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de Novaes MIC, Robertson C, Doyle VP, Burk D, Thomas-Sharma S. Distribution and Sequestration of Cercosporin by Cercospora cf. flagellaris. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024:PHYTO09230310R. [PMID: 38700938 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi produce toxins as virulence factors in many plant diseases. In Cercospora leaf blight of soybean caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris, symptoms are a consequence of the production of a perylenequinone toxin, cercosporin, which is light-activated to produce damaging reactive oxygen species. Cercosporin is universally toxic to cells, except to the cells of the producer. The current model of self-resistance to cercosporin is largely attributed to the maintenance of cercosporin in a chemically reduced state inside hyphae, unassociated with cellular organelles. However, in another perylenequinone-producing fungus, Phaeosphaeria sp., the toxin was specifically sequestered inside lipid droplets (LDs) to prevent reactive oxygen species production. This study hypothesized that LD-based sequestration of cercosporin occurred in C. cf. flagellaris and that lipid-inhibiting fungicides could inhibit toxin production. Confocal microscopy using light-cultured C. cf. flagellaris indicated that 3-day-old hyphae contained two forms of cercosporin distributed in two types of hyphae. Reduced cercosporin was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of thick, primary hyphae, and, contrary to previous studies, active cercosporin was observed specifically in the LDs of thin, secondary hyphae. The production of hyphae of two different thicknesses, a characteristic of hemibiotrophic plant pathogens, has not been documented in C. cf. flagellaris. No correlation was observed between cercosporin production and total lipid extracted, and two lipid-inhibiting fungicides had little effect on fungal growth in growth-inhibition assays. This study lays a foundation for exploring the importance of pathogen lifestyle, toxin production, and LD content in the pathogenicity and symptomology of Cercospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Izabel Costa de Novaes
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Clark Robertson
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 20140 Iowa Street, Livingston, LA 70754
| | - Vinson P Doyle
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - David Burk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Sara Thomas-Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
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2
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Patel J, Allen TW, Buckley B, Chen P, Clubb M, Mozzoni LA, Orazaly M, Florez L, Moseley D, Rupe JC, Shrestha BK, Price PP, Ward BM, Koebernick J. Deciphering genetic factors contributing to enhanced resistance against Cercospora leaf blight in soybean ( Glycine max L.) using GWAS analysis. Front Genet 2024; 15:1377223. [PMID: 38798696 PMCID: PMC11116733 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1377223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cercospora leaf blight (CLB), caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris, C. kikuchii, and C. cf. sigesbeckiae, is a significant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] disease in regions with hot and humid conditions causing yield loss in the United States and Canada. There is limited information regarding resistant soybean cultivars, and there have been marginal efforts to identify the genomic regions underlying resistance to CLB. A Genome-Wide Association Study was conducted using a diverse panel of 460 soybean accessions from maturity groups III to VII to identify the genomic regions associated to the CLB disease. These accessions were evaluated for CLB in different regions of the southeastern United States over 3 years. In total, the study identified 99 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) associated with the disease severity and 85 SNPs associated with disease incidence. Across multiple environments, 47 disease severity SNPs and 23 incidence SNPs were common. Candidate genes within 10 kb of these SNPs were involved in biotic and abiotic stress pathways. This information will contribute to the development of resistant soybean germplasm. Further research is warranted to study the effect of pyramiding desirable genomic regions and investigate the role of identified genes in soybean CLB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinesh Patel
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Tom W. Allen
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Blair Buckley
- LSU AgCenter, Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, United States
| | - Pengyin Chen
- Fisher Delta Research Center, MO University of Missouri, Portageville, MO, United States
| | - Michael Clubb
- Fisher Delta Research Center, MO University of Missouri, Portageville, MO, United States
| | - Leandro A. Mozzoni
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Moldir Orazaly
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Liliana Florez
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - David Moseley
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - John C. Rupe
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Bishnu K. Shrestha
- LSU AgCenter, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro, LA, United States
| | - Paul P. Price
- LSU AgCenter, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro, LA, United States
| | - Brian M. Ward
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jenny Koebernick
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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3
