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Zanini AA, Burch-Smith TM. New insights into plasmodesmata: complex 'protoplasmic connecting threads'. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:5557-5567. [PMID: 39001658 PMCID: PMC11427835 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Intercellular communication in plants, as in other multicellular organisms, allows cells in tissues to coordinate their responses for development and in response to environmental stimuli. Much of this communication is facilitated by plasmodesmata (PD), consisting of membranes and cytoplasm, that connect adjacent cells to each other. PD have long been viewed as passive conduits for the movement of a variety of metabolites and molecular cargoes, but this perception has been changing over the last two decades or so. Research from the last few years has revealed the importance of PD as signaling hubs and as crucial players in hormone signaling. The adoption of advanced biochemical approaches, molecular tools, and high-resolution imaging modalities has led to several recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the roles of PD, revealing the structural and regulatory complexity of these 'protoplasmic connecting threads'. We highlight several of these findings that we think well illustrate the current understanding of PD as functioning at the nexus of plant physiology, development, and acclimation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Zanini
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
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2
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Lozano-Durán R. Viral Recognition and Evasion in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:655-677. [PMID: 39038248 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-060223-030224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Viruses, causal agents of devastating diseases in plants, are obligate intracellular pathogens composed of a nucleic acid genome and a limited number of viral proteins. The diversity of plant viruses, their diminutive molecular nature, and their symplastic localization pose challenges to understanding the interplay between these pathogens and their hosts in the currently accepted framework of plant innate immunity. It is clear, nevertheless, that plants can recognize the presence of a virus and activate antiviral immune responses, although our knowledge of the breadth of invasion signals and the underpinning sensing events is far from complete. Below, I discuss some of the demonstrated or hypothesized mechanisms enabling viral recognition in plants, the step preceding the onset of antiviral immunity, as well as the strategies viruses have evolved to evade or suppress their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Center for Molecular Plant Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
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3
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Ludman M, Anita S, Fátyol K. Deficiency of multiple RNA silencing-associated genes may contribute to the increased susceptibility of Nicotiana benthamiana to viruses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:177. [PMID: 38898307 PMCID: PMC11186921 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Recently published high-quality reference genome assemblies indicate that, in addition to RDR1-deficiency, the loss of several key RNA silencing-associated genes may contribute to the hypersusceptibility of Nicotiana benthamiana to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Ludman
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A0020U 4, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Schamberger Anita
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A0020U 4, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Károly Fátyol
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A0020U 4, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary.
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4
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Lukhovitskaya N, Brown K, Hua L, Pate AE, Carr JP, Firth AE. A novel ilarvirus protein CP-RT is expressed via stop codon readthrough and suppresses RDR6-dependent RNA silencing. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012034. [PMID: 38814986 PMCID: PMC11166343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ilarviruses are a relatively understudied but important group of plant RNA viruses that includes a number of crop pathogens. Their genomes comprise three RNA segments encoding two replicase subunits, movement protein, coat protein (CP), and (in some ilarvirus subgroups) a protein that suppresses RNA silencing. Here we report that, in many ilarviruses, RNA3 encodes an additional protein (termed CP-RT) as a result of ribosomal readthrough of the CP stop codon into a short downstream readthrough (RT) ORF. Using asparagus virus 2 as a model, we find that CP-RT is expressed in planta where it functions as a weak suppressor of RNA silencing. CP-RT expression is essential for persistent systemic infection in leaves and shoot apical meristem. CP-RT function is dependent on a putative zinc-finger motif within RT. Replacing the asparagus virus 2 RT with the RT of an ilarvirus from a different subgroup restored the ability to establish persistent infection. These findings open up a new avenue for research on ilarvirus silencing suppression, persistent meristem invasion and vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lukhovitskaya
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Hua
