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Hu Y, Cai TT, Yan RN, Liu BL, Ding B, Ma JH. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis of Steroidogenesis and Spermatogenesis Impairment in the Testis of db/db Mice. Int J Endocrinol 2024; 2024:8797972. [PMID: 38817616 PMCID: PMC11139535 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8797972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The mechanism of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis impairment in men with type 2 diabetes remains unclear. We aimed to explore the local changes of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in the testis of db/db mice. Research Design and Methods. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis in the testis of db/db and C57BL/6J mice. The differentially expressed genes were then confirmed by real-time PCR. The histopathological characteristics of testis in db/db mice and C57BL/6J control were also performed. Results The 20-week-old db/db mice had significantly higher blood glucose and body weight (both p < 0.001). The serum testosterone levels (4.4 ± 0.8 vs. 9.8 ± 0.7 ng/ml, p=0.001) and weight of the testis (0.16 ± 0.01 vs. 0.24 ± 0.01 g, p < 0.001) were significantly lower in db/db mice than that in C57BL/6J controls. db/db mice had a lower cross-sectional area of seminiferous tubules and thickness of the cell layer (both p < 0.05). The numbers of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells decreased in db/db mice (both p < 0.01). Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis showed that compared with the control group, the percentage of spermatogonia was significantly higher in the db/db mouse (p < 0.001), while the proportions of spermatocytes, round and elongating spermatids, and sperms were all lower in the db/db mouse (p all < 0.001). The most differentially expressed genes were found in round spermatids (n = 86), which were not found in spermatogonia, spermatocyte, and sperm. Igfbp5 was the most significantly decreased gene in Leydig cells of the db/db mouse, while the expression of Cd74, H2-Aa, and H2-Eb1 was elevated. Ccl7 and Ptgds were the most significantly increased and decreased genes in Sertoli cells of the db/db mouse. Conclusions The present study indicates spermiogenesis and steroidogenesis defects in db/db mice. The mechanism of steroidogenesis impairment in the testis of db/db mice deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Reng-Na Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing-Li Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Hua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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LA Padula D, Zavaglia L, Hamad T, Nocito MC, Aquila S, Avena P, Rago V. Leptin effects: focusing on the relationship between obesity and male infertility. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2024; 49:100-110. [PMID: 36251021 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.22.03901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The human male infertility has several causes interconnected to improper lifestyles such as smoking, sedentarism, environmental factors, toxins accumulation and energy imbalances. All these factors contribute to the obesity accompanied metabolic syndrome and hormonal alterations in the leptin-ghrelin axis. The leptin (Lep) has many pleiotropic effects in several biological systems, directly on the peripheral tissues or through the central nervous system. Many studies suggest that Lep is a key player in gonadal functions beside its documented role in reproductive regulation; however, further investigations are still necessary to elucidate all the molecular pathways involved in these mechanisms. Keeping into account that increased Lep levels in obese men are positively correlated with altered sperm parameters and testicular oxidative stress, evidence refers to Lep as a potential link between obesity and male infertility. This review represents an updated version on the concept of the Lep roles in mediating the male reproductive functions in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide LA Padula
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Lucia Zavaglia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Tarig Hamad
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Marta C Nocito
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Saveria Aquila
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Paola Avena
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Vittoria Rago
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy -
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Mandal DK, Kumar M, Tyagi S. Effect of seasons and photoperiods on seminal attributes and sperm morphology in Holstein Friesian × Sahiwal crossbred dairy bulls. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:2223-2235. [PMID: 35994121 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cattle being non-seasonal breeding species, effects of photoperiods on sperm traits and morphology had been reported inadequately in breeding bulls. To elucidate the plausible existence of effects of photoperiods and seasons, seminal traits of Holstein Friesian × Sahiwal crossbred dairy bulls (N = 557) were analysed using different statistical models. A present study revealed that the biological rhythm of reproduction oscillated almost in parallel to the annual changes of natural photoperiods even in non-seasonal breeding species like cattle bulls. Semen traits diminished to the lowest in winter solstice (WS ± 45 days), progressively increased with the rising day length of spring (vernal equinox ± 45 days), reached a peak in summer solstice (SS ± 45 days), and then gradually reduced with decreasing photoperiod of the autumn equinox (AE ± 45 days). From summer solstice to winter solstice, sperm concentration reduced by 90.53 million/ml (8.85%), total sperm count/ejaculate decreased by 785 million (13.87%), total motile sperm count/ejaculate reduced by 17.59%, and total post-thaw motile sperm counts/ejaculates diminished by 38.64%. In short-duration photoperiods (≤ 12 h), bulls had a significantly (P < 0.01) higher incidence of major, minor, tail abnormality and total aberrant sperm% compared to that of long-duration photoperiods (> 12 h). Solstice equinox-based seasonal classification provided better insight into photoperiodicity on bulls' semen quality and sperm traits as compared to conventional meteorological classification of seasons. It was concluded that photoperiods affect sperm productivity, semen quality, and sperm morphology in non-seasonal breeding species like dairy bulls, maintained at transitional latitude (29° N) tropical climate. Bulls' reproductive ability was more influenced by the phases of increasing/decreasing day length duly primed by climax/trough of photoperiods, compared to mere long/short duration of photoperiods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kumar Mandal
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India.
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Cattle, Grass Farm Road, Meerut Cantt, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shrikant Tyagi
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Cattle, Grass Farm Road, Meerut Cantt, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Al-Nawd EA, Alshowafi FK, Abdullateef AA, Noman MMA, Albadani RH, Al-Mansoub MA. Serum leptin correlates in fertile and idiopathic infertile Yemeni males: a comparative cross-sectional study. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2022; 68:348-356. [DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2022.2113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebraheem A. Al-Nawd
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jibla University for Medical and Health Sciences, Ibb, Yemen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, The High Institute of Health Sciences, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Fairouz K. Alshowafi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Ahmed A. Abdullateef
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Mohammad M. Abdulgabbar Noman
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Rashad H. Albadani
- Department of Dermatology and Andrology, Althawra Hospital, Ibb, Yemen
- The Consultant Medical Centre for Dermatology, Andrology and Infertility, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Majed Ahmed Al-Mansoub
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
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Shakeel M, Yoon M. Functions of somatic cells for spermatogenesis in
stallions. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:654-670. [PMID: 35969700 PMCID: PMC9353347 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis and testis development are highly structured physiological
processes responsible for post-pubertal fertility in stallions. Spermatogenesis
comprises spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. Although germ cell
degeneration is a continuous process, its effects are more pronounced during
spermatocytogenesis and meiosis. The productivity and efficiency of
spermatogenesis are directly linked to pubertal development, degenerated germ
cell populations, aging, nutrition, and season of the year in stallions. The
multiplex interplay of germ cells with somatic cells, endocrine and paracrine
factors, growth factors, and signaling molecules contributes to the regulation
of spermatogenesis. A cell-to-cell communication within the testes of these
factors is a fundamental requirement of normal spermatogenesis. A noteworthy
development has been made recently on discovering the effects of different
somatic cells including Leydig, Sertoli, and peritubular myoid cells on
manipulation the fate of spermatogonial stem cells. In this review, we discuss
the self-renewal, differentiation, and apoptotic roles of somatic cells and the
relationship between somatic and germ cells during normal spermatogenesis. We
also summarize the roles of different growth factors, their