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Shrestha BK, Ward BM, Allen TW, da Silva ET, Zulli H, Dunford W, Doyle V, Bradley CA, Buckley B, Chen P, Clubb M, Kelly H, Koebernick J, Padgett B, Rupe JC, Sikora EJ, Spurlock TN, Thomas-Sharma S, Tolbert A, Zhou XG, Price PP. Characterization of QoI-Fungicide Resistance in Cercospora Isolates Associated with Cercospora Leaf Blight of Soybean from the Southern United States. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:149-161. [PMID: 37578368 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-23-0588-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) of soybean, caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris, C. kikuchii, and C. cf. sigesbeckiae, is an economically important disease in the southern United States. Cultivar resistance to CLB is inconsistent; therefore, fungicides in the quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) class have been relied on to manage the disease. Approximately 620 isolates from plants exhibiting CLB were collected between 2018 and 2021 from 19 locations in eight southern states. A novel polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay based on two genes, calmodulin and histone h3, was developed to differentiate between the dominant species of Cercospora, C. cf. flagellaris, and C. cf. sigesbeckiae. A multilocus phylogenetic analysis of actin, calmodulin, histone h3, ITS rDNA, and transcription elongation factor 1-α was used to confirm PCR-RFLP results and identify remaining isolates. Approximately 80% of the isolates collected were identified as C. cf. flagellaris, while 15% classified as C. cf. sigesbeckiae, 2% as C. kikuchii, and 3% as previously unreported Cercospora species associated with CLB in the United States. PCR-RFLP of cytochrome b (cytb) identified QoI-resistance conferred by the G143A substitution. Approximately 64 to 83% of isolates were determined to be QoI-resistant, and all contained the G143A substitution. Results of discriminatory dose assays using azoxystrobin (1 ppm) were 100% consistent with PCR-RFLP results. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first report of QoI resistance in CLB pathogen populations from Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee, and Texas. In areas where high frequencies of resistance have been identified, QoI fungicides should be avoided, and fungicide products with alternative modes-of-action should be utilized in the absence of CLB-resistant soybean cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M Ward
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Tom W Allen
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS
| | - Ernesto T da Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Hannah Zulli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Will Dunford
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Vinson Doyle
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Carl A Bradley
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY
| | - Blair Buckley
- Red River Research Station, LSU AgCenter, Bossier, LA
| | - Pengyin Chen
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO
| | - Michael Clubb
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO
| | - Heather Kelly
- West Tennessee Research and Education Center, University of Tennessee, Jackson, TN
| | - Jenny Koebernick
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Boyd Padgett
- Dean Lee Research and Extension Center, LSU AgCenter, Alexandria, LA
| | - John C Rupe
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Ed J Sikora
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Terry N Spurlock
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Sara Thomas-Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Amanda Tolbert
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Xin-Gen Zhou
- Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University, Beaumont, TX
| | - Paul P Price
- Macon Ridge Research Station, LSU AgCenter, Winnsboro, LA
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Agudo-Jurado FJ, Reveglia P, Rubiales D, Evidente A, Barilli E. Status of Phytotoxins Isolated from Necrotrophic Fungi Causing Diseases on Grain Legumes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065116. [PMID: 36982189 PMCID: PMC10049004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal phytotoxins can be defined as secondary metabolites toxic to host plants and are believed to be involved in the symptoms developed of a number of plant diseases by targeting host cellular machineries or interfering with host immune responses. As any crop, legumes can be affected by a number of fungal diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. In this review, we report and discuss the isolation, chemical, and biological characterization of fungal phytotoxins produced by the most important necrotrophic fungi involved in legume diseases. Their possible role in plant-pathogen interaction and structure-toxicity relationship studies have also been reported and discussed. Moreover, multidisciplinary studies on other prominent biological activity conducted on reviewed phytotoxins are described. Finally, we explore the challenges in the identification of new fungal metabolites and their possible applications in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierluigi Reveglia
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), 80138 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Barilli
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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5
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Molecular Breeding to Overcome Biotic Stresses in Soybean: Update. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11151967. [PMID: 35956444 PMCID: PMC9370206 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important leguminous crop and biotic stresses are a global concern for soybean growers. In recent decades, significant development has been carried outtowards identification of the diseases caused by pathogens, sources of resistance and determination of loci conferring resistance to different diseases on linkage maps of soybean. Host-plant resistance is generally accepted as the bestsolution because of its role in the management of environmental and economic conditions of farmers owing to low input in terms of chemicals. The main objectives of soybean crop improvement are based on the identification of sources of resistance or tolerance against various biotic as well as abiotic stresses and utilization of these sources for further hybridization and transgenic processes for development of new cultivars for stress management. The focus of the present review is to summarize genetic aspects of various diseases caused by pathogens in soybean and molecular breeding research work conducted to date.