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne E. Pate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E. Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Wang Y, Shi Y, Li H, Chang J. Understanding Citrus Viroid Interactions: Experience and Prospects. Viruses 2024; 16:577. [PMID: 38675919 PMCID: PMC11053686 DOI: 10.3390/v16040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus is the natural host of at least eight viroid species, providing a natural platform for studying interactions among viroids. The latter manifests as antagonistic or synergistic phenomena. The antagonistic effect among citrus viroids intuitively leads to reduced symptoms caused by citrus viroids, while the synergistic effect leads to an increase in symptom severity. The interaction phenomenon is complex and interesting, and a deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms induced during this viroid interaction is of great significance for the prevention and control of viroid diseases. This paper summarizes the research progress of citrus viroids in recent years, focusing on the interaction phenomenon and analyzing their interaction mechanisms. It points out the core role of the host RNA silencing mechanism and viroid-derived siRNA (vd-siRNA), and provides suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
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6
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Sun LN, Meng JY, Wang Z, Lin SY, Shen J, Yan S. Research progress of aphid immunity system: Potential effective target for green pest management. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38415382 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Due to the absence of acquired immunity, insects primarily rely on their innate immune system to resist pathogenic microorganisms and parasitoids in natural habitats. This innate immune system can be classified into cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Cellular immunity is mediated by hemocytes, which perform phagocytosis, aggregation, and encapsulation to fight against invaders, whereas the humoral immunity primarily activates the immune signaling pathways and induces the generation of immune effectors. Existing studies have revealed that the hemipteran aphids lack some crucial immune genes compared to other insect species, indicating the different immune mechanisms in aphids. The current review summarizes the adverse impacts of pathogenic microorganisms and parasitoids on aphids, introduces the cellular and humoral immune systems in insects, and analyzes the differences between aphids and other insect species. Furthermore, our review also discussed the existing prospects and challenges in aphid immunity research, and proposed the potential application of immune genes in green pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Sun
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Yu Meng
- Guizhou Tobacco Science Research Institute, Guiyang, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Yang Lin
- Pu'er Agricultural Science Research Institute, Pu'er, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Xu ZT, Weng HT, Chen JP, Zhang CX, Li JM, Li YY. Molecular Characterization of an Isolate of Bean Common Mosaic Virus First Identified in Gardenia Using Metatranscriptome and Small RNA Sequencing. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 40:73-82. [PMID: 38326960 PMCID: PMC10850531 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.11.2023.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides) is a popular and economically vital plant known for its ornamental and medicinal properties. Despite its widespread cultivation, there has been no documentation of plant viruses on gardenia yet. In the present study, gardenia leaves exhibiting symptoms of plant viral diseases were sampled and sequenced by both metatranscriptome and small RNA sequencing. As a consequence, bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) was identified in gardenia for the first time and named BCMV-gardenia. The full genome sequence of BCMV-gardenia is 10,054 nucleotides (nt) in length (excluding the poly (A) at the 3' termini), encoding a large polyprotein of 3,222 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that the N-termini of the polyprotein encoded by BCMV-gardenia is less conserved when compared to other BCMV isolates, whereas the C-termini is the most conserved. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that BCMV-gardenia was clustered closely with other BCMV isolates identified outside the leguminous plants. Our results indicated that the majority of BCMV-gardenia virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) were 21 nt and 22 nt, with 21 nt being more abundant. The first nucleotide at the 5' termini of vsiRNAs derived from BCMV-gardenia preferred U and A. The ratio of vsiRNAs derived from sense (51.1%) and antisense (48.9%) strands is approaching, and the distribution of vsiRNAs along the viral genome is generally even, with some hot spots forming in local regions. Our findings could provide new insights into the diversity, evolution, and host expansion of BCMV and contribute to the prevention and treatment of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yi-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Jones RAC, Congdon BS. Australian Cool-Season Pulse Seed-Borne Virus Research: 1. Alfalfa and Cucumber Mosaic Viruses and Less Important Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:144. [PMID: 38257844 PMCID: PMC10819373 DOI: 10.3390/v16010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the research undertaken since the 1950s in Australia's grain cropping regions on seed-borne virus diseases of cool-season pulses caused by alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). We present brief background information about the continent's pulse industry, virus epidemiology, management principles and future threats to virus disease management. We then take a historical approach towards all past investigations with these two seed-borne pulse viruses in the principal cool-season pulse crops grown: chickpea, faba bean, field pea, lentil, narrow-leafed lupin and white lupin. With each pathosystem, the main focus is on its biology, epidemiology and management, placing particular emphasis on describing field and glasshouse experimentation that enabled the development of effective phytosanitary, cultural and host resistance control strategies. Past Australian cool-season pulse investigations with AMV and CMV in the less commonly grown species (vetches, narbon bean, fenugreek, yellow and pearl lupin, grass pea and other Lathyrus species) and those with the five less important seed-borne pulse viruses also present (broad bean stain virus, broad bean true mosaic virus, broad bean wilt virus, cowpea mild mottle virus and peanut mottle virus) are also summarized. The need for future research is emphasized, and recommendations are made regarding what is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. C. Jones
