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Kamal H, Zafar MM, Razzaq A, Parvaiz A, Ercisli S, Qiao F, Jiang X. Functional role of geminivirus encoded proteins in the host: Past and present. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300736. [PMID: 38900041 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interaction, plant exhibits a strong defense system utilizing diverse groups of proteins to suppress the infection and subsequent establishment of the pathogen. However, in response, pathogens trigger an anti-silencing mechanism to overcome the host defense machinery. Among plant viruses, geminiviruses are the second largest virus family with a worldwide distribution and continue to be production constraints to food, feed, and fiber crops. These viruses are spread by a diverse group of insects, predominantly by whiteflies, and are characterized by a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome coding for four to eight proteins that facilitate viral infection. The most effective means to managing these viruses is through an integrated disease management strategy that includes virus-resistant cultivars, vector management, and cultural practices. Dynamic changes in this virus family enable the species to manipulate their genome organization to respond to external changes in the environment. Therefore, the evolutionary nature of geminiviruses leads to new and novel approaches for developing virus-resistant cultivars and it is essential to study molecular ecology and evolution of geminiviruses. This review summarizes the multifunctionality of each geminivirus-encoded protein. These protein-based interactions trigger the abrupt changes in the host methyl cycle and signaling pathways that turn over protein normal production and impair the plant antiviral defense system. Studying these geminivirus interactions localized at cytoplasm-nucleus could reveal a more clear picture of host-pathogen relation. Data collected from this antagonistic relationship among geminivirus, vector, and its host, will provide extensive knowledge on their virulence mode and diversity with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Kamal
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Muhammad Mubashar Zafar
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Abdul Razzaq
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Parvaiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fei Qiao
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Xuefei Jiang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya, China
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Nayaka SN, Mondal F, Ranjan JK, Roy A, Mandal B. Bottle gourd IC-0262269, a super-susceptible genotype to tomato leaf curl Palampur virus. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:8. [PMID: 38074288 PMCID: PMC10709538 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
While conducting field trial of 82 genotypes of bottle gourd at Delhi during 2020-2021, a particular genotype, IC-0262269 was found to be affected by chlorotic curly stunt disease (CCSD). The affected plants were severely stunted and bearing very small chlorotic and crinkle leaves. The disease incidence in the said genotype was as high as 80% among different replicated trial blocks. The application of PCR using a generic primers specific to begomoviruses, as well as species-specific PCR diagnostics to six tomato-infecting begomoviruses: tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV), tomato leaf curl Joydebpur virus (ToLCJoV), tomato leaf curl Gujrat virus (ToLCGuV), tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus (ToLCBV), and chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV) showed that, only ToLCPalV could be detected in the genotype IC-0262269. Following, rolling circle amplification, cloning and sequencing of full-length DNA-A and DNA-B genome of an isolate BoG1-ND from the genotype IC-0262269 revealed association of ToLCPalV with the disease. The successful agro-infection of the cloned genome of BoG1-ND (DNA-A and DNA-B) in the plants of Nicotiana benthamiana and bottle gourd demonstrated that ToLCPalV is the causal begomovirus of CCSD. The study provides the first evidence of the natural occurrence of ToLCPalV in bottle gourd crop and also showed that the bottle gourd genotype IC-0262269 is super-susceptible to ToLCPalV. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03838-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Naveen Nayaka
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Firoz Mondal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeetendra Kumar Ranjan
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anirban Roy
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Nayaka SN, Singh OW, Kumar P, Roy A, Mandal B. Geographical distribution of tomato-infecting begomoviruses in major cucurbits in India: a diagnostic analysis using begomovirus species specific PCR. Virusdisease 2023; 34:421-430. [PMID: 37780909 PMCID: PMC10533461 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucurbits are an essential summer-season vegetable crops, but they are highly vulnerable from a range of abiotic and biotic factors. One of the significant biotic factors posing a growing menace to the production of major cucurbits in India is the emergence of tomato-infecting begomoviruses. In this study, we utilized PCR-based species-specific primers, developed earlier in our laboratory for the detection of begomoviruses infecting tomato and chilli plants, to identify begomoviruses in cucurbits across various regions of India. Leaf samples from major cucurbits were collected from different regions of Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Telangana and Karnataka, during the year 2020-2021. Total nucleic acid (TNA) was extracted from the samples and subjected to PCR using a generic primer specific to begomoviruses. The samples that exhibited positive amplification were further tested using six different species-specific primers targeting specific begomovirus species, namely Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV), Tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus (ToLCBV), Tomato leaf curl Joydebpur virus (ToLCJoV), Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGuV), and Chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV). The PCR analysis revealed that among the 551 plant samples tested, a total of 124 samples exhibited positive amplification using the universal begomovirus PCR. Specifically, 47 samples tested positive for ToLCNDV, 73 samples were positive for ToLCPalV and only one sample showed positive amplification for ChiLCV. However, none of the samples tested positive for ToLCJoV, ToLCGuV and ToLCBV. These findings from our study indicate the prevalence of ToLCNDV and ToLCPalV in major cucurbits across India. Furthermore, the study highlights the varied distribution of begomoviruses in major cucurbits between northern and southern regions of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Naveen Nayaka
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Oinam Washington Singh
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anirban Roy
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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4
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Zhao S, Gong P, Liu J, Liu H, Lozano-Durán R, Zhou X, Li F. Geminivirus C5 proteins mediate formation of virus complexes at plasmodesmata for viral intercellular movement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:322-338. [PMID: 37306279 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Movement proteins (MPs) encoded by plant viruses deliver viral genomes to plasmodesmata (PD) to ensure intracellular and intercellular transport. However, how the MPs encoded by monopartite geminiviruses are targeted to PD is obscure. Here, we demonstrate that the C5 protein of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) anchors to PD during the viral infection following trafficking from the nucleus along microfilaments in Nicotiana benthamiana. C5 could move between cells and partially complement the traffic of a movement-deficient turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) mutant (TuMV-GFP-P3N-PIPO-m1) into adjacent cells. The TYLCV-C5 null mutant (TYLCV-mC5) attenuates viral pathogenicity and decreases viral DNA and protein accumulation, and ectopic overexpression of C5 enhances viral DNA accumulation. Interaction assays between TYLCV-C5 and the other eight viral proteins described in TYLCV reveal that C5 associates with C2 in the nucleus and with V2 in the cytoplasm and at PD. The V2 protein is mainly localized in the nucleus and cytoplasmic granules when expressed alone; in contrast, V2 forms small punctate granules at PD when co-expressed with C5 or in TYLCV-infected cells. The interaction of V2 and C5 also facilitates their nuclear export. Furthermore, C5-mediated PD localization of V2 is conserved in two other geminiviruses. Therefore, this study solves a long-sought-after functional connection between PD and the geminivirus movement and improves our understanding of geminivirus-encoded MPs and their potential cellular and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Fiallo-Olivé E, Navas-Castillo J. Begomoviruses: what is the secret(s) of their success? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:715-727. [PMID: 36805143 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses constitute an extremely successful group of emerging plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci complex. Hosts include important vegetable, root, and fiber crops grown in the tropics and subtropics. Factors contributing to the ever-increasing diversity and success of begomoviruses include their predisposition to recombine their genomes, interaction with DNA satellites recruited throughout their evolution, presence of wild plants as a virus reservoir and a source of speciation, and extreme polyphagia and continuous movement of the insect vectors to temperate regions. These features as well as some controversial issues (replication in the insect vector, putative seed transmission, transmission by insects other than B. tabaci, and expansion of the host range to monocotyledonous plants) will be analyzed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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6
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Wu H, Liu M, Kang B, Liu L, Hong N, Peng B, Gu Q. AC5 protein encoded by squash leaf curl China virus is an RNA silencing suppressor and a virulence determinant. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980147. [PMID: 36060769 PMCID: PMC9437540 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV) is a bipartite Begomovirus. The function of the protein AC5, which is encoded by SLCCNV, is unknown. Here, we confirmed that the 172-amino acids (aa) long AC5 protein of SLCCNV could suppress single-stranded RNA but not double-stranded RNA-induced post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Furthermore, we determined that the C-terminal domain (96–172 aa) of the AC5 protein was responsible for RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) activity via deletion mutant analysis. The AC5 protein can reverse GFP silencing and inhibit systemic silencing of GFP by interfering with the systemic spread of the GFP silencing signal. The SLCCNV AC5 protein was localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm of Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Furthermore, deletion analysis showed that the putative nuclear localization signal (NLS, 102–155 aa) was crucial for the RNA silencing suppression activity of AC5. In addition, the AC5 protein elicited a hypersensitive response and enhanced potoao virus X (PVX) RNA accumulation in infected N. benthamiana plants. Using the infectious clones of the SLCCNV and SLCCNV-AC5 null mutants, mutational analysis confirmed that knockout of the AC5 gene abolished SLCCNV-induced leaf curl symptoms, showing SLCCNV AC5 is also a virulence determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Wu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoshan Kang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liming Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ni Hong
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Bin Peng,
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qinsheng Gu,
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Agaoua A, Rittener V, Troadec C, Desbiez C, Bendahmane A, Moquet F, Dogimont C. A single substitution in Vacuolar protein sorting 4 is responsible for resistance to Watermelon mosaic virus in melon. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4008-4021. [PMID: 35394500 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In plants, introgression of genetic resistance is a proven strategy for developing new resistant lines. While host proteins involved in genome replication and cell to cell movement are widely studied, other cell mechanisms responsible for virus infection remain under investigated. Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) play a key role in membrane trafficking in plants and are involved in the replication of several plant RNA viruses. In this work, we describe the role of the ESCRT protein CmVPS4 as a new susceptibility factor to the Potyvirus Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) in melon. Using a worldwide collection of melons, we identified three different alleles carrying non-synonymous substitutions in CmVps4. Two of these alleles were shown to be associated with WMV resistance. Using a complementation approach, we demonstrated that resistance is due to a single non-synonymous substitution in the allele CmVps4P30R. This work opens up new avenues of research on a new family of host factors required for virus infection and new targets for resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimeric Agaoua
- Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables (GAFL-INRAE), 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Vincent Rittener
- Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables (GAFL-INRAE), 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Christelle Troadec
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Dogimont
- Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables (GAFL-INRAE), 84000 Avignon, France
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8
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Zhao S, Gong P, Ren Y, Liu H, Li H, Li F, Zhou X. The novel C5 protein from tomato yellow leaf curl virus is a virulence factor and suppressor of gene silencing. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:19. [PMID: 37676365 PMCID: PMC10442036 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is known to encode 6 canonical viral proteins. Our recent study revealed that TYLCV also encodes some additional small proteins with potential virulence functions. The fifth ORF of TYLCV in the complementary sense, which we name C5, is evolutionarily conserved, but little is known about its expression and function during viral infection. Here, we confirmed the expression of the TYLCV C5 by analyzing the promoter activity of its upstream sequences and by detecting the C5 protein in infected cells by using a specific custom-made antibody. Ectopic expression of C5 using a potato virus X (PVX) vector resulted in severe mosaic symptoms and higher virus accumulation levels followed by a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. C5 was able to effectively suppress local and systemic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) induced by single-stranded GFP but not double-stranded GFP, and reversed the transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of GFP. Furthermore, the mutation of C5 in TYLCV inhibited viral replication and the development of disease symptoms in infected plants. Transgenic overexpression of C5 could complement the virulence of a TYLCV infectious clone encoding a dysfunctional C5. Collectively, this study reveals that TYLCV C5 is a pathogenicity determinant and RNA silencing suppressor, hence expanding our knowledge of the functional repertoire of the TYLCV proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
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9
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Devendran R, Namgial T, Reddy KK, Kumar M, Zarreen F, Chakraborty S. Insights into the multifunctional roles of geminivirus-encoded proteins in pathogenesis. Arch Virol 2022; 167:307-326. [PMID: 35079902 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are a major threat to agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Geminiviruses have small genome with limited coding capacity. Despite this limitation, these viruses have mastered hijacking the host cellular metabolism for their survival. To compensate for the small size of their genome, geminiviruses encode multifunctional proteins. In addition, geminiviruses associate themselves with satellite DNA molecules which also encode proteins that support the virus in establishing successful infection. Geminiviral proteins recruit multiple host factors, suppress the host defense, and manipulate host metabolism to establish infection. We have updated the knowledge accumulated about the proteins of geminiviruses and their satellites in the context of pathogenesis in a single review. We also discuss their interactions with host factors to provide a mechanistic understanding of the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunathan Devendran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tsewang Namgial
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Kumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Fauzia Zarreen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Adhab M, Alkuwaiti NA. Geminiviruses occurrence in the middle east and their impact on agriculture in Iraq. GEMINIVIRUS : DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT 2022:171-185. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90587-9.00021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
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Factors Determining Transmission of Persistent Viruses by Bemisia tabaci and Emergence of New Virus-Vector Relationships. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091808. [PMID: 34578388 PMCID: PMC8472762 DOI: 10.3390/v13091808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant viruses depend on insect vectors for their transmission and dissemination. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important virus vectors, transmitting more than four hundred virus species, the majority belonging to begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), with their ssDNA genomes. Begomoviruses are transmitted by B. tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner, during which the virus breaches barriers in the digestive, hemolymph, and salivary systems, and interacts with insect proteins along the transmission pathway. These interactions and the tissue tropism in the vector body determine the efficiency and specificity of the transmission. This review describes the mechanisms involved in circulative begomovirus transmission by B. tabaci, focusing on the most studied virus in this regard, namely the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and its closely related isolates. Additionally, the review aims at drawing attention to the recent knowhow of unorthodox virus—B. tabaci interactions. The recent knowledge of whitefly-mediated transmission of two recombinant poleroviruses (Luteoviridae), a virus group with an ssRNA genome and known to be strictly transmitted with aphids, is discussed with its broader context in the emergence of new whitefly-driven virus diseases.
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Li P, Su F, Meng Q, Yu H, Wu G, Li M, Qing L. The C5 protein encoded by Ageratum leaf curl Sichuan virus is a virulence factor and contributes to the virus infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1149-1158. [PMID: 34219358 PMCID: PMC8359000 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Earlier reports have indicated that begomoviruses encode four proteins (AC1/C1, AC2/C2, AC3/C3, and AC4/C4 proteins) using complementary-sense DNA as the template. In recent years, several reports have shown that some begomoviruses also encode an AC5/C5 protein from the complementary DNA strand, and these AC5/C5 proteins play different roles in virus infections. Here, we provide evidence showing that Ageratum leaf curl Sichuan virus (ALCScV), a monopartite begomovirus, also encodes a C5 protein that is important for disease symptom formation and can affect viral replication. Infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants with a potato virus X (PVX)-based vector carrying the ALCScV C5 gene resulted in more severe disease symptoms and higher virus accumulation levels. ALCScV C5 protein can be found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Furthermore, this protein is also a suppressor of posttranscriptional gene silencing. Mutational analysis showed that knockout of C5 gene expression significantly reduced ALCScV-induced disease symptoms and virus accumulation, while expression of the C5 gene using the PVX-based vector enhanced ALCScV accumulation in coinfected N. benthamiana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbai Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Feng Su
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qiyuan Meng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Huabin Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Gentu Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Mingjun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ling Qing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease BiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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13
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Aimone CD, Lavington E, Hoyer JS, Deppong DO, Mickelson-Young L, Jacobson A, Kennedy GG, Carbone I, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Duffy S. Population diversity of cassava mosaic begomoviruses increases over the course of serial vegetative propagation. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001622. [PMID: 34310272 PMCID: PMC8491896 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) represents a serious threat to cassava, a major root crop for more than 300 million Africans. CMD is caused by single-stranded DNA begomoviruses that evolve rapidly, making it challenging to develop durable disease resistance. In addition to the evolutionary forces of mutation, recombination and reassortment, factors such as climate, agriculture practices and the presence of DNA satellites may impact viral diversity. To gain insight into the factors that alter and shape viral diversity in planta, we used high-throughput sequencing to characterize the accumulation of nucleotide diversity after inoculation of infectious clones corresponding to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV) in the susceptible cassava landrace Kibandameno. We found that vegetative propagation had a significant effect on viral nucleotide diversity, while temperature and a satellite DNA did not have measurable impacts in our study. EACMCV diversity increased linearly with the number of vegetative propagation passages, while ACMV diversity increased for a time and then decreased in later passages. We observed a substitution bias toward C→T and G→A for mutations in the viral genomes consistent with field isolates. Non-coding regions excluding the promoter regions of genes showed the highest levels of nucleotide diversity for each genome component. Changes in the 5' intergenic region of DNA-A resembled the sequence of the cognate DNA-B sequence. The majority of nucleotide changes in coding regions were non-synonymous, most with predicted deleterious effects on protein structure, indicative of relaxed selection pressure over six vegetative passages. Overall, these results underscore the importance of knowing how cropping practices affect viral evolution and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine D. Aimone
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Erik Lavington
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - J. Steen Hoyer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - David O. Deppong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Leigh Mickelson-Young
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Alana Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - George G. Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Linda Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Siobain Duffy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Identification of the Begomoviruses Squash Leaf Curl Virus and Watermelon Chlorotic Stunt Virus in Various Plant Samples in North America. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050810. [PMID: 33946382 PMCID: PMC8147125 DOI: 10.3390/v13050810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are a group of plant-infecting viruses with single-stranded DNA genomes. Within this family, viruses in the genus Begomovirus are known to have a worldwide distribution causing a range of severe diseases in a multitude of dicotyledonous plant species. Begomoviruses are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, and their ssDNA genomes can be either monopartite or bipartite. As part of a viral survey, various plants including those in the families Alliaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cactaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Malvaceae, Oleaceae and Solanaceae were sampled and screened for begomoviruses using both a high-throughput sequencing and a begomovirus-specific primer pair approach. Based on the sequences derived using these approaches, the full-length genome of various begomoviruses were amplified from plants using abutting primers. Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) and watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WCSV) were identified in Cactaceae (n = 25), Solanaceae (n = 7), Cucurbitaceae (n = 2) and Lamiaceae (n = 1) samples. WCSV is an Old World bipartite begomovirus that has only recently been discovered infecting watermelons in the Americas. Our discovery of WCSV in the USA is the first indication that it has reached this country and indicates that this virus might be widespread throughout North America. Phylogenetic analysis suggests WCSV was introduced to the New World twice. The detection of begomoviruses in cactus plants suggests possible spillover events from agricultural areas into native vegetation. Since WCSV and SLCV have previously been found in mixed infections, pseudo-recombination infection experiments were conducted. We demonstrate that WCSV DNA-B is successfully trans-replicated by SLCV DNA-A despite very low degree of similarity between the replication-associated iterative sequences present in their common region, an essential feature for binding of the replication associated protein. This study highlights the importance of viral surveys for the detection of spillover events into native vegetation, but also suggests the need for more surveillance of WCSV in the USA, as this virus is a serious threat to watermelon cultivation in the Middle East.
