1
|
Ramos-González PL, Dias Arena G, Tassi AD, Chabi-Jesus C, Watanabe Kitajima E, Freitas-Astúa J. Kitaviruses: A Window to Atypical Plant Viruses Causing Nonsystemic Diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:97-118. [PMID: 37217202 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Kitaviridae is a family of plant-infecting viruses that have multiple positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomic segments. Kitaviruses are assigned into the genera Cilevirus, Higrevirus, and Blunervirus, mainly on the basis of the diversity of their genomic organization. Cell-to-cell movement of most kitaviruses is provided by the 30K family of proteins or the binary movement block, considered an alternative movement module among plant viruses. Kitaviruses stand out for producing conspicuously unusual locally restricted infections and showing deficient or nonsystemic movement likely resulting from incompatible or suboptimal interactions with their hosts. Transmission of kitaviruses is mediated by mites of many species of the genus Brevipalpus and at least one species of eriophyids. Kitavirus genomes encode numerous orphan open reading frames but RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the transmembrane helix-containing protein, generically called SP24, typify a close phylogenetic link with arthropod viruses. Kitaviruses infect a large range of host plants and cause diseases of economic concern in crops such as citrus, tomato, passion fruit, tea, and blueberry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriella Dias Arena
- Instituto Biológico, URL Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil; ,
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Daniele Tassi
- Instituto Biológico, URL Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil; ,
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, Florida, USA
| | - Camila Chabi-Jesus
- Instituto Biológico, URL Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil; ,
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Instituto Biológico, URL Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil; ,
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Padmanabhan C, Nunziata S, Leon M. G, Rivera Y, Mavrodieva VA, Nakhla MK, Roy A. High-throughput sequencing application in the detection and discovery of viruses associated with the regulated citrus leprosis disease complex. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1058847. [PMID: 36762187 PMCID: PMC9907091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1058847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis (CiL) is one of the destructive emerging viral diseases of citrus in the Americas. Leprosis syndrome is associated with two taxonomically distinct groups of Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses (BTVs), that consist of positive-sense Cilevirus, Higrevirus, and negative-sense Dichorhavirus. The localized CiL symptoms observed in multiple citrus species and other alternate hosts indicates that these viruses might have originated from the mites and eventually adopted citrus as a secondary host. Genetic diversity in the genomes of viruses associated with the CiL disease complex have complicated current detection and diagnostic measures that prompted the application of High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) protocols for improved detection and diagnosis. Two cileviruses are known to infect citrus, and among them only citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2) hibiscus strain (CiLV-C2H) has been reported in hibiscus and passion fruit in the US. Based on our current CiL disease complex hypothesis, there is a high probability that CiL disease is associated with more viruses/strains that have not yet been identified but exist in nature. To protect the citrus industry, a Ribo-Zero HTS protocol was utilized for detection of cileviruses infecting three different hosts: Citrus spp., Swinglea glutinosa, and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Real-time RT-PCR assays were used to identify plants infected with CiLV-C2 or CiLV-C2H or both in mixed infection in all the above-mentioned plant genera. These results were further confirmed by bioinformatic analysis using HTS generated data. In this study, we utilized HTS assay in confirmatory diagnostics to screen BTVs infecting Dieffenbachia sp. (family: Araceae), Passiflora edulis (Passifloraceae), and Smilax auriculata (Smilacaceae). Through the implementation of HTS and downstream data analysis, we detected not only the known cileviruses in the studied hosts but also discovered a new strain of CiLV-C2 in hibiscus from Colombia. Phylogenetically, the new hibiscus strain is more closely related to CiLV-C2 than the known hibiscus strain, CiLV-C2H. We propose this strain to be named as CiLV-C2 hibiscus strain 2 (CiLV-C2H2). The findings from the study are critical for citrus growers, industry, regulators, and researchers. The possible movement of CiLV-C2H2 from hibiscus to citrus by the Brevipalpus spp. warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chellappan Padmanabhan
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Schyler Nunziata
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
| | | | - Yazmín Rivera
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Vessela A. Mavrodieva
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mark K. Nakhla
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Avijit Roy
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Orchid fleck dichorhavirus movement protein shows RNA silencing suppressor activity. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To counteract RNA interference-mediated antiviral defence, virus genomes evolved to express proteins that inhibit this plant defence mechanism. Using six independent biological approaches, we show that orchid fleck dichorhavirus citrus strain (OFV-citrus) movement protein (MP) may act as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR). By using the alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) RNA 3 expression vector, it was observed that the MP triggered necrosis response in transgenic tobacco leaves and increased the viral RNA (vRNA) accumulation. The use of the potato virus X (PVX) expression system revealed that the cis expression of MP increased both the severity of the PVX infection and the accumulation of PVX RNAs, further supporting that MP could act as an RNA silencing suppressor (RSS). From the analysis of the RSS-defective turnip crinkle virus (TCV), we do not find local RSS activity for MP, suggesting a link between MP suppressor activity and the prevention of systemic silencing. In the analysis of local suppressive activity using the GFP-based agroinfiltration assay in Nicotiana benthamiana (16 c line), we do not identify local RSS activity for the five OFV RNA1-encoded proteins. However, when evaluating the small interfering RNA (siRNA) accumulation, we find that the expression of MP significantly reduces the accumulation of GFP-derived siRNA. Finally, we examine whether the MP can prevent systemic silencing in 16c plants. Our findings show that MP inhibits the long-distance spread of RNA silencing, but does not affect the short-distance spread. Together, our findings indicate that MP is part of OFV’s counter-defence mechanism, acting mainly in the prevention of systemic long-distance silencing. This work presents the first report of a VSR for a member of the genus Dichorhavirus.
