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Rafi N, Dominguez M, Okello P, Mathew FM. No Common Candidate Genes for Resistance to Fusarium graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. subglutinans in Soybean Accessions from Maturity Groups 0 and I: Findings from Genome-wide Association Mapping. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:2722-2730. [PMID: 38640427 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-24-0477-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Seedling diseases and root rot, caused by species of Fusarium, can limit soybean (Glycine max L.) production in the United States. Currently, there are few commercially available cultivars resistant to Fusarium. This study was conducted to assess the resistance of soybean maturity group (MG) accessions from 0 and I to Fusarium proliferatum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. subglutinans, as well as to identify common quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to these pathogens, in addition to F. graminearum, using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A total of 155, 91, and 48 accessions from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) soybean germplasm collection from MG 0 and I were screened with a single isolate each of F. proliferatum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. subglutinans, respectively, using the inoculum layer inoculation method in the greenhouse. The disease severity was assessed 21 days postinoculation and analyzed using nonparametric statistics to determine the relative treatment effects (RTEs). Eleven and seven accessions showed significantly lower RTEs when inoculated with F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans, respectively, compared with the susceptible cultivar 'Williams 82'. One accession was significantly less susceptible to both F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans. The GWAS conducted with 41,985 single-nucleotide markers identified one QTL associated with resistance to both F. proliferatum and F. sporotrichioides, as well as another QTL for resistance to both F. subglutinans and F. graminearum. However, no common QTLs were identified for the four pathogens. The USDA accessions and QTLs identified in this study can be utilized to selectively breed resistance to multiple species of Fusarium.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitha Rafi
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, U.S.A
| | - Matias Dominguez
- EEA INTA Pergamino, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paul Okello
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, U.S.A
| | - Febina M Mathew
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, U.S.A
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Littrell J, Ownley BH, Butler DM. Unraveling the Interplay: Soil Biogeochemical Factors Shaping the Efficacy of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation in Suppressing Fusarium Root Rot of Strawberry. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1782-1790. [PMID: 38829851 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0323-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Nontoxic alternatives to chemical soil fumigants for suppressing soilborne pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), one causative agent of strawberry black root rot complex prevalent in the Southeastern United States, are urgently needed. A promising alternative is anaerobic soil disinfestation, in which soil is amended with labile organic materials, irrigated to field capacity, and tarped to induce anaerobic fermentation for a brief period before planting. Pathogen-suppression mechanisms of anaerobic soil disinfestation include anaerobic conditions and generation of reduced metal cations (Fe2+ and Mn2+) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs; e.g., acetic, n-butyric, isovaleric, and others). However, little is known about how the interaction between VFAs, reduced metals, soil texture, and liming influences suppression of Fo. We investigated Fo suppression by VFAs and reduced metal cations in both aqueous and soil-based incubation trials. Inoculum containing Fo chlamydospores was added to aqueous medium containing either 5 or 10 mmol/liter VFAs and either 0.01 or 0.05% (wt/wt) reduced metals. In soil-based incubations, chlamydospore-containing inoculum was applied to sandy, sandy loam, and silty clay soil saturated by solutions containing 10 or 20 mmol/liter VFAs with or without 0.05% (wt/wt) reduced metals. VFAs, particularly in combination with Fe2+ in aqueous solutions and Mn2+ in soils, significantly reduced Fo viability. At the same time, liming and higher soil clay content reduced the effectiveness of VFAs and reduced metals for suppressing Fo, highlighting the influence of soil pH and soil texture on anaerobic soil disinfestation effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Littrell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Bonnie H Ownley
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - David M Butler
