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M'rabet Samaali B, Loulou A, MougouHamdane A, Kallel S. Acquisition and transmission of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) by Xiphinema index and Xiphinema italiae (Longidoridae). J Helminthol 2024; 98:e26. [PMID: 38509862 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is one of the most severe virus diseases of grapevines, causing fanleaf degeneration that is transmitted by Xiphinema index. This paper aims to isolate Xiphinema species from Tunisian vineyard soil samples and assess their ability to acquire and transmit GFLV under natural and controlled conditions. Based on morphological and morphometric analyses, Tunisian dagger nematodes were identified as X. index and Xiphinema italiae. These results were confirmed with molecular identification tools using species-specific polymerase chain reaction primers. The total RNA of GFLV was extracted from specimens of Xiphinema and amplified based on real-time polymerase chain reaction using virus-specific primers. Our results showed that X. index could acquire and transmit the viral particles of GFLV. This nepovirus was not detected in X. italiae, under natural conditions; however, under controlled conditions, this nematode was able to successfully acquire and transmit the viral particles of GFLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M'rabet Samaali
- Université de Carthage, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, LR14AGR02, Laboratoire de Recherche Bioagresseur et Protection Intégrée en Agriculture, 1082Tunis mahrajène, Tunisia
| | - A Loulou
- Université de Carthage, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, LR14AGR02, Laboratoire de Recherche Bioagresseur et Protection Intégrée en Agriculture, 1082Tunis mahrajène, Tunisia
| | - A MougouHamdane
- Université de Carthage, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, LR14AGR02, Laboratoire de Recherche Bioagresseur et Protection Intégrée en Agriculture, 1082Tunis mahrajène, Tunisia
| | - S Kallel
- Université de Carthage, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, LR14AGR02, Laboratoire de Recherche Bioagresseur et Protection Intégrée en Agriculture, 1082Tunis mahrajène, Tunisia
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Armand T, Souquet M, Korn L, Gauthier K, Jacquot E. Asymmetric interactions between barley yellow dwarf virus -PAV and wheat dwarf virus in wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1194622. [PMID: 37496861 PMCID: PMC10366370 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1194622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The deciphering of the epidemiology of a plant virus has long been focused on the study of interactions between partners of one pathosystem. However, plants are exposed to numerous viruses which lead to frequent co-infection scenarios. This can change characteristics of virus-vector-host interactions and could impact the epidemiology of viral diseases. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV; species: Luteovirus pavhordei; genus Luteovirus), wheat dwarf virus (WDV; genus Mastrevirus) and their respective vectors (BYDV-PAV: e.g. Rhopalosiphum padi and WDV: Psammotettix alienus) are commonly found in cereal fields. Wheat plants co-infected with BYDV-PAV and WDV have been reported from field surveys, although epidemiological outcomes of BYDV-PAV - WDV interactions in planta have not yet been studied. Experiments were carried out to evaluate and compare, through different competition scenarios (i.e. single- and co- (simultaneous and sequential) inoculations), the efficiency of BYDV-PAV and WDV to infect, to accumulate in and to be spread between wheat plants. Moreover, the impact of competition scenarios on the biological parameters of these two viruses was evaluated at different stages of the infection and with plants at different ages at inoculation. Results showed i) that these viruses achieve their infection cycle and their plant-to-plant transmission with different efficiencies and ii) BYDV-PAV - WDV interactions lead to different phenotypes ranging from antagonism to synergism. Finally, when these two viruses share a host, the nature and strength of virus-virus interactions varied depending on the order of virus arrival, stages of the infection cycle and plant age at inoculation. Precisely, the introduction (i.e. co- and sequential inoculation) and infection process (i.e. virus accumulation) of BYDV-PAV in a wheat benefit from the presence of WDV. For the latter, the sympatry with BYDV-PAV exerts opposite pressure on parameters involved in virus introduction (i.e. benefit during sequential inoculation) and spread (i.e. lower transmission efficiency and virus accumulation in co-infected plants). In the context of increased potential exposure of crops to insect vectors, this study participates in a better understanding of the impact of BYDV-PAV and WDV co-infections on biological and ecological parameters of the diseases induced by these viruses.
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Wernet V, Fischer R. Establishment of Arthrobotrys flagrans as biocontrol agent against the root pathogenic nematode Xiphinema index. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:283-293. [PMID: 36354014 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause devastating agricultural damage worldwide. Only a few synthetic nematicides can be used and their application is limited in fields. Therefore, there is a need for sustainable and environment-friendly alternatives. Nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) are natural predators of nematodes. They capture and digest them with their hyphae and are starting to being used as bio-control agents. In this study, we applied the NTF Arthrobotrys flagrans (Duddingtonia flagrans) against the wine pathogenic nematode Xiphinema index. A. flagrans reduced the number of X. index juveniles in pot cultures of Ficus carica, an alternative host plant for X. index, significantly. Sodium-alginate pellets with A. flagrans spores were produced for vineyard soil inoculation under laboratory conditions. The NTF A. conoides, A. musiformis and A. superba were enriched from several soil samples, showing their natural presence. Trap formation is an energy-consuming process and depends upon various biotic and abiotic stimuli. Here, we show that bacteria of the genus Delftia, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Serratia induced trap formation in NTF like A. conoides and A. oligospora but not in A. flagrans in the absence of nematodes. The application of NTF along with such bacteria could be a combinatorial way of efficient biocontrol in nematode-infested soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Wernet
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Potential Implications and Management of Grapevine Viruses in Mexico: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb14010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, virus infections in grapevines are of concern due to the potential for economic loss. Although the grape industry in Mexico is relatively small and focused mainly on the local market, production dates back to the time of the Spanish colonization. This manuscript discusses the findings on grapevine viruses in Mexico. Nine viruses have been identified in the last fifty years, including grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), and grapevine virus A (GVA). Important information is provided about these viruses and viral pathogens that have not yet been reported in Mexico, but represent an ongoing threat to plant health and grapevine production in other viticultural regions of the world. Strategies for virus control in vineyards are described. The information discussed here should be shared with growers and stakeholders to prevent future negative impacts on the Mexican grapevine industry and to save ancient grapevine accessions.
