1
|
Reeder TL, Zarlenga DS, Zeigler AL, Dyer RM. Transcriptional responses consistent with perturbation in dermo-epidermal homeostasis in septic sole ulceration. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00843-9. [PMID: 38825108 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate transcriptional changes in sole epidermis and dermis of bovine claws with septic sole ulceration of the lateral claw. Assessment included changes in transcripts orchestrating epidermal homeostatic processes including epidermal proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and cell signaling. Sole epidermis and dermis was removed from region 4 of lesion-bearing lateral and lesion-free medial claws of pelvic limbs in multiparous, lactating Holstein cows. Control sole epidermis and dermis was obtained from region 4 of lateral claws of normal pelvic limbs. Transcript abundances were evaluated by real-time QPCR and relative expression analyzed by ANOVA. Relative to normal lateral claws, sole epidermis and dermis in ulcer-bearing claws exhibited downregulation of genes associated with growth factors, growth factor receptors, activator protein 1 (AP-1) and proto-oncogene (CMYC) transcription components, cell cycle elements, lateral cell-to-cell signaling elements and structures of early and late keratinocyte differentiation. These changes were accompanied by upregulation of pro-inflammatory transcripts interleukin 1 α (IL1A), interleukin1 β (IL1B), interleukin 1 receptor 1 (IL1R1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), the inflammasome components NOD like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), pyrin and caspase recruitment domain (PYCARD), and caspase-1 interleukin converting enzyme (CASPASE), the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP9), and anti-inflammatory genes interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) and interleukin1 receptor 2 (IL1R2). Transcript abundance varied across epidermis and dermis from the ulcer center, margin and epidermis and dermis adjacent to the lesion. Sole epidermis and dermis of lesion-free medial claws exhibited changes paralleling those in the adjacent lateral claws in an environment lacking inflammatory transcripts and downregulated IL1A, interleukin 18 (IL18), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFA) and NOS2. These data imply perturbations in signal pathways driving epidermal proliferation and differentiation are associated with, but not inevitably linked to epidermis and dermis inflammation. Further work is warranted to better define the role of crushing tissue injury, sepsis, metalloproteinase activity, and inflammation in sole ulceration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T L Reeder
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717-1303
| | - D S Zarlenga
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - A L Zeigler
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - R M Dyer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717-1303.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tombulturk FK, Soydas T, Kanigur‐Sultuybek G. Topical metformin accelerates wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and inhibiting apoptosis in a diabetic wound model. Int Wound J 2024; 21:e14345. [PMID: 37565543 PMCID: PMC10777749 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The wound healing process, which is a pathophysiological process that includes various phases, is interrupted in diabetes due to hyperglycemia, and since deterioration occurs in these phases, a normal healing process is not observed. The aim of the current study is to investigate the proliferative and antiapoptotic effects of metformin on wound healing after topical application on diabetic and non-diabetic wounds. For this purpose, we applied metformin topically on the full-thickness excisional wound model we created in diabetic and nondiabetic groups. We investigated the effects of metformin on the apoptotic index by the Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling method and on collagen-I, collagen-III, p53, and c-jun expression levels by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique in wound biopsy tissues. Our results showed that c-jun and p53 mRNA levels and apoptotic index increased with the effect of diabetes, while collagen synthesis was disrupted. As a result of the study, we showed that metformin increases cellular proliferation and has anti-apoptotic effects by increasing collagen-I/III expression and decreasing p53/c-jun level, especially in diabetic wounds and also in normal wounds. In conclusion, the topical effect of metformin on diabetic wounds reversed the adverse effects caused by diabetes, increasing the wound healing rate and improving the wound repair process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Kubra Tombulturk
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health ServicesIstinye UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Tugba Soydas
- Department of Medical Biology and GeneticsIstanbul Aydin University, Medical FacultyIstanbulTurkey
| | - Gönül Kanigur‐Sultuybek