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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Batzer JC, Shirazi A, Lawson M, Mathew FM, Sureshbabu BM, Smith DL, Mueller DS. Impact of Foliar Fungicide Application on the Culturable Fungal Endophyte Community of Soybean Seed in the Midwest United States. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:647-657. [PMID: 37729650 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1122-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to determine whether the application of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) and pyrazole-carboxamide fungicides as a tank mix would impact the endophyte community of soybean seed. Field trials during 2018 in Iowa, South Dakota, and Wisconsin, U.S.A., investigated the impact of a single combination fungicide spray at early pod set in soybeans. The composition of culturable endophytic fungi in mature soybean seed was assessed on three cultivars per state, with maturity groups (MGs) ranging from 1.1 to 4.7. An unusually wet 2018 season delayed harvest, which led to a high level of fungal growth in grain. The survey included 1,080 asymptomatic seeds that were disinfested and individually placed on 5-cm-diameter Petri plates of acidified water agar. The survey yielded 721 fungal isolates belonging to 24 putative species in seven genera; taxa were grouped into genera based on a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. The dominant genera encountered in the survey were Alternaria, Diaporthe, and Fusarium. The study showed that the fungicide treatment reduced the incidence of Fusarium in Wisconsin seed, increased the incidence of Diaporthe in seed from all states, and had no impact on the incidence of Alternaria. This is one of the first attempts to characterize the diversity of seed endophytes in soybean and the first to characterize the impacts of fungicide spraying on these endophyte communities across three states. Our study provides evidence that the impact of a fungicide spray on soybean seed endophyte communities may be influenced by site, weather, and cultivar maturity group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Carlson Batzer
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Amin Shirazi
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Maia Lawson
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Febina M Mathew
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | - Damon L Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Daren S Mueller
- Integrated Pest Management Program and Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Gargouri Jbir T, Zitnick-Anderson K, Pasche JS, Kalil AK. Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi Associated with Root Rot of Field Pea in North Dakota and the Effects of Temperature on Aggressiveness. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:365-374. [PMID: 37578362 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-23-0908-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium root rot is an important disease of field pea (Pisum sativum var. sativum L.) that occurs everywhere pea is grown, causing yield loss of up to 75%. Fusarium root rot is caused by a complex of Fusarium species, most notably Fusarium solani in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and F. avenaceum in the northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada. F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop) was frequently isolated from peas exhibiting root rot symptoms in North Dakota during recent surveys. Fop causes wilt (races 1, 5, and 6) and near wilt (race 2) on pea. However, its contribution to pea root rot remains unclear. Fop race was determined for isolates from North Dakota pea root rot surveys. ND Fop isolates were evaluated for root rot pathogenicity and aggressiveness at standard and elevated temperatures. Results from greenhouse wilt assays indicated that all Fop races exist in North Dakota, with race 2 most prevalent among the 25 North Dakota isolates evaluated. Root rot evaluations conducted at 21/18°C and 25/19°C day/night temperatures demonstrated that most Fop isolates were as aggressive or more aggressive than F. solani and F. avenaceum under both temperature regimes. Aggressiveness of Fop isolates tended to increase at elevated assay temperatures. Results from these experiments indicate that Fop may be an important contributor to the root rot complex of field pea in North Dakota and should be considered in integrated pest management strategies, including pea breeding efforts to improve resistance to Fusarium root rot.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taheni Gargouri Jbir
- Williston Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Williston, ND 58801
| | | | - Julie S Pasche
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Audrey K Kalil
- Williston Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Williston, ND 58801
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Liu Y, Wei X, Chang F, Yu N, Guo C, Cai H. Distribution and Pathogenicity of Fusarium Species Associated with Soybean Root Rot in Northeast China. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:575-583. [PMID: 38081317 PMCID: PMC10721389 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.06.2023.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium root rot is an increasingly severe problem in soybean cultivation. Although several Fusarium species have been reported to infect soybean roots in Heilongjiang province, their frequency and aggressiveness have not been systematically quantified in the region. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and distribution of Fusarium species that cause soybean root rot in Heilongjiang province over two years. A total of 485 isolates belonging to nine Fusarium species were identified, with F. oxysporum and F. solani being the most prevalent. Pot experiments were conducted to examine the relative aggressiveness of different Fusarium species on soybean roots, revealing that F. oxysporum and F. solani were the most aggressive pathogens, causing the most severe root rot symptoms. The study also assessed the susceptibility of different soybean cultivars to Fusarium root rot caused by F. oxysporum and F. solani. The results indicated that the soybean cultivar DN51 exhibited the most resistance to both pathogens, indicating that it may possess genetic traits that make it less susceptible to Fusarium root rot. These findings provide valuable insights into the diversity and distribution of Fusarium species that cause soybean root rot and could facilitate the development of effective management strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150025, China