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15
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Pan LL, Chi Y, Liu C, Fan YY, Liu SS. Mutations in the coat protein of a begomovirus result in altered transmission by different species of whitefly vectors. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa014. [PMID: 32153997 PMCID: PMC7055206 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For many crop pathogens including viruses, high genetic variation provides them with potential to adapt to and prevail in a changing environment. Understanding genetic variation in viruses and their significance is a key to elaborate virus epidemiology and evolution. While genetic variation of plant viruses has been documented to impact virus–host interactions, how it affects virus–insect vector interactions remains elusive. Here, we report the impact of mutations in the coat protein of squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV), a begomovirus, on the interaction between the virus and its whitefly vectors. We characterized mutations in the coat protein of SLCCNV and found that some residues exhibited higher mutation frequency than the others. We assayed the impact of mutation on infectivity using agroinoculation and found these mutations marginally affect virus infectivity. We further analyze their functions using virus acquisition and transmission trials and found some of mutations resulted in altered transmission of SLCCNV by different species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex. We then identified the key amino acid residue(s) involved by constructing several mutant viruses and found that a single-residue mutation in the coat protein of SLCCNV was sufficient to significantly alter the whitefly transmission characteristics of SLCCNV. We examined the competition between different genotypes of SLCCNV in plant infection and whitefly transmission. We found that mutations in the coat protein did not alter the fitness of SLCCNV in plants, but they rendered the virus more competitive in transmission by certain species of whiteflies. Our findings indicate that mutations in the coat protein may play a key role in both the adaptation of begomoviruses to the changing vector populations and the evolution of begomoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Chi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yun-Yun Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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16
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Different forms of African cassava mosaic virus capsid protein within plants and virions. Virology 2019; 529:81-90. [PMID: 30684693 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One geminiviral gene encodes the capsid protein (CP), which can appear as several bands after electrophoresis depending on virus and plant. African cassava mosaic virus-Nigeria CP in Nicotiana benthamiana, however, yielded one band (~ 30 kDa) in total protein extracts and purified virions, although its expression in yeast yielded two bands (~ 30, 32 kDa). Mass spectrometry of the complete protein and its tryptic fragments from virions is consistent with a cleaved start M1, acetylated S2, and partial phosphorylation at T12, S25 and S62. Mutants for additional potentially modified sites (N223A; C235A) were fully infectious and formed geminiparticles. Separation in triton acetic acid urea gels confirmed charge changes of the CP between plants and yeast indicating differential phosphorylation. If the CP gene alone was expressed in plants, multiple bands were observed like in yeast. A high turnover rate indicates that post-translational modifications promote CP decay probably via the ubiquitin-triggered proteasomal pathway.
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17
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Ahmad MH, Shakeel MT, Al-Shahwan IM, Al-Saleh MA, Amer MA. Insights into the Incidence of Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus Causing Yellowing Disease of Watermelon in Western and Southwestern Regions of Saudi Arabia. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 34:426-434. [PMID: 30369852 PMCID: PMC6200047 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.04.2018.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During the spring season of 2014, a total of 148 melon and watermelon leaf samples were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants in the western and southwestern regions of Saudi Arabia and were tested for the presence of Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) and other suspected cucurbit viruses by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Ninety-eight samples were found to be positive for the presence of WmCSV, nine samples were positive for the presence of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), and 22 showed a mixed infection with both WmCSV and CYSDV. No other cucurbit viruses were detected in any of the samples. Host range experiments revealed that eight out of fourteen tested plant species were susceptible to WmCSV. PCR products of approximately 1.2 kb were obtained after amplification using primers specifically targeting the coat protein region of WmCSV. Positive PCR results were confirmed by dot blot hybridization. Coat protein gene sequences from eleven WmCSV isolates indicated that the highest identity was between the 104WMA-SA isolate from the Wadi Baish location and a previously reported isolate from the AL-Lith location in Saudi Arabia. The lowest identity was observed between the 42WMA-SA isolate and an isolate from Palestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Ahmad
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
| | - M. T. Shakeel
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan,
Pakistan
| | - I. M. Al-Shahwan
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
| | - M. A. Al-Saleh
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
| | - M. A. Amer
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
- Viruses and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza,
Egypt
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18
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Rojas MR, Macedo MA, Maliano MR, Soto-Aguilar M, Souza JO, Briddon RW, Kenyon L, Rivera Bustamante RF, Zerbini FM, Adkins S, Legg JP, Kvarnheden A, Wintermantel WM, Sudarshana MR, Peterschmitt M, Lapidot M, Martin DP, Moriones E, Inoue-Nagata AK, Gilbertson RL. World Management of Geminiviruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:637-677. [PMID: 30149794 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Management of geminiviruses is a worldwide challenge because of the widespread distribution of economically important diseases caused by these viruses. Regardless of the type of agriculture, management is most effective with an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that involves measures before, during, and after the growing season. This includes starting with resistant cultivars and virus- and vector-free transplants and propagative plants. For high value vegetables, protected culture (e.g., greenhouses and screenhouses) allows for effective management but is limited owing to high cost. Protection of young plants in open fields is provided by row covers, but other measures are typically required. Measures that are used for crops in open fields include roguing infected plants and insect vector management. Application of insecticide to manage vectors (whiteflies and leafhoppers) is the most widely used measure but can cause undesirable environmental and human health issues. For annual crops, these measures can be more effective when combined with host-free periods of two to three months. Finally, given the great diversity of the viruses, their insect vectors, and the crops affected, IPM approaches need to be based on the biology and ecology of the virus and vector and the crop production system. Here, we present the general measures that can be used in an IPM program for geminivirus diseases, specific case studies, and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Rojas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Monica A Macedo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Minor R Maliano
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Maria Soto-Aguilar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Juliana O Souza
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
| | - Rob W Briddon
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Rafael F Rivera Bustamante
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico 36821
| | - F Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Scott Adkins
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida 34945, USA
| | - James P Legg
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Anders Kvarnheden
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter and Linnean Center for Plant Biology in Uppsala, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William M Wintermantel
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, California 93905, USA
| | - Mysore R Sudarshana
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Michel Peterschmitt
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Moshe Lapidot
- Department of Vegetable Research, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Darren P Martin
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora," Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain
| | | | - Robert L Gilbertson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; , ,
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19