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin S. Congdon
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia;
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9
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Qiu Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Yang H, Yang M, Zhou C, Cao M. Effects of RNA silencing during antagonism between citrus exocortis viroid and citrus bark cracking viroid in Etrog citron (Citrus medica). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13408. [PMID: 38041680 PMCID: PMC10788473 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) are two important viroids that infect citrus plants and frequently occur as mixed infections in orchards. However, the mechanism of antagonism between the two viroids in mixed infections remains unclear. The CEVd/CBCVd-citron system and small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) were used to study the antagonism. When CBCVd was inoculated before CEVd, the CEVd titre was significantly reduced and the symptoms were attenuated. Viroid-derived sRNAs (vd-sRNAs) from CEVd and CBCVd were predominantly 21-nucleotide (nt) and 22-nt in length and had similar 5' base biases. Homologous sequences of the two viroids in the terminal right (TR) region are rich in vd-sRNAs, and the high frequency vd-sRNAs selected from the CBCVd TR region can be used to degrade the transcripts of CEVd in vivo directly. These results suggest that RNA silencing may play an important role in the antagonism of the two viroids, thus deepening our understanding of the molecular interaction of long noncoding RNAs in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Qiu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yafei Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yujiao Wu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Han Yang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Mengxue Yang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Mengji Cao
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science CityCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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10
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Romero-Rodríguez B, Petek M, Jiao C, Križnik M, Zagorščak M, Fei Z, Bejarano ER, Gruden K, Castillo AG. Transcriptional and epigenetic changes during tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection in tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:651. [PMID: 38110861 PMCID: PMC10726652 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geminiviruses are DNA plant viruses that cause highly damaging diseases affecting crops worldwide. During the infection, geminiviruses hijack cellular processes, suppress plant defenses, and cause a massive reprogramming of the infected cells leading to major changes in the whole plant homeostasis. The advances in sequencing technologies allow the simultaneous analysis of multiple aspects of viral infection at a large scale, generating new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying plant-virus interactions. However, an integrative study of the changes in the host transcriptome, small RNA profile and methylome during a geminivirus infection has not been performed yet. Using a time-scale approach, we aim to decipher the gene regulation in tomato in response to the infection with the geminivirus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). RESULTS We showed that tomato undergoes substantial transcriptional and post-transcriptional changes upon TYLCV infection and identified the main altered regulatory pathways. Interestingly, although the principal plant defense-related processes, gene silencing and the immune response were induced, this cannot prevent the establishment of the infection. Moreover, we identified extra- and intracellular immune receptors as targets for the deregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) and established a network for those that also produced phased secondary small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs). On the other hand, there were no significant genome-wide changes in tomato methylome at 14 days post infection, the time point at which the symptoms were general, and the amount of viral DNA had reached its maximum level, but we were able to identify differentially methylated regions that could be involved in the transcriptional regulation of some of the differentially expressed genes. CONCLUSION We have conducted a comprehensive and reliable study on the changes at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic levels in tomato throughout TYLCV infection. The generated genomic information is substantial for understanding the genetic, molecular and physiological changes caused by TYLCV infection in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Romero-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM "La Mayora"), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMA-CSIC), Boulevard Louis Pasteur, 49, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Marko Petek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- The Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Maja Križnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Zagorščak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo R Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM "La Mayora"), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMA-CSIC), Boulevard Louis Pasteur, 49, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM "La Mayora"), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMA-CSIC), Boulevard Louis Pasteur, 49, Málaga, 29010, Spain.