| | - Xuena Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150025, China
| | - Feng Chang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150025, China
| | - Na Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150025, China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150025, China
| | - Hongsheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150025, China
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Chakrapani K, Chanu WT, Sinha B, Thangjam B, Hasan W, Devi KS, Chakma T, Phurailatpam S, Mishra LK, Singh GM, Khoyumthem P, Saini R. Deciphering growth abilities of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi under variable temperature, pH and nitrogen. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1228442. [PMID: 37601368 PMCID: PMC10435999 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1228442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop) is an important disease and major obstacle to pea production, causing huge losses to growers. The focus of this study was on isolation followed by morphological, molecular characterization and analyzing the growth of the casual agent under variable temperature, pH and Nitrogen levels. The morphological features of radial growth, sporulation, pigmentation and mycelial characterization were examined and the variability of all isolates was presented. Molecular characterization of the fungus by ITS rDNA sequencing revealed that all 13 isolates belong to Fusarium oxysporum species. Six isolates were tested for temperature, pH and nitrogen dosage optimization studies. Seven different temperatures, viz., 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33°C and pH values, having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 pH, as well as nitrogen dosage levels of 0 g, 3 g, 5 g, 7 g, 9 g, 11 g, and 13 g were tested against all six isolates, respectively. The results showed that all isolates exhibited the highest growth at a temperature of 25°C and the optimal temperature range for growth of Fusarium oxysporum was 23-27°C. All isolates showed the highest growth at pH5. Change in the nitrogen doses of the base ended in formation of thick, dense, fluffy mycelium of the casual agent. Six isolates were used for combination studies with seven different levels of temperatures, pH levels and nitrogen dosages. The density plots revealed the variations in the growth of the isolates with changes in temperature, pH and nitrogen levels, which can lead to mutations or genetic changes in the pathogens that could potentially introduce new threats to pea cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Chakrapani
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - W. Tampakleima Chanu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - Bireswar Sinha
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - Bijeeta Thangjam
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - Wajid Hasan
- KVK, Jahanabad, Bihar Agricultural University, Jahanabad, India
| | - Konjengbam Sarda Devi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - Tusi Chakma
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - Sumitra Phurailatpam
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of BPME, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - Gopi Mohan Singh
- Department of Agricultural Statistics, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - Pramesh Khoyumthem
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, AICRP (Groundnut), College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - Rahul Saini
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
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7
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Zhang X, Peck LD, Flood J, Ryan MJ, Barraclough TG. Temperature contributes to host specialization of coffee wilt disease (Fusarium xylarioides) on arabica and robusta coffee crops. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9327. [PMID: 37291178 PMCID: PMC10250448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee wilt disease, caused by the fungus Fusarium xylarioides, is a vascular wilt disease that has affected coffee production in sub-Saharan Africa over the past century. Today, the disease has two host-specific populations specialising on arabica and robusta coffee crops, which grow at high and low altitude, respectively. Here we test whether adaptation to different temperatures contributes to specialisation of the fungi on each crop. Firstly, climate models show that the severity of the arabica and robusta populations of coffee wilt disease correlates with temperature. The robusta population shows higher peak severity than the arabica population overall, but the latter has greater cold tolerance. Secondly, growth assays of thermal performance of fungal strains in vitro show that, while robusta strains grow faster than arabicas at intermediate temperatures, the arabica strains have higher sporulation and spore germination rates at temperatures below 15ºC. The match between environmental patterns of severity in nature with thermal performance of fungal cultures in the laboratory supports a role for temperature adaptation in specialisation on arabica and robusta coffee. Extrapolating our temperature-models to future climate change predicts that disease severity could decline on average due to increased temperature but could increase in some coffee-growing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhan Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Lily D Peck
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
- CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW20 9TY, Surrey, UK
| | - Julie Flood
- CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW20 9TY, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Timothy G Barraclough
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK.