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical FacultyIstanbul University‐CerrahpasaIstanbulTurkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiao Y, Su C, Zhang G, Liang L, Jin T, Bradley J, Ornato JP, Tang W. Vitamin C Improves the Outcomes of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Alters Shedding of Syndecan-1 and p38/MAPK Phosphorylation in a Rat Model. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e023787. [PMID: 35289183 PMCID: PMC9075447 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.023787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Post‐resuscitation syndrome, involves a severe inflammatory response following successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The potential mechanism of Vitamin C (VitC) after cardiopulmonary resuscitation on myocardial and cerebral function, duration of survival is undefined. Methods and Results A first set of experiments were done in 18 male Sprague‐Dawley rats for the investigation of short‐term follow‐up, randomized into 3 groups: (1) sham; (2) controls; (3) VitC. Ventricular fibrillation was electrically induced and untreated for 6 minutes. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation including chest compression and mechanical ventilation were then initiated and continued for 8 minutes followed by defibrillation. At 5 minutes after return of spontaneous circulation, either VitC (200 mg/kg) or placebo was administered by intravenous infusion with a syringe pump for half an hour. There were significant improvements in myocardial function and buccal microcirculation in rats treated with VitC after return of spontaneous circulation 4 hours compared with controls. VitC inhibited proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α), SDC‐1 (Syndecan‐1), and hyaluronic acid in plasma compared with controls (P<0.01). VitC decreased reactive oxygen species production and inhibited p38/MAPK (mitogen‐activated protein kinase) pathway phosphorylation. A second set with 20 animals was used for assessing the neurological deficit score after return of spontaneous circulation 72 hours, randomized into 2 groups: 1) controls; 2) VitC. The survival rate and neurological deficit score after return of spontaneous circulation 72 hours were improved in VitC‐treated animals compared with those of the control group. Conclusions VitC reduces the severity of post‐resuscitation myocardial and cerebral dysfunction and improves the survival. The mechanisms may involve inhibiting transcription of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, thus protecting the integrity of the vascular endothelium. Meanwhile VitC reduces shedding of SDC‐1 and alters p38/MAPK phosphorylation and microcirculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Soochow China.,Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
| | - Chenglei Su
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA.,Department of Emergency Medicine Center the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
| | - Lian Liang
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
| | - Tao Jin
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
| | - Jennifer Bradley
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
| | - Joseph P Ornato
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA.,Department of Emergency Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Richmond VA
| | - Wanchun Tang
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care ResearchVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA.,Department of Emergency Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Richmond VA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chung H, Multhaupt HAB, Oh ES, Couchman JR. Minireview: Syndecans and their crucial roles during tissue regeneration. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2408-17. [PMID: 27383370 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Syndecans are transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans, with roles in development, tumorigenesis and inflammation, and growing evidence for involvement in tissue regeneration. This is a fast developing field with the prospect of utilizing tissue engineering and biomaterials in novel therapies. Syndecan receptors are not only ubiquitous in mammalian tissues, regulating cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation through independent signaling but also working alongside other receptors. Their importance is highlighted by an ability to interact with a diverse array of ligands, including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, growth factors, morphogens, and cytokines that are important regulators of regeneration. We also discuss the potential for syndecans to regulate stem cell properties, and suggest that understanding these proteoglycans is relevant to exploiting cell, tissue, and materials technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heesung Chung
- Department of Life Sciences and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hinke A B Multhaupt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shapira S, Ben-Amotz O, Sher O, Kazanov D, Mashiah J, Kraus S, Gur E, Arber N. Delayed Wound Healing in Heat Stable Antigen (HSA/CD24)-Deficient Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139787. [PMID: 26440795 PMCID: PMC4594912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Healthy individuals rarely have problems with wound healing. Most skin lesions heal rapidly and efficiently within one to two weeks. However, many medical and surgical complications can be attributed to deficiencies in wound repair. Open wounds have lost the barrier that protects tissues from bacterial invasion and allows the escape of vital fluids. Without expeditious healing, infections become more frequent. The CD24 gene encodes a heavily-glycosylated cell surface protein anchored to the membrane by phosphatidylinositol. CD24 plays an important role in the adaptive immune response and controls an important genetic checkpoint for homeostasis and autoimmune diseases in both mice and humans. We have previously shown that overexpression of CD24 results in increased proliferation and migration rates. Aim To examine the role of CD24 in the wound healing process. Methods An excisional model of wound healing was used and delayed wound healing was studied in genetically modified heat stable antigen (HSA/CD24)-deficient mice (HSA-/-) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Results Large full-thickness skin wounds, excised on the back of mice, exhibited a significant delay in the formation of granulation tissue, and in wound closure when compared to their WTHSA+/+ littermates. Wounds were histologically analyzed and scored, based on the degree of cellular invasion, granulation tissue formation, vascularity, and re-epithelialization. Additionally, in stitched wounds, the HSA-/- mice failed to maintain their stitches; they did not hold and fell already 24 hours, revealing erythematous wound fields. Re-expression of HSA, delivered by lentivirus, restored the normal healing phenotype, within 24 hours post-injury, and even improved the healing in WT, and in BalbC mice. Conclusions Delayed wound-healing in the absence of HSA/CD24 suggests that CD24 plays an important role in this process. Increased expression of CD24, even in the normal state, may be used to enhance wound repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Shapira