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Victoria Arellano AD, Guatimosim E, da Silva GM, Frank AK, Dallagnol LJ. Fungi causing leaf spot diseases in Lolium multiflorum in Brazil. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Kashiwa T, Suzuki T. High-quality genome assembly of the soybean fungal pathogen Cercospora kikuchii. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab277. [PMID: 34568928 PMCID: PMC8496228 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by the Cercospora genus of ascomycete fungi are a major concern for commercial agricultural practices. Several Cercospora species can affect soybeans, such as Cercospora kikuchii which causes soybean leaf blight. Speciation in Cercospora on soybean has not been adequately studied. Some cryptic groups of Cercospora also cause diseases on soybean. Moreover, it has been known C. kikuchii population genetic structure is different between countries. Consequently, further genomic information could help to elucidate the covert differentiation of Cercospora diseases in soybean. Here, we report for the first time, a chromosome-level genome assembly for C. kikuchii. The genome assembly of 9 contigs was 34.44 Mb and the N50 was 4.19 Mb. Based on ab initio gene prediction, several candidates for pathogenicity-related genes, including 242 genes for putative effectors, 55 secondary metabolite gene clusters, and 399 carbohydrate-active enzyme genes were identified. The genome sequence and the features described in this study provide a solid foundation for comparative and evolutionary genomic analysis for Cercospora species that cause soybean diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kashiwa
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research
Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686,
Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya
University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
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8
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Species concepts of Dothideomycetes: classification, phylogenetic inconsistencies and taxonomic standardization. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Zivanovic M, Chen ZY. In Vitro Screening of Various Bacterially Produced Double-Stranded RNAs for Silencing Cercospora cf. flagellaris Target Genes and Suppressing Cercosporin Production. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1228-1237. [PMID: 33289403 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0409-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora leaf blight (CLB), primarily caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris, is one of the most important diseases of soybean (Glycine max) in Louisiana. The pathogen produces cercosporin, a nonspecific toxin and an important virulence factor. There are no commercial cultivars with CLB resistance, and the pathogen has developed substantial resistance to the frequently used fungicides. Consequently, alternative methods are needed to manage CLB. One possibility is the RNA interference-based topical application of double-stranded (ds)RNA. The present study addressed the two most critical steps for this novel approach to be practical: inexpensively producing large quantities of dsRNA and identifying the right target genes for silencing. A screening method was developed to compare the effectiveness of Escherichia coli-produced dsRNAs targeting five fungal genes involved in cercosporin production for silencing in liquid culture. As much as 151.6 mg of dsRNA-containing total nucleic acids (TNAs) was produced from 1 liter of E. coli Luria broth culture using the L4440 vector. All tested dsRNAs reduced cercosporin production. However, significant target gene suppression was only detected in the cultures treated with dsRNAs from Avr4 and CTB8. The most potent dsRNA was from Avr4, which reduced 50% of cercosporin production at an estimated TNA concentration of 10.4 µg/ml (half maximal effective concentration [EC50]), and the least potent dsRNA was from HN-2, with an estimated EC50 of 46.7 µg/ml TNA. The present study paves the road for managing CLB under field conditions using dsRNA. Additionally, this approach could be adapted to identify the best dsRNAs to manage other fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Zivanovic
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
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10
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Addison CK, Angira B, Cerioli T, Groth DE, Richards JK, Linscombe SD, Famoso AN. Identification and mapping of a novel resistance gene to the rice pathogen, Cercospora janseana. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2221-2234. [PMID: 33825949 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genetic architecture of resistance to Cercospora janseana was examined, and a single resistance locus was identified. A SNP marker was identified and validated for utilization in U.S. breeding germplasm Cercospora janseana (Racib.) is a fungal pathogen that causes narrow brown leaf spot (NBLS) in rice. Although NBLS is a major disease in the southern United States and variation in resistance among U.S. rice germplasm exists, little is known about the genetic architecture underlying the trait. In this study, a recombinant inbred line population was evaluated for NBLS resistance under natural disease infestation in the field across three years. A single, large-effect QTL, CRSP-2.1, was identified that explained 81.4% of the phenotypic variation. The QTL was defined to a 532 kb physical interval and 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified across the region to characterize the haplotype diversity present in U.S. rice