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Abah F, Kuang Y, Biregeya J, Abubakar YS, Ye Z, Wang Z. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases SvPmk1 and SvMps1 Are Critical for Abiotic Stress Resistance, Development and Pathogenesis of Sclerotiophoma versabilis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:455. [PMID: 37108909 PMCID: PMC10142639 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes and modulate responses to both internal and external stimuli. Pmk1 and Mps MAPK pathways regulate stress tolerance, vegetative growth and cell wall integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pyricularia oryzae. Here, we deployed genetic and cell biology strategies to investigate the roles of the orthologs of Pmk1 and Mps1 in Sclerotiophoma versabilis (herein referred to as SvPmk1 and SvMps1, respectively). Our results showed that SvPmk1 and SvMps1 are involved in hyphal development, asexual reproduction and pathogenesis in S. versabilis. We found that ∆Svpmk1 and ∆Svmps1 mutants have significantly reduced vegetative growths on PDA supplemented with osmotic stress-inducing agents, compared to the wild type, with ∆Svpmps1 being hypersensitive to hydrogen peroxide. The two mutants failed to produce pycnidia and have reduced pathogenicity on Pseudostellaria heterophylla. Unlike SvPmk1, SvMps1 was found to be indispensable for the fungal cell wall integrity. Confocal microscopic analyses revealed that SvPmk1 and SvMps1 are ubiquitously expressed in the cytosol and nucleus. Taken together, we demonstrate here that SvPmk1 and SvMps1 play critical roles in the stress resistance, development and pathogenesis of S. versabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Abah
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Life Sciences & College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yunbo Kuang
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Life Sciences & College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Medicinal Plants of Fujian, College of Life Sciences, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Jules Biregeya
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Life Sciences & College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Life Sciences & College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zuyun Ye
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Medicinal Plants of Fujian, College of Life Sciences, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Life Sciences & College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Liu N, Chen Y, Liu J, Su Q, Zhao B, Sun M, Jia H, Cao Z, Dong J. Transcriptional differences between major Fusarium pathogens of maize, Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum with different optimum growth temperatures. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1030523. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum are important pathogens causing disease in maize (Zea mays) worldwide. The distributions of these fungal pathogens vary greatly in different regions and in different years, and are influenced by environmental and climatic conditions. Temperature has significant effects on the growth and mycotoxin production of Fusarium species. In this study, the effects of temperature on the growth and pathogenicity of F. verticillioides and F. graminearum were investigated. F. verticillioides grew fastest and exhibited the strongest pathogenicity to maize stems and grains at 30°C, while F. graminearum grew best at 20°C. Both species produced more toxins at 20°C than at 30°C. To explain the interspecific differences in the relationship of growth and temperature, RNA-seq was used to compare F. verticillioides and F. graminearum cultivated for 4 d at the optimum temperatures of 30°C and 20°C, respectively. Samples of F. verticillioides were also cultivated for 9 d (to maximize toxin production) at 20°C and 30°C and analyzed by RNA-seq to investigate the influence of temperature for different growth stages. The differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparison of cultures grown for the same amount of time but at different temperatures. GO enrichment analysis showed high enrichment of DEGs in categories of membrane part, catalytic activity, metabolic process, and growth at warmer temperature resulted in more down-regulated DEGs enriched in membrane components in all groups. KEGG analysis revealed enrichment of DEGs related to different temperatures in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism pathways. For both species, there was decreased expression of many DEGs related to amino acid metabolism when cultivated at warm temperature, such as genes related to beta-alanine metabolism and arginine and proline metabolism. However, changes in genes related to glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and fatty acid degradation were more related to the growth state. The results showing different responses pattern of these pathways provides a foundation for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying distinct thermal ecological niches of F. verticillioides and F. graminearum.
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β-Carboline Alkaloids from Peganum harmala Inhibit Fusarium oxysporum from Codonopsis radix through Damaging the Cell Membrane and Inducing ROS Accumulation. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111341. [PMID: 36422593 PMCID: PMC9693454 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is a widely distributed soil-borne pathogenic fungus that can cause medicinal herbs and crops to wither or die, resulting in great losses and threat to public health. Due to the emergence of drug-resistance and the decline of the efficacy of antifungal pesticides, there is an urgent need for safe, environmentally friendly, and effective fungicides to control this fungus. Plant-derived natural products are such potential pesticides. Extracts from seeds of Peganum harmala have shown antifungal effects on F. oxysporum but their antifungal mechanism is unclear. In vitro antifungal experiments showed that the total alkaloids extract and all five β-carboline alkaloids (βCs), harmine, harmaline, harmane, harmalol, and harmol, from P. harmala seeds inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum. Among these βCs, harmane had the best antifungal activity with IC50 of 0.050 mg/mL and MIC of 40 μg/mL. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results revealed that the mycelia and spores of F. oxysporum were morphologically deformed and the integrity of cell membranes was disrupted after exposure to harmane. In addition, fluorescence microscopy results suggested that harmane induced the accumulation of ROS and increased the cell death rate. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of F. oxysporum treated with harmane were enriched in catalytic activity, integral component of membrane, intrinsic component of membrane, and peroxisome, indicating that harmane inhibits F. oxysporum growth possibly through damaging cell membrane and ROS accumulation via regulating steroid biosynthesis and the peroxisome pathway. The findings provide useful insights into the molecular mechanisms of βCs of P. harmala seeds against F. oxysporum and a reference for understanding the application of βCs against F. oxysporum in medicinal herbs and crops.