Collapse
|
4
|
Della Vechia JF, Van Leeuwen T, Rossi GD, Andrade DJ. The role of detoxification enzymes in the susceptibility of Brevipalpus californicus exposed to acaricide and insecticide mixtures. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 175:104855. [PMID: 33993973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The intense spraying of pesticides to control different arthropod pests has resulted in negative side effects for the management of pests. It was previously discovered that exposure to non-acaricidal insecticides alone or in a mixture, results in lower efficiency of the acaricide spirodiclofen used for Brevipalpus spp. control. We investigate here whether the induced expression of detoxification enzymes by non-lethal insecticides may antagonize spirodiclofen toxicity. Brevipalpus californicus mites exposed to the insecticide phosmet alone or in combination with spirodiclofen showed increased activity of P450 monooxygenases (P450s). No antagonistic effects in mite mortality were observed by the combination of phosmet and spirodiclofen. On the other hand, mites exposed to the insecticide imidacloprid alone or in combination with spirodiclofen showed an increase in the activity of P450s, carboxylcholinesterases (CCE), and glutathione-S-transferases (GST). An antagonistic effect on mite mortality was observed when mites were exposed to the LC25 of spirodiclofen combined with the field rate treatment of imidacloprid. The addition of PBO (a P450 monooxygenase inhibitor) to the mixture of spirodiclofen and imidacloprid resulted in a synergistic effect over mite mortality but the addition of DEM (a GST inhibitor) resulted in an antagonist effect. Taken together, this study showed that the combination of imidacloprid with spirodiclofen is antagonistic for the control of B. californicus, and this results from the induction of detoxification enzymes, such as P450s, CCE, and GST. The use of inhibitors highlights the role of these enzymes in the antagonism of the mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline F Della Vechia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane S/N. Zip code: 14, 884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guilherme D Rossi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane S/N. Zip code: 14, 884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel J Andrade
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane S/N. Zip code: 14, 884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Otero-Colina G, Ramos-González PL, Chabi-Jesus C, Freitas-Astúa J, Tassi AD, Kitajima EW. First detection of orchid fleck virus in orchids in Mexico. Virusdisease 2021; 32:167-172. [PMID: 33969160 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, an isolate of the dichorhavirus orchid fleck virus (OFV, family Rhabdoviridae) was found infecting an orchid plant in Mexico. The infected sample of Epidendrum veroscriptum was collected in a nursery in Lagunillas, municipality of Zihuateutla, Edo. Puebla. Mites gathered on this plant were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy, which consistently indicated the presence of adults of the species Brevipalpus californicus, the common vector of OFV. Viral identification was based on symptoms, cytopathology, and reverse transcriptase-PCR/sequencing of genome fragments of the RNA1 and 2 molecules. Since isolates of OFV causing citrus leprosis have been previously detected in the Mexican states of Chiapas, Querétaro, and Jalisco, we promote a pertinent discussion and thought-provoking questions regarding the epidemiology and putative evolution of OFV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Otero-Colina
- Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Potsgraduados, 56320 Montecillo, Edo. México México
| | - Pedro Luis Ramos-González
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves 1252, São Paulo, SP 04014-902 Brazil
| | - Camila Chabi-Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves 1252, São Paulo, SP 04014-902 Brazil.,PPG Microbiologia Agrícola, ESALQ/USP, CP 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves 1252, São Paulo, SP 04014-902 Brazil.,Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, BA 44380-000 Brazil
| | - Aline D Tassi
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves 1252, São Paulo, SP 04014-902 Brazil.,Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, ESALQ/USP, CP 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Elliot W Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, ESALQ/USP, CP 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pais da Cunha AT, Chiumenti M, Ladeira LC, Abou Kubaa R, Loconsole G, Pantaleo V, Minafra A. High throughput sequencing from Angolan citrus accessions discloses the presence of emerging CTV strains. Virol J 2021; 18:62. [PMID: 33757535 PMCID: PMC7988965 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus industry is worldwide dramatically affected by outbreaks of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). Controls should be applied to nurseries, which could act as diversity hotspots for CTV. Early detection and characterization of dangerous or emerging strains of this virus greatly help to prevent outbreaks of disease. This is particularly relevant in those growing regions where no dedicated certification programs are currently in use. METHODS Double-stranded RNA extracted from Citrus spp. samples, collected in two locations in Angola, were pooled and submitted to a random-primed RNA-seq. This technique was performed to acquire a higher amount of data in the survey, before the amplification and sequencing of genes from single plants. To confirm the CTV infection in individual plants, as suggested by RNA-seq information from the pooled samples, the analysis was integrated with multiple molecular marker amplification (MMM) for the main known CTV strains (T30, T36, VT and T3). RESULTS From the analysis of HTS data, several assembled contigs were identified as CTV and classified according to their similarity to the established strains. By the MMM amplification, only five individual accessions out of the eleven pooled samples, resulted to be infected by CTV. Amplified coat protein genes from the five positive sources were cloned and sequenced and submitted to phylogenetic analysis, while a near-complete CTV genome was also reconstructed by the fusion of three overlapping contigs. CONCLUSION Phylogenetic analysis of the ORF1b and CP genes, retrieved by de novo assembly and RT-PCR, respectively, revealed the presence of a wide array of CTV strains in the surveyed citrus-growing spots in Angola. Importantly, molecular variants among those identified from HTS showed high similarity with known severe strains as well as to recently described and emerging strains in other citrus-growing regions, such as S1 (California) or New Clade (Uruguay).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aderito Tomàs Pais da Cunha