paracrine/endocrine/autocrine pathways, and the different cytokines associated
with spermatogenesis. Furthermore, we highlight important matters for further
studies on the regulation of spermatogenesis. This review presents an insight
into the mechanism of spermatogenesis, and helpful in developing better
understanding of the functions of somatic cells, particularly in stallions and
would offer new research goals for developing curative techniques to address
infertility/subfertility in stallions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shakeel
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of
Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi 44000, Pakistan
| | - Minjung Yoon
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
- Department of Horse, Companion and Wild
Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
- Reseach Center for Horse Industry,
Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
- Corresponding author: Minjung Yoon,
Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University,
Sangju 37224, Korea. Tel: +82-54-530-1233, E-mail:
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Ghaderpour S, Ghiasi R, Heydari H, Keyhanmanesh R. The relation between obesity, kisspeptin, leptin, and male fertility. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2021; 43:235-247. [PMID: 34931507 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2021-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, obesity and infertility in men increased in parallel, and the association between both phenomena have been examined by several researchers. despite the fact that there is no agreement, obesity appears to affect the reproductive potential of men through various mechanisms, such as changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis, spermatogenesis, sperm quality and/or alteration of sexual health. Leptin is a hormone produced by the adipose tissue, and its production elevates with increasing body fat. Many studies have supported the relationship between raised leptin production and reproductive function regulation. In fact, Leptin acts on the HPT axis in men at all levels. However, most obese men are insensitive to increased production of endogenous leptin and functional leptin resistance development. Recently, it has been recommended that Kisspeptin neurons mediate the leptin's effects on the reproductive system. Kisspeptin binding to its receptor on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, activates the mammal's reproductive axis and stimulates GnRH release. Increasing infertility associated with obesity is probably mediated by the Kisspeptin-GnRH pathway. In this review, the link between obesity, kisspeptin, leptin, and male fertility will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Ghaderpour
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz Faculty of Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rafighe Ghiasi
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz Faculty of Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Heydari
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz Faculty of Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz Faculty of Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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7
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Bernardi O, Estienne A, Reverchon M, Bigot Y, Froment P, Dupont J. Adipokines in metabolic and reproductive functions in birds: An overview of current knowns and unknowns. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 534:111370. [PMID: 34171419 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is now recognized as an active endocrine organ, which synthesizes and secretes numerous peptides factors called adipokines. In mammals, they exert pleiotropic effects affecting energy metabolism but also fertility. In mammals, secretion of adipokines is altered in adipose tissue dysfunctions and may participate to obesity-associated disorders. Thus, adipokines are promising candidates both for novel pharmacological treatment strategies and as diagnostic tools. As compared to mammals, birds exhibit several unique physiological features, which make them an interesting model for comparative studies on endocrine control of metabolism and adiposity and reproductive functions. Some adipokines such as leptin and visfatin may have different roles in avian species as compared to mammals. In addition, some of them found in mammals such as CCL2 (chemokine ligand 2), resistin, omentin and FGF21 (Fibroblast Growth factor 21) have not yet been mapped to the chicken genome model and among its annotated gene models. This brief review aims to summarize data (structure, metabolic and reproductive roles and molecular mechanisms involved) related to main avian adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and chemerin) and we will briefly discuss the adipokines that are still lacking in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Bernardi
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France; SYSAAF-Syndicat des Sélectionneurs Avicoles et Aquacoles Français, Centre INRA Val de Loire, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anthony Estienne
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Maxime Reverchon
- SYSAAF-Syndicat des Sélectionneurs Avicoles et Aquacoles Français, Centre INRA Val de Loire, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Bigot
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.
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Effect of Omega-3 or Omega-6 Dietary Supplementation on Testicular Steroidogenesis, Adipokine Network, Cytokines, and Oxidative Stress in Adult Male Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5570331. [PMID: 34257810 PMCID: PMC8260291 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5570331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of omega-3 and omega-6 supplementation on the levels of different adipokines and cytokines, as well as the antioxidant system, in relation to male reproductive hormones and testicular functions. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were daily gavaged with either physiological saline (control group), sunflower oil (omega 6 group; 1 mL/kg body weight), or fish oil (omega-3 group; 1000 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. The administration of omega-3 or omega-6 resulted in decreased serum concentrations of kisspeptin 1, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone. In addition, it downregulated the mRNA expression levels of steroidogenic genes. The intratesticular levels of apelin, adiponectin, and irisin were elevated while chemerin, leptin, resistin, vaspin, and visfatin were declined following the administration of either omega-3 or omega-6. The testicular concentration of interleukin 10 was increased while interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and nuclear factor kappa B were decreased after consumption of omega-3 or omega-6. In the testes, the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1, and the total antioxidant capacity were improved. In conclusion, the administration of omega-3 or omega-6 adversely affects the process of steroidogenesis but improves the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status of the reproductive system via modulating the levels of testicular adipokines.
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De León-Ramírez YM, Lara-García M, Pacheco P, Lara-García O, Martínez-Gómez M, Cuevas-Romero E, Rodríguez-Antolín J, Nicolás-Toledo L. Histomorphological testicular changes and decrease in the sperm count in pubertal rats induced by a high-sugar diet. Ann Anat 2021; 235:151678. [PMID: 33515690 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During childhood and adolescence, excessive food consumption stimulates adipose tissue expansion promoting overweight in humans, and mice. A high-sucrose diet is related to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Infertility is commonly related to these pathologies. We aim to evaluate possible histomorphological testicular changes induced by a high-sucrose diet on sperm count during the post-weaning period. METHODS Wistar male rats aged 21 days, weaned, were randomly assigned into two groups: control (fed and hydrated normally) and sugar group (fed normally but hydrated with a solution containing 30% of diluted sucrose during 30 days). At the pubertal age of 51 days, animals were killed and blood samples were taken to measure testosterone and leptin. Testicles were collected and gonadal adipose tissue and semen samples from the epididymis were excised. Testicle samples were used for morphological description using H&E staining, as well as to quantify the triacylglycerol content and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression. Semen samples were used to assess motility, viability, and sperm count. RESULTS The sugar group presented an increase in the testicular weight, but a reduction in the cross-sectional area of seminiferous tubules. Moreover, disorganization of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia, an increase in the LDH expression within the entire seminiferous tubule, and a reduced sperm count and spermatozoid motility were found. These alterations were accompanied by high serum levels of testosterone and leptin. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate strong damage of testis by sugar consumption during early life that may lead to the onset of infertility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo Pacheco
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Omar Lara-García
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Margarita Martínez-Gómez
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Estela Cuevas-Romero
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Antolín
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Leticia Nicolás-Toledo
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México.