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Kubina J, Hily JM, Mustin P, Komar V, Garcia S, Martin IR, Poulicard N, Velt A, Bonnet V, Mercier L, Lemaire O, Vigne E. Characterization of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus Isolates in ‘Chardonnay’ Vines Exhibiting Severe and Mild Symptoms in Two Vineyards. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102303. [PMID: 36298857 PMCID: PMC9609649 DOI: 10.3390/v14102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanleaf degeneration is a complex viral disease of Vitis spp. that detrimentally impacts fruit yield and reduces the productive lifespan of most vineyards worldwide. In France, its main causal agent is grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV). In the past, field experiments were conducted to explore cross-protection as a management strategy of fanleaf degeneration, but results were unsatisfactory because the mild virus strain negatively impacted fruit yield. In order to select new mild GFLV isolates, we examined two old ‘Chardonnay’ parcels harbouring vines with distinct phenotypes. Symptoms and agronomic performances were monitored over the four-year study on 21 individual vines that were classified into three categories: asymptomatic GFLV-free vines, GFLV-infected vines severely diseased and GFLV-infected vines displaying mild symptoms. The complete coding genomic sequences of GFLV isolates in infected vines was determined by high-throughput sequencing. Most grapevines were infected with multiple genetically divergent variants. While no specific molecular features were apparent for GFLV isolates from vines displaying mild symptoms, a genetic differentiation of GFLV populations depending on the vineyard parcel was observed. The mild symptomatic grapevines identified during this study were established in a greenhouse to recover GFLV variants of potential interest for cross-protection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kubina
- INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Jean-Michel Hily
- INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
- IFV, 30240 Le Grau-Du-Roi, France
| | - Pierre Mustin
- INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Véronique Komar
- INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Shahinez Garcia
- INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
| | | | - Nils Poulicard
- PHIM, Université Montpellier, IRD, INRAE, Cirad, SupAgro, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Velt
- INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Véronique Bonnet
- Maison Moët & Chandon, 20 Avenue de Champagne, 51200 Épernay, France
| | - Laurence Mercier
- Maison Moët & Chandon, 20 Avenue de Champagne, 51200 Épernay, France
| | - Olivier Lemaire
- INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vigne
- INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France
- Correspondence:
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Negrel L, Baltenweck R, Demangeat G, Le Bohec-Dorner F, Rustenholz C, Velt A, Gertz C, Bieler E, Dürrenberger M, Gombault P, Hugueney P, Lemaire O. Comparative Metabolomic Analysis of Four Fabaceae and Relationship to In Vitro Nematicidal Activity against Xiphinema index. Molecules 2022; 27:3052. [PMID: 35630529 PMCID: PMC9146138 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), responsible for fanleaf degeneration, is spread in vineyards by the soil nematode Xiphinema index. Nematicide molecules were used to limit the spread of the disease until they were banned due to negative environmental impacts. Therefore, there is a growing interest in alternative methods, including plant-derived products with antagonistic effects to X. index. In this work, we evaluated the nematicidal potential of the aerial parts and roots of four Fabaceae: sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), sweet clover (Melilotus albus), and red clover (Trifolium pratense), as well as that of sainfoin-based commercial pellets. For all tested plants, either aerial or root parts, or both of them, exhibited a nematicidal effect on X. index in vitro, pellets being as effective as freshly harvested plants. Comparative metabolomic analyses did not reveal molecules or molecule families specifically associated with antagonistic properties toward X. index, suggesting that the nematicidal effect is the result of a combination of different molecules rather than associated with a single compound. Finally, scanning electron microscope observations did not reveal the visible impact of O. viciifolia extract on X. index cuticle, suggesting that alteration of the cuticle may not be the primary cause of their nematicidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymonde Baltenweck
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France; (R.B.); (G.D.); (F.L.B.-D.); (C.R.); (A.V.); (C.G.); (P.H.); (O.L.)
| | - Gerard Demangeat
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France; (R.B.); (G.D.); (F.L.B.-D.); (C.R.); (A.V.); (C.G.); (P.H.); (O.L.)
| | - Françoise Le Bohec-Dorner
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France; (R.B.); (G.D.); (F.L.B.-D.); (C.R.); (A.V.); (C.G.); (P.H.); (O.L.)
| | - Camille Rustenholz
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France; (R.B.); (G.D.); (F.L.B.-D.); (C.R.); (A.V.); (C.G.); (P.H.); (O.L.)
| | - Amandine Velt
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France; (R.B.); (G.D.); (F.L.B.-D.); (C.R.); (A.V.); (C.G.); (P.H.); (O.L.)
| | - Claude Gertz
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France; (R.B.); (G.D.); (F.L.B.-D.); (C.R.); (A.V.); (C.G.); (P.H.); (O.L.)
| | - Eva Bieler
- Nano Imaging Laboratory, Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (E.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Markus Dürrenberger
- Nano Imaging Laboratory, Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (E.B.); (M.D.)
| | | | - Philippe Hugueney
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France; (R.B.); (G.D.); (F.L.B.-D.); (C.R.); (A.V.); (C.G.); (P.H.); (O.L.)
| | - Olivier Lemaire
- Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, 68000 Colmar, France; (R.B.); (G.D.); (F.L.B.-D.); (C.R.); (A.V.); (C.G.); (P.H.); (O.L.)