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Vaghi Medina CG, Teppa E, Bornancini VA, Flores CR, Marino-Buslje C, López Lambertini PM. Tomato Apical Leaf Curl Virus: A Novel, Monopartite Geminivirus Detected in Tomatoes in Argentina. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2665. [PMID: 29375528 PMCID: PMC5770407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses that are members of the Geminiviridae family have circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome and are responsible for major crop diseases worldwide. We have identified and characterized a novel monopartite geminivirus infecting tomato in Argentina. The full-length genome was cloned and sequenced. The genome-wide pairwise identity calculation that resulted in a maximum of 63% identity with all of other known geminiviruses indicated that it is a new geminivirus species. Biolistic infected plants presented interveinal yellowing, apical leaf curling and extreme root hypotrophy. Thus, the name proposed for this species is tomato apical leaf curl virus (ToALCV). The phylogenetic inferences suggested different evolutionary relationships for the replication-associated protein (Rep) and the coat protein (CP). Besides, the sequence similarity network (SSN) protein analyses showed that the complementary-sense gene products (RepA, Rep and C3) are similar to capulavirus while the viron-sense gene products (CP, MP and V3) are similar to topocuvirus, curtovirus and becurtovirus. Based on the data presented, ToALCV genome appears to have “modular organization” supported by its recombination origin. Analyses of the specificity-determining positions (SDPs) of the CP of geminiviruses defined nine subgroups that include geminiviruses that share the same type of insect vector. Our sequences were clustered with the sequences of topocuvirus, whose vector is the treehopper, Micrutalis malleifera. Also, a set of the highest scored amino acid residues was predicted for the CP, which could determine differences in virus transmission specificity. We predict that a treehopper could be the vector of ToALCV, but transmission assays need to be performed to confirm this. Given everything we demonstrate in this paper, ToALCV can be considered a type member of a new putative genus of the Geminiviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Vaghi Medina
- Area de Interacción Planta-Patógeno-Vector, Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciónes Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elin Teppa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica A Bornancini
- Area de Interacción Planta-Patógeno-Vector, Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciónes Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ceferino R Flores
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Yuto, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Yuto, Argentina
| | - Cristina Marino-Buslje
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola M López Lambertini
- Area de Interacción Planta-Patógeno-Vector, Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciónes Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
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20
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Hipp K, Grimm C, Jeske H, Böttcher B. Near-Atomic Resolution Structure of a Plant Geminivirus Determined by Electron Cryomicroscopy. Structure 2017; 25:1303-1309.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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Molecular genetic analysis and evolution of begomoviruses and betasatellites causing yellow mosaic disease of bhendi. Virus Genes 2016; 53:275-285. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Hipp K, Schäfer B, Kepp G, Jeske H. Properties of African Cassava Mosaic Virus Capsid Protein Expressed in Fission Yeast. Viruses 2016; 8:E190. [PMID: 27399762 PMCID: PMC4974525 DOI: 10.3390/v8070190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid proteins (CPs) of geminiviruses combine multiple functions for packaging the single-stranded viral genome, insect transmission and shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) CP was expressed in fission yeast, and purified by SDS gel electrophoresis. After tryptic digestion of this protein, mass spectrometry covered 85% of the amino acid sequence and detected three N-terminal phosphorylation sites (threonine 12, serines 25 and 62). Differential centrifugation of cell extracts separated the CP into two fractions, the supernatant and pellet. Upon isopycnic centrifugation of the supernatant, most of the CP accumulated at densities typical for free proteins, whereas the CP in the pellet fraction showed a partial binding to nucleic acids. Size-exclusion chromatography of the supernatant CP indicated high order complexes. In DNA binding assays, supernatant CP accelerated the migration of ssDNA in agarose gels, which is a first hint for particle formation. Correspondingly, CP shifted ssDNA to the expected densities of virus particles upon isopycnic centrifugation. Nevertheless, electron microscopy did not reveal any twin particles, which are characteristic for geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hipp
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Gabi Kepp
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Holger Jeske
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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23
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Yazdani-Khameneh S, Aboutorabi S, Shoori M, Aghazadeh A, Jahanshahi P, Golnaraghi A, Maleki M. Natural Occurrence of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus in Iranian Cucurbit Crops. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:201-8. [PMID: 27298595 PMCID: PMC4892816 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.10.2015.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The main areas for field-grown vegetable production in Iran were surveyed during the years of 2012-2014 to determine the occurrence of begomoviruses infecting these crops. A total of 787 leaf samples were collected from vegetables and some other host plants showing virus-like symptoms and tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal antibodies produced against Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). According to the ELISA results, 81 samples (10.3%) positively reacted with the virus antibodies. Begomovirus infections were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using previously described TYLCV-specific primer pair TYLCV-Sar/TYLCV-Isr or universal primer pair Begomo-F/Begomo-R. The PCR tests using the primer pair TYLCV-Sar/TYLCV-Isr resulted in the amplification of the expected fragments of ca. 0.67-kb in size for ELISA-positive samples tested from alfalfa, pepper, spinach and tomato plants, confirming the presence of TYLCV. For one melon sample, having a week reaction in ELISA and no reaction in PCR using TYLCV-specific primers, the PCR reaction using the primer pair Begomo-F/Begomo-R resulted in the amplification fragments of the expected size of ca. 2.8 kb. The nucleotide sequences of the DNA amplicons derived from the isolate, Kz-Me198, were determined and compared with other sequences available in GenBank. BLASTN analysis confirmed the begomovirus infection of the sample and showed 99% identities with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV); phylogenetic analysis supported the results of the database searches. This study reports the natural occurrence of TYLCV in different hosts in Iran. Our results also reveal the emergence of ToLCNDV in Iranian cucurbit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Yazdani-Khameneh
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran P.O. Box 14515-775,
Iran
| | - Samaneh Aboutorabi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Varamin 33817-7489,
Iran
| | - Majid Shoori
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Varamin 33817-7489,
Iran
| | - Azin Aghazadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Varamin 33817-7489,
Iran
| | - Parastoo Jahanshahi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Varamin 33817-7489,
Iran
| | - Alireza Golnaraghi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran P.O. Box 14515-775,
Iran
| | - Mojdeh Maleki
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Varamin 33817-7489,
Iran
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24
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Impact of cis-acting elements' frequency in transcription activity in dicot and monocot plants. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:1007-1019. [PMID: 28324408 PMCID: PMC4624133 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of new cultivars via recombinant DNA technology is important in applied agriculture. Promoters play fundamental roles in successful transformation and gene expression. Fragments of the upstream regulatory region of the movement protein gene of the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV; two fragments) and Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV, two fragments) and one fragment of the coat protein putative promoter of TYLCV (CPTY-pro) were isolated to assess their abilities to drive expression in monocot and dicot plants. We used bioinformatic analyses to identify tentative motifs in the fragments. The five promoter fragments were isolated, fused with the GUS reporter gene, and transformed into tomato, watermelon, and rice plantlets via Agrobacterium infiltration. GUS expression driven by each putative promoter was analysed using histochemical and fluorometric analyses. In both dicots and the monocots, the highest level of GUS expression was obtained using a truncated regulatory region from TYLCV (MMPTY-pro) followed by a truncated regulatory region from WmCSV (MMPWm-pro). However, the corresponding full-length fragments from TYLCV and WmCSV showed essentially equivalent expression levels in the fluorometric GUS assay compared with the enhanced Cauliflower mosaic virus e35S-pro. In addition, CPTY-pro showed no expression in either the dicots or the monocot. This study demonstrated that MMPTY-pro and MMPWm-pro may be useful as plant promoters.