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Tenuta M, Carlomagno F, Cangiano B, Kanakis G, Pozza C, Sbardella E, Isidori AM, Krausz C, Gianfrilli D. Somatotropic-Testicular Axis: A crosstalk between GH/IGF-I and gonadal hormones during development, transition, and adult age. Andrology 2020; 9:168-184. [PMID: 33021069 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic (HPS) axes are strongly interconnected. Interactions between these axes are complex and poorly understood. These interactions are characterized by redundancies in reciprocal influences at each level of regulation and the combination of endocrine and paracrine effects that change during development. OBJECTIVES To comprehensively review the crosstalk between the HPG and HPS axes and related pathological and clinical aspects during various life stages of male subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS A thorough search of publications available in PubMed was performed using proper keywords. RESULTS Molecular studies confirmed the expressions of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptors on the HPG axis and reproductive organs, indicating a possible interaction between HPS and HPG axes at various levels. Insulin growth factors participate in sexual differentiation during fetal development, indicating that normal HPS axis activity is required for proper testicular development. IGF-I contributes to correct testicular position during minipuberty, determines linear growth during childhood, and promotes puberty onset and pace through gonadotropin-releasing hormone activation. IGF-I levels are high during transition age, even when linear growth is almost complete, suggesting its role in reproductive tract maturation. Patients with GH deficiency (GHD) and insensitivity (GHI) exhibit delayed puberty and impaired genital development; replacement therapy in such patients induces proper pubertal development. In adults, few studies have suggested that lower IGF-I levels are associated with impaired sperm parameters. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The role of GH-IGF-I in testicular development remains largely unexplored. However, it is important to evaluate gonadic development in children with GHD. Additionally, HPS axis function should be evaluated in children with urogenital malformation or gonadal development alterations. Correct diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention are needed for healthy puberty, attainment of complete gonadal development during transition age, and fertility potential in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tenuta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - George Kanakis
- Athens Naval and Veterans Affairs Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlotta Pozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Sbardella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Csilla Krausz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Annie L, Jeremy M, Gurusubramanian G, Derkach KV, Shpakov AO, Roy VK. Effect of metformin on testicular expression and localization of leptin receptor and levels of leptin in the diabetic mice. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:620-629. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kira V. Derkach
- IM Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyRussian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexander O. Shpakov
- IM Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyRussian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
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12
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Pelletier RM, Layeghkhavidaki H, Vitale ML. Glucose, insulin, insulin receptor subunits α and β in normal and spontaneously diabetic and obese ob/ob and db/db infertile mouse testis and hypophysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:25. [PMID: 32183843 PMCID: PMC7079543 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00583-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes touches young subjects of reproductive age in epidemic proportion. This study assesses glucose, total InsulinT, Insulin2 and insulin receptor subunits α and β in testis during mouse development then, in the spontaneously type 2 diabetes models associated with infertility db/db and ob/ob mice. IR-β and α were also assessed in spermatozoa (SPZ), anterior pituitary (AP) and serum. METHODS Serum and tissue glucose were measured with enzymatic colorimetric assays and InsulinT and Insulin2 by ELISAs in serum, interstitial tissue- (ITf) and seminiferous tubule (STf) fractions in14- > 60-day-old normal and db/db, ob/ob and wild type (WT) mice. IR subunits were assessed by immunoblotting in tissues and by immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting in serum. RESULTS Development: Glucose increased in serum, ITf and STf. InsulinT and Insulin2 dropped in serum; both were higher in STf than in ITf. In > 60-day-old mouse ITf, insulinT rose whereas Insulin2 decreased; InsulinT and Insulin2 rose concurrently in STf. Glucose and insulin were high in > 60-day-old ITf; in STf high insulin2 accompanied low glucose. One hundred ten kDa IR-β peaked in 28-day-old ITf and 14-day-old STf. One hundred thirty five kDa IR-α was high in ITf but decreased in STf. Glucose escalated in db/db and ob/ob sera. Glucose doubled in ITf while being halved in STf in db/db mice. Glucose significantly dropped in db/db and ob/ob mice spermatozoa. InsulinT and Insulin2 rose significantly in the serum, ITf and STf in db/db and ob/ob mice. One hundred ten kDa IR-β and 135 kDa IR-α decreased in db/db and ob/ob ITf. Only 110 kDa IR-β dropped in db/db and ob/ob STf and AP. One hundred ten kDa IR-β fell in db/db and ob/ob SPZ. One hundred ten kDa sIR-α rose in the db/db and ob/ob mouse sera. CONCLUSION Insulin regulates glucose in tubules not in the interstitium. The mouse interstitium contains InsulinT and Insulin2 whereas tubules contain Insulin2. Decreased 110 kDa IR-β and 135 kDa IR-α in the db/db and ob/ob interstitial tissue suggest a loss of active receptor sites that could alter the testicular cell insulin binding and response to the hormone. Decreased IR-β levels were insufficient to stimulate downstream effectors in AP and tubules. IR-α shedding increased in db/db and ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-Marc Pelletier
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger Gaudry, Case Postale 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Hamed Layeghkhavidaki
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - María L Vitale
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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13
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Insights into leptin signaling and male reproductive health: the missing link between overweight and subfertility? Biochem J 2018; 475:3535-3560. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity stands as one of the greatest healthcare challenges of the 21st century. Obesity in reproductive-age men is ever more frequent and is reaching upsetting levels. At the same time, fertility has taken an inverse direction and is decreasing, leading to an increased demand for fertility treatments. In half of infertile couples, there is a male factor alone or combined with a female factor. Furthermore, male fertility parameters such as sperm count and concentration went on a downward spiral during the last few decades and are now approaching the minimum levels established to achieve successful fertilization. Hence, the hypothesis that obesity and deleterious effects in male reproductive health, as reflected in deterioration of sperm parameters, are somehow related is tempting. Most often, overweight and obese individuals present leptin levels directly proportional to the increased fat mass. Leptin, besides the well-described central hypothalamic effects, also acts in several peripheral organs, including the testes, thus highlighting a possible regulatory role in male reproductive function. In the last years, research focusing on leptin effects in male reproductive function has unveiled additional roles and molecular mechanisms of action for this hormone at the testicular level. Herein, we summarize the novel molecular signals linking metabolism and male reproductive function with a focus on leptin signaling, mitochondria and relevant pathways for the nutritional support of spermatogenesis.
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Martin LJ, Roumaud P. Modulation of the transcriptomic profile of the R2C tumor Leydig cell line by the adipose tissue derived hormone leptin. Reprod Biol 2018; 18:440-449. [PMID: 30174195 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an important adipose derived hormone being secreted by adipocytes and involved in appetite regulation. Disruption of normal plasma levels of leptin has been associated with the pathogenesis of obesity. It is now well established that obesity is associated to an increased risk of cancer development, including testicular cancers. Recently, we have shown that high levels of leptin have inhibitory effects on cAMP-dependent steroidogenic genes expression in MA-10 Leydig cells. Hence, we examined if leptin could alter the transcriptome of the constitutively steroidogenic rat tumor Leydig cell line R2C. These cells were treated with high levels of leptin (1000 ng/ml) for 4 h, followed by mRNA extraction and RNA-Seq analysis. Interestingly, leptin had no effect on steroidogenic gene expression or pathways promoting tumorigenesis of this cell line. Genes being upregulated or downregulated by leptin were enriched in biological processes that were non-relevant to Leydig cell function. Surprisingly, lepr isoforms were weakly expressed in R2C cells and may explain in part the low levels of leptin's response for tumor Leydig cells. Hence, the current findings suggest that acute treatments of tumor Leydig cells with high levels of leptin have negligible effects on transcriptomics and rather supports that leptin would have a central effect on the hypothalamus to influence testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc J Martin
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New-Brunswick, E1A 3E9 Canada.
| | - Pauline Roumaud
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New-Brunswick, E1A 3E9 Canada
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15
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Navya H, Yajurvedi HN. Obesity causes weight increases in prepubertal and pubertal male offspring and is related to changes in spermatogenesis and sperm production in rats. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:815-823. [PMID: 26876883 DOI: 10.1071/rd15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of obesity on testicular activity in prepubertal and pubertal rats was investigated in the present study. Obesity was induced in adult females by feeding a high-calorie diet (HCD). These females were mated with normal males and were fed an HCD during pregnancy and lactation. The male offspring born to obese mothers and fed an HCD after weaning were found to be obese. Seminiferous tubules of offspring from control mothers (OCM) and offspring from HCD-fed mothers (OHCDM) had the same set of germ cells at different age intervals, namely spermatogonia, leptotene spermatocytes, zygotene spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes and round and elongated spermatids on postnatal days (PND) 7, 13, 17, 24 and 36, and on the day of preputial separation, respectively. However, there was a significant decrease in round and elongated spermatids and the epididymal sperm count, coupled with a significant decrease in testosterone and an increase in leptin serum concentrations in OHCDM compared with OCM. These results show that obesity in prepubertal rats does not affect the age-dependent appearance of germ cells according to developmental hierarchy, but it does interfere with spermatid formation, resulting in a reduced sperm count, which may be due to a deficiency of testosterone mediated by hyperleptinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Navya
- Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, Karnataka, India
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16
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Review: The use of bull breeding soundness evaluation to identify subfertile and infertile bulls. Animal 2018; 12:s158-s164. [PMID: 29560847 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient and economical herd management depends a great deal on maintaining a short, well-defined calving season. This requires highly fertile females and bulls. Low pregnancy rates are very noticeable, however; potentially greater economic loss may be due to delayed conception. Many studies showed that approximately one of every five bulls had inadequate semen quality, physical soundness, or both, but when evaluation of serving capacity is included about one in four bulls is unsatisfactory. Due mainly to the time and expense that the market will bear, usually only physical soundness and semen quality are evaluated. Breeding soundness evaluation is a useful, low-cost screening method for reducing the risk of using low fertility bulls. The biggest problem with breeding soundness evaluations is not our lack of knowledge or ability, but in the willingness of veterinary schools to provide adequate equipment and training in this area, a lack of diagnostic laboratories equipped to handle the more difficult cases and, most importantly, the weaknesses of human nature that result in negligent testing procedure.