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Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, Capilla-Hernández MF, Gregorio-Jorge J. Viruses Infecting Trees and Herbs That Produce Edible Fleshy Fruits with a Prominent Value in the Global Market: An Evolutionary Perspective. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:203. [PMID: 35050091 PMCID: PMC8778216 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Trees and herbs that produce fruits represent the most valuable agricultural food commodities in the world. However, the yield of these crops is not fully achieved due to biotic factors such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Viruses are capable of causing alterations in plant growth and development, thereby impacting the yield of their hosts significantly. In this work, we first compiled the world's most comprehensive list of known edible fruits that fits our definition. Then, plant viruses infecting those trees and herbs that produce fruits with commercial importance in the global market were identified. The identified plant viruses belong to 30 families, most of them containing single-stranded RNA genomes. Importantly, we show the overall picture of the host range for some virus families following an evolutionary approach. Further, the current knowledge about plant-virus interactions, focusing on the main disorders they cause, as well as yield losses, is summarized. Additionally, since accurate diagnosis methods are of pivotal importance for viral diseases control, the current and emerging technologies for the detection of these plant pathogens are described. Finally, the most promising strategies employed to control viral diseases in the field are presented, focusing on solutions that are long-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, San Pedro Xalcaltzinco 90180, Mexico; (C.Y.R.-Z.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - María Fernanda Capilla-Hernández
- Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, San Pedro Xalcaltzinco 90180, Mexico; (C.Y.R.-Z.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Ciudad de Mexico 03940, Mexico
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Efficiency and Persistence of Movento® Treatment against Myzus persicae and the Transmission of Aphid-Borne Viruses. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122747. [PMID: 34961217 PMCID: PMC8708080 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are widely used to protect fields against aphid-borne viral diseases. The recent ban of these chemical compounds in the European Union has strongly impacted rapeseed and sugar beet growing practices. The poor sustainability of other insecticide families and the low efficiency of prophylactic methods to control aphid populations and pathogen introduction strengthen the need to characterize the efficiency of new plant protection products targeting aphids. In this study, the impact of Movento® (Bayer S.A.S., Leverkusen, Germany), a tetrameric acid derivative of spirotetramat, on Myzus persicae and on viral transmission was analyzed under different growing temperatures. The results show (i) the high efficiency of Movento® to protect rapeseed and sugar beet plants against the establishment of aphid colonies, (ii) the impact of temperature on the persistence of the Movento® aphicid properties and (iii) a decrease of approximately 10% of the viral transmission on treated plants. These observations suggest a beneficial effect of Movento® on the sanitary quality of treated crops by directly reducing primary infections and indirectly altering, through aphid mortality, secondary infections on which the spread of disease within field depends. These data constitute important elements for the future development of management strategies to protect crops against aphid-transmitted viruses.
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Li M, Yang Y, Lu Y, Zhang D, Liu Y, Cui X, Yang L, Liu R, Liu J, Li G, Qu J. Natural Host-Environmental Media-Human: A New Potential Pathway of COVID-19 Outbreak. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2020; 6:1085-1098. [PMID: 33520330 PMCID: PMC7834166 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the first infected case (patient zero) is key in tracing the origin of a virus; however, doing so is extremely challenging. Patient zero for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is likely to be permanently unknown. Here, we propose a new viral transmission route by focusing on the environmental media containing viruses of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or RaTG3-related bat-borne coronavirus (Bat-CoV), which we term the "environmental quasi-host." We reason that the environmental quasi-host is likely to be a key node in helping recognize the origin of SARS-CoV-2; thus, SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted along the route of natural host-environmental media-human. Reflecting upon viral outbreaks in the history of humanity, we realize that many epidemic events are caused by direct contact between humans and environmental media containing infectious viruses. Indeed, contacts between humans and environmental quasi-hosts are greatly increasing as the space of human activity incrementally overlaps with animals' living spaces, due to the rapid development and population growth of human society. Moreover, viruses can survive for a long time in environmental media. Therefore, we propose a new potential mechanism to trace the origin of the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cui
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Nguyen VC, Tandonnet JP, Khallouk S, Van Ghelder C, Portier U, Lafargue M, Banora MY, Ollat N, Esmenjaud D. Grapevine Resistance to the Nematode Xiphinema index Is Durable in Muscadine-Derived Plants Obtained from Hardwood Cuttings but Not from In Vitro. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1565-1571. [PMID: 32378451 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-20-0008-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Breeding for varieties carrying natural resistance (R) against plant-parasitic nematodes is a promising alternative to nematicide ban. In perennial crops, the long plant-nematode interaction increases the risk for R breaking and R durability is a real challenge. In grapevine, the nematode Xiphinema index has a high economic impact by transmitting Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and, to delay GFLV transmission, rootstocks resistant to this vector are being selected, using Muscadinia rotundifolia in particular as an R source. To optimize in fine this strategy, the durability has been studied under controlled conditions in F1 and BC1 muscadine-derived resistant accessions previously obtained from either hardwood-cutting or in vitro propagation. After inoculation with a mix, in equal proportions, of four lines representative of the X. index diversity, multiplication on plants has been monitored 3 to 6 years. The nematode reproduction factor remained lower than 1 in resistant plants obtained from hardwood cuttings while it increased at values far beyond 1 in resistant plants of in vitro origin. Data for nematode numbers per gram of roots mostly paralleled those obtained for the reproduction factor. The effect of the propagation type on resistance over years was also evaluated for the ratio female/juvenile and the frequency of males. Altogether our results illustrate that the muscadine-derived resistance based on hardwood cuttings is durable. By contrast, in resistant and reference accessions obtained from in vitro, our data suggest that the increased nematode multiplication might be mainly due to the modification of root architecture consecutive to this propagation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Chung Nguyen