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Esmaeili M, Heydarnejad J, Massumi H, Varsani A. Analysis of watermelon chlorotic stunt virus and tomato leaf curl Palampur virus mixed and pseudo-recombination infections. Virus Genes 2015; 51:408-16. [PMID: 26433951 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) and tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPMV) are limiting factors for cucurbit production in south and southeastern Iran. ToLCPMV infects all cucurbit crops (except watermelons) whereas WmCSV is somewhat limited to watermelon, causing detrimental effects on fruit production. In a survey, we detected WmCSV in all watermelon growing farms in Fars province (southern Iran). Given that WmCSV and ToLCPMV are present in the same geographical location in Iran, we studied the interaction of two viruses. Co-infection using agroinfectious clones of WmCSV and ToLCPMV caused severe symptoms in watermelon and zucchini in comparison to symptoms observed from individual infections. Interestingly, inoculation of zucchini with WmCSV DNA-A and ToLCPMV DNA-B agroinfectious clones or vice versa produced a viable pseudo-recombinant and induced systemic symptoms. This demonstrates that replication-associated protein of DNA-A of each virus is able to bind to cis elements of the DNA-B molecules of another virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Esmaeili
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jahangir Heydarnejad
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hossain Massumi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.,Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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Li F, Xu X, Huang C, Gu Z, Cao L, Hu T, Ding M, Li Z, Zhou X. The AC5 protein encoded by Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus is a pathogenicity determinant that suppresses RNA silencing-based antiviral defenses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:555-69. [PMID: 26010321 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that begomoviruses in the family Geminiviridae encode four proteins (from AC1/C1 to AC4/C4) using the complementary-sense DNA as template. Although AC5/C5 coding sequences are increasingly annotated in databases for many begomoviruses, the evolutionary relationships and functions of this putative protein in viral infection are obscure. Here, we demonstrate several important functions of the AC5 protein of a bipartite begomovirus, Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV). Mutational analyses and transgenic expression showed that AC5 plays a critical role in MYMIV infection. Ectopic expression of AC5 from a Potato virus X (PVX) vector resulted in severe mosaic symptoms followed by a hypersensitive-like response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, MYMIV AC5 effectively suppressed post-transcriptional gene silencing induced by single-stranded but not double-stranded RNA. AC5 was also able to reverse transcriptional gene silencing of a green fluorescent protein transgene by reducing methylation of promoter sequences, probably through repressing expression of a CHH cytosine methyltransferase (DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE2) in N. benthamiana. Our results demonstrate that MYMIV AC5 is a pathogenicity determinant and a potent RNA silencing suppressor that employs novel mechanisms to suppress antiviral defenses, and suggest that the AC5 function may be conserved among many begomoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiongbiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Changjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zhouhang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Linge Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Ming Ding
- Institute of Plant Protection, Yunnan Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650205, China
| | - Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Gray S, Cilia M, Ghanim M. Circulative, "nonpropagative" virus transmission: an orchestra of virus-, insect-, and plant-derived instruments. Adv Virus Res 2014; 89:141-99. [PMID: 24751196 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800172-1.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Species of plant viruses within the Luteoviridae, Geminiviridae, and Nanoviridae are transmitted by phloem-feeding insects in a circulative, nonpropagative manner. The precise route of virus movement through the vector can differ across and within virus families, but these viruses all share many biological, biochemical, and ecological features. All share temporal and spatial constraints with respect to transmission efficiency. The viruses also induce physiological changes in their plant hosts resulting in behavioral changes in the insects that optimize the transmission of virus to new hosts. Virus proteins interact with insect, endosymbiont, and plant proteins to orchestrate, directly and indirectly, virus movement in insects and plants to facilitate transmission. Knowledge of these complex interactions allows for the development of new tools to reduce or prevent transmission, to quickly identify important vector populations, and to improve the management of these economically important viruses affecting agricultural and natural plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Gray
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Kollenberg M, Winter S, Götz M. Quantification and localization of Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Geminiviridae) in populations of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) with differential virus transmission characteristics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111968. [PMID: 25365330 PMCID: PMC4218829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is one of the economically most damaging insects to crops in tropical and subtropical regions. Severe damage is caused by feeding and more seriously by transmitting viruses. Those of the genus begomovirus (Geminiviridae) cause the most significant crop diseases and are transmitted by B. tabaci in a persistent circulative mode, a process which is largely unknown. To analyze the translocation and to identify critical determinants for transmission, two populations of B. tabaci MEAM1 were compared for transmitting Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Insect populations were chosen because of their high and respectively low virus transmission efficiency to compare uptake and translocation of virus through insects. Both populations harbored Rickettsia, Hamiltonella and Wolbachia in comparable ratios indicating that endosymbionts might not contribute to the different transmission rates. Quantification by qPCR revealed that WmCSV uptake and virus concentrations in midguts and primary salivary glands were generally higher than TYLCV due to higher virus contents of the source plants. Both viruses accumulated higher in insects from the efficiently compared to the poorly transmitting population. In the latter, virus translocation into the hemolymph was delayed and virus passage was impeded with limited numbers of viruses translocated. FISH analysis confirmed these results with similar virus distribution found in excised organs of both populations. No virus accumulation was found in the midgut lumen of the poor transmitter because of a restrained virus translocation. Results suggest that the poorly transmitting population comprised insects that lacked transmission competence. Those were selected to develop a population that lacks virus transmission. Investigations with insects lacking transmission showed that virus concentrations in midguts were reduced and only negligible virus amounts were found at the primary salivary glands indicating for a missing or modified receptor responsible for virus attachment or translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kollenberg
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Winter
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Monika Götz
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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Sobrinho RR, Xavier CAD, Pereira HMDB, Lima GSDA, Assunção IP, Mizubuti ESG, Duffy S, Zerbini FM. Contrasting genetic structure between two begomoviruses infecting the same leguminous hosts. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2540-2552. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.067009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are whitefly-transmitted, ssDNA plant viruses and are among the most damaging pathogens causing epidemics in economically important crops worldwide. Wild/non-cultivated plants play a crucial epidemiological role, acting as begomovirus reservoirs and as ‘mixing vessels' where recombination can occur. Previous work suggests a higher degree of genetic variability in begomovirus populations from non-cultivated hosts compared with cultivated hosts. To assess this supposed host effect on the genetic variability of begomovirus populations, cultivated (common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, and lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus) and non-cultivated (Macroptilium lathyroides) legume hosts were sampled from two regions of Brazil. A total of 212 full-length DNA-A genome segments were sequenced from samples collected between 2005 and 2012, and populations of the begomoviruses Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) and Macroptilium yellow spot virus (MaYSV) were obtained. We found, for each begomovirus species, similar genetic variation between populations infecting cultivated and non-cultivated hosts, indicating that the presumed genetic variability of the host did not a priori affect viral variability. We observed a higher degree of genetic variation in isolates from MaYSV populations than BGMV populations, which was explained by numerous recombination events in MaYSV. MaYSV and BGMV showed distinct distributions of genetic variation, with the BGMV population (but not MaYSV) being structured by both host and geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ramos Sobrinho
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Iraíldes Pereira Assunção
- Departamento de Fitossanidade/CECA, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo, AL 57100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Siobain Duffy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Francisco Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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30
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Fischer A, Strohmeier S, Krenz B, Jeske H. Evolutionary liberties of the Abutilon mosaic virus cluster. Virus Genes 2014; 50:63-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lapidot M, Gelbart D, Gal-On A, Sela N, Anfoka G, Haj Ahmed F, Abou-Jawada Y, Sobh H, Mazyad H, Aboul-Ata AAE, Kamal El-Attar A, Ali-Shtayeh MS, Jamous RM, Polston JE, Duffy S. Frequent migration of introduced cucurbit-infecting begomoviruses among Middle Eastern countries. Virol J 2014; 11:181. [PMID: 25300752 PMCID: PMC4201715 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the early 2000s, two cucurbit-infecting begomoviruses were introduced into the eastern Mediterranean basin: the Old World Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) and the New World Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV). These viruses have been emerging in parallel over the last decade in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine. METHODS We explored this unique situation by assessing the diversity and biogeography of the DNA-A component of SLCV and WmCSV in these five countries. RESULTS There was fairly low sequence variation in both begomovirus species (SLCV π = 0.0077; WmCSV π = 0.0066). Both viruses may have been introduced only once into the eastern Mediterranean basin, but once established, these viruses readily moved across country boundaries. SLCV has been introduced at least twice into each of all five countries based on the absence of monophyletic clades. Similarly, WmCSV has been introduced multiple times into Jordan, Israel and Palestine. CONCLUSIONS We predict that uncontrolled movement of whiteflies among countries in this region will continue to cause SLCV and WmCSV migration, preventing strong genetic differentiation of these viruses among these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Lapidot
- />Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel
| | - Dana Gelbart
- />Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel
| | - Amit Gal-On
- />Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- />Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel
| | - Ghandi Anfoka
- />Department of Biotechnology, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117 Jordan
| | - Fatima Haj Ahmed
- />Department of Biotechnology, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117 Jordan
| | - Yusuf Abou-Jawada
- />Department of Biotechnology, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117 Jordan
| | - Hana Sobh
- />Department of Biotechnology, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117 Jordan
| | - Hamed Mazyad
- />Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, P.O. Box 12619, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohammed S Ali-Shtayeh
- />Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Unit, Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center (BERC), P.O.B. 696, Til-Nablus, Palestine
| | - Rana M Jamous
- />Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Unit, Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center (BERC), P.O.B. 696, Til-Nablus, Palestine
| | - Jane E Polston
- />Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Siobain Duffy
- />Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
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Ali-Shtayeh MS, Jamous RM, Mallah OB, Abu-Zeitoun SY. Molecular characterization of watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) from Palestine. Viruses 2014; 6:2444-62. [PMID: 24956181 PMCID: PMC4074936 DOI: 10.3390/v6062444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of watermelon chlorotic stunt disease and molecular characterization of the Palestinian isolate of Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV-[PAL]) are described in this study. Symptomatic leaf samples obtained from watermelon Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants were tested for WmCSV-[PAL] infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA). Disease incidence ranged between 25%-98% in watermelon fields in the studied area, 77% of leaf samples collected from Jenin were found to be mixed infected with WmCSV-[PAL] and SLCV. The full-length DNA-A and DNA-B genomes of WmCSV-[PAL] were amplified and sequenced, and the sequences were deposited in the GenBank. Sequence analysis of virus genomes showed that DNA-A and DNA-B had 97.6%-99.42% and 93.16%-98.26% nucleotide identity with other virus isolates in the region, respectively. Sequence analysis also revealed that the Palestinian isolate of WmCSV shared the highest nucleotide identity with an isolate from Israel suggesting that the virus was introduced to Palestine from Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Ali-Shtayeh
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Unit, Biodiversity and Environmental Research Center-BERC, Til, Nablus 970, Palestine.