- Instituto Superior Politécnico do Kuanza Sul (ISPKS), Rua 12 de Novembro, Sumbe, Angola
- Centro Nacional de Investigação Científica (CNIC), 201 Ho Chi Min Avenue, CP 34, Luanda, Angola
| | - Michela Chiumenti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Giovanni Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Raied Abou Kubaa
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Giovanni Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuliana Loconsole
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Giovanni Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | - Vitantonio Pantaleo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Giovanni Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelantonio Minafra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Giovanni Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leastro MO, Freitas-Astúa J, Kitajima EW, Pallás V, Sánchez-Navarro JÁ. Dichorhaviruses Movement Protein and Nucleoprotein Form a Protein Complex That May Be Required for Virus Spread and Interacts in vivo With Viral Movement-Related Cilevirus Proteins. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:571807. [PMID: 33250868 PMCID: PMC7672204 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.571807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses (BTVs) belong to the genera Dichorhavirus and Cilevirus and are the main causal agents of the citrus leprosis (CL) disease. In this report, we explored aspects related to the movement mechanism mediated by dichorhaviruses movement proteins (MPs) and the homologous and heterologous interactions among viral proteins related to the movement of citrus leprosis-associated viruses. The membrane-spanning property and topology analysis of the nucleocapsid (N) and MP proteins from two dichorhaviruses revealed that the MPs are proteins tightly associated with the cell membrane, exposing their N- and C-termini to the cytoplasm and the inner part of the nucleus, whereas the N proteins are not membrane-associated. Subcellular localization analysis revealed the presence of dichorhavirus MPs at the cell surface and in the nucleus, while the phosphoproteins (P) were located exclusively in the nucleus and the N proteins in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Co-expression analysis with the MP, P, and N proteins showed an interaction network formed between them. We highlight the MP capability to partially redistribute the previously reported N-P core complex, redirecting a portion of the N from the nucleus to the plasmodesmata at the cell periphery, which indicates not only that the MP might guide the intracellular trafficking of the viral infective complex but also that the N protein may be associated with the cell-to-cell movement mechanism of dichorhaviruses. The movement functionality of these MPs was analyzed by using three movement-defective infectious systems. Also, the MP capacity to generate tubular structures on the protoplast surface by ectopic expression was analyzed. Finally, we evaluated the in vivo protein–protein interaction networks between the dichorhavirus MP and/or N proteins with the heterologous cilevirus movement components, which suggest a broad spectrum of interactions, highlighting those among capsid proteins (CP), MPs, and Ns from citrus leprosis-associated viruses. These data may aid in understanding the mixed infection process naturally observed in the field caused by distinct BTVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Oliveira Leastro
- Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil.,Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Ángel Sánchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Beltran-Beltran AK, Santillán-Galicia MT, Guzmán-Franco AW, Teliz-Ortiz D, Gutiérrez-Espinoza MA, Romero-Rosales F, Robles-García PL. Incidence of Citrus leprosis virus C and Orchid fleck dichorhavirus Citrus Strain in Mites of the Genus Brevipalpus in Mexico. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1576-1581. [PMID: 31971566 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The incidences of Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) and Orchid fleck dichorhavirus Citrus strain (OFV-citrus) were determined in field populations of Brevipalpus mites from 15 citrus-producing states in Mexico. Mites were collected from orange, grapefruit, mandarin, lime, and sweet lime orchards. Brevipalpus yothersi (Baker) (Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae) was the most abundant species followed by Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) (Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae), which confirmed previous reports. The viruses CiLV-C and OFV-citrus were found in both mite species. The incidence of CiLV-C, OFV-citrus and both viruses simultaneously (CiLV-C and OFV-citrus) was 17.2, 10.3, and 3.4% (n = 116) for B. yothersi, and 12.5, 20.8, and 4.1% (n = 24) for B. californicus, respectively. No significant difference was found when the incidence of these viruses was compared between both mite species. The importance of our results in relation to the epidemiology of leprosis is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karen Beltran-Beltran
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Ma Teresa Santillán-Galicia
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Ariel W Guzmán-Franco
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Daniel Teliz-Ortiz
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Fitopatología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | | | - Felipe Romero-Rosales
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Pedro L Robles-García
