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Ferreira P, Chahed A, Estevinho LM, Seixas N, Costa R, Choupina A. Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing of Glucanase Inhibitor Protein in Phytophthora cinnamomi. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3821. [PMID: 38005719 PMCID: PMC10675509 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Ink disease is considered one of the most significant causes contributing to the decline of chestnut orchards. The reduced yield of Castanea sativa Mill can be attributed to two main species: Phytophthora cinnamomi and Phytophthora cambivora, with the first being the main pathogen responsible for ink disease in Portugal. P. cinnamomi is a highly aggressive and widely distributed plant pathogen, capable of infecting nearly 1000 host species. This oomycete causes substantial economic losses and is accountable for the decline of numerous plant species in Europe and worldwide. To date, no effective treatments are available to combat these pathogens. Given chestnut's economic and ecological significance, particularly in Portugal, it is crucial to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between Phytophthora species and host plants. This can be achieved through the study of the glucanase inhibitor protein (GIP) produced by P. cinnamomi during infection. The technique of RNA interference (RNAi) was employed to suppress the GIP gene of P. cinnamomi. The resulting transformants, carrying the silenced gene, were used to infect C. sativa, allowing for the assessment of the effects of gene silencing on the plant's phenotype. Additionally, bioinformatics tools predicted the secretion of GIP protein. The obtained results validate RNAi as a potential alternative tool for studying molecular factors and for controlling and managing P. cinnamomi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.F.); (A.C.); (N.S.); (R.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Abdessalem Chahed
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.F.); (A.C.); (N.S.); (R.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Letícia M. Estevinho
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.F.); (A.C.); (N.S.); (R.C.); (A.C.)
- Laboratório para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Natália Seixas
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.F.); (A.C.); (N.S.); (R.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Rodrigo Costa
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.F.); (A.C.); (N.S.); (R.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Altino Choupina
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.F.); (A.C.); (N.S.); (R.C.); (A.C.)
- Laboratório para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Homma F, Huang J, van der Hoorn RAL. AlphaFold-Multimer predicts cross-kingdom interactions at the plant-pathogen interface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6040. [PMID: 37758696 PMCID: PMC10533508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adapted plant pathogens from various microbial kingdoms produce hundreds of unrelated small secreted proteins (SSPs) with elusive roles. Here, we used AlphaFold-Multimer (AFM) to screen 1879 SSPs of seven tomato pathogens for interacting with six defence-related hydrolases of tomato. This screen of 11,274 protein pairs identified 15 non-annotated SSPs that are predicted to obstruct the active site of chitinases and proteases with an intrinsic fold. Four SSPs were experimentally verified to be inhibitors of pathogenesis-related subtilase P69B, including extracellular protein-36 (Ecp36) and secreted-into-xylem-15 (Six15) of the fungal pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. Together with a P69B inhibitor from the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas perforans and Kazal-like inhibitors of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, P69B emerges as an effector hub targeted by different microbial kingdoms, consistent with a diversification of P69B orthologs and paralogs. This study demonstrates the power of artificial intelligence to predict cross-kingdom interactions at the plant-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Homma
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Jie Huang
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK.
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Ragunathan J, Appusami S, Kadiri M, Venkatesan R, Nallusamy S, Sevugapperumal N. Deciphering the Biomolecules from Bacillus atrophaeus NMB01 Untangles the Anti-Oomycetes Action of Trioxsalen and Corynan-17-ol, Against Phytophthora infestans Inciting Late Blight of Potato. Indian J Microbiol 2022; 62:641-650. [PMID: 36458213 PMCID: PMC9705679 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-022-01044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The antagonistic Bacillus spp. is known well for the production of versatile antimicrobial biomolecules with broad spectrum of action against different types of plant pathogens. Considering the significance of metabolically active biomolecules, attempts were made to decipher the anti-oomycete nature of biomolecules produced by Bacillus atrophaeus NMB01 during di-trophic interaction with Phytophthora infestans. Ten biomolecules produced by B. atrophaeus NMB01 during di-trophic interaction with P. infestans were docked against the twelve target proteins of P. infestans. Molecular docking of biomolecules reported trioxsalen and corynan-17-ol,18,19-didehydro-10-methoxy-acetate(ester) as best hits with highest binding energy in the range of - 7.5 to - 5 kcal/mol against target proteins of P. infestans. Comparatively less binding energy was observed for commercially available fungicides mandipropamid and metalaxyl on docking against the target proteins of P. infestans. We also confirmed the direct impact of trioxsalen andcorynan-17-ol, on P. infestans under in vitro with 66% and 50% inhibition of mycelial growth of P. infestans, respectively. This is the first study attempted to untangle the role of bioactive anti-oomycete compounds produced by B. atrophaeus strain NMB01 during di-trophic interaction with P. infestans against late blight pathogen P. infestans infecting potato. From the present study, we conclude that the biomolecules, trioxsalen and corynan-17-ol, can be explored for the management of P. infestans, the incitant of late blight of potato. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-022-01044-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Ragunathan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Sudha Appusami
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Mahendra Kadiri
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Ragapriya Venkatesan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Saranya Nallusamy
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Nakkeeran Sevugapperumal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
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The molecular dialog between oomycete effectors and their plant and animal hosts. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Backer R, Engelbrecht J, van den Berg N. Differing Responses to Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection in Susceptible and Partially Resistant Persea americana (Mill.) Rootstocks: A Case for the Role of Receptor-Like Kinases and Apoplastic Proteases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:928176. [PMID: 35837458 PMCID: PMC9274290 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.928176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands is the most devastating pathogen of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and, as such, causes significant annual losses in the industry. Although the molecular basis of P. cinnamomi resistance in avocado and P. cinnamomi virulence determinants have been the subject of recent research, none have yet attempted to compare the transcriptomic responses of both pathogen and host during their interaction. In the current study, the transcriptomes of both avocado and P. cinnamomi were explored by dual RNA sequencing. The basis for partial resistance was sought by the inclusion of both susceptible (R0.12) and partially resistant (Dusa®) rootstocks sampled at early (6, 12 and 24 hours post-inoculation, hpi) and late time-points (120 hpi). Substantial differences were noted in the number of differentially expressed genes found in Dusa® and R0.12, specifically at 12 and 24 hpi. Here, the partially resistant rootstock perpetuated defense responses initiated at 6 hpi, while the susceptible rootstock abruptly reversed course. Instead, gene ontology enrichment confirmed that R0.12 activated pathways related to growth and development, essentially rendering its response at 12 and 24 hpi no different from that of the mock-inoculated controls. As expected, several classes of P. cinnamomi effector genes were differentially expressed in both Dusa® and R0.12. However, their expression differed between rootstocks, indicating that P. cinnamomi might alter the expression of its effector arsenal based on the rootstock. Based on some of the observed differences, several P. cinnamomi effectors were highlighted as potential candidates for further research. Similarly, the receptor-like kinase (RLK) and apoplastic protease coding genes in avocado were investigated, focusing on their potential role in differing rootstock responses. This study suggests that the basis of partial resistance in Dusa® is predicated on its ability to respond appropriately during the early stages following P. cinnamomi inoculation, and that important components of the first line of inducible defense, apoplastic proteases and RLKs, are likely to be important to the observed outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Backer
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juanita Engelbrecht
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Noëlani van den Berg