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17
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Liang H, Xu W, Chen J, Shi H, Zhu J, Liu X, Wang J, Miao M, Yuan W. The Association between Exposure to Environmental Bisphenol A and Gonadotropic Hormone Levels among Men. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169217. [PMID: 28085949 PMCID: PMC5234835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an extensively used chemical with endocrine disrupting properties. Although animal and in vivo studies have suggested possible effects of BPA on levels of gonadotropic hormones, human studies are limited and inconclusive. The study examined whether environmental BPA exposure was associated with gonadotropic hormones levels in men. A total of 560 men aged 18–55 years were recruited from Sandu County, Guizhou Province, China. We collected urine samples for measurement of BPA, and blood samples for measurement of reproductive hormones. We examined serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and total testosterone (T). Relative risk (RR) was obtained by log-binominal regression to explore the association between urinary BPA level and hormone levels. BPA was detected in 70.4% of urine samples, with a geometric mean of 0.50 μg/gCr. Men with detectable levels of BPA had a 1.52-fold increased risk of having a high LH level (>75th percentile) when compared with men with undetectable levels of BPA, after adjustment for potential confounders (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–2.21). The association persisted and slightly intensified among current smokers (adjusted RR (aRR) = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.05–2.95), while it weakened among non-smokers (aRR = 1.17, 95%CI: 0.69–1.96). Urinary BPA level was associated with an increased FSH level among smokers (aRR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.01–2.67). Urinary BPA level was inversely associated with total T level among males with body max index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 although this association was of borderline significance (aRR = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.26–1.05). In conclusion, environmental exposure to BPA was associated with increased serum levels of LH and FSH in male smokers, along with decreased serum levels of total T in men with BMI≥25 kg/m2. These findings suggest that the effects of environmental BPA exposure on hormone levels might be modified by smoking and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liang
- Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science, Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenping Xu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science, Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Shi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Orthogenics and Genetics, Population and Family Planning Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: miaomaohua@ live.com (MM); (JW)
| | - Maohua Miao
- Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science, Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: miaomaohua@ live.com (MM); (JW)
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science, Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Fernandez CDB, Fernandes GSA, Favareto APA, Perobelli JE, Sanabria M, Kempinas WDG. Decreased Implantation Number After In Utero Artificial Insemination Can Reflect an Impairment of Fertility in Adult Male Rats After Exogenous Leptin Exposure. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:234-241. [PMID: 27324433 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116653678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is a protein secreted by the adipocytes, which serves as a link between fat and brain. Its main action is to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure, but it is also involved in the control of different neuroendocrine systems, including gonadal axis. Although the effects of leptin deficiency on reproduction are well recognized, the effect of excess leptin on male reproductive function is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate fertility and sperm parameters of male rats exposed to exogenous leptin. A group of adult male rats received exogenous leptin intraperitoneally (30 μg/kg/day) for 42 days, and a control group received only the vehicle during the same period. After the treatment, animals were evaluated for sperm count, sperm motility, and fertility after intrauterine artificial insemination. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups related to sperm production, sperm concentration, and sperm motility. However, fertility evaluation after artificial insemination showed a quantitative decrease in the uterus plus fetuses weight, number of implantation sites, and number of live fetuses. The fertility potential showed a reduction of about 40%, whereas the preimplantation loss rate increased more than 2-fold in leptin-treated animals. In conclusion, leptin administration to nonobese male rats impairs ability of treated animals to generate offspring, since the occurrence of implantation was diminished. So leptin can impair sperm quality, affecting the reproductive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla D B Fernandez
- 1 Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil.,2 Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Central de Laboratórios de Ciências e Tecnologia Ambiental-Laboratório de Toxicologia Experimental, Universidade Sagrado Coração, SP, Brazil
| | - Glaura S A Fernandes
- 1 Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula A Favareto
- 1 Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Juliana E Perobelli
- 1 Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marciana Sanabria
- 1 Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Wilma D G Kempinas
- 1 Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
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19
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Roumaud P, Martin LJ. Roles of leptin, adiponectin and resistin in the transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic genes contributing to decreased Leydig cells function in obesity. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 24:25-45. [PMID: 26587746 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The increase in obesity rate is a major public health issue associated with increased pathological conditions such as type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. Obesity also contributes to decreased testosterone levels in men. Indeed, the adipose tissue is an endocrine organ which produces hormones such as leptin, adiponectin and resistin. Obesity results in pathological accumulations of leptin and resistin, whereas adiponectin plasma levels are markedly reduced, all having a negative impact on testosterone synthesis. This review focuses on current knowledge related to transcriptional regulation of Leydig cells' steroidogenesis by leptin, adiponectin and resistin. We show that there are crosstalks between the regulatory mechanisms of these hormones and androgen production which may result in a dramatic negative influence on testosterone plasma levels. Indeed leptin, adiponectin and resistin can impact expression of different steroidogenic genes such as Star, Cyp11a1 or Sf1. Further investigations will be required to better define the implications of adipose derived hormones on regulation of steroidogenic genes expression within Leydig cells under physiological as well as pathological conditions.
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20
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Leptin level and oxidative stress contribute to obesity-induced low testosterone in murine testicular tissue. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:190945. [PMID: 24829619 PMCID: PMC4009340 DOI: 10.1155/2014/190945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective. This study evaluated the effects of obesity on the function of reproductive organs in male mice and the possible mechanism of male secondary hypogonadism (SH) in obesity. Methods. Ninety-six mice were randomly assigned to three groups: the control group, diet-induced obesity group, and diet-induced obesity resistant group for 8 weeks and 19 weeks. The effects of short- and long-term high-fat diet on the reproductive organs were determined by measuring sperm count and motility, relative testis weight, testosterone level, pathological changes and apoptosis of Leydig cells. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining malondialdehyde, H2O2, NO levels, and GSH in testis tissues. CAT, SOD, GSH-Px and Nrf2 mRNA were measured by real-time PCR. Results. Short- and long-term high-fat diet decreased sperm count and motility, relative testis weight, testosterone level; decreased CAT, SOD, GSH-Px and Nrf2 mRNA expression; increased MDA, H2O2, NO and leptin levels; inhibited the activity of CAT and GSH-Px enzymes. Pathological injury and apoptosis of Leydig cells were found in testis tissue. Conclusions. Pathological damage of Leydig cells, oxidative stress in testis tissue, and high level of leptin may provide some evidence to clarify the mechanisms of male SH in obesity.