- Campañas de Prioridad Nacional, Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roy A, Stone AL, Otero-Colina G, Wei G, Brlansky RH, Ochoa R, Bauchan G, Schneider WL, Nakhla MK, Hartung JS. Reassortment of Genome Segments Creates Stable Lineages Among Strains of Orchid Fleck Virus Infecting Citrus in Mexico. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:106-120. [PMID: 31600117 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-19-0253-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The genus Dichorhavirus contains viruses with bipartite, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes that are transmitted by flat mites to hosts that include orchids, coffee, the genus Clerodendrum, and citrus. A dichorhavirus infecting citrus in Mexico is classified as a citrus strain of orchid fleck virus (OFV-Cit). We previously used RNA sequencing technologies on OFV-Cit samples from Mexico to develop an OFV-Cit-specific reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay. During assay validation, OFV-Cit-specific RT-PCR failed to produce an amplicon from some samples with clear symptoms of OFV-Cit. Characterization of this virus revealed that dichorhavirus-like particles were found in the nucleus. High-throughput sequencing of small RNAs from these citrus plants revealed a novel citrus strain of OFV, OFV-Cit2. Sequence comparisons with known orchid and citrus strains of OFV showed variation in the protein products encoded by genome segment 1 (RNA1). Strains of OFV clustered together based on host of origin, whether orchid or citrus, and were clearly separated from other dichorhaviruses described from infected citrus in Brazil. The variation in RNA1 between the original (now OFV-Cit1) and the new (OFV-Cit2) strain was not observed with genome segment 2 (RNA2), but instead, a common RNA2 molecule was shared among strains of OFV-Cit1 and -Cit2, a situation strikingly similar to OFV infecting orchids. We also collected mites at the affected groves, identified them as Brevipalpus californicus sensu stricto, and confirmed that they were infected by OFV-Cit1 or with both OFV-Cit1 and -Cit2. OFV-Cit1 and -Cit2 have coexisted at the same site in Toliman, Queretaro, Mexico since 2012. OFV strain-specific diagnostic tests were developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Roy
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-APHIS PPQ S&T, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | - Andrew L Stone
- Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Gabriel Otero-Colina
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. de Mex. CP56230, Mexico
| | - Gang Wei
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-APHIS PPQ S&T, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | | | - Ronald Ochoa
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | - Gary Bauchan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | | | - Mark K Nakhla
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-APHIS PPQ S&T, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | - John S Hartung
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodríguez-Ramírez R, Santillán-Galicia MT, Guzmán-Franco AW, Ortega-Arenas LD, Teliz-Ortiz D, Sánchez-Soto S, Robles-García PL. Transmission of Citrus leprosis virus C by the Mite, Brevipalpus yothersi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), on Four Species of Citrus. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2569-2576. [PMID: 31310311 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of the virus, Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) (Cilevirus) by Brevipalpus yothersi Baker, on different citrus species was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. First, the relationship between acquisition access periods (AAPs; 1, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h) and virus concentration in mites was determined. Second, the ability of B. yothersi to transmit CiLV-C to orange, mandarin, grapefruit, and lime trees was measured. We then assessed the establishment of mites on the different citrus species as measured by their population increase on each species. We found no relationship between AAPs and virus load in mites. The virus was found in all mites tested but there was no difference in virus quantities among the treatments. We selected an AAP of 24 h for the transmission experiment. Brevipalpus yothersi transmitted the virus to all citrus species evaluated, but susceptibility was different. The number of infected leaves was greater on orange and mandarin compared with grapefruit and lime. Furthermore, populations of B. yothersi successfully established on orange and mandarin, but not on grapefruit and lime trees. The implications of our results in the virus-mite-citrus plant relationship are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rodríguez-Ramírez
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Ma Teresa Santillán-Galicia
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Ariel W Guzmán-Franco
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Laura Delia Ortega-Arenas
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Daniel Teliz-Ortiz
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Fitopatología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Saul Sánchez-Soto
- Campus Tabasco, Colegio de Postgraduados, Municipio de Cárdenas, Tabasco, México
| | - Pedro L Robles-García
- Campañas de Prioridad Nacional, Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal, Anillo Periférico 5010, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bastianel M, Pereira-Martin JA, Novelli VM, Freitas-Astúa J, Nunes MA. Citrus leprosis resistance within the citrus group. Virusdisease 2018; 29:491-498. [PMID: 30539052 PMCID: PMC6261896 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported in Brazil since the 1930's, citrus leprosis, caused mainly by citrus leprosis virus C, has been a major concern for the national sweet orange production. In recent years, the disease has spread to several other countries and it is now considered a worldwide threat. The occurrence of the disease has been studied almost exclusively in sweet oranges because other citrus genotypes are of secondary relevance in Brazil and in some other American countries where it occurs. Here we report 12 resistant citrus genotypes among 160 accessions evaluated. After 90 days of the infestation with viruliferous mites, asymptomatic genotypes were observed in sour orange, lemon, grapefruit, mandarins, tangelo, and tangor groups. The results revealed promising genotypes resistant to the disease, which can be incorporated in citrus breeding programs aiming to obtain varietal resistance, and confirmed the susceptibility of many citrus genotypes to CiLV-C. This assay ratify the already reported uneven level of susceptibility within the citrus group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marinês Bastianel
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970 Brazil
| | - Juliana A. Pereira-Martin
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970 Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo/ESALQ – PPG em Microbiologia Agrícola, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Valdenice M. Novelli
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970 Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura e Instituto Biológico/SP, Cruz das Almas, BA 44380-000 Brazil
| | - Maria A. Nunes