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Buscaill P, van der Hoorn RAL. Defeated by the nines: nine extracellular strategies to avoid microbe-associated molecular patterns recognition in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2116-2130. [PMID: 33871653 PMCID: PMC8364246 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by cell-surface receptors is pivotal in host-microbe interactions. Both pathogens and symbionts establish plant-microbe interactions using fascinating intricate extracellular strategies to avoid recognition. Here we distinguish nine different extracellular strategies to avoid recognition by the host, acting at three different levels. To avoid the accumulation of MAMP precursors (Level 1), microbes take advantage of polymorphisms in both MAMP proteins and glycans, or downregulate MAMP production. To reduce hydrolytic MAMP release (Level 2), microbes shield MAMP precursors with proteins or glycans and inhibit or degrade host-derived hydrolases. And to prevent MAMP perception directly (Level 3), microbes degrade or sequester MAMPs before they are perceived. We discuss examples of these nine strategies and envisage three additional extracellular strategies to avoid MAMP perception in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
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Wang S, Vetukuri RR, Kushwaha SK, Hedley PE, Morris J, Studholme DJ, Welsh LRJ, Boevink PC, Birch PRJ, Whisson SC. Haustorium formation and a distinct biotrophic transcriptome characterize infection of Nicotiana benthamiana by the tree pathogen Phytophthora kernoviae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:954-968. [PMID: 34018655 PMCID: PMC8295517 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species cause some of the most serious diseases of trees and threaten forests in many parts of the world. Despite the generation of genome sequence assemblies for over 10 tree-pathogenic Phytophthora species and improved detection methods, there are many gaps in our knowledge of how these pathogens interact with their hosts. To facilitate cell biology studies of the infection cycle we examined whether the tree pathogen Phytophthora kernoviae could infect the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. We transformed P. kernoviae to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and demonstrated that it forms haustoria within infected N. benthamiana cells. Haustoria were also formed in infected cells of natural hosts, Rhododendron ponticum and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). We analysed the transcriptome of P. kernoviae in cultured mycelia, spores, and during infection of N. benthamiana, and detected 12,559 transcripts. Of these, 1,052 were predicted to encode secreted proteins, some of which may function as effectors to facilitate disease development. From these, we identified 87 expressed candidate RXLR (Arg-any amino acid-Leu-Arg) effectors. We transiently expressed 12 of these as GFP fusions in N. benthamiana leaves and demonstrated that nine significantly enhanced P. kernoviae disease progression and diversely localized to the cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, and plasma membrane. Our results show that N. benthamiana can be used as a model host plant for studying this tree pathogen, and that the interaction likely involves suppression of host immune responses by RXLR effectors. These results establish a platform to expand the understanding of Phytophthora tree diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - Ramesh R. Vetukuri
- Department of Plant BreedingSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Sandeep K. Kushwaha
- Department of Plant BreedingSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
- National Institute of Animal BiotechnologyHyderabadIndia
| | - Pete E. Hedley
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - Jenny Morris
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - David J. Studholme
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Lydia R. J. Welsh
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
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Mazumdar P, Singh P, Kethiravan D, Ramathani I, Ramakrishnan N. Late blight in tomato: insights into the pathogenesis of the aggressive pathogen Phytophthora infestans and future research priorities. PLANTA 2021; 253:119. [PMID: 33963935 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review provides insights into the molecular interactions between Phytophthora infestans and tomato and highlights research gaps that need further attention. Late blight in tomato is caused by the oomycota hemibiotroph Phytophthora infestans, and this disease represents a global threat to tomato farming. The pathogen is cumbersome to control because of its fast-evolving nature, ability to overcome host resistance and inefficient natural resistance obtained from the available tomato germplasm. To achieve successful control over this pathogen, the molecular pathogenicity of P. infestans and key points of vulnerability in the host plant immune system must be understood. This review primarily focuses on efforts to better understand the molecular interaction between host pathogens from both perspectives, as well as the resistance genes, metabolomic changes, quantitative trait loci with potential for improvement in disease resistance and host genome manipulation via transgenic approaches, and it further identifies research gaps and provides suggestions for future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purabi Mazumdar
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Pooja Singh
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dharane Kethiravan
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Idd Ramathani
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Gayaza Road Namulonge, 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - N Ramakrishnan
- ECSE, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Purayannur S, Cano LM, Bowman MJ, Childs KL, Gent DH, Quesada-Ocampo LM. The Effector Repertoire of the Hop Downy Mildew Pathogen Pseudoperonospora humuli. Front Genet 2020; 11:910. [PMID: 32849854 PMCID: PMC7432248 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoperonospora humuli is an obligate biotrophic oomycete that causes downy mildew (DM), one of the most destructive diseases of cultivated hop that can lead to 100% crop loss in susceptible cultivars. We used the published genome of P. humuli to predict the secretome and effectorome and analyze the transcriptome variation among diverse isolates and during infection of hop leaves. Mining the predicted coding genes of the sequenced isolate OR502AA of P. humuli revealed a secretome of 1,250 genes. We identified 296 RXLR and RXLR-like effector-encoding genes in the secretome. Among the predicted RXLRs, there were several WY-motif-containing effectors that lacked canonical RXLR domains. Transcriptome analysis of sporangia from 12 different isolates collected from various hop cultivars revealed 754 secreted proteins and 201 RXLR effectors that showed transcript evidence across all isolates with reads per kilobase million (RPKM) values > 0. RNA-seq analysis of OR502AA-infected hop leaf samples at different time points after infection revealed highly expressed effectors that may play a relevant role in pathogenicity. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed the differential expression of selected effectors. We identified a set of P. humuli core effectors that showed transcript evidence in all tested isolates and elevated expression during infection. These effectors are ideal candidates for functional analysis and effector-assisted breeding to develop DM resistant hop cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savithri Purayannur
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Liliana M. Cano
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Megan J. Bowman
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Ball Horticultural Company, West Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kevin L. Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - David H. Gent
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Lina M. Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Zheng H, Zhang Y, Li J, He L, Wang F, Bi Y, Gao J. Comparative transcriptome analysis between a resistant and a susceptible Chinese cabbage in response to Hyaloperonospora brassicae. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1777373. [PMID: 32538253 PMCID: PMC8570763 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1777373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew caused by Hyaloperonosporabrassicae (H. brassicae) leads to up to 90% of the crop yield loss in Chinese cabbage in China. A transcriptome analysis was carried out between a resistant line (13-13, R) and a susceptible line (15-14, S) of Chinese cabbage in response to H. brassicae. The NOISeq method was used to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these two groups and GO and KEGG were carried out to find R genes related to downy mildew response of Chinese cabbage. qRT-PCR was carried out to verify the reliability of RNA-seq expression data. A total of 3,055 DEGs were screened out from 41,020 genes and clustered into 6 groups with distinct expression patterns. A total of 87 candidate DEGs were identified by functional annotation based on GO and KEGG analysis. These candidate genes are involved in plant-pathogen interaction pathway, among which 54 and 33 DEGs were categorized into plant-pathogen interaction proteins and transcription factors, respectively. Proteins encoded by these genes have been reported to play an important role in the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) processes of disease responses in some model plants, such as Arabidopsis, rice, tobacco, and tomato. However, little is known about the mechanisms of these genes in resistance to downy mildew in Chinese cabbage. Our findings are useful for further characterization of these candidate genes and helpful in breeding resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjuan Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
| | - Lilong He
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
| | - Fengde Wang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
| | - Yuping Bi
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