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11
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Ma L, Zhang X, Deng Z, Zhang P, Wang T, Li R, Li J, Cheng K, Wang J, Ma N, Qu G, Zhu B, Fu D, Luo Y, Li F, Zhu H. Dicer-like2b suppresses the wiry leaf phenotype in tomato induced by tobacco mosaic virus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1737-1747. [PMID: 37694805 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Dicer-like (DCL) proteins are principal components of RNA silencing, a major defense mechanism against plant virus infections. However, their functions in suppressing virus-induced disease phenotypes remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a role for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) DCL2b in regulating the wiry leaf phenotype during defense against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Knocking out SlyDCL2b promoted TMV accumulation in the leaf primordium, resulting in a wiry phenotype in distal leaves. Biochemical and bioinformatics analyses showed that 22-nt virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) accumulated less abundantly in slydcl2b mutants than in wild-type plants, suggesting that SlyDCL2b-dependent 22-nt vsiRNAs are required to exclude virus from leaf primordia. Moreover, the wiry leaf phenotype was accompanied by upregulation of Auxin Response Factors (ARFs), resulting from a reduction in trans-acting siRNAs targeting ARFs (tasiARFs) in TMV-infected slydcl2b mutants. Loss of tasiARF production in the slydcl2b mutant was in turn caused by inhibition of miRNA390b function. Importantly, silencing SlyARF3 and SlyARF4 largely restored the wiry phenotype in TMV-infected slydcl2b mutants. Our work exemplifies the complex relationship between RNA viruses and the endogenous RNA silencing machinery, whereby SlyDCL2b protects the normal development of newly emerging organs by excluding virus from these regions and thus maintaining developmental silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Ma
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhiqi Deng
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peiyu Zhang
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tian Wang
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ran Li
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinyan Li
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jubin Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guiqin Qu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Daqi Fu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Feng Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
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12
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Ontiveros I, Fernández-Pozo N, Esteve-Codina A, López-Moya JJ, Díaz-Pendón JA. Enhanced Susceptibility to Tomato Chlorosis Virus (ToCV) in Hsp90- and Sgt1-Silenced Plants: Insights from Gene Expression Dynamics. Viruses 2023; 15:2370. [PMID: 38140611 PMCID: PMC10747942 DOI: 10.3390/v15122370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging whitefly-transmitted crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) causes substantial economic losses by inducing yellow leaf disorder in tomato crops. This study explores potential resistance mechanisms by examining early-stage molecular responses to ToCV. A time-course transcriptome analysis compared naïve, mock, and ToCV-infected plants at 2, 7, and 14 days post-infection (dpi). Gene expression changes were most notable at 2 and 14 dpi, likely corresponding to whitefly feeding and viral infection. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed key genes and pathways associated with ToCV infection, including those related to plant immunity, flavonoid and steroid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and hormone signaling. Additionally, virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsRNAs) originating from ToCV predominantly came from RNA2 and were 22 nucleotides in length. Furthermore, two genes involved in plant immunity, Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) and its co-chaperone Sgt1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of Skp1) were targeted through viral-induced gene silencing (VIGS), showing a potential contribution to basal resistance against viral infections since their reduction correlated with increased ToCV accumulation. This study provides insights into tomato plant responses to ToCV, with potential implications for developing effective disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ontiveros
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain; (I.O.); (N.F.-P.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Noé Fernández-Pozo
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain; (I.O.); (N.F.-P.)
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Juan José López-Moya
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Díaz-Pendón
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain; (I.O.); (N.F.-P.)