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chabi-Jesus C, Ramos-González PL, Tassi AD, Guerra-Peraza O, Kitajima EW, Harakava R, Beserra JEA, Salaroli RB, Freitas-Astúa J. Identification and Characterization of Citrus Chlorotic Spot Virus, a New Dichorhavirus Associated with Citrus Leprosis-Like Symptoms. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1588-1598. [PMID: 30673423 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-17-1425-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Local chlorotic spots resembling early lesions characteristic of citrus leprosis (CL) were observed in leaves of two sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) trees in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil, in early 2017. However, despite the similarities, these spots were generally larger than those of a typical CL and showed rare or no necrosis symptoms. In symptomatic tissues, transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of viroplasms in the nuclei of the infected parenchymal cells and rod-shaped particles with an average size of approximately 40 × 100 nm, resembling those typically observed during infection by dichorhaviruses. A bipartite genome of the putative novel virus, tentatively named citrus chlorotic spot virus (CiCSV) (RNA1 = 6,518 nucleotides [nt] and RNA2 = 5,987 nt), revealed the highest nucleotide sequence identity values with the dichorhaviruses coffee ringspot virus strain Lavras (73.8%), citrus leprosis virus N strain Ibi1 (58.6%), and orchid fleck virus strain So (56.9%). In addition to citrus, CiCSV was also found in local chlorotic lesions on leaves of the ornamental plant beach hibiscus (Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell). Morphological characterization of mites recovered from the infected plants revealed at least two different types of Brevipalpus. One of them corresponds to Brevipalpus yothersi. The other is slightly different from B. yothersi mites but comprises traits that possibly place it as another species. A mix of the two mite types collected on beach hibiscus successfully transmitted CiCSV to arabidopsis plants but additional work is required to verify whether both types of flat mite may act as viral vectors. The current study reveals a newly described dichorhavirus associated with a citrus disease in the northeastern region of Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Chabi-Jesus
- Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and PPG Microbiologia Agrícola ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - A D Tassi
- LFN/ESALQ/USP, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - O Guerra-Peraza
- Instituto Biológico, São Paulo; and Citrus Research & Education Center, University of Florida
| | | | | | | | | | - J Freitas-Astúa
- Instituto Biológico, São Paulo; and Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Unveiling the complete genome sequence of clerodendrum chlorotic spot virus, a putative dichorhavirus infecting ornamental plants. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2519-2524. [PMID: 29869032 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The genus Dichorhavirus includes plant-infecting rhabdoviruses with bisegmented genomes that are horizontally transmitted by false spider mites of the genus Brevipalpus. The complete genome sequences of three isolates of the putative dichorhavirus clerodendrum chlorotic spot virus were determined using next-generation sequencing (Illumina) and traditional RT-PCR. Their genome organization, sequence similarity and phylogenetic relationship to other viruses, and transmissibility by Brevipalpus yothersi mites support the assignment of these viruses to a new species of dichorhavirus, as suggested previously. New data are discussed stressing the reliability of the current rules for species demarcation and taxonomic status criteria within the genus Dichorhavirus.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
A group of related bacilliform, nuclear viruses with a bisegmented negative-sense RNA genome that are transmitted by Brevipalpus mites likely in a circulative-propagative manner were recently classified in the new genus Dichorhavirus, family Rhabdoviridae. These viruses cause localized lesions on leaves, stems, and fruits of economically significant horticultural and ornamental plant species. Among its members, orchid fleck virus, citrus leprosis virus N, and coffee ringspot virus are most prominent. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge about these viruses, available detection techniques, and their interactions with their plant hosts and mite vectors.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jeger M, Bragard C, Caffier D, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Gregoire JC, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navajas Navarro M, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Rossi V, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, Van der Werf W, West J, Chatzivassiliou E, Winter S, Catara A, Duran-Vila N, Hollo G, Candresse T. Pest categorisation of Citrus leprosis viruses. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05110. [PMID: 32625390 PMCID: PMC7009949 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the Citrus leprosis viruses for the EU territory and identified five distinct viruses, Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV‐C), Citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV‐C2), Hibiscus green spot virus 2 (HGSV‐2), the Citrus strain of Orchid fleck virus (OFV) and Citrus leprosis virus N sensu novo (CiLV‐N) as causing this severe disease, most significantly in sweet orange and mandarin. These viruses have in common that they do not cause systemic infections in their hosts and that they all are transmitted by Brevipalpus spp. mites (likely but not confirmed for HGSV‐2). Mites represent the most important means of virus spread, while plants for planting of Citrus are only considered of minor significance. These well characterised viruses occur in South and Central America. Leprosis is currently regulated in directive 2000/29 EC and, together with its associated viruses, has never been recorded in the EU. All five viruses have the potential to enter into, establish in and spread within the EU territory, with plants for planting of non‐regulated hosts, fruits of Citrus and hitch‐hiking of viruliferous mites identified as the most significant pathways. Given the severity of the leprosis disease, the introduction and spread of the various viruses would have negative consequences on the EU citrus industry, the magnitude of which is difficult to evaluate given the uncertainties affecting the Brevipalpus spp. vectors (identity, distribution, density, transmission specificity and efficiency). Overall, leprosis and its five associated viruses meet all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as Union quarantine pests, but do not fulfil those of being present in the EU or of plants for planting being the main spread mechanism to qualify as Union regulated non‐quarantine pests. The main uncertainties affecting this categorisation concern the Brevipalpus spp. mite vectors.