| | - Jianwei Gao
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
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Naveed ZA, Wei X, Chen J, Mubeen H, Ali GS. The PTI to ETI Continuum in Phytophthora-Plant Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:593905. [PMID: 33391306 PMCID: PMC7773600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.593905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are notorious pathogens of several economically important crop plants. Several general elicitors, commonly referred to as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), from Phytophthora spp. have been identified that are recognized by the plant receptors to trigger induced defense responses in a process termed PAMP-triggered Immunity (PTI). Adapted Phytophthora pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to evade PTI. They can either modify or suppress their elicitors to avoid recognition by host and modulate host defense responses by deploying hundreds of effectors, which suppress host defense and physiological processes by modulating components involved in calcium and MAPK signaling, alternative splicing, RNA interference, vesicle trafficking, cell-to-cell trafficking, proteolysis and phytohormone signaling pathways. In incompatible interactions, resistant host plants perceive effector-induced modulations through resistance proteins and activate downstream components of defense responses in a quicker and more robust manner called effector-triggered-immunity (ETI). When pathogens overcome PTI-usually through effectors in the absence of R proteins-effectors-triggered susceptibility (ETS) ensues. Qualitatively, many of the downstream defense responses overlap between PTI and ETI. In general, these multiple phases of Phytophthora-plant interactions follow the PTI-ETS-ETI paradigm, initially proposed in the zigzag model of plant immunity. However, based on several examples, in Phytophthora-plant interactions, boundaries between these phases are not distinct but are rather blended pointing to a PTI-ETI continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Afzal Naveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Xiangying Wei
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Xiangying Wei
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Hira Mubeen
- Departement of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gul Shad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- EukaryoTech LLC, Apopka, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Gul Shad Ali
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Wang S, McLellan H, Bukharova T, He Q, Murphy F, Shi J, Sun S, van Weymers P, Ren Y, Thilliez G, Wang H, Chen X, Engelhardt S, Vleeshouwers V, Gilroy EM, Whisson SC, Hein I, Wang X, Tian Z, Birch PRJ, Boevink PC. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effectors act in concert at diverse subcellular locations to enhance host colonization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:343-356. [PMID: 30329083 PMCID: PMC6305197 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oomycetes such as the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans deliver RXLR effectors into plant cells to manipulate host processes and promote disease. Knowledge of where they localize inside host cells is important in understanding their function. Fifty-two P. infestans RXLR effectors (PiRXLRs) up-regulated during early stages of infection were expressed as fluorescent protein (FP) fusions inside cells of the model host Nicotiana benthamiana. FP-PiRXLR fusions were predominantly nucleo-cytoplasmic, nuclear, or plasma membrane-associated. Some also localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, or microtubules, suggesting diverse sites of subcellular activity. Seven of the 25 PiRXLRs examined during infection accumulated at sites of haustorium penetration, probably due to co-localization with host target processes; Pi16663 (Avr1), for example, localized to Sec5-associated mobile bodies which showed perihaustorial accumulation. Forty-five FP-RXLR fusions enhanced pathogen leaf colonization when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, revealing that their presence was beneficial to infection. Co-expression of PiRXLRs that target and suppress different immune pathways resulted in an additive enhancement of colonization, indicating the potential to study effector combinations using transient expression assays. We provide a broad platform of high confidence P. infestans effector candidates from which to investigate the mechanisms, singly and in combination, by which this pathogen causes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Tatyana Bukharova
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Fraser Murphy
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Jiayang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaohui Sun
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Virus-free Seedling Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Pauline van Weymers
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Yajuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaetan Thilliez
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Haixia Wang
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwei Chen
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Stephen C Whisson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Ingo Hein
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Virus-free Seedling Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
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Armitage AD, Lysøe E, Nellist CF, Lewis LA, Cano LM, Harrison RJ, Brurberg MB. Bioinformatic characterisation of the effector repertoire of the strawberry pathogen Phytophthora cactorum. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202305. [PMID: 30278048 PMCID: PMC6168125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora cactorum causes crown rot, a major disease of cultivated strawberry. We report the draft genome of P. cactorum isolate 10300, isolated from symptomatic Fragaria x ananassa tissue. Our analysis revealed that there are a large number of genes encoding putative secreted effectors in the genome, including nearly 200 RxLR domain containing effectors, 77 Crinklers (CRN) grouped into 38 families, and numerous apoplastic effectors, such as phytotoxins (PcF proteins) and necrosis inducing proteins. As in other Phytophthora species, the genomic environment of many RxLR and CRN genes differed from core eukaryotic genes, a hallmark of the two-speed genome. We found genes homologous to known Phytophthora infestans avirulence genes including Avr1, Avr3b, Avr4, Avrblb1 and AvrSmira2 indicating effector sequence conservation between Phytophthora species of clade 1a and clade 1c. The reported P. cactorum genome sequence and associated annotations represent a comprehensive resource for avirulence gene discovery in other Phytophthora species from clade 1 and, will facilitate effector informed breeding strategies in other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Lysøe
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Liliana M. Cano
- University of Florida, UF/IFAS Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - May B. Brurberg
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Department of Plant Sciences, Ås, Norway
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14
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Fiorin GL, Sanchéz-Vallet A, Thomazella DPDT, do Prado PFV, do Nascimento LC, Figueira AVDO, Thomma BPHJ, Pereira GAG, Teixeira PJPL. Suppression of Plant Immunity by Fungal Chitinase-like Effectors. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3023-3030.e5. [PMID: 30220500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Crop diseases caused by fungi constitute one of the most important problems in agriculture, posing a serious threat to food security [1]. To establish infection, phytopathogens interfere with plant immune responses [2, 3]. However, strategies to promote virulence employed by fungal pathogens, especially non-model organisms, remain elusive [4], mainly because fungi are more complex and difficult to study when compared to the better-characterized bacterial pathogens. Equally incomplete is our understanding of the birth of microbial virulence effectors. Here, we show that the cacao pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa evolved an enzymatically inactive chitinase (MpChi) that functions as a putative pathogenicity factor. MpChi is among the most highly expressed fungal genes during the biotrophic interaction with cacao and encodes a chitinase with mutations that abolish its enzymatic activity. Despite the lack of chitinolytic activity, MpChi retains substrate binding specificity and prevents chitin-triggered immunity by sequestering immunogenic chitin fragments. Remarkably, its sister species M. roreri encodes a second non-orthologous catalytically impaired chitinase with equivalent function. Thus, a class of conserved enzymes independently evolved as putative virulence factors in these fungi. In addition to unveiling a strategy of host immune suppression by fungal pathogens, our results demonstrate that the neofunctionalization of enzymes may be an evolutionary pathway for the rise of new virulence factors in fungi. We anticipate that analogous strategies are likely employed by other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lorencini Fiorin
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Andrea Sanchéz-Vallet
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 Wageningen, the Netherlands; Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Paula Favoretti Vital do Prado
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro Costa do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; Centro Nacional de Processamento de Alto Desempenho, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Antonio Vargas de Oliveira Figueira
- Laboratório de Melhoramento de Plantas, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus "Luiz de Queiroz," Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil.