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21
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Ricci G, Catizone A. Pleiotropic Activities of HGF/c-Met System in Testicular Physiology: Paracrine and Endocrine Implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:38. [PMID: 24772104 PMCID: PMC3982073 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, a growing body of evidence has been reported concerning the expression and functional role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on different aspects of testicular physiology. This review has the aim to summarize what is currently known regarding this topic. From early embryonic development to adult age, HGF and its receptor c-Met appeared to be clearly detectable in the testis. These molecules acquire different distribution patterns and roles depending on the developmental stage or the post-natal age considered. HGF acts as a paracrine modulator of testicular functions promoting the epithelium-mesenchyme cross-talk as described even in other organs. Interestingly, it has been reported that testicular HGF acts even as an autocrine factor and that its receptor might be modulated by endocrine signals that change at puberty: HGF receptor expressed by Sertoli cells, in fact, is up-regulated by FSH administration. HGF is in turn able to modify endocrine state of the organism being able to increase testosterone secretion of both fetal and adult Leydig cells. Moreover, c-Met is expressed in mitotic and meiotic male germ cells as well as in spermatozoa. The distribution pattern of c-Met on sperm cell membrane changes in the caput and cauda epididymal sperms and HGF is able to maintain epididymal sperm motility in vitro suggesting a physiological role of this growth factor in the acquisition of sperm motility. Noteworthy changes in HGF concentration in seminal plasma have been reported in different andrological diseases. All together these data indicate that HGF has a role in the control of spermatogenesis and sperm quality either directly, acting on male germ cells, or indirectly acting on tubular and interstitial somatic cells of the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, School of Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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22
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Vendramini V, Cedenho A, Miraglia S, Spaine D. Reproductive function of the male obese Zucker rats: alteration in sperm production and sperm DNA damage. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:221-9. [PMID: 23800399 PMCID: PMC3879991 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113493511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been considered a public health issue in many countries and is of increasing concern for authorities over the past 6 years. The Zucker rat is a good experimental model for obesity and diabetes studies due to its metabolic characteristics that are similar to those developed by humans. A total of 12 obese Zucker rats and their lean littermates were killed in pubertal and young adult phases for assessing organ weights (testis and epididymis), testicular histomorphometric and stereological analyses, daily sperm production, and transit time in the epididymis. Sperm integrity was also investigated in the adult animals using the Comet assay. Alterations in organ weights, seminiferous epithelium architecture, sperm production, and transit time were noticed in the pubertal fatty rats. The volume density of the lymphatic space was decreased in both the ages. Adult animals had a significant increase in the extent of damage found in sperm DNA. Our results show for the first time that leptin receptor deficiency compromises sperm production during puberty and that genetic obese Zucker rats have increased sperm DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Vendramini
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A.P. Cedenho
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S.M. Miraglia
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D.M. Spaine
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Ramos CF, Zamoner A. Thyroid hormone and leptin in the testis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:198. [PMID: 25505448 PMCID: PMC4243692 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is primarily expressed in white adipose tissue; however, it is expressed in the hypothalamus and reproductive tissues as well. Leptin acts by activating the leptin receptors (Ob-Rs). Additionally, the regulation of several neuroendocrine and reproductive functions, including the inhibition of glucocorticoids and enhancement of thyroxine and sex hormone concentrations in human beings and mice are leptin functions. It has been suggested that thyroid hormones (TH) could directly regulate leptin expression. Additionally, hypothyroidism compromises the intracellular integration of leptin signaling specifically in the arcuate nucleus. Two TH receptor isoforms are expressed in the testis, TRa and TRb, with TRa being the predominant one that is present in all stages of development. The effects of TH involve the proliferation and differentiation of Sertoli and Leydig cells during development, spermatogenesis, and steroidogenesis. In this context, TH disorders are associated with sexual dysfunction. An endocrine and/or direct paracrine effect of leptin on the gonads inhibits testosterone production in Leydig cells. Further studies are necessary to clarify the effects of both hormones in the testis during hypothyroidism. The goal of this review is to highlight the current knowledge regarding leptin and TH in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Fonte Ramos
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cristiane Fonte Ramos, Laboratório de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doença Cardiovascular, Centro Biomédico, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, RJ, Brazil e-mail:
| | - Ariane Zamoner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Implications of leptin in neuroendocrine regulation of male reproduction. Reprod Biol 2013; 13:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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25
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Roy VK, Krishna A. Role of leptin in seasonal adiposity associated changes in testicular activity of vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 168:160-8. [PMID: 20450917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate changes in circulating level of leptin in natural population of male bat, Scotophilus heathi in relation to seasonal changes in body mass, adipose tissue mass and testicular activity. The peak serum leptin level coincided with the period of maximum body mass due to heavy accumulation of adipose tissue. The in vivo study showed both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on testicular activity depending on circulating level of leptin. Moderate increase in circulating concentration of leptin coincided with the stimulatory effect on testicular activity in October, whereas peak circulating concentration of leptin coincided with suppressed testicular activity in December. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis confirmed expression of leptin receptors (Ob-R) in the testis, particularly in Leydig cells during different reproductive stages suggesting the direct action of leptin in regulation of testicular steroidogenesis. The in vitro study confirmed the in vivo observations of inhibitory effect of leptin on testosterone production through dose-dependent StAR expression in the testis. This study further showed that the leptin affects testicular activity through STAT3 mediated regulation of StAR expression. Thus, increased adiposity associated rise in circulating leptin level during winter dormancy impairs testicular activity by suppressing StAR mediated testosterone production in S. heathi. These results are suggestive of a link between the adipocyte derived leptin and testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar Roy
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Pérez-Pérez A, Gambino Y, Maymó J, Goberna R, Fabiani F, Varone C, Sánchez-Margalet V. MAPK and PI3K activities are required for leptin stimulation of protein synthesis in human trophoblastic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:956-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chavarro JE, Toth TL, Wright DL, Meeker JD, Hauser R. Body mass index in relation to semen quality, sperm DNA integrity, and serum reproductive hormone levels among men attending an infertility clinic. Fertil Steril 2010; 93:2222-31. [PMID: 19261274 PMCID: PMC2864498 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between body weight and measures of male reproductive potential. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Fertility clinic in an academic medical center. PATIENT(S) Four hundred eighty-three male partners of subfertile couples. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Standard semen analysis, sperm DNA fragmentation, and serum levels of reproductive hormones. RESULT(S) As expected, body mass index (BMI) was positively related to estradiol levels and inversely related to total testosterone and sex hormone-binding glogulin (SHBG) levels. There was also a strong inverse relation between BMI and inhibin B levels and a lower testosterone:LH ratio among men with a BMI > or = 35 kg/m(2). Body mass index was unrelated to sperm concentration, motility, or morphology. Ejaculate volume decreased steadily with increasing BMI levels. Further, men with BMI > or = 35 kg/m(2) had a lower total sperm count (concentration x volume) than normal weight men (adjusted difference in the median [95% confidence interval] = -86 x 10(6) sperm [-134, -37]). Sperm with high DNA damage were significantly more numerous in obese men than in normal-weight men. CONCLUSION(S) These data suggest that despite major differences in reproductive hormone levels with increasing body weight, only extreme levels of obesity may negatively influence male reproductive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Chavarro
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Nikbakht G, Ali Mehr MR, Baghbanzadeh A, Tajik P, Tamanini C, Emam M. Leptin Receptor mRNA in Bull Ejaculated Spermatozoa. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 45:237-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Male infertility, characterized by hypogonadism, decreased semen quality or ejaculatory dysfunction, accounts for approximately 20% of infertility cases. Obesity and metabolic dysfunction have been identified, among other causal factors, to contribute to male infertility. In the context of the Western world's 'obesity epidemic', this article discusses three main biological mechanisms linking obesity to impaired male reproductive function: hypogonadism, testicular heat stress/hypoxia-induced apoptosis and endocrine disruption by 'obesogens'. Among these, obesity-induced hypogonadism is undoubtedly the most clinically significant and is easily assessed. Rapidly expanding areas of research in this area include leptin modulation of kisspeptins and hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular hormone pathways, and roles of other adipocytokines in male infertility, as well as the impact of exposure to obesogens on the quality of semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Phillips
- a Assistant Professor, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Principal Scientist, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, 43 Templeton Street, Room 215, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Nongnuj Tanphaichitr
- b Senior Scientist, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, and Professor in Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Biochemistry/Microbiology/Immunology, University of Ottawa, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada.