germplasm. A panel of 387 U.S. rice germplasm was genotyped with the 13 haplotype SNPs and phenotyped over two years for NBLS resistance. Fourteen haplotypes were identified, with six haplotypes accounting for 94% of the panel. The susceptible haplotype from the RIL population was the only susceptible haplotype observed in the U.S. germplasm. A single SNP was identified that distinguished the susceptible haplotype from all resistant haplotypes, explaining 52.7% of the phenotypic variation for NBLS resistance. Pedigree analysis and haplotype characterization of historical germplasm demonstrated that the susceptible haplotype was introduced into Southern U.S. germplasm through the California line L-202 into the Louisiana variety Cypress. Cypress was extensively used as a parent over the last 25 years, resulting in the susceptible CRSP-2.1 allele increasing in frequency from zero to 44% in the modern U.S. germplasm panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Addison
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Brijesh Angira
- H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1373 Caffey Rd, Rayne, LA, 70578, USA
| | - Tommaso Cerioli
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Donald E Groth
- H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1373 Caffey Rd, Rayne, LA, 70578, USA
| | - Jonathan K Richards
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Steven D Linscombe
- H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1373 Caffey Rd, Rayne, LA, 70578, USA
| | - Adam N Famoso
- H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1373 Caffey Rd, Rayne, LA, 70578, USA.
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11
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Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD, Chen YJ, Papp V, Palla B, Papp D, Bhunjun CS, Hurdeal VG, Senwanna C, Manawasinghe IS, Harischandra DL, Gautam AK, Avasthi S, Chuankid B, Goonasekara ID, Hongsanan S, Zeng X, Liyanage KK, Liu N, Karunarathna A, Hapuarachchi KK, Luangharn T, Raspé O, Brahmanage R, Doilom M, Lee HB, Mei L, Jeewon R, Huanraluek N, Chaiwan N, Stadler M, Wang Y. One stop shop IV: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 76–100 (2020). FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and fungus-like organisms. This paper focuses on one family: Erysiphaceae and 24 phytopathogenic genera: Armillaria, Barriopsis, Cercospora, Cladosporium, Clinoconidium, Colletotrichum, Cylindrocladiella, Dothidotthia,, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Golovinomyces, Heterobasidium, Meliola, Mucor, Neoerysiphe, Nothophoma, Phellinus, Phytophthora, Pseudoseptoria, Pythium, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Thyrostroma and Wojnowiciella. Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background, distribution, hosts, disease symptoms, and updated backbone trees. Species confirmed with pathogenicity studies are denoted when data are available. Six of the genera are updated from previous entries as many new species have been described.
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12
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Bakhshi M. Epitypification of Cercospora rautensis, the causal agent of leaf spot disease on Securigera varia, and its first report from Iran. Fungal Syst Evol 2020; 3:157-163. [PMID: 32467900 PMCID: PMC7235981 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2019.03.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cercospora is a well-studied and important genus of plant pathogenic species responsible for leaf spots on a broad range of plant hosts. The lack of useful morphological traits and the high degree of variation therein complicate species identifications in Cercospora. Recent studies have revealed multi-gene DNA sequence data to be highly informative for species identification in Cercospora. During the present study, Cercospora isolates obtained from Crownvetch (Securigera varia) in Iran and Romania were subjected to an eight-gene (ITS, tef1, actA, cmdA, his3, tub2, rpb2 and gapdh) analysis. By applying a polyphasic approach including morphological characteristics, host data, and molecular analyses, these isolates were identified as C. rautensis. To our knowledge, this is the first record of C. rautensis from Iran (Asia). In addition, an epitype is designated here for C. rautensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bakhshi
- Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
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13
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Santos Rezende J, Zivanovic M, Costa de Novaes MI, Chen Z. The AVR4 effector is involved in cercosporin biosynthesis and likely affects the virulence of Cercospora cf. flagellaris on soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:53-65. [PMID: 31642594 PMCID: PMC6913201 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most devastating fungal diseases of soybean in the southern USA is Cercospora leaf blight (CLB), which is caused mainly by Cercospora cf. flagellaris. Recent studies found that the fungal effector AVR4, originally identified in Cladosporium fulvum as a chitin-binding protein, is highly conserved among other Cercospora species. We wanted to determine whether it is present in C. cf. flagellaris and, if so, whether it plays a role in the pathogen infection of soybean. We cloned the Avr4 gene and created C. cf. flagellaris ∆avr4 mutants, which produced little cercosporin and significantly reduced expression of cercosporin biosynthesis genes. The ∆avr4 mutants were also more sensitive to chitinase and showed reduced virulence on soybean compared to the wild-type. The observed reduced virulence of C. cf. flagellaris ∆avr4 mutants on detached soybean leaves is likely due to reduced cercosporin biosynthesis. The phenotypes of reduced cercosporin production and cercosporin pathway gene expression, similar to those of the ∆avr4 mutants, were reproduced when wild-type C. cf. flagellaris was treated with double-stranded RNA targeting Avr4 in vitro. These two independent approaches demonstrated for the first time the direct involvement of AVR4 in the biosynthesis of cercosporin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josielle Santos Rezende