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Liu Y, Lan X, Song S, Yin L, Dry IB, Qu J, Xiang J, Lu J. In Planta Functional Analysis and Subcellular Localization of the Oomycete Pathogen Plasmopara viticola Candidate RXLR Effector Repertoire. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:286. [PMID: 29706971 PMCID: PMC5908963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of grapevine, causing tremendous economic loss in the grape and wine industry. The disease agent Plasmopara viticola is an obligate biotrophic oomycete, from which over 100 candidate RXLR effectors have been identified. In this study, 83 candidate RXLR effector genes (PvRXLRs) were cloned from the P. viticola isolate "JL-7-2" genome. The results of the yeast signal sequence trap assay indicated that most of the candidate effectors are secretory proteins. The biological activities and subcellular localizations of all the 83 effectors were analyzed via a heterologous Agrobacterium-mediated Nicotiana benthamiana expression system. Results showed that 52 effectors could completely suppress cell death triggered by elicitin, 10 effectors could partially suppress cell death, 11 effectors were unable to suppress cell death, and 10 effectors themselves triggered cell death. Live-cell imaging showed that the majority of the effectors (76 of 83) could be observed with informative fluorescence signals in plant cells, among which 34 effectors were found to be targeted to both the nucleus and cytosol, 29 effectors were specifically localized in the nucleus, and 9 effectors were targeted to plant membrane system. Interestingly, three effectors PvRXLR61, 86 and 161 were targeted to chloroplasts, and one effector PvRXLR54 was dually targeted to chloroplasts and mitochondria. However, western blot analysis suggested that only PvRXLR86 carried a cleavable N-terminal transit peptide and underwent processing in planta. Many effectors have previously been predicted to target organelles, however, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide experimental evidence of oomycete effectors targeted to chloroplasts and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Lan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiren Song
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yin
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Ian B. Dry
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Junjie Qu
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jiang Xiang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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16
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Hardham AR, Blackman LM. Phytophthora cinnamomi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:260-285. [PMID: 28519717 PMCID: PMC6637996 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi is one of the most devastating plant pathogens in the world. It infects close to 5000 species of plants, including many of importance in agriculture, forestry and horticulture. The inadvertent introduction of P. cinnamomi into natural ecosystems, including a number of recognized Global Biodiversity Hotspots, has had disastrous consequences for the environment and the biodiversity of flora and fauna. The genus Phytophthora belongs to the Class Oomycetes, a group of fungus-like organisms that initiate plant disease through the production of motile zoospores. Disease control is difficult in agricultural and forestry situations and even more challenging in natural ecosystems as a result of the scale of the problem and the limited range of effective chemical inhibitors. The development of sustainable control measures for the future management of P. cinnamomi requires a comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of pathogen development and pathogenicity. The application of next-generation sequencing technologies to generate genomic and transcriptomic data promises to underpin a new era in P. cinnamomi research and discovery. The aim of this review is to integrate bioinformatic analyses of P. cinnamomi sequence data with current knowledge of the cellular and molecular basis of P. cinnamomi growth, development and plant infection. The goal is to provide a framework for future research by highlighting potential pathogenicity genes, shedding light on their possible functions and identifying suitable targets for future control measures. TAXONOMY Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands; Kingdom Chromista; Phylum Oomycota or Pseudofungi; Class Oomycetes; Order Peronosporales; Family Peronosporaceae; genus Phytophthora. HOST RANGE Infects about 5000 species of plants, including 4000 Australian native species. Host plants important for agriculture and forestry include avocado, chestnut, macadamia, oak, peach and pineapple. DISEASE SYMPTOMS A root pathogen which causes rotting of fine and fibrous roots, but which can also cause stem cankers. Root damage may inhibit water movement from roots to shoots, leading to dieback of young shoots. USEFUL WEBSITES: http://fungidb.org/fungidb/; http://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phyci1/Phyci1.home.html; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_001314365.1; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_001314505.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R. Hardham
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and EnvironmentThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2601Australia
| | - Leila M. Blackman
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and EnvironmentThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2601Australia
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17
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Ah-Fong AMV, Shrivastava J, Judelson HS. Lifestyle, gene gain and loss, and transcriptional remodeling cause divergence in the transcriptomes of Phytophthora infestans and Pythium ultimum during potato tuber colonization. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:764. [PMID: 29017458 PMCID: PMC5635513 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How pathogen genomes evolve to support distinct lifestyles is not well-understood. The oomycete Phytophthora infestans, the potato blight agent, is a largely biotrophic pathogen that feeds from living host cells, which become necrotic only late in infection. The related oomycete Pythium ultimum grows saprophytically in soil and as a necrotroph in plants, causing massive tissue destruction. To learn what distinguishes their lifestyles, we compared their gene contents and expression patterns in media and a shared host, potato tuber. RESULTS Genes related to pathogenesis varied in temporal expression pattern, mRNA level, and family size between the species. A family's aggregate expression during infection was not proportional to size due to transcriptional remodeling and pseudogenization. Ph. infestans had more stage-specific genes, while Py. ultimum tended towards more constitutive expression. Ph. infestans expressed more genes encoding secreted cell wall-degrading enzymes, but other categories such as secreted proteases and ABC transporters had higher transcript levels in Py. ultimum. Species-specific genes were identified including new Pythium genes, perforins, which may disrupt plant membranes. Genome-wide ortholog analyses identified substantial diversified expression, which correlated with sequence divergence. Pseudogenization was associated with gene family expansion, especially in gene clusters. CONCLUSION This first large-scale analysis of transcriptional divergence within oomycetes revealed major shifts in genome composition and expression, including subfunctionalization within gene families. Biotrophy and necrotrophy seem determined by species-specific genes and the varied expression of shared pathogenicity factors, which may be useful targets for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M. V. Ah-Fong
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Jolly Shrivastava
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Howard S. Judelson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
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18
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Franceschetti M, Maqbool A, Jiménez-Dalmaroni MJ, Pennington HG, Kamoun S, Banfield MJ. Effectors of Filamentous Plant Pathogens: Commonalities amid Diversity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 81:e00066-16. [PMID: 28356329 PMCID: PMC5485802 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00066-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi and oomycetes are filamentous microorganisms that include a diversity of highly developed pathogens of plants. These are sophisticated modulators of plant processes that secrete an arsenal of effector proteins to target multiple host cell compartments and enable parasitic infection. Genome sequencing revealed complex catalogues of effectors of filamentous pathogens, with some species harboring hundreds of effector genes. Although a large fraction of these effector genes encode secreted proteins with weak or no sequence similarity to known proteins, structural studies have revealed unexpected similarities amid the diversity. This article reviews progress in our understanding of effector structure and function in light of these new insights. We conclude that there is emerging evidence for multiple pathways of evolution of effectors of filamentous plant pathogens but that some families have probably expanded from a common ancestor by duplication and diversification. Conserved folds, such as the oomycete WY and the fungal MAX domains, are not predictive of the precise function of the effectors but serve as a chassis to support protein structural integrity while providing enough plasticity for the effectors to bind different host proteins and evolve unrelated activities inside host cells. Further effector evolution and diversification arise via short linear motifs, domain integration and duplications, and oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Franceschetti
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helen G Pennington
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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19
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Johnson George K, Rosana Babu O, Vijesh Kumar IP, Santhosh Eapen J, Anandaraj M. Interplay of genes in plant-pathogen interactions: In planta expression and docking studies of a beta 1,3 glucanase gene from Piper colubrinum and a glucanase inhibitor gene from Phytophthora capsici. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 22:567-573. [PMID: 27924129 PMCID: PMC5120035 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-016-0378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora capsici is devastating for black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and causes foot rot disease at all stages of plant growth. Phytophthora secretes a glucanase inhibitor protein (GIP), which is capable of inhibiting defence proteins like endoglucanases. In this particular study Quantitative PCR analysis, molecular docking studies and analysis of sequences of Glucanase inhibitor protein and beta-1,3 glucanse genes were done mainly depending on the data derived from Phytophthora capsici whole genome sequencing and Piper colubrinum RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Amino acid sequence length of GIP gene from P. capsici was about 353 amino acids and that of glucanase pcEGase gene from P. colubrinum was about 312 amino acids. GIP gene from P. capsici showed high level of expression at early hours of the inoculation time period and pcEGase gene showed high level of expression at 16 hpi. High level of expression of pcEGase gene at 16 hpi is an indication that the GIP gene is successfully inhibited by the glucanase protein from the plant. Moreover insilico studies gave some hint on the importance of certain sites on the surfaces of both interacting proteins that might be having a role in binding of the two proteins and subsequent reactions thereof. Insilico analysis also conclusively proved that inhibition of glucanase inhibitor protein is mainly caused by recognition of an arginine as well as an isoleucine residue during the interaction of the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Johnson George