| | - Rana M Jamous
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Unit, Biodiversity and Environmental Research Center-BERC, Til, Nablus 970, Palestine.
| | - Omar B Mallah
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Unit, Biodiversity and Environmental Research Center-BERC, Til, Nablus 970, Palestine.
| | - Salam Y Abu-Zeitoun
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Unit, Biodiversity and Environmental Research Center-BERC, Til, Nablus 970, Palestine.
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Isolation and molecular characterization of a distinct begomovirus and its associated betasatellite infecting Hedyotis uncinella (Hook. et Arn.) in Vietnam. Virus Genes 2014; 48:557-61. [PMID: 24510306 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A begomovirus isolate VN1 associated with symptomatic Hedyotis uncinella Hook. et Arn. from Vietnam was characterized. The virus, which we provisionally name H. uncinella yellow mosaic virus (HUYMV), has a monopartite genome of 2,749 nucleotides (nts). Pairwise comparisons of DNA-A sequences showed that HUYMV had a maximum nt sequence identity with Soybean crinkle leaf virus (SbLCV) and Premna leaf curl virus (PLCuV) at 82.1 and 81.9 %, respectively, which are less than the 89 % identity in the complete genome, which has been used as the threshold value for demarcation of species in the genus Begomovirus, the family Geminiviridae. One recombination event was detected for HUYMV, which involves an unknown begomovirus as the major parent and Tomato leaf curl Philippines virus (ToLCPV) as the minor parent, with nt 2163 and nt 2452 as the beginning and ending breakpoints, respectively. A betasatellite was found to be associated with HUYMV. The betasatellite showed the highest nt sequence identity (70 %) with Tomato leaf curl Philippine betasatellite--[Philippines:Laguna2:2006]. The name H. uncinella yellow mosaic betasatellite [Vietnam: Binh Dinh: 2013] was proposed for the betasatellite.
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Abstract
Geminiviruses are a family of plant viruses that cause economically important plant diseases worldwide. These viruses have circular single-stranded DNA genomes and four to eight genes that are expressed from both strands of the double-stranded DNA replicative intermediate. The transcription of these genes occurs under the control of two bidirectional promoters and one monodirectional promoter. The viral proteins function to facilitate virus replication, virus movement, the assembly of virus-specific nucleoprotein particles, vector transmission and to counteract plant host defence responses. Recent research findings have provided new insights into the structure and function of these proteins and have identified numerous host interacting partners. Most of the viral proteins have been shown to be multifunctional, participating in multiple events during the infection cycle and have, indeed, evolved coordinated interactions with host proteins to ensure a successful infection. Here, an up-to-date review of viral protein structure and function is presented, and some areas requiring further research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent N Fondong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, 1200 North DuPont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA.
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Alteration of intersubunit acid–base pair interactions at the quasi-threefold axis of symmetry of Cucumber mosaic virus disrupts aphid vector transmission. Virology 2013; 440:160-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Molecular characterization of a novel monopartite begomovirus isolated from Pouzolzia zeylanica in China. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1617-20. [PMID: 23462887 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of a monopartite begomovirus isolate TY01 was obtained from diseased Pouzolzia zeylanica plants exhibiting golden mosaic symptoms in Baise, Guangxi Province, China. It consisted of 2723 nucleotides (nt) and encoded two ORFs (CP and AV2) in the virion-sense DNA and five ORFs (AC1-AC5) in the complementary-sense DNA. Compared with the DNA-A sequences of other begomoviruses, it has the highest (78.5 %) nucleotide sequence identity with ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV) isolate AFSP6D from Thailand, which is less than the 89 % identity in the complete genome that has been defined as the threshold value for demarcation of species in the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that TY01 was grouped in a separate clade from the other 28 begomovirus isolates. These results indicate that isolate TY01 is a member of a novel Begomovirus species, for which the name "Pouzolzia golden mosaic virus" (PGMV) is proposed.
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Complete nucleotide sequence of watermelon chlorotic stunt virus originating from Oman. Viruses 2012; 4:1169-81. [PMID: 22852046 PMCID: PMC3407900 DOI: 10.3390/v4071169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) is a bipartite begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) that causes economic losses to cucurbits, particularly watermelon, across the Middle East and North Africa. Recently squash (Cucurbita moschata) grown in an experimental field in Oman was found to display symptoms such as leaf curling, yellowing and stunting, typical of a begomovirus infection. Sequence analysis of the virus isolated from squash showed 97.6–99.9% nucleotide sequence identity to previously described WmCSV isolates for the DNA A component and 93–98% identity for the DNA B component. Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation to Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in the development of symptoms fifteen days post inoculation. This is the first bipartite begomovirus identified in Oman. Overall the Oman isolate showed the highest levels of sequence identity to a WmCSV isolate originating from Iran, which was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. This suggests that WmCSV present in Oman has been introduced from Iran. The significance of this finding is discussed.