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop PhysiologyLouisiana State University Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Marija Zivanovic
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop PhysiologyLouisiana State University Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Maria Izabel Costa de Novaes
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop PhysiologyLouisiana State University Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Zhi‐Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop PhysiologyLouisiana State University Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLA70803USA
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14
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Sautua FJ, Gonzalez SA, Doyle VP, Berretta MF, Gordó M, Scandiani MM, Rivarola ML, Fernandez P, Carmona MA. Draft genome sequence data of Cercospora kikuchii, a causal agent of Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain of soybeans. Data Brief 2019; 27:104693. [PMID: 31720340 PMCID: PMC6838444 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cercospora kikuchii (Tak. Matsumoto & Tomoy.) M.W. Gardner 1927 is an ascomycete fungal pathogen that causes Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain on soybean. Here, we report the first draft genome sequence and assembly of this pathogen. The C. kikuchii strain ARG_18_001 was isolated from soybean purple seed collected from San Pedro, Buenos Aires, Argentina, during the 2018 harvest. The genome was sequenced using a 2 × 150 bp paired-end method by Illumina NovaSeq 6000. The C. kikuchii protein-coding genes were predicted using FunGAP (Fungal Genome Annotation Pipeline). The draft genome assembly was 33.1 Mb in size with a GC-content of 53%. The gene prediction resulted in 14,856 gene models/14,721 protein coding genes. Genomic data of C. kikuchii presented here will be a useful resource for future studies of this pathosystem. The data can be accessed at GenBank under the accession number VTAY00000000 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/VTAY00000000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Sautua
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fitopatología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio A. Gonzalez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, IABIMO, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vinson P. Doyle
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Marcelo F. Berretta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMyZA), Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuela Gordó
- Laboratorio Agrícola Río Paraná, San Pedro, Argentina
| | - Mercedes M. Scandiani
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Referencia de Micología (CEREMIC), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Maximo L. Rivarola
- Instituto de Biotecnología, IABIMO, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Fernandez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, IABIMO, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A. Carmona
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fitopatología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Li S, Sciumbato G, Boykin D, Shannon G, Chen P. Evaluation of soybean genotypes for reaction to natural field infection by Cercospora species causing purple seed stain. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222673. [PMID: 31600229 PMCID: PMC6786595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple seed stain (PSS) of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a prevalent seed disease. It results in poor seed quality and reduced seed lot market grade, and thus undermines value of soybean worldwide. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the reaction of selected soybean genotypes collected from 15 countries representing maturity groups (MGs) III, IV, and V to PSS, and to identify new sources of resistance to PSS based on three years of evaluation of natural field infection by Cercospora spp. in the Mississippi Delta of the U. S. In this study, 42 soybean genotypes were evaluated in 2010, 2011, and 2012. Seventeen lines including six MG III (PI 88490, PI 504488, PI 417361, PI 548298, PI 437482, and PI 578486), seven MG IV (PI 404173, PI 346308, PI 355070, PI 416779, PI 80479, PI 346307, and PI 264555), and four MG V (PI 417567, PI 417420, PI 381659, and PI 407749) genotypes had significantly lower percent seed infection by Cercospora spp. than the susceptible checks and other genotypes evaluated (P ≤ 0.05). These genotypes of soybean can be used in developing soybean cultivars or germplasm lines with resistance to PSS and for genetic mapping of PSS resistance genes. In addition, among these 17 lines with different levels of resistance to PSS, nine soybean genotypes (PI 417361, PI 504488, PI 88490, PI 346308, PI 416779, PI 417567, PI 381659, PI 417567, and PI 407749) were previously reported as resistant to Phomopsis seed decay. Therefore, they could be useful in breeding programs to develop soybean cultivars with improved resistance to both seed diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Li