- Division of Crop Improvement and Division of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, 673012 India
| | - O. Rosana Babu
- Division of Crop Improvement and Division of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, 673012 India
| | - I. P. Vijesh Kumar
- Division of Crop Improvement and Division of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, 673012 India
| | - J. Santhosh Eapen
- Division of Crop Improvement and Division of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, 673012 India
| | - M. Anandaraj
- Division of Crop Improvement and Division of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, 673012 India
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20
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Zuluaga AP, Vega-Arreguín JC, Fei Z, Ponnala L, Lee SJ, Matas AJ, Patev S, Fry WE, Rose JKC. Transcriptional dynamics of Phytophthora infestans during sequential stages of hemibiotrophic infection of tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:29-41. [PMID: 25845484 PMCID: PMC6638332 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Hemibiotrophic plant pathogens, such as the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, employ a biphasic infection strategy, initially behaving as biotrophs, where minimal symptoms are exhibited by the plant, and subsequently as necrotrophs, feeding on dead plant tissue. The regulation of this transition and the breadth of molecular mechanisms that modulate plant defences are not well understood, although effector proteins secreted by the pathogen are thought to play a key role. We examined the transcriptional dynamics of P. infestans in a compatible interaction with its host tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) at three infection stages: biotrophy; the transition from biotrophy to necrotrophy; and necrotrophy. The expression data suggest a tight temporal regulation of many pathways associated with the suppression of plant defence mechanisms and pathogenicity, including the induction of putative cytoplasmic and apoplastic effectors. Twelve of these were experimentally evaluated to determine their ability to suppress necrosis caused by the P. infestans necrosis-inducing protein PiNPP1.1 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Four effectors suppressed necrosis, suggesting that they might prolong the biotrophic phase. This study suggests that a complex regulation of effector expression modulates the outcome of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Zuluaga
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Julio C Vega-Arreguín
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Laboratory of Agrigenomics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), ENES-León, 37684, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holly Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lalit Ponnala
- Institute for Biotechnology and Life Science Technologies, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sang Jik Lee
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Biotechnology Institute, Nongwoo Bio Co., Ltd, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Antonio J Matas
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sean Patev
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - William E Fry
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Fry WE, Birch PRJ, Judelson HS, Grünwald NJ, Danies G, Everts KL, Gevens AJ, Gugino BK, Johnson DA, Johnson SB, McGrath MT, Myers KL, Ristaino JB, Roberts PD, Secor G, Smart CD. Five Reasons to Consider Phytophthora infestans a Reemerging Pathogen. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:966-81. [PMID: 25760519 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-15-0005-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans has been a named pathogen for well over 150 years and yet it continues to "emerge", with thousands of articles published each year on it and the late blight disease that it causes. This review explores five attributes of this oomycete pathogen that maintain this constant attention. First, the historical tragedy associated with this disease (Irish potato famine) causes many people to be fascinated with the pathogen. Current technology now enables investigators to answer some questions of historical significance. Second, the devastation caused by the pathogen continues to appear in surprising new locations or with surprising new intensity. Third, populations of P. infestans worldwide are in flux, with changes that have major implications to disease management. Fourth, the genomics revolution has enabled investigators to make tremendous progress in terms of understanding the molecular biology (especially the pathogenicity) of P. infestans. Fifth, there remain many compelling unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Fry
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - P R J Birch
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - H S Judelson
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - N J Grünwald
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - G Danies
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - K L Everts
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - A J Gevens
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - B K Gugino
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - D A Johnson
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - S B Johnson
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - M T McGrath
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - K L Myers
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - J B Ristaino
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - P D Roberts
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - G Secor
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - C D Smart
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
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Meijer HJG, Mancuso FM, Espadas G, Seidl MF, Chiva C, Govers F, Sabidó E. Profiling the secretome and extracellular proteome of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2101-13. [PMID: 24872595 PMCID: PMC4125740 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.035873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes are filamentous organisms that cause notorious diseases, several of which have a high economic impact. Well known is Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Previously, in silico analyses of the genome and transcriptome of P. infestans resulted in the annotation of a large number of genes encoding proteins with an N-terminal signal peptide. This set is collectively referred to as the secretome and comprises proteins involved in, for example, cell wall growth and modification, proteolytic processes, and the promotion of successful invasion of plant cells. So far, proteomic profiling in oomycetes was primarily focused on subcellular, intracellular or cell wall fractions; the extracellular proteome has not been studied systematically. Here we present the first comprehensive characterization of the in vivo secretome and extracellular proteome of P. infestans. We have used mass spectrometry to analyze P. infestans proteins present in seven different growth media with mycelial cultures and this resulted in the consistent identification of over two hundred proteins. Gene ontology classification pinpointed proteins involved in cell wall modifications, pathogenesis, defense responses, and proteolytic processes. Moreover, we found members of the RXLR and CRN effector families as well as several proteins lacking an obvious signal peptide. The latter were confirmed to be bona fide extracellular proteins and this suggests that, similar to other organisms, oomycetes exploit non-conventional secretion mechanisms to transfer certain proteins to the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold J G Meijer
- From the ‡Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco M Mancuso
- §Proteomics Unit, Center of Genomics Regulation (CRG), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ¶Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Espadas
- §Proteomics Unit, Center of Genomics Regulation (CRG), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ¶Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael F Seidl
- From the ‡Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; ‖Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Droevendaalsesteeg, 16708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Chiva
- §Proteomics Unit, Center of Genomics Regulation (CRG), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ¶Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francine Govers
- From the ‡Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; ‖Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Droevendaalsesteeg, 16708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- §Proteomics Unit, Center of Genomics Regulation (CRG), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ¶Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
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Choupina AB, Estevinho L, Martins IM. Scientifically advanced solutions for chestnut ink disease. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3905-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Martins IM, Martins F, Belo H, Vaz M, Carvalho M, Cravador A, Choupina A. Cloning, characterization and in vitro and in planta expression of a glucanase inhibitor protein (GIP) of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:2453-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Rodewald J, Trognitz B. Solanum resistance genes against Phytophthora infestans and their corresponding avirulence genes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:740-57. [PMID: 23710878 PMCID: PMC6638693 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Resistance genes against Phytophthora infestans (Rpi genes), the most important potato pathogen, are still highly valued in the breeding of Solanum spp. for enhanced resistance. The Rpi genes hitherto explored are localized most often in clusters, which are similar between the diverse Solanum genomes. Their distribution is not independent of late maturity traits. This review provides a summary of the most recent important revelations on the genomic position and cloning of Rpi genes, and the structure, associations, mode of action and activity spectrum of Rpi and corresponding avirulence (Avr) proteins. Practical implications for research into and application of Rpi genes are deduced and combined with an outlook on approaches to address remaining issues and interesting questions. It is evident that the potential of Rpi genes has not been exploited fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rodewald