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Sun Q, Zhang SL, Xie YJ, Xu MT, Herrera-Balandrano DD, Chen X, Wang SY, Shi XC, Laborda P. Identification of New Fusarium sulawense Strains Causing Soybean Pod Blight in China and Their Control Using Carbendazim, Dipicolinic Acid and Kojic Acid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10531. [PMID: 36078255 PMCID: PMC9518069 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soybean plants are highly susceptible to Fusarium species, which significantly reduce soybean production and quality. Several Fusarium species have been reported to synthesize mycotoxins, such as trichothecene, which have been related to major human diseases. In November 2021, soybean pods in Nantong municipality, China, showed black necrotic lesions during the harvest stage. The disease incidence reached 69%. The pathogen was identified as Fusarium sulawense via morphological analysis and sequencing of ITS, EF1-α and RPB2 genes. A PCR assay with primers targeting the trichothecene biosynthesis genes suggested that the three isolates could synthesize trichothecenes. The effectiveness of fungicide carbendazim and natural metabolites dipicolinic acid and kojic acid was screened for the management of F. sulawense on postharvest soybean pods. The highest efficacy was obtained when combining 3.8 mg/mL carbendazim and 0.84 mg/mL dipicolinic acid (curative efficacy: 49.1% lesion length inhibition; preventive efficacy: 82.7% lesion length inhibition), or 1.9 mg/mL carbendazim and 0.71 mg/mL kojic acid (preventive efficacy: 84.9% lesion length inhibition). Collectively, this report will lead to a better understanding of the safety hazards found in soybean products in China and reveals the application of dipicolinic and kojic acids to reduce the use of carbendazim.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Su-Yan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xin-Chi Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
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Kim S, Kim TH, Chung MN, Lee Y, Lee IB, Lee H, Park W. Incidence Rates of Root Rot in Sweetpotato Caused by Cultivation Soil and Soil Microorganisms During Storage Periods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:897590. [PMID: 35592576 PMCID: PMC9113054 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.897590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotatoes require a storage period for year-round use and improved sweetness by starch degradation. However, long-term storage can cause root rot, and a large amount of sweetpotatoes can be discarded. Root rot is typically caused by pathogenic soil-borne Fusarium spp., and the development of root rot induced by the characteristics of cultivating soil in stored sweetpotato has not yet been identified. In this study, the effect of Fusarium spp. and microbial community in the cultivated soil on the root rot of sweetpotatoes was to be elucidated. Wounded sweetpotato were treated in soil cultures inoculated with F. solani or F. oxysporum for 2 days, and showed symptoms of root rot after 2 months of storage. The three study fields (Naju, Yeongam A, and B) were subjected to the same curing and storage treatments after harvest, and the incidence of root rot was 1.7- to 1.8-fold different after 3 months of storage. Across the three fields, concentrations of Fusarium spp. and of microbial communities differed according to the cultivation soil and period. In particular, Naju, which had the lowest incidence of root rot, had the lowest concentration of Fusarium spp. before harvest, and the smallest change in diversity of the microbial community during the cultivation period. However, tuberous roots harvested from the fields showed no significant differences in antioxidant activity or lesion size with the treatment of 106 conidia/ml F. solani. By solidifying the importance of cultivating soil and related microorganisms in the advancement of root rot of sweetpotato, our results may aid in preventing the decrease in the yield of cultivated sweetpotatoes through root rot control.