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA, ARS), Crop Genetics Research Unit, Stoneville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Gabe Sciumbato
- Mississippi State University, Delta Research and Extension Center, Stoneville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Debbie Boykin
- USDA, ARS, Stoneville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Grover Shannon
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Portageville, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pengyin Chen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Portageville, Missouri, United States of America
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16
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Aćimović SG, Rooney-Latham S, Albu S, Grosman DM, Doccola JJ. Characterization and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae Fungi Associated with Declining Urban Stands of Coast Redwood in California. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1950-1957. [PMID: 30110246 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-18-0339-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) is among the most widely planted landscape trees in California (CA) but is in decline outside its natural range due to factors including prolonged drought and plant pathogens. We investigated associations of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi with declining coast redwood trees throughout CA. More than 100 samples were collected from 11 coastal and inland locations in CA. Fifty-nine Botryosphaeria-like fungal strains were isolated and 18 were selected for further study. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS and EF-1α sequence data confirmed the presence of Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum, N. mediterraneum, and N. parvum. Pathogenicity testing showed that although the Neofusicoccum species vary in virulence, all are more virulent that B. dothidea. N. australe caused the largest lesions, followed by N. luteum, N. parvum, and N. mediterraneum. Of the species recovered, only B. dothidea has been previously confirmed as a pathogen of coast redwood in CA. These results confirm that multiple Botryosphaeriaceae species are associated with branch decline and dieback on coast redwood in CA, which agrees with similar studies on woody agricultural crops. Accurate diagnosis of fungal pathogens of coast redwood is important for the development of disease management strategies and may help improve horticultural practices in maintenance of urban stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srđan G Aćimović
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY; and Research and Development Laboratory, Arborjet Inc., Woburn, MA
| | - Suzanne Rooney-Latham
- Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, CA
| | - Sebastian Albu
- Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, CA
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17
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Silva EC, Abhayawardhana PL, Lygin AV, Robertson CL, Liu M, Liu Z, Schneider RW. Coumestrol Confers Partial Resistance in Soybean Plants Against Cercospora Leaf Blight. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:935-947. [PMID: 29451417 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-17-0189-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although previous research showed that the purple symptom of Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) is associated with lower biomass of Cercospora cf. flagellaris and lower concentrations of cercosporin, a reactive oxygen species producer, as compared with blighted leaves, the hypothesis that the purple symptom is a plant reaction to the pathogen has never been tested. In this study, we demonstrated that high levels of coumestrol (COU) were associated with purple symptoms of CLB and that COU has strong antioxidant activity. Additionally, we found that COU is restricted to the pigmented areas of purple leaves, and the pigmentation is restricted to the adaxial surfaces, suggesting that COU may be acting as a sunscreen. Even though COU is associated with the purple leaf symptom, this coumestan is not the direct cause of discoloration in that COU is colorless. Quantification of chlorophyll a and b and total carotenoids suggested that blighted but not purple or asymptomatic leaves were undergoing photooxidative stress. Because the purple symptom is associated with high COU concentrations, lower biomass of C. cf. flagellaris, and lower cercosporin concentrations, we conclude that the purple symptom is a disease resistance reaction, mediated in part by COU, which provides a high level of antioxidant activity and, hence, partial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Silva
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| | - P L Abhayawardhana
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| | - A V Lygin
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| | - C L Robertson
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| | - M Liu
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| | - Z Liu
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
| | - R W Schneider
- First, second, fourth, and seventh authors, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803; third author, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; and fifth and sixth authors, Medicinal Plant Lab, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center
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18