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Tandonnet
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, EGFV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Samira Khallouk
- Service de la Protection du Patrimoine Végétal, ONSSA, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Cyril Van Ghelder
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Ulysse Portier
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Maria Lafargue
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, EGFV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Nathalie Ollat
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, EGFV, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Daniel Esmenjaud
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
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Garcia S, Hily JM, Komar V, Gertz C, Demangeat G, Lemaire O, Vigne E. Detection of Multiple Variants of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus in Single Xiphinema index Nematodes. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121139. [PMID: 31835488 PMCID: PMC6950412 DOI: 10.3390/v11121139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is responsible for a widespread disease in vineyards worldwide. Its genome is composed of two single-stranded positive-sense RNAs, which both show a high genetic diversity. The virus is transmitted from grapevine to grapevine by the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index. Grapevines in diseased vineyards are often infected by multiple genetic variants of GFLV but no information is available on the molecular composition of virus variants retained in X. index following nematodes feeding on roots. In this work, aviruliferous X. index were fed on three naturally GFLV-infected grapevines for which the virome was characterized by RNAseq. Six RNA-1 and four RNA-2 molecules were assembled segregating into four and three distinct phylogenetic clades of RNA-1 and RNA-2, respectively. After 19 months of rearing, single and pools of 30 X. index tested positive for GFLV. Additionally, either pooled or single X. index carried multiple variants of the two GFLV genomic RNAs. However, the full viral genetic diversity found in the leaves of infected grapevines was not detected in viruliferous nematodes, indicating a genetic bottleneck. Our results provide new insights into the complexity of GFLV populations and the putative role of X. index as reservoirs of virus diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinez Garcia
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Strasbourg, BP 20507, 68021 Colmar Cedex, France; (S.G.); (V.K.); (C.G.); (G.D.); (O.L.)
| | - Jean-Michel Hily
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Strasbourg, BP 20507, 68021 Colmar Cedex, France; (S.G.); (V.K.); (C.G.); (G.D.); (O.L.)
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin (IFV), 30240 Le Grau-Du-Roi, France
| | - Véronique Komar
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Strasbourg, BP 20507, 68021 Colmar Cedex, France; (S.G.); (V.K.); (C.G.); (G.D.); (O.L.)
| | - Claude Gertz
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Strasbourg, BP 20507, 68021 Colmar Cedex, France; (S.G.); (V.K.); (C.G.); (G.D.); (O.L.)
| | - Gérard Demangeat
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Strasbourg, BP 20507, 68021 Colmar Cedex, France; (S.G.); (V.K.); (C.G.); (G.D.); (O.L.)
| | - Olivier Lemaire
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Strasbourg, BP 20507, 68021 Colmar Cedex, France; (S.G.); (V.K.); (C.G.); (G.D.); (O.L.)
| | - Emmanuelle Vigne
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Strasbourg, BP 20507, 68021 Colmar Cedex, France; (S.G.); (V.K.); (C.G.); (G.D.); (O.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-389-224-955
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12
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Marmonier A, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Rancurel C, Boissinot S, Favery B, Demangeat G, Brault V. In Vitro Acquisition of Specific Small Interfering RNAs Inhibits the Expression of Some Target Genes in the Plant Ectoparasite Xiphinema index. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3266. [PMID: 31277202 PMCID: PMC6651894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Xiphinema index is an important plant parasitic nematode that induces direct damages and specifically transmits the Grapevine fanleaf virus, which is particularly harmful for grapevines. Genomic resources of this nematode species are still limited and no functional gene validation technology is available. RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful technology to study gene function and here we describe the application of RNAi on several genes in X. index. Soaking the nematodes for 48 h in a suspension containing specific small interfering RNAs resulted in a partial inhibition of the accumulation of some targeted mRNA. However, low reproducible silencing efficiency was observed which could arise from X. index silencing pathway deficiencies. Indeed, essential accustomed proteins for these pathways were not found in the X. index proteome predicted from transcriptomic data. The most reproducible silencing effect was obtained when targeting the piccolo gene potentially involved in endo-exocytosis of synaptic molecules. This represents the first report of gene silencing in a nematode belonging to the Longidoridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Corinne Rancurel
- ISA, INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | | | - Bruno Favery
- ISA, INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
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13