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Hatami-Baroogh L, Razavi S, Zarkesh-Esfahani H, Tavalaee M, Tanhaei S, Ghaedi K, Deemeh MR, Rabiee F, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Evaluation of the leptin receptor in human spermatozoa. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:17. [PMID: 20178606 PMCID: PMC2841190 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin, a 167 amino acid peptide hormone, profoundly effects reproduction exerting its biological effects via interaction with the leptin receptor (ObR) which is widely expressed on peripheral tissues. In this study, we have attempted to assess leptin receptor expression in the spermatozoa of fertile males and those diagnosed with male factor infertility; both at the mRNA or protein levels. METHODS Semen samples were collected from fertile males and individuals with male factor infertility. In order to evaluate leptin receptor expression several techniques were utilized, including: reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunostaining, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Mononuclear cells isolated from volunteers' peripheral blood were used as positive controls for leptin receptor expression. RESULTS leptin receptor was noted on mononuclear cells but we were unable to detect this receptor on spermatozoa at the protein level. Leptin receptor expression was detected on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as positive controls; however it was not detectable on the spermatozoa of both groups by immunofluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Furthermore, positive expression of the ObR long isoform as assessed by RT-PCR was observed in the sperm of only four cases, whereas expression of beta-Actin, a house keeping gene, and HspA2, a testis specific gene, was present in all cases. CONCLUSION The long isoform of leptin receptor may not be present on human sperm. Species difference may be accounted for diverse reproductive physiology which depends on metabolic requirement. Leptin receptor expression at the mRNA level in some individuals may be related to contamination by other cells in semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hatami-Baroogh
- Department of Biology, Science and Culture University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACER, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Razavi
- Department of Anatomy, Isfahan Medical University, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Marziyeh Tavalaee
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACER, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Tanhaei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Farzaneh Rabiee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACER, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
- Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center, Isfahan, Iran
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Chen B, Guo JH, Lu YN, Ying XL, Hu K, Xiang ZQ, Wang YX, Chen P, Huang YR. Leptin and varicocele-related spermatogenesis dysfunction: animal experiment and clinical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 32:532-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rago V, Aquila S, Guido C, Carpino A. Leptin and Its Receptor Are Expressed in the Testis and in the Epididymis of Young and Adult Pigs. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:736-45. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Putti R, Varricchio E, Gay F, Elena C, Paolucci M. Leptin effects on testis and epididymis in the lizard Podarcis sicula, during summer regression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 160:168-75. [PMID: 19056389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study we assessed the effect of leptin treatment on testicular morphology, spermatogenesis, Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) alpha, 17beta-hydroxysteroide dehydrogenase, 17beta-estradiol and testosterone levels in the testis and blood of the lizard Podarcis sicula at the beginning of summer regression before entering the refractory period, when lizards no longer respond to hormonal and environmental stimuli. Lizards treated with five injections of leptin showed seminiferous tubules with germinal cells at all stages and wider lumina with respect to the controls. After 10 injections, the diameter of the lumina increased compared to the controls and 5 injection-group. After 10 injections plus 20 days before the sacrifice, the seminiferous tubules with open lumina and germinal cells were less abundant than in the 5 and 10 injection-groups. In all groups, the epididymis epithelium was higher than in the controls, with mitosis and binucleated cells. In both the control and treated animals secondary spermatocytes and spermatids were immunoreactive to leptin receptor and PPARalpha. In treated animals the interstitial cells and peritubular fibrocytes were also leptin receptor immunoreactive, while PPARalpha immunoreactivity translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. 17beta-HSD immunoreactivity was present in the spermatids and interstitial cells of control lizards and in secondary spermatocytes and spermatids of treated lizards. Leptin treatment had no statistically significant effect on testicular and circulating 17beta-estradiol and testosterone levels. These observations indicate that leptin brings about a delay in testis summer regression in Podarcis sicula, playing a regulatory role in reproduction in this species as already hypothesized for mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Putti
- Department of Comparative and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, Via Mezzocannone, 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy
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Roser JF. Regulation of testicular function in the stallion: An intricate network of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine systems. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 107:179-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Aquila S, Rago V, Guido C, Casaburi I, Zupo S, Carpino A. Leptin and leptin receptor in pig spermatozoa: evidence of their involvement in sperm capacitation and survival. Reproduction 2008; 136:23-32. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have recently investigated the role of leptin, the adipocyte-secreted hormone, in the growth and reproduction of rodents, humans, and domestic animals. The present study was designed to explore the expression of leptin and its receptor in pig spermatozoa. Successful Western blot evidenced a 16 kDa band for leptin and six isoforms, ranging from 120 to 40 kDa, for the leptin receptor. Both leptin and leptin receptor were interestingly located at sperm acrosomal level, suggesting their involvement in the oocyte fertilization events. In fact, both capacitation indexes and acrosin activity were enhanced by leptin, and these effects were reduced by the anti-leptin receptor antibody. Afterwards, we investigated the main transduction pathways regulated by the hormone. Our results showed that, in pig sperm, leptin can trigger the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, a classical component of cytokine signal transduction pathways, whose expression has not been previously reported in male gamete; in addition it was found constitutively activated. Besides, leptin was able to induce the activation of phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase 3 and MAP kinase pathways as well as of BCL2, a known antiapoptotic protein. These data address to a role of leptin and its receptor on pig sperm survival. The presence of leptin and its receptor in pig sperm suggests that they, through an autocrine short loop, may induce signal transduction and molecular changes associated with sperm capacitation and survival.
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Herrid M, Xia Y, O'Shea T, McFarlane JR. Leptin inhibits basal but not gonadotrophin-stimulated testosterone production in the immature mouse and sheep testis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2008; 20:519-28. [DOI: 10.1071/rd07062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby leptin regulates testosterone secretion are complex and are likely to involve actions at different levels of the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis. In the present study, the effect of leptin on testicular steroidogenesis at different developmental stages in mice and sheep was investigated. Testosterone data from testicular slice and Leydig cells of immature and adult mice testes demonstrated that the action of leptin in the regulation of steroidogenesis appears to be dependent on the developmental stage of the testis. Leptin biphasically modulates basal testosterone production in immature testicular slice cultures: at relatively low concentrations (6.25–12.5 ng mL–1) leptin exerts a significant inhibitory effect, but has less of an effect at very low (1.25 ng mL–1) or high concentrations (25 ng mL–1). However, leptin failed to modulate basal testosterone levels in Leydig cell preparations. In contrast with immature testes, leptin was unable to regulate either basal or human chorionic gonadotrophin (10 IU mL–1)-stimulated testosterone production in adult testicular slices or Leydig cell cultures. The age- and concentration-dependent regulation pattern was confirmed using sheep testicular slice culture. Leptin (1.56–25 ng mL–1) significantly inhibited basal testosterone production in the testis from birth to Day 21, but had no effect on Day 27 or older testes. However, the plasma and testicular concentrations of leptin and testosterone data in the ram indicate that such a regulatory effect of leptin on testis steroidogenesis in vitro is unable to efficiently influence testosterone concentrations in vivo. This does not exclude the possibility of a non-competitive mechanism of interaction between leptin and luteinising hormone to regulate testosterone production. Thus, we hypothesise that leptin is not an important independent regulator of testosterone concentration in the normal physiological state. The physiological significance and mechanism of leptin regulation of basal testosterone production are not known; further studies are required to elucidate these important issues.