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13
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Ludman M, Szalai G, Janda T, Fátyol K. Hierarchical contribution of Argonaute proteins to antiviral protection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6760-6772. [PMID: 37603044 PMCID: PMC10662219 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral RNAi is the main protective measure employed by plants in the fight against viruses. The main steps of this process have been clarified in recent years, primarily relying on the extensive genetic resources of Arabidopsis thaliana. Our knowledge of viral diseases of crops, however, is still limited, mainly due to the fact that A. thaliana is a non-host for many agriculturally important viruses. In contrast, Nicotiana benthamiana has an unparalleled susceptibility to viruses and, since it belongs to the Solanaceae family, it is considered an adequate system for modeling infectious diseases of crops such as tomatoes. We used a series of N. benthamiana mutants created by genome editing to analyze the RNAi response elicited by the emerging tomato pathogen, pepino mosaic virus (PepMV). We uncovered hierarchical roles of several Argonaute proteins (AGOs) in anti-PepMV defense, with the predominant contribution of AGO2. Interestingly, the anti-PepMV activities of AGO1A, AGO5, and AGO10 only become apparent when AGO2 is mutated. Taken together, our results prove that hierarchical actions of several AGOs are needed for the plant to build effective anti-PepMV resistance. The genetic resources created here will be valuable assets for analyzing RNAi responses triggered by other agriculturally important pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Ludman
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4. Gödöllő 2100Hungary
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Department of Plant Physiology and Metabolomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Brunszvik u. 2. Martonvásár 2462Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Department of Plant Physiology and Metabolomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Brunszvik u. 2. Martonvásár 2462Hungary
| | - Károly Fátyol
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4. Gödöllő 2100Hungary
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14
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DeMell A, Alvarado V, Scholthof HB. Molecular perspectives on age-related resistance of plants to (viral) pathogens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:80-91. [PMID: 37507820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Age-related resistance to microbe invasion is a commonly accepted concept in plant pathology. However, the impact of such age-dependent interactive phenomena is perhaps not yet sufficiently recognized by the broader plant science community. Toward cataloging an understanding of underlying mechanisms, this review explores recent molecular studies and their relevance to the concept. Examples describe differences in genetic background, transcriptomics, hormonal balances, protein-mediated events, and the contribution by short RNA-controlled gene silencing events. Throughout, recent findings with viral systems are highlighted as an illustration of the complexity of the interactions. It will become apparent that instead of uncovering a unifying explanation, we unveiled only trends. Nevertheless, with a degree of confidence, we propose that the process of plant age-related defenses is actively regulated at multiple levels. The overarching goal of this control for plants is to avoid a constitutive waste of resources, especially at crucial metabolically draining early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- April DeMell
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Veria Alvarado
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Herman B Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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15
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Brine TJ, Viswanathan SB, Murphy AM, Pate AE, Wamonje FO, Carr JP. Investigating the interactions of endornaviruses with each other and with other viruses in common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Virol J 2023; 20:216. [PMID: 37737192 PMCID: PMC10515030 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant viruses of the genus Alphaendornavirus are transmitted solely via seed and pollen and generally cause no apparent disease. It has been conjectured that certain plant endornaviruses may confer advantages on their hosts through improved performance (e.g., seed yield) or resilience to abiotic or biotic insult. We recently characterised nine common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties that harboured either Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus (PvEV1) alone, or PvEV1 in combination with PvEV2 or PvEV1 in combination with PvEV2 and PvEV3. Here, we investigated the interactions of these endornaviruses with each other, and with three infectious pathogenic viruses: cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV). RESULTS In lines harbouring PvEV1, PvEV1 and PvEV2, or PvEV1, PvEV2 plus PvEV3, the levels of PvEV1 and PvEV3 RNA were very similar between lines, although there were variations in PvEV2 RNA accumulation. In plants inoculated with infectious viruses, CMV, BCMV and BCMNV levels varied between lines, but this was most likely due to host genotype differences rather than to the presence or absence of endornaviruses. We tested the effects of endornaviruses on seed production and seedborne transmission of infectious pathogenic viruses but found no consistent relationship between the presence of endornaviruses and seed yield or protection from seedborne transmission of infectious pathogenic viruses. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that endornaviruses do not interfere with each other's accumulation. There appears to be no direct synergy or competition between infectious pathogenic viruses and endornaviruses, however, the effects of host genotype may obscure interactions between endornaviruses and infectious viruses. There is no consistent effect of endornaviruses on seed yield or susceptibility to seedborne transmission of other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Brine