- Department of Health and Environment, Austrian Institute of Technology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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26
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Hörger AC, van der Hoorn RAL. The structural basis of specific protease-inhibitor interactions at the plant-pathogen interface. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:842-50. [PMID: 23937902 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Antagonistic host-pathogen interactions offer intriguing insights into coevolutionary processes at the molecular level. Studies on secreted immune proteases from the model plant tomato and their interactions with different unrelated pathogen-derived inhibitors revealed that the inhibitors exhibit a remarkable selectivity towards different host proteases, and that the host proteases accumulate variant residues at the interaction surfaces that interfere with inhibitor binding. Here, we summarize and discuss the recent findings and use structural models to identify the molecular features underpinning protease selectivity. The observed basic principles translate to other examples of secreted immune hydrolases and their putative inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Hörger
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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27
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Sanju S, Thakur A, Siddappa S, Sreevathsa R, Srivastava N, Shukla P, Singh BP. Pathogen virulence of Phytophthora infestans: from gene to functional genomics. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 19:165-77. [PMID: 24431484 PMCID: PMC3656195 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-012-0157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most important plant pathogens worldwide. Much of the pathogenic success of P. infestans, the potato late blight agent, relies on its ability to generate large amounts of sporangia from mycelia, which release zoospores that encyst and form infection structures. Until recently, little was known about the molecular basis of oomycete pathogenicity by the avirulence molecules that are perceived by host defenses. To understand the molecular mechanisms interplay in the pathogen and host interactions, knowledge of the genome structure was most important, which is available now after genome sequencing. The mechanism of biotrophic interaction between potato and P. infestans could be determined by understanding the effector biology of the pathogen, which is until now poorly understood. The recent availability of oomycete genome will help in understanding of the signal transduction pathways followed by apoplastic and cytoplasmic effectors for translocation into host cell. Finally based on genomics, novel strategies could be developed for effective management of the crop losses due to the late blight disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Sanju
- />Central potato Research Institute, Shimla, H.P India 171001
| | - Aditi Thakur
- />Central potato Research Institute, Shimla, H.P India 171001
| | | | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- />National Research Centre for Plant Biotechnology, IARI campus, Pusa, New Delhi—12, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- />Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Banasthali University (Rajasthan), Tonk, India 304022
| | - Pradeep Shukla
- />Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, SHIATS, Naini, Allahabad, India 211007
| | - B. P. Singh
- />Central potato Research Institute, Shimla, H.P India 171001
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Mueller AN, Ziemann S, Treitschke S, Aßmann D, Doehlemann G. Compatibility in the Ustilago maydis-maize interaction requires inhibition of host cysteine proteases by the fungal effector Pit2. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003177. [PMID: 23459172 PMCID: PMC3573112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize, with large plant tumors being formed as the most prominent disease symptoms. During all steps of infection, U. maydis depends on a biotrophic interaction, which requires an efficient suppression of plant immunity. In a previous study, we identified the secreted effector protein Pit2, which is essential for maintenance of biotrophy and induction of tumors. Deletion mutants for pit2 successfully penetrate host cells but elicit various defense responses, which stops further fungal proliferation. We now show that Pit2 functions as an inhibitor of a set of apoplastic maize cysteine proteases, whose activity is directly linked with salicylic-acid-associated plant defenses. Consequently, protease inhibition by Pit2 is required for U. maydis virulence. Sequence comparisons with Pit2 orthologs from related smut fungi identified a conserved sequence motif. Mutation of this sequence caused loss of Pit2 function. Consequently, expression of the mutated protein in U. maydis could not restore virulence of the pit2 deletion mutant, indicating that the protease inhibition by Pit2 is essential for fungal virulence. Moreover, synthetic peptides of the conserved sequence motif showed full activity as protease inhibitor, which identifies this domain as a new, minimal protease inhibitor domain in plant-pathogenic fungi. Biotrophic plant-pathogen interactions depend on the suppression of the host immune system. In the compatible Ustilago maydis–maize interaction, living host cells are colonized without inducing defense responses. Thereby, host metabolism and gene expression are widely reprogrammed, resulting in the formation of large plant tumors. This manipulation of the host plant requires so-called effector proteins, which are secreted by U. maydis to promote disease. Recently we identified the effector Pit2 (protein involved in tumors 2), which is encoded within a cluster of four plant-induced genes. Deletion mutants for pit2 can infect maize plants but fail to maintain biotrophy. They elicit various defense responses and fail to induce tumors. We now show that Pit2 interacts with a group of apoplastic maize cysteine proteases, which themselves are crucial factors for maize defense induction. Pit2 efficiently inhibits these proteases to suppress maize host resistance. By sequence comparisons, we identified a 14 amino acid motif of Pit2, which is required for protease inhibition and, consequently, for U. maydis virulence. Moreover, synthetic peptides of this motif, but not mutated versions, inhibit maize cysteine proteases. This identifies a novel type of fungal protease inhibitor with an essential role in suppression of maize immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- André N. Mueller
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Steffi Treitschke
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- ¤ Current address: Fraunhofer ITEM-R, Biopark I, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Aßmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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Bagnaresi P, Biselli C, Orrù L, Urso S, Crispino L, Abbruscato P, Piffanelli P, Lupotto E, Cattivelli L, Valè G. Comparative transcriptome profiling of the early response to Magnaporthe oryzae in durable resistant vs susceptible rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51609. [PMID: 23251593 PMCID: PMC3520944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Durable resistance to blast, the most significant fungal disease of rice, represents an agronomically relevant character. Gigante Vercelli (GV) and Vialone Nano (VN) are two old temperate japonica Italian rice cultivars with contrasting response to blast infection: GV displays durable and broad resistance while VN is highly susceptible. RNA-seq was used to dissect the early molecular processes deployed during the resistance response of GV at 24 h after blast inoculation. Differential gene expression analysis identified 1,070 and 1,484 modulated genes, of which 726 and 699 were up regulated in response to infection in GV and VN, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses revealed a set of GO terms enriched in both varieties but, despite this commonality, the gene sets contributing to common GO enriched terms were dissimilar. The expression patterns of genes grouped in GV-specific enriched GO terms were examined in detail including at the transcript isoform level. GV exhibited a dramatic up-regulation of genes encoding diterpene phytoalexin biosynthetic enzymes, flavin-containing monooxygenase, class I chitinase and glycosyl hydrolase 17. The sensitivity and high dynamic range of RNA-seq allowed the identification of genes critically involved in conferring GV resistance during the early steps of defence perception-signalling. These included chitin oligosaccharides sensing factors, wall associated kinases, MAPK cascades and WRKY transcription factors. Candidate genes with expression patterns consistent with a potential role as GV-specific functional resistance (R) gene(s) were also identified. This first application of RNA-seq to dissect durable blast resistance supports a crucial role of the prompt induction of a battery of responses including defence-related genes as well as members of gene families involved in signalling and pathogen-related gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bagnaresi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Biselli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Rice Research Unit, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Luigi Orrù
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Simona Urso
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Elisabetta Lupotto
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Department of Plant Biology and Crop Production, Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giampiero Valè
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Rice Research Unit, Vercelli, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Wawra S, Belmonte R, Löbach L, Saraiva M, Willems A, van West P. Secretion, delivery and function of oomycete effector proteins. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Dynamics and innovations within oomycete genomes: insights into biology, pathology, and evolution. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 11:1304-12. [PMID: 22923046 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00155-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic microbes known as oomycetes are common inhabitants of terrestrial and aquatic environments and include saprophytes and pathogens. Lifestyles of the pathogens extend from biotrophy to necrotrophy, obligate to facultative pathogenesis, and narrow to broad host ranges on plants or animals. Sequencing of several pathogens has revealed striking variation in genome size and content, a plastic set of genes related to pathogenesis, and adaptations associated with obligate biotrophy. Features of genome evolution include repeat-driven expansions, deletions, gene fusions, and horizontal gene transfer in a landscape organized into gene-dense and gene-sparse sectors and influenced by transposable elements. Gene expression profiles are also highly dynamic throughout oomycete life cycles, with transcriptional polymorphisms as well as differences in protein sequence contributing to variation. The genome projects have set the foundation for functional studies and should spur the sequencing of additional species, including more diverse pathogens and nonpathogens.