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Rai A, Irulappan V, Senthil-Kumar M. Dry Root Rot of Chickpea: A Disease Favored by Drought. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:346-356. [PMID: 34649462 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-21-1410-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chickpea is an essential crop for protein nutrition and is grown around the world in rain-fed conditions. However, chickpea cultivation is under threat due to emerging diseases favored by drought stress. Dry root rot (DRR), an economically devastating disease, is an example. Chickpea-specific strains of a necrotic fungal phytopathogen, Macrophomina phaseolina, cause DRR. Microsclerotia of this fungus, which are capable of withstanding harsh environmental conditions, serve as primary inoculum. Initial symptoms are scattered necrotic spots in roots, progressing to rotting and withering lateral roots, accompanied by prematurely dried, straw-colored foliage. The recent rise in global temperature and worsening of drought spells have aggravated DRR outbreaks in chickpea. To date, DRR epidemiology has not been clarified in detail. Also, the literature lacks clarity on M. phaseolina taxonomy, morphology, disease progression, and diagnosis. In this article, research progress on patterns of DRR occurrence in the field and belowground and aboveground symptoms are clarified. In addition, the current understanding of taxonomy and management practices is elaborated. We also summarize knowledge of the impact of drought and high temperature on DRR severity. Furthermore, we provide future perspectives on the importance of host resistance, quantitative trait loci identification, and genotype screening for the identification of resistant genotypes. The article proposes new research priorities and a corresponding plan for the mitigation of DRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanish Rai
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vadivelmurugan Irulappan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Muthappa Senthil-Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
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14
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Żelechowski M, Molcan T, Bilska K, Myszczyński K, Olszewski J, Karpiesiuk K, Wyrębek J, Kulik T. Patterns of Diversity of Fusarium Fungi Contaminating Soybean Grains. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:884. [PMID: 34941721 PMCID: PMC8706617 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is an important, high protein source of food and feed. However, like other agricultural grains, soybean may pose a risk to human and animal health due to contamination of the grains with toxigenic Fusaria and associated mycotoxins. In this study, we investigated the diversity of Fusaria on a panel of 104 field isolates obtained from soybean grains during the growing seasons in 2017-2020. The results of species-specific PCR analyses showed that Fusarium avenaceum was the most common (n = 40) species associated with soybean grains in Poland, followed by F. equiseti (n = 22) and F. sporotrichioides (11 isolates). A set of isolates, which was not determined based on PCR analyses, was whole genome sequenced. Multiple sequence analyses using tef-1α, top1, rpb1, rpb2, tub2, pgk, cam and lsu genes showed that most of them belonged to Equiseti clade. Three cryptic species from this clade: F. clavum, F. flagelliforme and FIESC 31 (lacking Latin binomial) were found on soybean for the first time. This is the first report demonstrating the prevalence of Fusaria on soybean grains in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Żelechowski
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Tomasz Molcan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Bilska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Kamil Myszczyński
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Jacek Olszewski
- Experimental Education Unit, Oczapowskiego 8, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Karpiesiuk
- Department of Pig Breeding, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Joanna Wyrębek
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.B.); (J.W.)
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Lee ON, Koo H, Yu JW, Park HY. Genotyping-by-Sequencing-Based Genome-Wide Association Studies of Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Radishes ( Raphanus sativus L.). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060858. [PMID: 34205206 PMCID: PMC8228987 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt (FW) is a fungal disease that causes severe yield losses in radish production. The most effective method to control the FW is the development and use of resistant varieties in cultivation. The identification of marker loci linked to FW resistance are expected to facilitate the breeding of disease-resistant radishes. In the present study, we applied an integrated framework of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to identify FW resistance loci among a panel of 225 radish accessions, including 58 elite breeding lines. Phenotyping was conducted by manual inoculation of seedlings with the FW pathogen, and scoring for the disease index was conducted three weeks after inoculation during two constitutive years. The GWAS analysis identified 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and twenty putative candidate genes that were significantly associated with FW resistance. In addition, a total of four QTLs were identified from F2 population derived from a FW resistant line and a susceptible line, one of which was co-located with the SNPs on chromosome 7, detected in GWAS study. These markers will be valuable for molecular breeding programs and marker-assisted selection to develop FW resistant varieties of R. sativus.
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Affiliation(s)
- O New Lee
- College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Hyunjin Koo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | | | - Han Yong Park
- College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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