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Rajagopalan PA, Naik A, Katturi P, Kurulekar M, Kankanallu RS, Anandalakshmi R. Dominance of resistance-breaking cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV) in northwestern India. Arch Virol 2012; 157:855-68. [PMID: 22307170 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is a major limitation to cotton production on the Indian subcontinent. A survey for viruses causing CLCuD was conducted during the 2009 and 2010 cropping seasons in the northwestern Indian cotton-growing belt in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. Partial sequences of 258 and full-length sequences of 22 virus genomes were determined. This study shows that the resistance-breaking cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV) is now the dominant virus in many fields. The spread and establishment of the mutant CLCuBuV in northwestern India, the variation in its genomic sequence, its virulence and infectivity, and the implications for cotton breeding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem A Rajagopalan
- Plant-Virus Interactions Lab, Mahyco Research Center, Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company Limited, Dawalwadi, Post Box no-76, Jalna, Maharashtra 431 203, India
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Abstract
Cucurbit crops may be affected by at least 28 different viruses in the Mediterranean basin. Some of these viruses are widely distributed and cause severe yield losses while others are restricted to limited areas or specific crops, and have only a negligible economic impact. A striking feature of cucurbit viruses in the Mediterranean basin is their always increasing diversity. Indeed, new viruses are regularly isolated and over the past 35 years one "new" cucurbit virus has been reported on average every 2 years. Among these "new" viruses some were already reported in other parts of the world, but others such as Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), one of the most severe cucurbit viruses and Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV), one of the most prevalent cucurbit viruses, were first described in the Mediterranean area. Why this region may be a potential "hot-spot" for cucurbit virus diversity is not fully known. This could be related to the diversity of cropping practices, of cultivar types but also to the important commercial exchanges that always prevailed in this part of the world. This chapter describes the major cucurbit viruses occurring in the Mediterranean basin, discusses factors involved in their emergence and presents options for developing sustainable control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lecoq
- INRA, UR407 Pathologie Végétale, Domaine Saint Maurice, Montfavet, France
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Al-Musa A, Anfoka G, Al-Abdulat A, Misbeh S, Haj Ahmed F, Otri I. Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV): a serious disease threatening watermelon production in Jordan. Virus Genes 2011; 43:79-89. [PMID: 21399920 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of watermelon chlorotic stunt disease and the molecular characterization of the Jordanian isolate of Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV-[JO]) are described in this study. Symptomatic leaf samples obtained from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.), melon (Cucumis melo L.), squash (Cucurbita pepo), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) plants were tested for WmCSV-[JO] infection by PCR. The virus could be detected in 8 melon and 87 watermelon samples obtained from Ghor Assafi (southern part of Jordan Valley). Three samples collected from Mafraq (eastern part of Jordan) were found mixed infected with WmCSV-[JO] and Squash leaf curl virus. The full-length DNA-A and DNA-B genomes of WmCSV-[JO] were amplified, and sequences were deposited in the GenBank under accession numbers EU561237 and EU561236, respectively. Sequence analysis reveals that WmCSV-[JO] is closely related to other virus isolates from Israel (WmCSV-[IL]), Yemen (WmCSV-[YE]), Iran (WmCSV-[IR]), Lebanon (WmCSV-[LB]), and Sudan (WmCSV-[SD]). DNA-A of WmCSV-[JO] showed highest nucleotide identity (99.42%) with WmCSV-[IL], while DNA-B had highest nucleotide identity (95.52%) with WmCSV-[YE]. Data of this study demonstrate that digestion of DNA-B genome of WmCSV isolates with ApaI enzyme can discriminate between these isolates at the molecular level. Infectious clones of WmCSV-[JO] were constructed and agroinoculated to Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Inoculated plants developed mild disease symptoms 4 weeks post inoculation, while watermelon plants biolistically inoculated with WmCSV-[JO] developed characteristic mottling, yellowing and severe leaf curling symptoms 3 weeks post inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Musa
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Tahir M, Haider MS, Briddon RW. Complete nucleotide sequences of a distinct bipartite begomovirus, bitter gourd yellow vein virus, infecting Momordica charantia. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1901-5. [PMID: 20924621 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae), a vegetable crop commonly cultivated throughout Pakistan, and begomoviruses, a serious threat to crop plants, are natives of tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Leaf samples of M. charantia with yellow vein symptoms typical of begomovirus infections and samples from apparently healthy plants were collected from areas around Lahore in 2004. Full-length clones of a bipartite begomovirus were isolated from symptomatic samples. The complete nucleotide sequences of the components of one isolate were determined, and these showed the arrangement of genes typical of Old World begomoviruses. The complete nucleotides sequence of DNA A showed the highest nucleotide sequence identity (86.9%) to an isolate of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), confirming it to belong to a distinct species of begomovirus, for which the name Bitter gourd yellow vein virus (BGYVV) is proposed. Sequence comparisons showed that BGYVV likely emerged as a result of inter-specific recombination between ToLCNDV and tomato leaf curl Bangladesh virus (ToLCBDV). The complete nucleotide sequence of DNA B showed 97.2% nucleotide sequence identity to that of an Indian strain of Squash leaf curl China virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir
- NUST Centre of Virology and Immunology, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Díaz-Pendón JA, Cañizares MC, Moriones E, Bejarano ER, Czosnek H, Navas-Castillo J. Tomato yellow leaf curl viruses: ménage à trois between the virus complex, the plant and the whitefly vector. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:441-50. [PMID: 20618703 PMCID: PMC6640490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is one of the most devastating viral diseases affecting tomato crops in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. Here, we focus on the interactions through recombination between the different begomovirus species causing TYLCD, provide an overview of the interactions with the cellular genes involved in viral replication, and highlight recent progress on the relationships between these viruses and their vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. TAXONOMY The tomato yellow leaf curl virus-like viruses (TYLCVs) are a complex of begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) including 10 accepted species: Tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus (TYLCAxV), Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Guangdong virus (TYLCGuV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (TYLCIDV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLVKaV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (TYLCMalV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMLV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus (TYLCVNV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV). We follow the species demarcation criteria of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the most important of which is an 89% nucleotide identity threshold between full-length DNA-A component nucleotide sequences for begomovirus species. Strains of a species are defined by a 93% nucleotide identity threshold. HOST RANGE The primary host of TYLCVs is tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but they can also naturally infect other crops [common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), chilli pepper (C. chinense) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)], a number of ornamentals [petunia (Petuniaxhybrida) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora)], as well as common weeds (Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium). TYLCVs also infect the experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Infected tomato plants are stunted or dwarfed, with leaflets rolled upwards and inwards; young leaves are slightly chlorotic; in recently infected plants, fruits might not be produced or, if produced, are small and unmarketable. In common bean, some TYLCVs produce the bean leaf crumple disease, with thickening, epinasty, crumpling, blade reduction and upward curling of leaves, as well as abnormal shoot proliferation and internode reduction; the very small leaves result in a bushy appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Díaz-Pendón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental 'La Mayora', 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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Sohrab SS, Mandal B, Ali A, Varma A. Chlorotic curly stunt: a severe begomovirus disease of bottle gourd in northern India. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2010; 21:56-63. [PMID: 23637479 PMCID: PMC3550763 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-010-0002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) an important vegetable crop in India was observed to be affected by a chlorotic curly stunt disease (CCSD) during 2003-2006 in the vegetable growing areas of Delhi and adjoining state of Haryana. The affected plants are severely stunted and bear very small chlorotic and mildly curled leaves. Incidence of the disease varied from 4.7 to 36%. The disease could be easily transmitted by whitefly, Bemisia tabaci but not by sap. The causal virus was found to be a Begomovirus on the basis of whitefly transmission and sequence identity of putative coat protein (CP) and replication initiator protein (Rep) genes. The virus was transmitted to Cucumis sativus, Luffa acutangula, L. cylndrica, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum and Praecitrullus fistulosus but not to Citrullus lunatus, Cucumis melo, Cucurbita moschata and Vigna unguiculata. The N-terminal 60 amino acids of CP of the virus had 100% sequence identity with all the isolates of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and two isolates of Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCV). The full length amino acid sequence of the CP and Rep genes had 100% similarity with ToLCNDV-Svr and -Luffa isolates. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus associated with CCSD of bottle gourd belongs to ToLCNDV cluster of the begomoviruses. This is the first record of emergence of a Begomovirus associated severe disease in bottle gourd in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Sohrab
- />Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - B. Mandal
- />Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - A. Ali
- />Department of Bioscience, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - A. Varma
- />Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Ohnesorge S, Bejarano ER. Begomovirus coat protein interacts with a small heat-shock protein of its transmission vector (Bemisia tabaci). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:693-703. [PMID: 19817909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) is transmitted from plant to plant by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a persistent-circulative manner. The coat protein (CP) plays an important role in this transmission cycle. In this study, the CP was used to screen a Bemisia tabaci cDNA library using the yeast two-hybrid system, in a search for interacting partners. A member of the small heat-shock protein family (termed BtHSP16) was identified and its interaction with the CP was verified by an in vitro pull-down assay. The binding domain was located at the variable N-terminal part of the CP, while full-length BtHSP16 is required for the interaction. The putative role for this interaction in the transmission cycle by the whitefly is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohnesorge
- Unidad de Genética, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Caciagli P, Medina Piles V, Marian D, Vecchiati M, Masenga V, Mason G, Falcioni T, Noris E. Virion stability is important for the circulative transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus by Bemisia tabaci, but virion access to salivary glands does not guarantee transmissibility. J Virol 2009; 83:5784-95. [PMID: 19321611 PMCID: PMC2681986 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02267-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid protein (CP) of the monopartite begomovirus Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), family Geminiviridae, is indispensable for plant infection and vector transmission. A region between amino acids 129 and 152 is critical for virion assembly and insect transmissibility. Two previously described mutants, one with a double Q129P Q134H mutation (PNHD) and another with a further D152E change (PNHE), were found nontransmissible (NT). Another NT mutant with a single N130D change (QDQD) was retrieved from a new mutational analysis. In this study, these three NT mutants and the wild-type (wt) virus were compared in their relationships with the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci and the nonvector Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Retention kinetics of NT mutants were analyzed by quantitative dot blot hybridization in whiteflies fed on infected plants. The QDQD mutant, whose virions appeared nongeminate following purification, was hardly detectable in either whitefly species at any sampling time. The PNHD mutant was acquired and circulated in both whitefly species for up to 10 days, like the wt virus, while PNHE circulated in B. tabaci only. Using immunogold labeling, both PNHD and PNHE CPs were detected in B. tabaci salivary glands (SGs) like the wt virus, while no labeling was found in any whitefly tissue with the QDQD mutant. Significant inhibition of transmission of the wt virus was observed after prior feeding of the insects on plants infected with the PNHE mutant, but not on plants infected with the other mutants. Virion stability and ability to cross the SG barrier are necessary for TYLCSV transmission, but interactions with molecular components inside the SGs are also critical for transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Caciagli
- Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Turin, Italy
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Abstract
Plant pathogenic geminiviruses have been proliferating worldwide and have, therefore, attracted considerable scientific interest during the past three decades. Current knowledge concerning their virion and genome structure, their molecular biology of replication, recombination, transcription, and silencing, as well as their transport through plants and dynamic competition with host responses are summarized. The topics are chosen to provide a comprehensive introduction for animal virologists, emphasizing similarities and differences to the closest functional relatives, polyomaviruses and circoviruses.