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ramos-González PL, Chabi-Jesus C, Guerra-Peraza O, Tassi AD, Kitajima EW, Harakava R, Salaroli RB, Freitas-Astúa J. Citrus leprosis virus N: A New Dichorhavirus Causing Citrus Leprosis Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:963-976. [PMID: 28398876 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-17-0042-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis (CL) is a viral disease endemic to the Western Hemisphere that produces local necrotic and chlorotic lesions on leaves, branches, and fruit and causes serious yield reduction in citrus orchards. Samples of sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis) trees showing CL symptoms were collected during a survey in noncommercial citrus areas in the southeast region of Brazil in 2013 to 2016. Transmission electron microscopy analyses of foliar lesions confirmed the presence of rod-like viral particles commonly associated with CL in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells. However, every attempt to identify these particles by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction tests failed, even though all described primers for the detection of known CL-causing cileviruses and dichorhaviruses were used. Next-generation sequencing of total RNA extracts from three symptomatic samples revealed the genome of distinct, although highly related (>92% nucleotide sequence identity), viruses whose genetic organization is similar to that of dichorhaviruses. The genome sequence of these viruses showed <62% nucleotide sequence identity with those of orchid fleck virus and coffee ringspot virus. Globally, the deduced amino acid sequences of the open reading frames they encode share 32.7 to 63.8% identity with the proteins of the dichorhavirids. Mites collected from both the naturally infected citrus trees and those used for the transmission of one of the characterized isolates to Arabidopsis plants were anatomically recognized as Brevipalpus phoenicis sensu stricto. Molecular and biological features indicate that the identified viruses belong to a new species of CL-associated dichorhavirus, which we propose to call Citrus leprosis N dichorhavirus. Our results, while emphasizing the increasing diversity of viruses causing CL disease, lead to a reevaluation of the nomenclature of those viruses assigned to the genus Dichorhavirus. In this regard, a comprehensive discussion is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luis Ramos-González
- First, second, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Lab. Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil; second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil; third author: Citrus Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850; and eighth author: Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Camila Chabi-Jesus
- First, second, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Lab. Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil; second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil; third author: Citrus Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850; and eighth author: Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Orlene Guerra-Peraza
- First, second, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Lab. Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil; second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil; third author: Citrus Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850; and eighth author: Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Aline Daniele Tassi
- First, second, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Lab. Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil; second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil; third author: Citrus Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850; and eighth author: Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- First, second, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Lab. Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil; second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil; third author: Citrus Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850; and eighth author: Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Harakava
- First, second, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Lab. Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil; second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil; third author: Citrus Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850; and eighth author: Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Renato Barbosa Salaroli
- First, second, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Lab. Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil; second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil; third author: Citrus Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850; and eighth author: Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- First, second, third, sixth, and eighth authors: Lab. Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil; second, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil; third author: Citrus Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850; and eighth author: Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kondo H, Hirota K, Maruyama K, Andika IB, Suzuki N. A possible occurrence of genome reassortment among bipartite rhabdoviruses. Virology 2017; 508:18-25. [PMID: 28478311 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Orchid fleck virus (OFV) represents a rhabdovirus with a unique bipartite genome. OFV genetic diversity at the whole genome level has not been described. Using the partial genome sequence of RNA1, we have determined that several OFV isolates derived from orchids in Japan belong to two genetically distant subgroups: subgroup I, the members of which are distributed worldwide but previously not known in Asia, and subgroup II, which is commonly distributed in Japan. However, complete genome sequence analysis of a novel Japanese subgroup I isolate revealed that although its RNA1 sequence differs considerably from those of subgroup II isolates, its RNA2 sequence is almost identical to them. Based on phylogenetic and recombination analyses, the genome reassortment events were predicted to occur between OFV subgroups including other unseen strains. Our data show that genome reassortment contributes to the genetic diversities of the bipartite rhabdoviruses and its occurrence may be geographically constrained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Hirota