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32
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Sánchez-Rangel D, Sánchez-Nieto S, Plasencia J. Fumonisin B1, a toxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, modulates maize β-1,3-glucanase activities involved in defense response. PLANTA 2012; 235:965-78. [PMID: 22120123 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is an important pathogen in maize that causes various diseases affecting all stages of plant development worldwide. The fungal pathogen could be seed borne or survive in soil and penetrate the germinating seed. Most F. verticillioides strains produce fumonisins, which are of concern because of their toxicity to animals and possibly humans, and because they enhance virulence against seedlings of some maize genotypes. In this work, we studied the action of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on the activity of maize β-1,3-glucanases involved in plant defense response. In maize embryos, FB1 induced an acidic isoform while suppressing the activity of two basic isoforms. This acidic isoform was induced also with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid, an analog of salicylic acid. Repression of the basic isoforms suggested a direct interaction of the enzymes with the mycotoxin as in vitro experiments showed that pure FB1 inhibited the basic β-1,3-glucanases with an IC(50) of 53 μM. When germinating maize embryos were inoculated with F. verticillioides the same dual effect on β-1,3-glucanase activities that we observed with the pure toxin was reproduced. Similar levels of FB1 were recovered at 24 h germination in maize tissue when they were treated with pure FB1 or inoculated with an FB1-producing strain. These results suggest that β-1,3-glucanases are a relevant physiological target and their modulation by FB1 might contribute to F. verticillioides colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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Savory EA, Adhikari BN, Hamilton JP, Vaillancourt B, Buell CR, Day B. mRNA-Seq analysis of the Pseudoperonospora cubensis transcriptome during cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35796. [PMID: 22545137 PMCID: PMC3335787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoperonospora cubensis, an oomycete, is the causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew, and is responsible for significant losses on cucurbit crops worldwide. While other oomycete plant pathogens have been extensively studied at the molecular level, Ps. cubensis and the molecular basis of its interaction with cucurbit hosts has not been well examined. Here, we present the first large-scale global gene expression analysis of Ps. cubensis infection of a susceptible Cucumis sativus cultivar, ‘Vlaspik’, and identification of genes with putative roles in infection, growth, and pathogenicity. Using high throughput whole transcriptome sequencing, we captured differential expression of 2383 Ps. cubensis genes in sporangia and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 days post-inoculation (dpi). Additionally, comparison of Ps. cubensis expression profiles with expression profiles from an infection time course of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans on Solanum tuberosum revealed similarities in expression patterns of 1,576–6,806 orthologous genes suggesting a substantial degree of overlap in molecular events in virulence between the biotrophic Ps. cubensis and the hemi-biotrophic P. infestans. Co-expression analyses identified distinct modules of Ps. cubensis genes that were representative of early, intermediate, and late infection stages. Collectively, these expression data have advanced our understanding of key molecular and genetic events in the virulence of Ps. cubensis and thus, provides a foundation for identifying mechanism(s) by which to engineer or effect resistance in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Savory
- Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Kaschani F, Van der Hoorn RAL. A model of the C14-EPIC complex indicates hotspots for a protease-inhibitor arms race in the oomycete-potato interaction. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:109-12. [PMID: 21301220 PMCID: PMC3122019 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.1.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans secretes cystatin-like effector proteins (EPICs) that inhibit secreted host proteases during infection. We recently found that the C14 protease is a relevant target of EPICs and that this protease is under diversifying selection in wild potato species with which P. infestans has coevolved. Here we generated a model of the EPIC-C14 complex based on cystatin-papain crystal structures and discovered three regions where variant residues in C14 might be the result of an arms race between enzyme and inhibitor at the plant-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnusch Kaschani
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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35
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Boevink PC, Birch PRJ, Whisson SC. Imaging fluorescently tagged Phytophthora effector proteins inside infected plant tissue. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 712:195-209. [PMID: 21359810 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-998-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Assays to determine the role of pathogen effectors within an infected plant cell are yielding valuable information about which host processes are targeted to allow successful pathogen colonization. However, this does not necessarily inform on the cellular location of these interactions, or if these effector-virulence target interactions occur only in the presence of the pathogen. Here, we describe techniques to allow the subcellular localization of pathogen effectors inside infected plant cells or tissues, based largely on infiltration of plant tissue by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its delivery of DNA encoding fluorescent protein-tagged effectors, and subsequent confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Boevink
- Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
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36
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Kaschani F, Shabab M, Bozkurt T, Shindo T, Schornack S, Gu C, Ilyas M, Win J, Kamoun S, van der Hoorn RA. An effector-targeted protease contributes to defense against Phytophthora infestans and is under diversifying selection in natural hosts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:1794-804. [PMID: 20940351 PMCID: PMC2996022 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.158030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the leaf apoplast is a primary habitat for many plant pathogens, apoplastic proteins are potent, ancient targets for apoplastic effectors secreted by plant pathogens. So far, however, only a few apoplastic effector targets have been identified and characterized. Here, we discovered that the papain-like cysteine protease C14 is a new common target of EPIC1 and EPIC2B, two apoplastic, cystatin-like proteins secreted by the potato (Solanum tuberosum) late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. C14 is a secreted protease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and potato typified by a carboxyl-terminal granulin domain. The EPIC-C14 interaction occurs at a wide pH range and is stronger than the previously described interactions of EPICs with tomato defense proteases PIP1 and RCR3. The selectivity of the EPICs is also different when compared with the AVR2 effector of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, which targets PIP1 and RCR3, and only at apoplastic pH. Importantly, silencing of C14 increased susceptibility to P. infestans, demonstrating that this protease plays a role in pathogen defense. Although C14 is under conservative selection in tomato, it is under diversifying selection in wild potato species (Solanum demissum, Solanum verrucosum, and Solanum stoliniferum) that are the natural hosts of P. infestans. These data reveal a novel effector target in the apoplast that contributes to immunity and is under diversifying selection, but only in the natural host of the pathogen.
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Raffaele S, Win J, Cano LM, Kamoun S. Analyses of genome architecture and gene expression reveal novel candidate virulence factors in the secretome of Phytophthora infestans. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:637. [PMID: 21080964 PMCID: PMC3091767 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora infestans is the most devastating pathogen of potato and a model organism for the oomycetes. It exhibits high evolutionary potential and rapidly adapts to host plants. The P. infestans genome experienced a repeat-driven expansion relative to the genomes of Phytophthora sojae and Phytophthora ramorum and shows a discontinuous distribution of gene density. Effector genes, such as members of the RXLR and Crinkler (CRN) families, localize to expanded, repeat-rich and gene-sparse regions of the genome. This distinct genomic environment is thought to contribute to genome plasticity and host adaptation. RESULTS We used in silico approaches to predict and describe the repertoire of P. infestans secreted proteins (the secretome). We defined the "plastic secretome" as a subset of the genome that (i) encodes predicted secreted proteins, (ii) is excluded from genome segments orthologous to the P. sojae and P. ramorum genomes and (iii) is encoded by genes residing in gene sparse regions of P. infestans genome. Although including only ~3% of P. infestans genes, the plastic secretome contains ~62% of known effector genes and shows >2 fold enrichment in genes induced in planta. We highlight 19 plastic secretome genes induced in planta but distinct from previously described effectors. This list includes a trypsin-like serine protease, secreted oxidoreductases, small cysteine-rich proteins and repeat containing proteins that we propose to be novel candidate virulence factors. CONCLUSIONS This work revealed a remarkably diverse plastic secretome. It illustrates the value of combining genome architecture with comparative genomics to identify novel candidate virulence factors from pathogen genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Raffaele
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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38
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Rose JKC, Lee SJ. Straying off the highway: trafficking of secreted plant proteins and complexity in the plant cell wall proteome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:433-6. [PMID: 20237018 PMCID: PMC2879815 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.154872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn K C Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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39
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Oliva R, Win J, Raffaele S, Boutemy L, Bozkurt TO, Chaparro-Garcia A, Segretin ME, Stam R, Schornack S, Cano LM, van Damme M, Huitema E, Thines M, Banfield MJ, Kamoun S. Recent developments in effector biology of filamentous plant pathogens. Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:705-15. [PMID: 20374248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens, such as plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, secrete an arsenal of effector molecules that modulate host innate immunity and enable parasitic infection. It is now well accepted that these effectors are key pathogenicity determinants that enable parasitic infection. In this review, we report on the most interesting features of a representative set of filamentous pathogen effectors and highlight recent findings. We also list and describe all the linear motifs reported to date in filamentous pathogen effector proteins. Some of these motifs appear to define domains that mediate translocation inside host cells.