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | | | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Adrienne E Pate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Francis O Wamonje
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
- Pest and Pathogen Ecology, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, East Malling, ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
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16
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Tu CW, Huang YW, Lee CW, Kuo SY, Lin NS, Hsu YH, Hu CC. Argonaute 5-mediated antiviral defense and viral counter-defense in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus Res 2023; 334:199179. [PMID: 37481165 PMCID: PMC10405324 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The argonaute (AGO) family proteins play a crucial role in preventing viral invasions through the plant antiviral RNA silencing pathway, with distinct AGO proteins recruited for specific antiviral mechanisms. Our previous study revealed that Nicotiana benthamiana AGO5 (NbAGO5) expression was significantly upregulated in response to bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) infection. However, the roles of NbAGO5 in antiviral mechanisms remained to be explored. In this research, we examined the antiviral functions of NbAGO5 in the infections of different viruses. It was found that the accumulation of NbAGO5 was induced not only at the RNA but also at the protein level following the infections of BaMV, potato virus X (PVX), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in N. benthamiana. To explore the antiviral mechanism and regulatory function of NbAGO5, we generated NbAGO5 overexpression (OE-NbAGO5) and knockout (nbago5) transgenic N. benthamiana lines. Our findings reveal that NbAGO5 provides defense against BaMV, PVX, TMV, and a mutant CMV deficient in 2b gene, but not against the wild-type CMV and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Through affinity purification and small RNA northern blotting, we demonstrated that NbAGO5 exerts its antiviral function by binding to viral small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). Moreover, we observed that CMV 2b and TuMV HC-Pro interact with NbAGO5, triggering its degradation via the 26S proteasome and autophagy pathways, thereby allowing these viruses to overcome NbAGO5-mediated defense. In addition, TuMV HC-Pro provides another line of counter-defense by interfering with vsiRNA binding by NbAGO5. Our study provides further insights into the antiviral RNA interference mechanism and the complex interplay between NbAGO5 and plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Wei Tu
- PhD Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Song-Yi Kuo
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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17
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Mahanta DK, Bhoi TK, Komal J, Samal I, Nikhil RM, Paschapur AU, Singh G, Kumar PVD, Desai HR, Ahmad MA, Singh PP, Majhi PK, Mukherjee U, Singh P, Saini V, Shahanaz, Srinivasa N, Yele Y. Insect-pathogen crosstalk and the cellular-molecular mechanisms of insect immunity: uncovering the underlying signaling pathways and immune regulatory function of non-coding RNAs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1169152. [PMID: 37691928 PMCID: PMC10491481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms are constantly subjected to pathogens that might be harmful. Although insects lack an adaptive immune system, they possess highly effective anti-infective mechanisms. Bacterial phagocytosis and parasite encapsulation are some forms of cellular responses. Insects often defend themselves against infections through a humoral response. This phenomenon includes the secretion of antimicrobial peptides into the hemolymph. Specific receptors for detecting infection are required for the recognition of foreign pathogens such as the proteins that recognize glucans and peptidoglycans, together referred to as PGRPs and βGRPs. Activation of these receptors leads to the stimulation of signaling pathways which further activates the genes encoding for antimicrobial peptides. Some instances of such pathways are the JAK-STAT, Imd, and Toll. The host immune response that frequently accompanies infections has, however, been circumvented by diseases, which may have assisted insects evolve their own complicated immune systems. The role of ncRNAs in insect immunology has been discussed in several notable studies and reviews. This paper examines the most recent research on the immune regulatory function of ncRNAs during insect-pathogen crosstalk, including insect- and pathogen-encoded miRNAs and lncRNAs, and provides an overview of the important insect signaling pathways and effector mechanisms activated by diverse pathogen invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Mahanta
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Tanmaya Kumar Bhoi
- Forest Protection Division, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) - Arid Forest Research Institute (ICFRE-AFRI), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - J. Komal
- Department of Entomology, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Ipsita Samal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Litchi, Mushahari, Ramna, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
| | - R. M. Nikhil
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Umesh Paschapur
- Crop Protection Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gaurav Singh
- The Directorate of Research, Maharana Pratap Horticultural University, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - P. V. Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H. R. Desai
- Department of Entomology, Main Cotton Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohammad Abbas Ahmad
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - P. P. Singh
- Department of Entomology, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Majhi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - U. Mukherjee
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Pushpa Singh
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Varun Saini
- Department of Entomology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Shahanaz
- Department of Entomology, College of Horticulture Mojerla, Sri Konda Laxman Telengana State Horticultural University, Wanaparthy, Telengana, India
| | - N. Srinivasa
- Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Yele