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Bakhshi M, Arzanlou M, Babai-Ahari A, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW. Novel primers improve species delimitation in Cercospora. IMA Fungus 2018; 9:299-332. [PMID: 30622885 PMCID: PMC6317581 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Cercospora includes many important plant pathogens that are commonly associated with leaf spot diseases on a wide range of cultivated and wild plant species. Due to the lack of useful morphological features and high levels of intraspecific variation, host plant association has long been a decisive criterion for species delimitation in Cercospora. Because several taxa have broader host ranges, reliance on host data in Cercospora taxonomy has proven problematic. Recent studies have revealed multi-gene DNA sequence data to be highly informative for species identification in Cercospora, especially when used in a concatenated alignment. In spite of this approach, however, several species complexes remained unresolved as no single gene proved informative enough to act as DNA barcoding locus for the genus. Therefore, the aims of the present study were firstly to improve species delimitation in the genus Cercospora by testing additional genes and primers on a broad set of species, and secondly to find the best DNA barcoding gene(s) for species delimitation. Novel primers were developed for tub2 and rpb2 to supplement previously published primers for these loci. To this end, 145 Cercospora isolates from the Iranian mycobiota together with 25 additional reference isolates preserved in the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute were subjected to an eight-gene (ITS, tef1, actA, cmdA, his3, tub2, rpb2 and gapdh) analysis. Results from this study provided new insights into DNA barcoding in Cercospora, and revealed gapdh to be a promising gene for species delimitation when supplemented with cmdA, tef1 and tub2. The robust eight-gene phylogeny revealed several novel clades within the existing Cercospora species complexes, such as C. apii, C. armoraciae, C. beticola, C. cf. flagellaris and Cercospora sp. G. The C. apii s. lat. isolates are distributed over three clades, namely C. apii s. str., C. plantaginis and C. uwebrauniana sp. nov. The C. armoraciae s. lat. isolates are distributed over two clades, C. armoraciae s. str. and C. bizzozeriana. The C. beticola s. lat. isolates are distributed over two clades, namely C. beticola s. str. and C. gamsiana, which is newly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounes Bakhshi
- Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Arzanlou
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asadollah Babai-Ahari
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Johannes Z Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Cryptic diversity, pathogenicity, and evolutionary species boundaries in Cercospora populations associated with Cercospora leaf spot of Beta vulgaris. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:264-282. [PMID: 29551200 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomy and evolutionary species boundaries in a global collection of Cercospora isolates from Beta vulgaris was investigated based on sequences of six loci. Species boundaries were assessed using concatenated multi-locus phylogenies, Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), Poisson Tree Processes (PTP), and Bayes factor delimitation (BFD) framework. Cercospora beticola was confirmed as the primary cause of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) on B. vulgaris. Cercospora apii, C. cf. flagellaris, Cercospora sp. G, and C. zebrina were also identified in association with CLS on B. vulgaris. Cercospora apii and C. cf. flagellaris were pathogenic to table beet but Cercospora sp. G and C. zebrina did not cause disease. Genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition, GMYC and PTP methods failed to differentiate C. apii and C. beticola as separate species. On the other hand, multi-species coalescent analysis based on BFD supported separation of C. apii and C. beticola into distinct species; and provided evidence of evolutionary independent lineages within C. beticola. Extensive intra- and intergenic recombination, incomplete lineage sorting and dominance of clonal reproduction complicate evolutionary species recognition in the genus Cercospora. The results warrant morphological and phylogenetic studies to disentangle cryptic speciation within C. beticola.
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20
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Albu S, Sharma S, Bluhm BH, Price PP, Schneider RW, Doyle VP. Draft Genome Sequence of Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae, a Causal Agent of Cercospora Leaf Blight on Soybean. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:e00708-17. [PMID: 28883128 PMCID: PMC5589522 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00708-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae is an ascomycete fungal pathogen that infects various plants, including important agricultural commodities, such as soybean. Here, we report the first draft genome sequence and assembly of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Albu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Burton H Bluhm
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Paul P Price
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro, Louisiana, USA
| | - Raymond W Schneider
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vinson P Doyle
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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21
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Guillin EA, de Oliveira LO, Grijalba PE, Gottlieb AM. Genetic entanglement between Cercospora species associating soybean purple seed stain. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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