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Schornack S, Huitema E, Cano LM, Bozkurt TO, Oliva R, Van Damme M, Schwizer S, Raffaele S, Chaparro-Garcia A, Farrer R, Segretin ME, Bos J, Haas BJ, Zody MC, Nusbaum C, Win J, Thines M, Kamoun S. Ten things to know about oomycete effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:795-803. [PMID: 19849785 PMCID: PMC6640533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Long considered intractable organisms by fungal genetic research standards, the oomycetes have recently moved to the centre stage of research on plant-microbe interactions. Recent work on oomycete effector evolution, trafficking and function has led to major conceptual advances in the science of plant pathology. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on oomycete genetic research and summarize the state of the art in effector biology of plant pathogenic oomycetes by describing what we consider to be the 10 most important concepts about oomycete effectors.
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Abstract
Sequencing of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans provides insight into the structure and evolution of its genome. Sequencing of the genome of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans provides insight into genome structure and evolution within this genus of plant pathogenic oomycetes.
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Oh SK, Young C, Lee M, Oliva R, Bozkurt TO, Cano LM, Win J, Bos JI, Liu HY, van Damme M, Morgan W, Choi D, Van der Vossen EA, Vleeshouwers VG, Kamoun S. In planta expression screens of Phytophthora infestans RXLR effectors reveal diverse phenotypes, including activation of the Solanum bulbocastanum disease resistance protein Rpi-blb2. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:2928-47. [PMID: 19794118 PMCID: PMC2768934 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.068247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans is predicted to secrete hundreds of effector proteins. To address the challenge of assigning biological functions to computationally predicted effector genes, we combined allele mining with high-throughput in planta expression. We developed a library of 62 infection-ready P. infestans RXLR effector clones, obtained using primer pairs corresponding to 32 genes and assigned activities to several of these genes. This approach revealed that 16 of the 62 examined effectors cause phenotypes when expressed inside plant cells. Besides the well-studied AVR3a effector, two additional effectors, PexRD8 and PexRD36(45-1), suppressed the hypersensitive cell death triggered by the elicitin INF1, another secreted protein of P. infestans. One effector, PexRD2, promoted cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and other solanaceous plants. Finally, two families of effectors induced hypersensitive cell death specifically in the presence of the Solanum bulbocastanum late blight resistance genes Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-blb2, thereby exhibiting the activities expected for Avrblb1 and Avrblb2. The AVRblb2 family was then studied in more detail and found to be highly variable and under diversifying selection in P. infestans. Structure-function experiments indicated that a 34-amino acid region in the C-terminal half of AVRblb2 is sufficient for triggering Rpi-blb2 hypersensitivity and that a single positively selected AVRblb2 residue is critical for recognition by Rpi-blb2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Keun Oh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University-Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Carolyn Young
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University-Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691
| | - Minkyoung Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University-Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691
| | - Ricardo Oliva
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hsin-Yin Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University-Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691
| | | | - William Morgan
- Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | - Sophien Kamoun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University-Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Hein I, Gilroy EM, Armstrong MR, Birch PRJ. The zig-zag-zig in oomycete-plant interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:547-62. [PMID: 19523107 PMCID: PMC6640229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to a range of preformed barriers, plants defend themselves against microbial invasion by detecting conserved, secreted molecules, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) is the first inducible layer of plant defence that microbial pathogens must navigate by the delivery of effector proteins that act to suppress or otherwise manipulate key components of resistance. Effectors may themselves be targeted by a further layer of defence, effector-triggered immunity (ETI), as their presence inside or outside host cells may be detected by resistance proteins. This 'zig-zag-zig' of tightly co-evolving molecular interactions determines the outcome of attempted infection. In this article, we consider the complex molecular interplay between plants and plant pathogenic oomycetes, drawing on recent literature to illustrate what is known about oomycete PAMPs and elicitors of defence responses, the effectors they utilize to suppress PTI, and the phenomenal molecular 'battle' between effector and resistance (R) genes that dictates the establishment or evasion of ETI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Hein
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
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Stukenbrock EH, McDonald BA. Population genetics of fungal and oomycete effectors involved in gene-for-gene interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:371-80. [PMID: 19271952 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-4-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Antagonistic coevolution between plants and pathogens has generated a broad array of attack and defense mechanisms. In the classical avirulence (Avr) gene-for-gene model, the pathogen gene evolves to escape host recognition while the host resistance (R) gene evolves to track the evolving pathogen elicitor. In the case of host-specific toxins (HST), the evolutionary arms race may be inverted, with the gene encoding the pathogen toxin evolving to maintain recognition of the host sensitivity target while the host sensitivity gene evolves to escape binding with the toxin. Pathogen effector genes, including those encoding Avr elicitors and HST, often show elevated levels of polymorphism reflecting the coevolutionary arms race between host and pathogen. However, selection can also eliminate variation in the coevolved gene and its neighboring regions when advantageous alleles are swept to fixation. The distribution and diversity of corresponding host genes will have a major impact on the distribution and diversity of effectors in the pathogen population. Population genetic analyses including both hosts and their pathogens provide an essential tool to understand the diversity and dynamics of effector genes. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the population genetics of fungal and oomycete effector genes, focusing on recent studies that have used both spatial and temporal collections to assess the diversity and distribution of alleles and to monitor changes in allele frequencies over time. These studies illustrate that effector genes exhibit a significant degree of diversity at both small and large sampling scales, suggesting that local selection plays an important role in their evolution. They also illustrate that Avr elicitors and HST may be recognizing the same R genes in plants, leading to evolutionary outcomes that differ for necrotrophs and biotrophs while affecting the evolution of the corresponding R genes. Under this scenario, the optimal number of R genes in a plant genome may be determined by the relative abundance of necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens in the plant's environment.
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45
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Hogenhout SA, Van der Hoorn RAL, Terauchi R, Kamoun S. Emerging concepts in effector biology of plant-associated organisms. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:115-22. [PMID: 19132864 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-2-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-associated organisms secrete proteins and other molecules to modulate plant defense circuitry and enable colonization of plant tissue. Understanding the molecular function of these secreted molecules, collectively known as effectors, became widely accepted as essential for a mechanistic understanding of the processes underlying plant colonization. This review summarizes recent findings in the field of effector biology and highlights the common concepts that have emerged from the study of cellular plant pathogen effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Misas-Villamil JC, van der Hoorn RAL. Enzyme-inhibitor interactions at the plant-pathogen interface. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:380-8. [PMID: 18550418 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant apoplast during plant-pathogen interactions is an ancient battleground that holds an intriguing range of attacking enzymes and counteracting inhibitors. Examples are pathogen xylanases and polygalacturonases that are inhibited by plant proteins like TAXI, XIP, and PGIP; and plant glucanases and proteases, which are targeted by pathogen proteins such as GIP1, EPI1, EPIC2B, and AVR2. These seven well-characterized inhibitors have different modes of action and many probably evolved from inactive enzymes themselves. Detailed studies of the structures, sequence variation, and mutated proteins uncovered molecular struggles between these enzymes and their inhibitors, resulting in positive selection for variant residues at the contact surface, where single residues determine the outcome of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana C Misas-Villamil
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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