- School of Crop Health Management Research, Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management (ICAR)- National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur, India
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18
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Jones RAC. Host Resistance to Virus Diseases Provides a Key Enabler towards Fast Tracking Gains in Grain Lupin Breeding. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2521. [PMID: 37447082 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Four lupin species, Lupinus angustifolius, L. albus, L. luteus, and L. mutabilis, are grown as cool-season grain legume crops. Fifteen viruses infect them. Two of these, bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), cause diseases that threaten grain lupin production. Phytosanitary and cultural control measures are mainly used to manage them. However, breeding virus-resistant lupin cultivars provides an additional management approach. The need to develop this approach stimulated a search for virus resistance sources amongst cultivated lupin species and their wild relatives. This review focuses on the progress made in optimizing virus resistance screening procedures, identifying host resistances to BYMV, CMV, and additional viral pathogen alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and the inclusion of BYMV and CMV resistance within lupin breeding programs. The resistance types found in different combinations of virus and grain lupin species include localized hypersensitivity, systemic hypersensitivity, extreme resistance, and partial resistance to aphid or seed transmission. These resistances provide a key enabler towards fast tracking gains in grain lupin breeding. Where studied, their inheritance depended upon single dominant genes or was polygenic. Although transgenic virus resistance was incorporated into L. angustifolius and L. luteus successfully, it proved unstable. Priorities for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A C Jones
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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19
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Liu S, Han Y, Li WX, Ding SW. Infection Defects of RNA and DNA Viruses Induced by Antiviral RNA Interference. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0003522. [PMID: 37052496 PMCID: PMC10304667 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00035-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune recognition of viral genome-derived double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules and their subsequent processing into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in plants, invertebrates, and mammals trigger specific antiviral immunity known as antiviral RNA interference (RNAi). Immune sensing of viral dsRNA is sequence-independent, and most regions of viral RNAs are targeted by virus-derived siRNAs which extensively overlap in sequence. Thus, the high mutation rates of viruses do not drive immune escape from antiviral RNAi, in contrast to other mechanisms involving specific virus recognition by host immune proteins such as antibodies and resistance (R) proteins in mammals and plants, respectively. Instead, viruses actively suppress antiviral RNAi at various key steps with a group of proteins known as viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs). Some VSRs are so effective in virus counter-defense that potent inhibition of virus infection by antiviral RNAi is undetectable unless the cognate VSR is rendered nonexpressing or nonfunctional. Since viral proteins are often multifunctional, resistance phenotypes of antiviral RNAi are accurately defined by those infection defects of VSR-deletion mutant viruses that are efficiently rescued by host deficiency in antiviral RNAi. Here, we review and discuss in vivo infection defects of VSR-deficient RNA and DNA viruses resulting from the actions of host antiviral RNAi in model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Yanhong Han
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wan-Xiang Li
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Shou-Wei Ding
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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20
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Gao Y, Xu J, Li Z, Zhang Y, Riera N, Xiong Z, Ouyang Z, Liu X, Lu Z, Seymour D, Zhong B, Wang N. Citrus genomic resources unravel putative genetic determinants of Huanglongbing pathogenicity. iScience 2023; 26:106024. [PMID: 36824272 PMCID: PMC9941208 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus HLB caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus is a pathogen-triggered immune disease. Here, we identified putative genetic determinants of HLB pathogenicity by integrating citrus genomic resources to characterize the pan-genome of accessions that differ in their response to HLB. Genome-wide association mapping and analysis of allele-specific expression between susceptible, tolerant, and resistant accessions further refined candidates underlying the response to HLB. We first developed a phased diploid assembly of Citrus sinensis 'Newhall' genome and produced resequencing data for 91 citrus accessions that differ in their response to HLB. These data were combined with previous resequencing data from 356 accessions for genome-wide association mapping of the HLB response. Genes determinants for HLB pathogenicity were associated with host immune response, ROS production, and antioxidants. Overall, this study has provided a significant resource of citrus genomic data and identified candidate genes to be further explored to understand the genetic determinants of HLB pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Gao
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Zhilong Li
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunzeng Zhang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Nadia Riera
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Zhiwei Xiong
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhigang Ouyang
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinjun Liu
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhanjun Lu
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | | | - Balian Zhong
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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