RipAW-triggered ETI on N. tabacum, but not on N. benthamiana. In addition, N. tabacum recognizes more RipAW orthologs than N. benthamiana. These data showcase the commonalities and specificities of RipAW-activated ETI in two evolutionally related species, suggesting Nicotiana species have acquired different abilities to perceive RipAW and activate plant defences during plant-pathogen co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Shouyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Huijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yisa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - JinXue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Mancang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Mingxia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yizhe He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Shaanxi Key State Laboratory of Crop HeterosisNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of Resources and EnvironmentSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Núria S. Coll
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River BasinSoutheast UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Marc Valls
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River BasinSoutheast UniversityChongqingChina
- Centre for Research in Agricultural GenomicsCSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBellaterraCataloniaSpain
| | - Cuizhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qin Chen
- Shaanxi Key State Laboratory of Crop HeterosisNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Haibin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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7
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Wang B, He T, Zheng X, Song B, Chen H. Proteomic Analysis of Potato Responding to the Invasion of Ralstonia solanacearum UW551 and Its Type III Secretion System Mutant. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:337-350. [PMID: 33332146 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0144-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The infection of potato with Ralstonia solanacearum UW551 gives rise to bacterial wilt disease via colonization of roots. The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a determinant factor for the pathogenicity of R. solanacearum. To fully understand perturbations in potato by R. solanacearum type III effectors(T3Es), we used proteomics to measure differences in potato root protein abundance after inoculation with R. solanacearum UW551 and the T3SS mutant (UW551△HrcV). We identified 21 differentially accumulated proteins. Compared with inoculation with UW551△HrcV, 10 proteins showed significantly lower abundance in potato roots after inoculation with UW551, indicating that those proteins were significantly downregulated by T3Es during the invasion. To identify their functions in immunity, we silenced those genes in Nicotiana benthamiana and tested the resistance of the silenced plants to the pathogen. Results showed that miraculin, HBP2, and TOM20 contribute to immunity to R. solanacearum. In contrast, PP1 contributes to susceptibility. Notably, none of four downregulated proteins (HBP2, PP1, HSP22, and TOM20) were downregulated at the transcriptional level, suggesting that they were significantly downregulated at the posttranscriptional level. We further coexpressed those four proteins with 33 core T3Es. To our surprise, multiple effectors were able to significantly decrease the studied protein abundances. In conclusion, our data showed that T3Es of R. solanacearum could subvert potato root immune-related proteins in a redundant manner.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tianjiu He
- Guizhou Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Xueao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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8
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Alonso-Díaz A, Satbhai SB, de Pedro-Jové R, Berry HM, Göschl C, Argueso CT, Novak O, Busch W, Valls M, Coll NS. A genome-wide association study reveals cytokinin as a major component in the root defense responses against Ralstonia solanacearum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2727-2740. [PMID: 33475698 PMCID: PMC8006551 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by the soil-borne pathogen Ralstonia solancearum is economically devastating, with no effective methods to fight the disease. This pathogen invades plants through their roots and colonizes their xylem, clogging the vasculature and causing rapid wilting. Key to preventing colonization are the early defense responses triggered in the host's root upon infection, which remain mostly unknown. Here, we have taken advantage of a high-throughput in vitro infection system to screen natural variability associated with the root growth inhibition phenotype caused by R. solanacearum in Arabidopsis during the first hours of infection. To analyze the genetic determinants of this trait, we have performed a genome-wide association study, identifying allelic variation at several loci related to cytokinin metabolism, including genes responsible for biosynthesis and degradation of cytokinin. Further, our data clearly demonstrate that cytokinin signaling is induced early during the infection process and cytokinin contributes to immunity against R. solanacearum. This study highlights a new role for cytokinin in root immunity, paving the way for future research that will help in understanding the mechanisms underpinning root defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Alonso-Díaz
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santosh B Satbhai
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Salk Institute For Biological Studies, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roger de Pedro-Jové
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hannah M Berry
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Christian Göschl
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Salk Institute For Biological Studies, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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de Pedro-Jové R, Puigvert M, Sebastià P, Macho AP, Monteiro JS, Coll NS, Setúbal JC, Valls M. Dynamic expression of Ralstonia solanacearum virulence factors and metabolism-controlling genes during plant infection. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:170. [PMID: 33750302 PMCID: PMC7941725 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt, a devastating plant disease responsible for serious economic losses especially on potato, tomato, and other solanaceous plant species in temperate countries. In R. solanacearum, gene expression analysis has been key to unravel many virulence determinants as well as their regulatory networks. However, most of these assays have been performed using either bacteria grown in minimal medium or in planta, after symptom onset, which occurs at late stages of colonization. Thus, little is known about the genetic program that coordinates virulence gene expression and metabolic adaptation along the different stages of plant infection by R. solanacearum. RESULTS We performed an RNA-sequencing analysis of the transcriptome of bacteria recovered from potato apoplast and from the xylem of asymptomatic or wilted potato plants, which correspond to three different conditions (Apoplast, Early and Late xylem). Our results show dynamic expression of metabolism-controlling genes and virulence factors during parasitic growth inside the plant. Flagellar motility genes were especially up-regulated in the apoplast and twitching motility genes showed a more sustained expression in planta regardless of the condition. Xylem-induced genes included virulence genes, such as the type III secretion system (T3SS) and most of its related effectors and nitrogen utilisation genes. The upstream regulators of the T3SS were exclusively up-regulated in the apoplast, preceding the induction of their downstream targets. Finally, a large subset of genes involved in central metabolism was exclusively down-regulated in the xylem at late infection stages. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report describing R. solanacearum dynamic transcriptional changes within the plant during infection. Our data define four main genetic programmes that define gene pathogen physiology during plant colonisation. The described expression of virulence genes, which might reflect bacterial states in different infection stages, provides key information on the R. solanacearum potato infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R de Pedro-Jové