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Brito L, Barth A, Rawlings N, Wilde R, Crews D, Mir P, Kastelic J. Circulating metabolic hormones during the peripubertal period and their association with testicular development in bulls. Reprod Domest Anim 2007; 42:502-8. [PMID: 17845606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to characterize changes in serum metabolic hormones concentrations from 20 weeks before to 20 weeks post-puberty in bulls and to investigate the associations of metabolic hormones concentrations with testicular development. Leptin concentrations increased from 16 weeks before puberty to 8 weeks post-puberty and insulin concentrations increased from puberty to 8 weeks post-puberty. Growth hormone concentrations decreased after 4 weeks post-puberty, whereas IGF-I concentrations increased from 8 weeks before puberty to 8 weeks post-puberty. During this period, testicular growth was accelerated and testosterone secretion increased substantially, without any significant changes in gonadotropin secretion. Monthly circulating concentrations of leptin, IGF-I and insulin accounted for 63% of the variation in scrotal circumference and 59% of the variation in paired testes volume. In conclusion, the secretion of metabolic hormones was not associated with changes in gonadotropins concentrations. Furthermore, the associations of leptin, IGF-I and insulin concentrations with testes size indicated that these hormones might be involved in a gonadotropin-independent mechanism regulating the testicular development in peripubertal bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lfc Brito
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Fombonne J, Charrier C, Goddard I, Moyse E, Krantic S. Leptin-mediated decrease of cyclin A2 and increase of cyclin D1 expression: relevance for the control of prepubertal rat Leydig cell division and differentiation. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2126-37. [PMID: 17303663 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The number of adult Leydig cells is one of the factors controlling testosterone secretion by sexually mature testis, and it depends on the proliferative capacity of prepubertal Leydig cells. We investigated here whether this capacity is controlled by leptin because this hormone regulates proliferation in other cell types and has a crucial role in male fertility. Our data show that prebupertal Leydig cells express the Ob/Rb form of leptin receptor and are thus direct targets of this hormone. The analysis of G1/S-phase cyclins by quantitative (real-time) RT-PCR and Western blot points to the leptin-induced decrease in cyclin A2 and subsequent increase in cyclin D1 expression that precedes a leptin-triggered decrease in the number of prepubertal Leydig cells. Quantitative assessments of DNA synthesis by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and of cycling cell population by Ki67 immunocytochemistry indicate that leptin decreases the cell number by inhibiting cell division and increases mRNA levels of Leydig cell differentiation markers such as relaxin-like factor. Immunohistochemistry of cyclin D1 and relaxin-like factor pointed to the parallel increase of their expression coinciding with the onset of Leydig cell differentiation. Moreover, leptin-treated Leydig cells display increased expression of another differentiation marker (3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) that is abolished by knocking down cyclin D1 with small interference RNA. Altogether, our data show that leptin inhibits division of prepubertal Leydig cells via a cyclin D-independent mechanism and suggest that cyclin D1 might be involved in leptin-induced differentiation of Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fombonne
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 29, Parc Scientifique de Luminy-BP13, F-13273 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
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Tena-Sempere M, Barreiro ML, Lage M, Dieguez C, Casanueva FF. Role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of gonadal function. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2007; 2:239-249. [PMID: 30754186 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gonadal development and function is sustained by the complex interaction of an array of regulatory signals that operate directly on the gonads and/or indirectly via modulation of gonadotropin secretion. During the last decade, different factors primarily involved in the control of food intake and energy balance have been demonstrated as putative modulators of different elements of the reproductive axis, including the gonads, thus helping to define the neuroendocrine basis for the link between body energy stores and fertility. These factors include not only the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin, which is indispensable for proper energy balance and reproduction, but also a number of neuropeptides and hormones of central and peripheral origin. In the latter, growing evidence strongly suggests the involvement of the stomach-secreted peptide ghrelin in the control of several aspects of gonadal function. Interestingly, leptin and ghrelin have been proposed as reciprocally related regulators of energy homeostasis; however, their potential interplay in the control of reproduction remains ill defined. This work will summarize the most salient findings concerning the potential roles of leptin and ghrelin in the functional control of the gonads. In addition, open issues regarding the reproductive facets of these metabolic signals will be highlighted. Overall, the authors propose that through complementary or antagonistic actions, leptin and ghrelin may jointly cooperate to modulate a wide set of reproductive functions, thereby contributing to the physiologic integration of energy balance and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tena-Sempere
- a University of Córdoba, Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - M L Barreiro
- b University of Córdoba, Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - M Lage
- c University of Santiago de Compostela, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - C Dieguez
- d University of Santiago de Compostela, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - F F Casanueva
- e University of Santiago de Compostela, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Ishikawa T, Fujioka H, Ishimura T, Takenaka A, Fujisawa M. Expression of leptin and leptin receptor in the testis of fertile and infertile patients. Andrologia 2007; 39:22-7. [PMID: 17212806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2006.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the relationships between the expression of leptin, leptin receptor in the testis and spermatogenesis, and testosterone (T) concentration in infertile men. Testicular tissue samples were collected from the testes of five fertile volunteers, eight patients with obstructive azoospermia (OA), six patients with Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCO) and 32 oligospermic patients with varicocele testis. In testicular tissue, leptin and leptin receptor were identified by staining with polyclonal antibodies. Serum follicle stimulating hormone, lutenising hormone (LH), and T were determined by chemiluminescence assays. Leptin was expressed on germ cells, mainly on spermatocytes. The ratio of immunostained germ cells to total germ cells was inversely correlated with the concentration of T (r = -0.32, P = 0.01), sperm concentration (r = -0.51, P = 0.002) and Johnsen's score (r = -0.44,P = 0.005). In contrast, leptin receptor immunostained cells were found in the interstitium, primarily in Leydig cells. Leptin receptor expression on Leydig cells was inversely correlated with serum T concentration (r = -0.50, P < 0.001). The dysfunction of spermatogenesis is associated with an increase in leptin and leptin receptor expression in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ishikawa
- Division of Urology, Department of Organs Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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Tena-Sempere M. Roles of ghrelin and leptin in the control of reproductive function. Neuroendocrinology 2007; 86:229-41. [PMID: 17851226 DOI: 10.1159/000108410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive function in mammals, defined as the capacity to generate viable male and female gametes, and to support pregnancy and lactation selectively in the female, is sensitive to the metabolic state of the organism. This contention, long assumed on the basis of intuitive knowledge, became formulated on a scientific basis only recently, with the identification of a number of neuroendocrine signals which crucially participate in the joint control of energy balance and reproduction. A paradigmatic example in this context is the adipocyte-derived hormone, leptin; a satiety factor which signals the amount of body energy (fat) stores not only to the circuits controlling food intake but also to a number of neuroendocrine axes, including the reproductive system. More recently, the reproductive dimension of another metabolic hormone, namely the orexigenic stomach-secreted peptide, ghrelin, has been disclosed by observations on its putative roles in the control of gonadal function and gonadotropin secretion. Of note, leptin and ghrelin have been proposed to act as reciprocal regulators of energy homeostasis. However, their potential interplay in the control of reproduction remains largely unexplored. Based on the comparison of the biological actions of leptin and ghrelin at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, reviewed in detail herein, we propose that, through concurrent or antagonistic actions, the leptin-ghrelin pair is likely to operate also as modulator of different reproductive functions, thereby contributing to the physiological integration of reproduction and energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
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Terado M, Nomura M, Mineta K, Fujimoto N, Matsumoto T. Expression of Neuropeptide Y gene in mouse testes during testicular development. Asian J Androl 2006; 8:443-9. [PMID: 16763720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2006.00166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the distribution and regulation of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression in testes under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, such as testicular development, fasting and experimental cryptorchidism. METHODS In the first experiment, C57BL/6J male mice at the ages of 3 days as well as 2, 3, 5 and 8 weeks were used. In the second and third experiments, adult C57BL/6J male mice were subjected to fasting for 48 h and experimental cryptorchidism for 72 h. The NPY transcripts were detected by isotopic in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS The NPY transcripts were exclusively expressed in the interstitial cells regardless of the age groups and experimental conditions. The NPY mRNA levels were found to increase significantly with age (from the neonatal to prepubertal period [P<0.01] and from the prepubetal to postpubertal period [P<0.01]). Food deprivation for 48 h resulted in a significant increase in the NPY mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (P<0.01), but not in the testes. Experimental cryptorchidism for 72 h failed to regulate the NPY gene expression in the testes. CONCLUSION NPY gene expression is distributed in Leydig cells and increases in line with testicular development. The regulation of testicular NPY is different from that of hypothalamic NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Terado