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Youssar L, Wernet V, Hensel N, Yu X, Hildebrand HG, Schreckenberger B, Kriegler M, Hetzer B, Frankino P, Dillin A, Fischer R. Intercellular communication is required for trap formation in the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008029. [PMID: 30917129 PMCID: PMC6453484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) are a large and diverse group of fungi, which may switch from a saprotrophic to a predatory lifestyle if nematodes are present. Different fungi have developed different trapping devices, ranging from adhesive cells to constricting rings. After trapping, fungal hyphae penetrate the worm, secrete lytic enzymes and form a hyphal network inside the body. We sequenced the genome of Duddingtonia flagrans, a biotechnologically important NTF used to control nematode populations in fields. The 36.64 Mb genome encodes 9,927 putative proteins, among which are more than 638 predicted secreted proteins. Most secreted proteins are lytic enzymes, but more than 200 were classified as small secreted proteins (< 300 amino acids). 117 putative effector proteins were predicted, suggesting interkingdom communication during the colonization. As a first step to analyze the function of such proteins or other phenomena at the molecular level, we developed a transformation system, established the fluorescent proteins GFP and mCherry, adapted an assay to monitor protein secretion, and established gene-deletion protocols using homologous recombination or CRISPR/Cas9. One putative virulence effector protein, PefB, was transcriptionally induced during the interaction. We show that the mature protein is able to be imported into nuclei in Caenorhabditis elegans cells. In addition, we studied trap formation and show that cell-to-cell communication is required for ring closure. The availability of the genome sequence and the establishment of many molecular tools will open new avenues to studying this biotechnologically relevant nematode-trapping fungus. Nematode-trapping fungi are fascinating microorganisms, because they are able to switch from saprotrophic growth to a predatory lifestyle. Duddingtonia flagrans forms adhesive trap systems and conidia and resistant chlamydospores. Chlamydospores are ideal for dissemination in the environment to control nematode populations in the field. We show that D. flagrans is able to catch C. elegans but also the very large wine-pathogenic nematode Xiphinema index. We sequenced the D. flagrans genome and show that it encodes about 10,000 genes with a large proportion of secreted proteins. We hypothesize that virulence effector proteins are involved in the interkingdom organismic interaction and identified more than 100 candidates. In order to investigate the molecular biology of D. flagrans and its interaction with nematodes, we established a transformation system and several molecular tools. We show that cell-to-cell communication and hyphal fusion are required for trap formation. Finally, we show that one putative virulence effector protein targets nuclei when expressed in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Youssar
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Valentin Wernet
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Hensel
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xi Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Birgit Schreckenberger
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marius Kriegler
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Phillip Frankino
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Fuchs M, Schmitt-Keichinger C, Sanfaçon H. A Renaissance in Nepovirus Research Provides New Insights Into Their Molecular Interface With Hosts and Vectors. Adv Virus Res 2016; 97:61-105. [PMID: 28057260 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nepoviruses supplied seminal landmarks to the historical trail of plant virology. Among the first agriculturally relevant viruses recognized in the late 1920s and among the first plant viruses officially classified in the early 1970s, nepoviruses also comprise the first species for which a soil-borne ectoparasitic nematode vector was identified. Early research on nepoviruses shed light on the genome structure and expression, biological properties of the two genomic RNAs, and mode of transmission. In recent years, research on nepoviruses enjoyed an extraordinary renaissance. This resurgence provided new insights into the molecular interface between viruses and their plant hosts, and between viruses and dagger nematode vectors to advance our understanding of some of the major steps of the infectious cycle. Here we examine these recent findings, highlight ongoing work, and offer some perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fuchs
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, United States.
| | - C Schmitt-Keichinger
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - H Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
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15
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Simple and portable magnetic immunoassay for rapid detection and sensitive quantification of plant viruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3039-48. [PMID: 25710366 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03667-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause major economic losses in the agricultural industry because late detection delays the implementation of measures that can prevent their dissemination. Sensitive and robust procedures for the rapid detection of plant pathogens are therefore required to reduce yield losses and the use of expensive, environmentally damaging chemicals. Here we describe a simple and portable system for the rapid detection of viral pathogens in infected plants based on immunofiltration, subsequent magnetic detection, and the quantification of magnetically labeled virus particles. Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) was chosen as a model pathogen. Monoclonal antibodies recognizing the GFLV capsid protein were immobilized onto immunofiltration columns, and the same antibodies were linked to magnetic nanoparticles. GFLV was quantified by immunofiltration with magnetic labeling in a double-antibody sandwich configuration. A magnetic frequency mixing technique, in which a two-frequency magnetic excitation field was used to induce a sum frequency signal in the resonant detection coil, corresponding to the virus concentration within the immunofiltration column, was used for high-sensitivity quantification. We were able to measure GFLV concentrations in the range of 6 ng/ml to 20 μg/ml in less than 30 min. The magnetic immunoassay could also be adapted to detect other plant viruses, including Potato virus X and Tobacco mosaic virus, with detection limits of 2 to 60 ng/ml.
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16
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Abstract
Fanleaf degeneration is considered the most damaging viral disease of grapevine. The two major nepoviruses involved are Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) which are respectively and specifically transmitted by the dagger nematodes Xiphinema index and X. diversicaudatum. The methods described below are aimed at detecting four prevalent grapevine Xiphinema species: the vector species previously mentioned and two nonvector species X. vuittenezi and X. italiae.