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Puigvert
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - P Sebastià
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - J S Monteiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J C Setúbal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Valls
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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10
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Xue H, Lozano-Durán R, Macho AP. Insights into the Root Invasion by the Plant Pathogenic Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E516. [PMID: 32316375 PMCID: PMC7238422 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agent of the devastating bacterial wilt disease, is a soil-borne microbe that infects host plants through their roots. The initial mutual recognition between host plants and bacteria and the ensuing invasion of root tissues by R. solanacearum are critical steps in the establishment of the infection, and can determine the outcome of the interaction between plant and pathogen. In this minireview, we will focus on the early stages of the bacterial invasion, offering an overview of the defence mechanisms deployed by the host plants, the manipulation exerted by the pathogen in order to promote virulence, and the alterations in root development concomitant to bacterial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xue
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China;
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China;
| | - Alberto P. Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China;
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11
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Wang H, Hu J, Lu Y, Zhang M, Qin N, Zhang R, He Y, Wang D, Chen Y, Zhao C, Coll NS, Valls M, Chen Q, Lu H. A quick and efficient hydroponic potato infection method for evaluating potato resistance and Ralstonia solanacearum virulence. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:145. [PMID: 31798671 PMCID: PMC6884837 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato, the third most important crop worldwide, plays a critical role in human food security. Brown rot, one of the most destructive potato diseases caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, results in huge economic losses every year. A quick, stable, low cost and high throughout method is required to meet the demands of identification of germplasm resistance to bacterial wilt in potato breeding programs. RESULTS Here we present a novel R. solanacearum hydroponic infection assay on potato plants grown in vitro. Through testing wilt symptom appearance and bacterial colonization in aerial part of plants, we found that the optimum conditions for in vitro potato infection were using an OD600 0.01 bacterial solution suspended with tap water for infection, broken potato roots and an open container. Infection using R. solanacearum strains with differential degree of aggressivity demonstrated that this infection system is equally efficient as soil-drench inoculation for assessment of R. solanacearum virulence on potato. A small-scale assessment of 32 potato germplasms identified three varieties highly resistant to the pathogen, which indicates this infection system is a useful method for high-throughout screening of potato germplasm for resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of a strain carrying luminescence to easily quantify bacterial colonization and the detection of latent infections in hydroponic conditions, which can be efficiently used in potato breeding programs. CONCLUSIONS We have established a quick and efficient in vitro potato infection system, which may facilitate breeding for new potato cultivars with high resistance to R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wang
- College of Agronomy and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jinxue Hu
- College of Agronomy and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yao Lu
- College of Agronomy and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Mancang Zhang
- College of Agronomy and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Ning Qin
- College of Agronomy and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Ruize Zhang
- College of Agronomy and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yizhe He
- College of Agronomy and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- College of Agronomy and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Agronomy and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Cuizhu Zhao
- College of Agronomy and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Núria S. Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Haibin Lu
- College of Agronomy and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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12
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Zhao C, Wang H, Lu Y, Hu J, Qu L, Li Z, Wang D, He Y, Valls M, Coll NS, Chen Q, Lu H. Deep Sequencing Reveals Early Reprogramming of Arabidopsis Root Transcriptomes Upon Ralstonia solanacearum Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:813-827. [PMID: 31140930 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0268-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most devastating crop diseases worldwide. The molecular mechanisms controlling the early stage of R. solanacearum colonization in the root remain unknown. Aiming to better understand the mechanism of the establishment of R. solanacearum infection in root, we established four stages in the early interaction of the pathogen with Arabidopsis roots and determined the transcriptional profiles of these stages of infection. A total 2,698 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes during the initial 96 h after infection, with the majority of changes in gene expression occurring after pathogen-triggered root-hair development observed. Further analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated sequential activation of multiple hormone signaling cascades, including abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. Simultaneous impairment of ABA receptor genes promoted plant wilting symptoms after R. solanacearum infection but did not affect primary root growth inhibition or root-hair and lateral root formation caused by R. solanacearum. This indicated that ABA signaling positively regulates root defense to R. solanacearum. Moreover, transcriptional changes of genes involved in primary root, lateral root, and root-hair formation exhibited high temporal dynamics upon infection. Taken together, our results suggest that successful infection of R. solanacearum on roots is a highly programmed process involving in hormone crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhu Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yao Lu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jinxue Hu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ling Qu