- Tokushima Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Technology Support Center, Tokushima, Tokushima Prefecture 779-3233, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Maruyama
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tassi AD, Garita-Salazar LC, Amorim L, Novelli VM, Freitas-Astúa J, Childers CC, Kitajima EW. Virus-vector relationship in the Citrus leprosis pathosystem. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 71:227-241. [PMID: 28417249 PMCID: PMC5403852 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis has been one of the most destructive diseases of citrus in the Americas. In the last decade important progress has been achieved such as the complete genome sequencing of its main causal agent, Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), belonging to a new genus Cilevirus. It is transmitted by Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), and is characterized by the localized symptoms it induces on the leaves, fruits and stems. It occurs in the American continents from Mexico to Argentina. The virus was until recently considered restricted to Citrus spp. However, it was found naturally infecting other plants species as Swinglea glutinosa Merrill and Commelina benghalensis L., and has been experimentally transmitted by B. yothersi to a large number of plant species. Despite these advances little is known about the virus-vector relationship that is a key to understanding the epidemiology of the disease. Some components of the CiLV-C/B. yothersi relationship were determined using the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. 'IAC Una') as a test plant. They included: (a) the virus acquisition access period was 4 h; (b) the virus inoculation access period was 2 h; (c) the latent period between acquisition and inoculation was 7 h; (d) the period of retention of the virus by a single viruliferous mite was at least 12 days; (d) the percentage of viruliferous individuals from mite colonies on infected tissues ranged from 25 to 60%. The experiments confirmed previous data that all developmental stages of B. yothersi (larva, protonymph and deutonymph, adult female and male) were able to transmit CiLV-C and that transovarial transmission of the virus did not occur. CiLV-C can be acquired from lesions on leaves, fruits and stems by B. yothersi. Based on the distribution of lesions produced by single viruliferous B. yothersi on bean leaves, it is concluded that they tend to feed in restricted areas, usually near the veins. The short latent and transmission periods during the larval stage suggest that the CiLV-C/B. yothersi relationship is of the persistent circulative type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Daniele Tassi
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Laura Cristina Garita-Salazar
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Lilian Amorim
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Valdenice Moreira Novelli
- Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, CP 4, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-900 Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, BA 44380-000 Brazil
- Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, SP 04014-900 Brazil
| | - Carl C. Childers
- Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA
| | - Elliot W. Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dietzgen RG, Kondo H, Goodin MM, Kurath G, Vasilakis N. The family Rhabdoviridae: mono- and bipartite negative-sense RNA viruses with diverse genome organization and common evolutionary origins. Virus Res 2017; 227:158-170. [PMID: 27773769 PMCID: PMC5124403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The family Rhabdoviridae consists of mostly enveloped, bullet-shaped or bacilliform viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that infect vertebrates, invertebrates or plants. This ecological diversity is reflected by the diversity and complexity of their genomes. Five canonical structural protein genes are conserved in all rhabdoviruses, but may be overprinted, overlapped or interspersed with several novel and diverse accessory genes. This review gives an overview of the characteristics and diversity of rhabdoviruses, their taxonomic classification, replication mechanism, properties of classical rhabdoviruses such as rabies virus and rhabdoviruses with complex genomes, rhabdoviruses infecting aquatic species, and plant rhabdoviruses with both mono- and bipartite genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Michael M Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ramos-González PL, Chabi-Jesus C, Guerra-Peraza O, Breton MC, Arena GD, Nunes MA, Kitajima EW, Machado MA, Freitas-Astúa J. Phylogenetic and Molecular Variability Studies Reveal a New Genetic Clade of Citrus leprosis virus C. Viruses 2016; 8:E153. [PMID: 27275832 PMCID: PMC4926173 DOI: 10.3390/v8060153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) causes a severe disease affecting citrus orchards in the Western hemisphere. This study reveals the molecular variability of the virus by analyzing four genomic regions (p29, p15, MP and RNA2-intergenic region) distributed over its two RNAs. Nucleotide diversity (π) values were relatively low but statistically different over the analyzed genes and subpopulations, indicating their distinct evolutionary history. Values of πp29 and πMP were higher than those of πp15 and πRNA2-IR, whereas πMP was increased due to novel discovered isolates phylogenetically clustered in a divergent clade that we called SJP. Isolate BR_SP_SJP_01 RNA1 and RNA2 sequences, clade SJP, showed an identity of 85.6% and 88.4%, respectively, with those corresponding to CiLV-C, the type member of the genus Cilevirus, and its RNA2 5'-proximal region was revealed as a minor donor in a putative inter-clade recombination event. In addition to citrus, BR_SP_SJP_01 naturally infects the weed Commelina benghalensis and is efficiently transmitted by Brevipalpus yothersi mites. Our data demonstrated that negative selection was the major force operating in the evaluated viral coding regions and defined amino acids putatively relevant for the biological function of cilevirus proteins. This work provides molecular tools and sets up a framework for further epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luis Ramos-González
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil.