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17
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Abstract
Grapevine is a high value vegetatively propagated fruit crop that suffers from numerous viruses, including some that seriously affect the profitability of vineyards. Nowadays, 64 viruses belonging to different genera and families have been reported in grapevines and new virus species will likely be described in the future. Three viral diseases namely leafroll, rugose wood, and infectious degeneration are of major economic importance worldwide. The viruses associated with these diseases are transmitted by mealybugs, scale and soft scale insects, or dagger nematodes. Here, we review control measures of the major grapevine viral diseases. More specifically, emphasis is laid on (i) approaches for the production of clean stocks and propagative material through effective sanitation, robust diagnosis, as well as local and regional certification efforts, (ii) the management of vectors of viruses using cultural, biological, and chemical methods, and (iii) the production of resistant grapevines mainly through the application of genetic engineering. The benefits and limitations of the different control measures are discussed with regard to accomplishments and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara I Maliogka
- Faculty of agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Lab, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Marc Fuchs
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - Nikolaos I Katis
- Faculty of agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Lab, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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18
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Jones JT, Haegeman A, Danchin EGJ, Gaur HS, Helder J, Jones MGK, Kikuchi T, Manzanilla-López R, Palomares-Rius JE, Wesemael WML, Perry RN. Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:946-61. [PMID: 23809086 PMCID: PMC6638764 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 781] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to undertake a survey of researchers working with plant-parasitic nematodes in order to determine a 'top 10' list of these pathogens based on scientific and economic importance. Any such list will not be definitive as economic importance will vary depending on the region of the world in which a researcher is based. However, care was taken to include researchers from as many parts of the world as possible when carrying out the survey. The top 10 list emerging from the survey is composed of: (1) root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); (2) cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.); (3) root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.); (4) the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis; (5) Ditylenchus dipsaci; (6) the pine wilt nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; (7) the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis; (8) Xiphinema index (the only virus vector nematode to make the list); (9) Nacobbus aberrans; and (10) Aphelenchoides besseyi. The biology of each nematode (or nematode group) is reviewed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Jones
- James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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19
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Survival of Xiphinema index in clay loam soil. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Scientific opinion on the risk to plant health posed by Arabis mosaic virus, Raspberry ringspot virus, Strawberry latent ringspot virus and Tomato black ring virus to the EU territory with the identification and evaluation of risk reduction options. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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21
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Villate L, Morin E, Demangeat G, Van Helden M, Esmenjaud D. Control of Xiphinema index populations by fallow plants under greenhouse and field conditions. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 102:627-634. [PMID: 22376084 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-12-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The dagger nematode Xiphinema index has a high economic impact in vineyards by direct pathogenicity and above all by transmitting the Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV). Agrochemicals have been largely employed to restrict the spread of GFLV by reducing X. index populations but are now banned. As an alternative to nematicides, the use of fallow plants between two successive vine crops was assessed. We selected plant species adapted to vineyard soils and exhibiting negative impact on nematodes and we evaluated their antagonistic effect on X. index in greenhouse using artificially infested soil, and in naturally infested vineyard conditions. The screening was conducted with plants belonging to the families Asteraceae (sunflower, marigold, zinnia, and nyjer), Poaceae (sorghum and rye), Fabaceae (white lupin, white melilot, hairy vetch, and alfalfa), Brassicaceae (rapeseed and camelina), and Boraginaceae (phacelia). In the greenhouse controlled assay, white lupin, nyjer, and marigold significantly reduced X. index populations compared with that of bare soil. The vineyard assay, designed to take into account the aggregative pattern of X. index distribution, revealed that marigold and hairy vetch are good candidates as cover crops to reduce X. index populations in vineyard. Moreover, this original experimental design could be applied to manage other soilborne pathogens.
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22
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Hao Z, Fayolle L, van Tuinen D, Chatagnier O, Li X, Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Local and systemic mycorrhiza-induced protection against the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index involves priming of defence gene responses in grapevine. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3657-72. [PMID: 22407649 PMCID: PMC3388824 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasitic dagger nematode (Xiphinema index), vector of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), provokes gall formation and can cause severe damage to the root system of grapevines. Mycorrhiza formation by Glomus (syn. Rhizophagus) intraradices BEG141 reduced both gall formation on roots of the grapevine rootstock SO4 (Vitis berlandieri×V. riparia) and nematode number in the surrounding soil. Suppressive effects increased with time and were greater when the nematode was post-inoculated rather than co-inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. Using a split-root system, decreased X. index development was shown in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal parts of mycorrhizal root systems, indicating that both local and systemic induced bioprotection mechanisms were active against the ectoparasitic nematode. Expression analyses of ESTs (expressed sequence tags) generated in an SSH (subtractive suppressive hybridization) library, representing plant genes up-regulated during mycorrhiza-induced control of X. index, and of described grapevine defence genes showed activation of chitinase 1b, pathogenesis-related 10, glutathione S-transferase, stilbene synthase 1, 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and a heat shock proein 70-interacting protein in association with the observed local and/or systemic induced bioprotection against the nematode. Overall, the data suggest priming of grapevine defence responses by the AM fungus and transmission of a plant-mediated signal to non-mycorrhizal tissues. Grapevine gene responses during AM-induced local and systemic bioprotection against X. index point to biological processes that are related either to direct effects on the nematode or to protection against nematode-imposed stress to maintain root tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Hao
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante–Microbe–Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, PR China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Léon Fayolle
- UMR INRA 1229/Université de Bourgogne Microbiologie du Sol et de l’Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante–Microbe–Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Odile Chatagnier
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante–Microbe–Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Xiaolin Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, PR China
| | - Silvio Gianinazzi
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante–Microbe–Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante–Microbe–Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Froissart R, Doumayrou J, Vuillaume F, Alizon S, Michalakis Y. The virulence-transmission trade-off in vector-borne plant viruses: a review of (non-)existing studies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:1907-18. [PMID: 20478886 PMCID: PMC2880117 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive hypothesis invoked to explain why parasites harm their hosts is known as the trade-off hypothesis, which states that increased parasite transmission comes at the cost of shorter infection duration. This correlation arises because both transmission and disease-induced mortality (i.e. virulence) are increasing functions of parasite within-host density. There is, however, a glaring lack of empirical data to support this hypothesis. Here, we review empirical investigations reporting to what extent within-host viral accumulation determines the transmission rate and the virulence of vector-borne plant viruses. Studies suggest that the correlation between within-plant viral accumulation and transmission rate of natural isolates is positive. Unfortunately, results on the correlation between viral accumulation and virulence are very scarce. We found only very few appropriate studies testing such a correlation, themselves limited by the fact that they use symptoms as a proxy for virulence and are based on very few viral genotypes. Overall, the available evidence does not allow us to confirm or refute the existence of a transmission-virulence trade-off for vector-borne plant viruses. We discuss the type of data that should be collected and how theoretical models can help us refine testable predictions of virulence evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Froissart
- Laboratoire Génétique & évolution des maladies infectieuses (GEMI), UMR 2724 CNRS IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France.