- 2 National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, China
| | - Zheqing Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yizhe He
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Marc Valls
- 3 Genetics section, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- 4 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- 4 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Qin Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Haibin Lu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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13
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Wei Y, Caceres‐Moreno C, Jimenez‐Gongora T, Wang K, Sang Y, Lozano‐Duran R, Macho AP. The Ralstonia solanacearum csp22 peptide, but not flagellin-derived peptides, is perceived by plants from the Solanaceae family. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1349-1362. [PMID: 29265643 PMCID: PMC5999195 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease, is considered one of the most destructive bacterial pathogens due to its lethality, unusually wide host range, persistence and broad geographical distribution. In spite of the extensive research on plant immunity over the last years, the perception of molecular patterns from R. solanacearum that activate immunity in plants is still poorly understood, which hinders the development of strategies to generate resistance against bacterial wilt disease. The perception of a conserved peptide of bacterial flagellin, flg22, is regarded as paradigm of plant perception of invading bacteria; however, no elicitor activity has been detected for R. solanacearum flg22. Recent reports have shown that other epitopes from flagellin are able to elicit immune responses in specific species from the Solanaceae family, yet our results show that these plants do not perceive any epitope from R. solanacearum flagellin. Searching for elicitor peptides from R. solanacearum, we found several protein sequences similar to the consensus of the elicitor peptide csp22, reported to elicit immunity in specific Solanaceae plants. A R. solanacearum csp22 peptide (csp22Rsol ) was indeed able to trigger immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato, but not in Arabidopsis thaliana. Additionally, csp22Rsol treatment conferred increased resistance to R. solanacearum in tomato. Transgenic A. thaliana plants expressing the tomato csp22 receptor (SlCORE) gained the ability to respond to csp22Rsol and became more resistant to R. solanacearum infection. Our results shed light on the mechanisms for perception of R. solanacearum by plants, paving the way for improving current approaches to generate resistance against R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wei
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Carlos Caceres‐Moreno
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tamara Jimenez‐Gongora
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Keke Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yuying Sang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Rosa Lozano‐Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Alberto P. Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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14
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Singh N, Phukan T, Sharma PL, Kabyashree K, Barman A, Kumar R, Sonti RV, Genin S, Ray SK. An Innovative Root Inoculation Method to Study Ralstonia solanacearum Pathogenicity in Tomato Seedlings. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:436-442. [PMID: 29182472 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-17-0291-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report Ralstonia solanacearum pathogenicity in the early stages of tomato seedlings by an innovative root inoculation method. Pathogenicity assays were performed under gnotobiotic conditions in microfuge tubes by employing only 6- to 7-day-old tomato seedlings for root inoculation. Tomato seedlings inoculated by this method exhibited the wilted symptom within 48 h and the virulence assay can be completed in 2 weeks. Colonization of the wilted seedlings by R. solanacearum was confirmed by using gus staining as well as fluorescence microscopy. Using this method, mutants in different virulence genes such as hrpB, phcA, and pilT could be clearly distinguished from wild-type R. solanacearum. The method described here is economic in terms of space, labor, and cost as well as the required quantity of bacterial inoculum. Thus, the newly developed assay is an easy and useful approach for investigating virulence functions of the pathogen at the seedling stage of hosts, and infection under these conditions appears to require pathogenicity mechanisms used by the pathogen for infection of adult plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Singh
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and ninth authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; seventh author: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India; and eighth author: LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - T Phukan
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and ninth authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; seventh author: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India; and eighth author: LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - P L Sharma
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and ninth authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; seventh author: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India; and eighth author: LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - K Kabyashree
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and ninth authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; seventh author: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India; and eighth author: LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - A Barman
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and ninth authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; seventh author: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India; and eighth author: LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - R Kumar
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and ninth authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; seventh author: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India; and eighth author: LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - R V Sonti
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and ninth authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; seventh author: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India; and eighth author: LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - S Genin
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and ninth authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; seventh author: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India; and eighth author: LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - S K Ray
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and ninth authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; seventh author: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India; and eighth author: LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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