| | - Camila Chabi-Jesus
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil.
- Departamento de Microbiologia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Orlene Guerra-Peraza
- Departamento de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil.
| | - Michèle Claire Breton
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil.
| | - Gabriella Dias Arena
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil.
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Maria Andreia Nunes
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil.
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Antonio Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil.
- Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sadeghi MS, Afsharifar A, Izadpanah K, Loconsole G, De Stradis A, Martelli GP, Saponari M. Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Novel Cytorhabdovirus from Citrus Trees Showing Foliar Symptoms in Iran. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:66-71. [PMID: 30688578 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-15-0136-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Citrus ringspot is a graft-transmissible disease, and at least two taxonomically distinct viral species are associated with this syndrome: Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) and Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV). Neither of these two viruses was detected, however, by serological or molecular assays in symptomatic tissues from citrus trees in southern Iran, where the ringspot syndrome is widespread. By contrast, electron microscopy and molecular assays revealed the presence of a rhabdovirus-like virus, which was graft transmitted to several citrus species and mechanically to herbaceous hosts. Virus particles were bacilliform and resembled rhabdovirus nucleocapsids deprived of the lipoprotein envelope. Partial sequences of the viral nucleoprotein and RNA polymerase genes showed a distant genetic relatedness with cytorhabdoviruses. This virus appears to be a novel species, for which the name Iranian citrus ringspot-associated virus (IrCRSaV) is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Afsharifar
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Giuliana Loconsole
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, UOS Bari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo De Stradis
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, UOS Bari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni P Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, UOS Bari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Roy A, Hartung JS, Schneider WL, Shao J, Leon G, Melzer MJ, Beard JJ, Otero-Colina G, Bauchan GR, Ochoa R, Brlansky RH. Role Bending: Complex Relationships Between Viruses, Hosts, and Vectors Related to Citrus Leprosis, an Emerging Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1013-1025. [PMID: 25775106 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-14-0375-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis complex is an emerging disease in the Americas, associated with two unrelated taxa of viruses distributed in South, Central, and North America. The cytoplasmic viruses are Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), Citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2), and Hibiscus green spot virus 2, and the nuclear viruses are Citrus leprosis virus N (CiLV-N) and Citrus necrotic spot virus. These viruses cause local lesion infections in all known hosts, with no natural systemic host identified to date. All leprosis viruses were believed to be transmitted by one species of mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis. However, mites collected from CiLV-C and CiLV-N infected citrus groves in Mexico were identified as B. yothersi and B. californicus sensu lato, respectively, and only B. yothersi was detected from CiLV-C2 and CiLV-N mixed infections in the Orinoco regions of Colombia. Phylogenetic analysis of the helicase, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 2 domains and p24 gene amino acid sequences of cytoplasmic leprosis viruses showed a close relationship with recently deposited mosquito-borne negevirus sequences. Here, we present evidence that both cytoplasmic and nuclear viruses seem to replicate in viruliferous Brevipalpus species. The possible replication in the mite vector and the close relationship with mosquito borne negeviruses are consistent with the concept that members of the genus Cilevirus and Higrevirus originated in mites and citrus may play the role of mite virus vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Roy
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - John S Hartung
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - William L Schneider
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Jonathan Shao
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Guillermo Leon
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Michael J Melzer
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Jennifer J Beard
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Gabriel Otero-Colina
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Gary R Bauchan
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Ronald Ochoa
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Ronald H Brlansky
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| |
Collapse
|