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Genetic diversity and distribution of tomato-infecting begomoviruses in Iran. Virus Genes 2008; 38:311-9. [PMID: 19112612 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and severity of tomato leaf curl disease (TLCD) is increasing worldwide. Here we assess the diversity and distribution within tomato producing areas of Iran of begomoviruses that cause this disease. Tomato with typical TLCD symptoms and asymptomatic weeds were collected in 2005 and 2006 and tested for the presence of begomovirus DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Analysis of cloned and sequenced PCR products revealed that both mono- and bipartite begomoviruses are associated with TLCD in Iran. Furthermore, our results confirmed the symptomless infection with mono- and bipartite begomoviruses of two weed species, Chrozophora hierosolymitana Spreng (Euphobiaceae) and Herniaria sp. (Caryophyllaceae). Eighteen Iranian begomovirus isolates were classified into two major groups and two or three subgroups according to the 5'-proximal 200 nucleotides of the coat protein (CP) gene or the N-terminal 600 nucleotides of the Rep gene. Whereas most of the monopartite isolates showed closest similarity to tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Gezira (TYLCV-Ge), the three bipartite isolates were most similar to Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV). Mixed mono- and a bipartite begomovirus infections were detected in both tomato and C. hierosolymitana. Our results indicate that the tomato producing areas in central, southern, and southeastern Iran are threatened by begomoviruses originating from both the Mediterranean basin and the Indian subcontinent.
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Abstract
The plant-infecting geminiviruses encapsidate their single-stranded DNA genome in characteristic twinned particles that are unique among viruses. These particles are formed by joining two incomplete T=1 icosahedra. African cassava mosaic virions were purified by density-gradient centrifugation from infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants and analysed for their stability with respect to pH changes and heat treatment by using electron microscopy. Negative staining and rotary shadowing revealed stable virions as well as isolated capsomeres between pH 4.0 and 8.5. At pH 9.0 and above, particles disintegrated, whereas they mainly aggregated at a pH below 6.0. Heating the preparations to 55 degrees C and above resulted in the complete loss of any discernible structure. A low proportion (approx. 10 %) of particles ejected their DNA within the pH range of 6.0-8.5. Most virions released their DNA at the top (15.9 %) or the shoulder (71.4 %) of the twin particles and only 12.7 % at the waist. Compared with the expected numbers of pentameric capsomeres at the top (9 %), the shoulder (45.5 %) or the waist (45.5 %), the results revealed a preferential DNA release from the top and shoulder of the geminate particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kittelmann
- Universität Stuttgart, Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Holger Jeske
- Universität Stuttgart, Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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Hagen C, Rojas MR, Sudarshana MR, Xoconostle-Cazares B, Natwick ET, Turini TA, Gilbertson RL. Biology and Molecular Characterization of Cucurbit leaf crumple virus, an Emergent Cucurbit-Infecting Begomovirus in the Imperial Valley of California. PLANT DISEASE 2008; 92:781-793. [PMID: 30769582 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-92-5-0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV) is an emergent and potentially economically important bipartite begomovirus first identified in volunteer watermelon plants in the Imperial Valley of southern California in 1998. Field surveys indicated that CuLCrV has become established in the Imperial Valley; and field plot studies revealed that CuLCrV primarily infects cucurbits, including cantaloupe, squash, and watermelon. Full-length DNA-A and DNA-B clones of an Imperial Valley isolate of CuLCrV were obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with overlapping primers. These clones were infectious in various cucurbits and common bean (cv. Topcrop); symptoms included stunted growth and leaf crumple, curl, and chlorosis. CuLCrV was not sap-transmissible, and immunolocalization and DNA in situ hybridization studies revealed that it is phloem-limited. A CuLCrV agroinoculation system was generated, and host range studies revealed differential susceptibility in cucurbits, with squash, watermelon, cantaloupe, and honeydew melon being most to least susceptible, respectively. Germplasm screening studies identified a number of resistant cantaloupe and honeydew melon cultivars. The genome organization of this CuLCrV isolate (CuLCrV-CA) is similar to other bipartite begomoviruses, and phylogenetic analysis placed CuLCrV in the Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) cluster of New World bipartite begomoviruses. A CuLCrV-specific PCR test was developed which allows for differentiation from other begomoviruses, including SLCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hagen
- Department of Plant Pathology
| | | | | | | | - E T Natwick
- University of California Cooperative Extension, UC Desert Research & Extension Center (UCCE), Holtville 92250
| | - T A Turini
- UCCE, Cooperative Extension Fresno County, Fresno 93702
| | - R L Gilbertson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis
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Idris AM, Mills-Lujan K, Martin K, Brown JK. Melon chlorotic leaf curl virus: characterization and differential reassortment with closest relatives reveal adaptive virulence in the squash leaf curl virus clade and host shifting by the host-restricted bean calico mosaic virus. J Virol 2008; 82:1959-67. [PMID: 18057231 PMCID: PMC2258725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01992-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome components of the Melon chlorotic leaf curl virus (MCLCuV) were cloned from symptomatic cantaloupe leaves collected in Guatemala during 2002. The MCLCuV DNA-A and DNA-B components shared their closest nucleotide identities among begomoviruses, at approximately 90 and 81%, respectively, with a papaya isolate of MCLCuV from Costa Rica. The closest relatives at the species level were other members of the Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) clade, which is endemic in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Biolistic inoculation of cantaloupe seedlings with the MCLCuV DNA-A and -B components resulted in the development of characteristic disease symptoms, providing definitive evidence of causality. MCLCuV experimentally infected species within the Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae. The potential for interspecific reassortment was examined for MCLCuV and its closest relatives, including the bean-restricted Bean calico mosaic virus (BCaMV), and three other cucurbit-infecting species, Cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), SLCV, and SMLCV. The cucurbit viruses have distinct but overlapping host ranges. All possible reassortants were established using heterologous combinations of the DNA-A or DNA-B components. Surprisingly, only certain reassortants arising from MCLCuV and BCaMV, or MCLCuV and CuLCrV, were viable in bean, even though it is a host of all of the "wild-type" (parent) viruses. The bean-restricted BCaMV was differentially assisted in systemically infecting the cucurbit test species by the components of the four cucurbit-adapted begomoviruses. In certain heterologous combinations, the BCaMV DNA-A or -B component was able to infect one or more cucurbit species. Generally, the reassortants were less virulent in the test hosts than the respective wild-type (parent) viruses, strongly implicating adaptive modulation of virulence. This is the first illustration of reassortment resulting in the host range expansion of a host-restricted begomovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Idris
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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