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24
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Oliver JE, Vigne E, Fuchs M. Genetic structure and molecular variability of Grapevine fanleaf virus populations. Virus Res 2010; 152:30-40. [PMID: 20540977 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To gain insights into the evolutionary mechanisms of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) from the genus Nepovirus, family Secoviridae, the sequences of the complete coding region of RNA2, including genes 2A(HP), 2B(MP) and 2C(CP), and partial sequence from the RNA1-encoded gene 1E(Pol) of 14 GFLV isolates from three naturally infected California vineyards were characterized. Phylogenetic analyses suggested two to three evolutionarily divergent lineages that did not reflect the vineyard origin of the isolates or an association with rootstock genotype or scion cultivar. Examination of the genetic variability of the California isolates alongside isolates worldwide, for which three RNA1 and 44 RNA2 coding sequences are available, revealed similar patterns of molecular evolution for the different regions within the GFLV genome but distinct selection constraints with the strongest pressure exerted on genes 2C(CP) and 2B(MP), an intermediate level of pressure exerted on gene 1E(Pol), and the weakest pressure exerted on gene 2A(HP). Some of the California isolates resulted from interspecies recombination events between GFLV and Arabis mosaic virus with crossover sites suspected in gene 1E(Pol) and identified in genes 2A(HP) and 2B(MP); and intraspecies recombination events inferred in the four target genes but most frequently observed within gene 2C(CP). This study suggested that purifying selection and recombination are important evolutionary mechanisms in the genetic diversification of GFLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Oliver
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North Street, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
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25
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Demangeat G, Komar V, Van-Ghelder C, Voisin R, Lemaire O, Esmenjaud D, Fuchs M. Transmission competency of single-female Xiphinema index lines for Grapevine fanleaf virus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2010; 100:384-389. [PMID: 20205542 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-100-4-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is vectored specifically from grapevine to grapevine by the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index. Limited information is available on the vector competency of X. index populations from diverse geographical origins. We determined the transmissibility of two GFLV strains showing 4.6% amino acid divergence within their coat protein (e.g., strains F13 and GHu) by seven clonal lines of X. index developed from seven distinct populations from the Mediterranean basin (Cyprus, southern France, Israel, Italy, and Spain), northern France, and California. X. index lines derived from single adult females were produced on fig (Ficus carica) plants to obtain genetically homogenous aviruliferous clones. A comparative reproductive rate analysis on Vitis rupestris du Lot and V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon showed significant differences among clones, with the single-female Cyprus line showing the highest rate (30-fold the initial population) and the Spain and California lines showing the lowest rate (10-fold increase), regardless of the grapevine genotype. However, there was no differential vector competency among the seven X. index lines for GFLV strains F13 and GHu. The implications of our findings for the dynamic of GFLV transmission in vineyards and screening of Vitis spp. for resistance to GFLV are discussed.
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26
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Nölke G, Cobanov P, Uhde-Holzem K, Reustle G, Fischer R, Schillberg S. Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV)-specific antibodies confer GFLV and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:41-9. [PMID: 19161351 PMCID: PMC6640260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is one of the most destructive pathogens of grapevine. In this study, we generated monoclonal antibodies binding specifically to the coat protein of GFLV. Antibody FL(3), which bound most strongly to GFLV and showed cross-reactivity to Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), was used to construct the single-chain antibody fragment scFvGFLVcp-55. To evaluate the potential of this single-chain variable fragment (scFv) to confer antibody-mediated virus resistance, transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants were generated in which the scFv accumulated in the cytosol. Recombinant protein levels of up to 0.1% total soluble protein were achieved. The T(1) and T(2) progenies conferred partial or complete protection against GFLV on challenge with the viral pathogen. The resistance to GFLV in transgenic plants was strictly related to scFvGFLVcp-55 accumulation levels, confirming that the antibody fragment was functional in planta and responsible for the GFLV resistance. In addition, transgenic plants conferring complete protection to GFLV showed substantially enhanced tolerance to ArMV. We demonstrate the first step towards the control of grapevine fanleaf degeneration, as scFvGFLVcp-55 could be an ideal candidate for mediating nepovirus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Nölke
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Komar V, Vigne E, Demangeat G, Lemaire O, Fuchs M. Cross-Protection as Control Strategy Against Grapevine fanleaf virus in Naturally Infected Vineyards. PLANT DISEASE 2008; 92:1689-1694. [PMID: 30764294 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-92-12-1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of cross-protection at mitigating the impact of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) on grapevines (Vitis vinifera) was assessed in two naturally infected vineyard sites. Test vines consisted of scions grafted onto rootstocks that were healthy or infected by mild protective strains GFLV-GHu or Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV)-Ta. Challenge GFLV infection via the nematode Xiphinema index was monitored over nine consecutive years in control and ArMV-Ta cross-protected vines by double-antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using GFLV-specific antibodies, and in GFLV-GHu cross-protected vines by characterizing the coat protein gene of superinfecting isolates by immunocapture-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results were consistent with a significantly reduced challenge infection rate in cross-protected vines compared with control vines, more so in those protected with GFLV-GHu (19 versus 90%) than with ArMV-Ta (40 versus 65% in field A and 63 versus 90% in field B). However, the two mild strains significantly reduced fruit yield by 9% (ArMV-Ta) and 17% (GFLV-GHu) over 8 years and had a limited effect on fruit quality. Therefore, in spite of a great potential at reducing the incidence of challenge field isolates, cross-protection with natural mild protective strains GFLV-GHu and ArMV-Ta is not attractive to control GFLV because the negative impact on yield is a limiting factor for its deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Komar