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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Anand-Ivell RJK, Relan V, Balvers M, Coiffec-Dorval I, Fritsch M, Bathgate RAD, Ivell R. Expression of the Insulin-Like Peptide 3 (INSL3) Hormone-Receptor (LGR8) System in the Testis1. Biol Reprod 2006; 74:945-53. [PMID: 16467492 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.048165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The new peptide hormone insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a member of the insulin-relaxin family, yet, unlike insulin, it signals through a new G-protein coupled receptor, LGR8, distantly related to the receptors for LH and FSH. INSL3 is produced in large amounts by the Leydig cells of the testis in both fetal and adult mammals. Using a combination of mRNA analysis by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, ligand-binding, and/or bioactivity assays, the distribution of LGR8 expression was assessed in testicular tissues and cells and in the epididymis. There was consistent agreement that LGR8 was expressed in meiotic and particularly postmeiotic germ cells and in Leydig cells, though not in Sertoli or peritubular cells. Leydig cells appear to express only a low level of the LGR8 gene product; other transcripts may be present, representing nonfunctional products. Messenger RNA analysis suggested that LGR8 transcripts in germ cells represented mostly full-length forms. LGR8 mRNA was also expressed in the epididymis, though no function can yet be ascribed to this expression. Therefore, the INSL3/LGR8 system represents a further paracrine hormone-receptor system in the testis, which conveys information about Leydig cell status to germ cells, and possibly as part of an autocrine feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder J K Anand-Ivell
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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França LR, Suescun MO, Miranda JR, Giovambattista A, Perello M, Spinedi E, Calandra RS. Testis structure and function in a nongenetic hyperadipose rat model at prepubertal and adult ages. Endocrinology 2006; 147:1556-63. [PMID: 16339210 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There are few data for hormonal levels and testis structure and function during postnatal development in rats neonatally treated with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG). In our study, newborn male pups were ip injected with MSG (4 mg/g body weight) every 2 d up to 10 d of age and investigated at prepubertal and adult ages. Plasma levels of leptin, LH, FSH, prolactin, testosterone (T), corticosterone, and free T4 (FT4) were measured. MSG rats displayed elevated circulating levels of corticosterone and hyperadiposity/hyperleptinemia, regardless of the age examined; conversely, circulating prolactin levels were not affected. Moreover, prepubertal MSG rats revealed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in testis weight and the number of Sertoli (SC) and Leydig cells per testis. Leptin plasma levels were severalfold higher (2.41 vs. 8.07; P < 0.05) in prepubertal MSG rats, and these animals displayed plasma LH, FSH, T, and FT4 levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data indicate that testis development, as well as SC and Leydig cell proliferation, were disturbed in prepubertal MSG rats. Adult MSG rats also displayed significantly higher leptin plasma levels (7.26 vs. 27.04; P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.05) LH and FSH plasma levels. However, T and FT4 plasma levels were normal, and no apparent alterations were observed in testis structure of MSG rats. Only the number of SCs per testis was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the adult MSG rats. In conclusion, although early installed hyperadipose/hyperleptinemia phenotype was probably responsible for the reproductive axis damages in MSG animals, it remains to be investigated whether this condition is the main factor for hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction in MSG rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R França
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil.
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Corona G, Mannucci E, Mansani R, Petrone L, Bartolini M, Giommi R, Mancini M, Forti G, Maggi M. Aging and pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2005; 16:395-402. [PMID: 15164087 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and the severity of erectile dysfunction (ED) increase with advancing age; different pathogenetic factors could contribute to age-related ED. We studied organic, relational and intrapsychic components of ED as a function of patients' age in a consecutive series of 977 patients with ED, using the specifically designed structured interview SIEDY. A complete physical examination and a series of biochemical, hormonal, psychometric and penile vascular tests were also performed. Relational factors seems to be more relevant in patients aged over 60 y, while intrapsychic disturbances play a major role in younger subjects. Organic factors are the most important determinant of ED in all age groups, but their contribution is more important in older patients. In fact, basal and dynamic peak cavernosal velocity at Doppler ultrasound penile examination was reduced in older patients. Among hormonal factors, the body mass index-dependent reduction of testosterone in older patients does not seem to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ED. No significant correlation was observed between testosterone level and the severity of ED, although patients reporting hypoactive sexual desire showed significantly lower testosterone levels when compared with the rest of the sample. A better understanding of the relative contribution of age-related pathogenetic factors of ED could be of help in the design of appropriate therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Corona
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Martens N, Uzan G, Wery M, Hooghe R, Hooghe-Peters EL, Gertler A. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 7 inhibits prolactin, growth hormone, and leptin signaling by interacting with STAT5 or STAT3 and attenuating their nuclear translocation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:13817-23. [PMID: 15677474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411596200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the role of one of the less studied members of the family of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), namely SOCS-7, in cytokine signaling. We demonstrate that SOCS-7 inhibits prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), or leptin (LEP) signaling mediated through STAT3 and STAT5 in a dose-dependent manner. SOCS-7 also attenuated STAT3 and STAT5 signaling induced by overexpression of JH1, the catalytic subdomain of JAK2. Since SOCS-7 interacted with phosphorylated STAT3 or STAT5, we assumed that SOCS-7 acts at the level of STAT proteins. Indeed, we showed that SOCS-7 inhibits PRL- and leptin-induced STAT5 and STAT3 phosphorylation and prevented the nuclear translocation of activated STAT3. Taken together, our results indicate that SOCS-7 is a physiological dysregulator of PRL, leptin, and probably also GH signaling and that its mode of action is a novel variation of SOCS protein inhibition of cytokine-inducible STAT-mediated signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Martens
- Neuroendocrine Immunology, and Pharmacology Department, Medical School, Free University, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article focuses on recently gained knowledge concerning the different emerging aspects of the role of leptin in reproduction, through both its central hypothalamus-mediated and peripheral actions. RECENT FINDINGS As delineated in murine models, STAT3-independent signals triggered by the leptin receptor are clearly important in fertility, and candidate pathways such as those via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and extracellular signal-related kinase are implicated in leptin-regulated cascades. Another aspect whose importance has recently been revealed is that of the bioavailability of leptin in general, and the fate and action of carrier-bound versus free leptin at central and peripheral sites in particular. SUMMARY Besides the well-established role of leptin in the control of appetite and energy expenditure in humans and animals, evidence for a major involvement of the hormone in the function of the reproductive system is rapidly accumulating through physiological and molecular genetic approaches. Powerful animal models that facilitate the dissection of increasingly complex pathways, together with detailed studies in man, will soon delineate in detail the diverse roles of leptin in biological regulation. The development of therapeutic agents primarily directed against obesity must therefore take into consideration the consequences of treatment not only on the amelioration of leptin resistance, but also on the bioactivity of leptin in the context of growth, glucose homeostasis, and last but not least, fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Bajari
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Dr Bohr Gasse 9/2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
This article reviews results on differentiation, structure, and regulation of Leydig cells in the testes of rodents and men. Two different populations-fetal and adult Leydig cells-can be recognized in rodents. The cells in these two populations are different in ultrastructure, life span, capacity for androgen synthesis, and mechanisms of regulation. A brief survey on the origin, ontogenesis, characterization of precursors, ultrastructure, and functional markers of fetal and adult Leydig cells is presented, followed by an analysis of genes in Leydig cells and the role of luteinizing hormone and its receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, androgen and its receptor, anti-Müllerian hormone, estrogens, and thyroid hormones. Various growth factors modulate Leydig cell differentiation, regeneration, and steroidogenic capacity, for example, interleukin 1alpha, transforming growth factor beta, inhibin, insulin-like growth factors I and II, vascular endothelial growth factor, and relaxin-like growth factor. Retinol and retinoic acid increase basal testosterone secretion in adult Leydig cells, but decrease it in fetal Leydig cells. Resident macrophages in the interstitial tissue of the testis are important for differentiation and function of Leydig cells. Apoptosis of Leydig cells is involved in the regulation of Leydig cell number and can be induced by cytotoxins. Characteristics of aging Leydig cells in rodents seem to be species specific. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase protects testosterone synthesis in the Leydig cells of stressed rats. Last, the following aspects of human Leydig cells are briefly described: origin, differentiation, triphasic development, aging changes, pathological changes, and gene mutations leading to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed G Haider
- Institute of Anatomy II, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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