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, UMR 1131, Unité Mixte de Recherche Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, BP 20507, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vigne
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, UMR 1131, Unité Mixte de Recherche Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, BP 20507, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Gérard Demangeat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, UMR 1131, Unité Mixte de Recherche Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, BP 20507, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Olivier Lemaire
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, UMR 1131, Unité Mixte de Recherche Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, BP 20507, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Marc Fuchs
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, and Department of Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
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Villate L, Fievet V, Hanse B, Delemarre F, Plantard O, Esmenjaud D, van Helden M. Spatial distribution of the dagger nematode Xiphinema index and its associated Grapevine fanleaf virus in French vineyard. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 98:942-8. [PMID: 18943213 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-98-8-0942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Xiphinema index is, economically, the major virus vector in viticulture, transmitting specifically the Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), the most severe grapevine virus disease worldwide. Increased knowledge of the spatial distribution of this nematode, both horizontally and vertically, and of correlative GFLV plant infections, is essential to efficiently control the disease. In two infested blocks of the Bordeaux vineyard, vertical distribution data showed that the highest numbers of individuals occurred at 40 to 110 cm depth, corresponding to the two layers where the highest densities of fine roots were observed. Horizontal distribution based on a 10 x 15 m grid sampling procedure revealed a significant aggregative pattern but no significant neighborhood structure of nematode densities. At a finer scale ( approximately 2 x 2 m), nematode sampling performed in a third block confirmed a significant aggregative pattern, with patches of 6 to 8 m diameter, together with a significant neighborhood structure of nematode densities, thus identifying the relevant sampling scale to describe the nematode distribution. Nematode patches correlate significantly with those of GFLV-infected grapevine plants. Finally, nematode and virus spread were shown to extend preferentially parallel to vine rows, probably due to tillage during mechanical weeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Villate
- INRA, Agrocampus Rennes, UMR1099 BiO3P, Le Rheu, France.
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Pinkerton JN, Kraus J, Martin RR, Schreiner RP. Epidemiology of Xiphinema americanum and Tomato ringspot virus on Red Raspberry, Rubus idaeus. PLANT DISEASE 2008; 92:364-371. [PMID: 30769671 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-92-3-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Population dynamics of Xiphinema americanum and transmission of Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) were studied in a red raspberry field in Washington State. Population densities of X. americanum were highest in the winter, lowest in the summer, and were correlated with precipitation (R2 = 0.42). All nematode stages were present throughout the year. Gravid females were observed only in the spring, indicating one generation per year. The sequence of the coat protein of the ToRSV from this field was similar to those of other raspberry isolates from the Pacific Northwest. Cucumber seedlings were planted in soil collected monthly from the field and were evaluated for nematode transmission of ToRSV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proportion of assay plants infected with ToRSV was negatively correlated with nematode densities (R2 = 0.31). In another study, ToRSV was detected by ELISA in fine roots of raspberry plants 5 months after planting in field soil infested with viruliferous nematodes, in all subterranean portions of plants after 12 months, and in all aerial portions the second year. The rate of spread of ToRSV in a raspberry field was 70 cm per year. These results suggest that the rate of ToRSV spread is limited by systemic spread of virus in plants when nematode-infested soil is not transported in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Pinkerton
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR 97330
| | - J Kraus
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR 97330
| | - R R Martin
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR 97330
| | - R P Schreiner
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR 97330
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Xu K, Riaz S, Roncoroni NC, Jin Y, Hu R, Zhou R, Walker MA. Genetic and QTL analysis of resistance to Xiphinema index in a grapevine cross. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2008; 116:305-311. [PMID: 18004541 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-007-0670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to the dagger nematode Xiphinema index has been an important objective in grape rootstock breeding programs. This nematode not only causes severe feeding damage to the root system, but it also vectors grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), the causal agent of fanleaf degeneration and one of the most severe viral diseases of grape. The established screening procedures for dagger nematode resistance are time consuming and can produce inconsistent results. A fast and reliable greenhouse-based system for screening resistance to X. index that is suitable for genetic studies and capable of evaluating breeding populations is needed. In this report, the dynamics of nematode numbers, gall formation, and root weight loss were investigated using a variety of soil mixes and pot sizes over a 52-week period. Results indicated that the number of galls formed was correlated with the size of the nematode population and with the degree of root weight loss. After inoculation with 100 nematodes, gall formation could be reliably evaluated in 4-8 weeks in most plant growth conditions and results were obtained 6 months more rapidly than past evaluation methods. This modified X. index resistance screening method was successfully applied to 185 of the 188 F(1) progeny from a cross of D8909-15 x F8909-17 (the 9621 population), which segregates for a form of X. index resistance originally derived from Vitis arizonica. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was carried out on both parental genetic maps of 255 markers using MapQTL 4.0. Results revealed that X. index resistance is controlled by a major QTL, designated Xiphinema index Resistance 1 (XiR1), near marker VMC5a10 on chromosome 19. The XiR1 QTL was supported by a LOD score of 36.9 and explained 59.9% of the resistance variance in the mapping population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Xu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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