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oded Ben-Amotz
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Osnat Sher
- Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, The Institute of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dina Kazanov
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Mashiah
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sarah Kraus
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Gur
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nadir Arber
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Syndecan promotes axon regeneration by stabilizing growth cone migration. Cell Rep 2014; 8:272-83. [PMID: 25001284 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth cones facilitate the repair of nervous system damage by providing the driving force for axon regeneration. Using single-neuron laser axotomy and in vivo time-lapse imaging, we show that syndecan, a heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan, is required for growth cone function during axon regeneration in C. elegans. In the absence of syndecan, regenerating growth cones form but are unstable and collapse, decreasing the effective growth rate and impeding regrowth to target cells. We provide evidence that syndecan has two distinct functions during axon regeneration: (1) a canonical function in axon guidance that requires expression outside the nervous system and depends on HS chains and (2) an intrinsic function in growth cone stabilization that is mediated by the syndecan core protein, independently of HS. Thus, syndecan is a regulator of a critical choke point in nervous system repair.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sdc1 overexpression inhibits the p38 MAPK pathway and lessens fibrotic ventricular remodeling in MI rats. Inflammation 2014; 36:603-15. [PMID: 23264165 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the proteoglycan syndecan-1 (Sdc1) is increased in rats with myocardial infarction (MI). This study investigated the effects of Sdc1 overexpression on ventricular remodeling and cardiac function in MI and explored the possible mechanism through in vivo transfection of rats with recombinant adenovirus-carrying rat Sdc1 cDNA. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) underwent intramyocardial injection in the marginal zone of the infarcted area immediately after ligation of the left anterior descending artery. The rats were divided into four groups according to the solution injected: MI Ad-GFP-Sdc1 transfection group, MI Ad-GFP control group, MI saline group, and sham operation group. Cardiac function and collagen expression of each group were examined, and the roles of inflammation, apoptosis, and p38 MAKP signal transduction pathway were investigated. Compared with the rats in the sham operation group, ventricular weight and collagen content increased in MI rats, and cardiac function declined. Substantial inflammatory cell infiltration was seen in the marginal zone of the infarction area, and a great number of myocardial cells were apoptotic. The p38 MAPK signaling pathway was clearly activated. Rats in the MI Ad-GFP-Sdc1 transfection group showed decreased ventricular weight, reduced collagen synthesis, and significant improvement of ventricular remodeling and cardiac function. Post-MI inflammatory cell infiltration and apoptosis was reduced, and the p38 MAPK signaling pathway was inhibited. Overexpression of Sdc1 can improve post-MI ventricular remodeling, and it is possible that the improvement is achieved through reducing apoptosis and suppressing inflammatory response and through the p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway.
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Singh A, Nascimento JM, Kowar S, Busch H, Boerries M. Boolean approach to signalling pathway modelling in HGF-induced keratinocyte migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 28:i495-i501. [PMID: 22962472 PMCID: PMC3436837 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Motivation: Cell migration is a complex process that is controlled through the time-sequential feedback regulation of protein signalling and gene regulation. Based on prior knowledge and own experimental data, we developed a large-scale dynamic network describing the onset and maintenance of hepatocyte growth factor-induced migration of primary human keratinocytes. We applied Boolean logic to capture the qualitative behaviour as well as short-and long-term dynamics of the complex signalling network involved in this process, comprising protein signalling, gene regulation and autocrine feedback. Results: A Boolean model has been compiled from time-resolved transcriptome data and literature mining, incorporating the main pathways involved in migration from initial stimulation to phenotype progress. Steady-state analysis under different inhibition and stimulation conditions of known key molecules reproduces existing data and predicts novel interactions based on our own experiments. Model simulations highlight for the first time the necessity of a temporal sequence of initial, transient MET receptor (met proto-oncogene, hepatocyte growth factor receptor) and subsequent, continuous epidermal growth factor/integrin signalling to trigger and sustain migration by autocrine signalling that is integrated through the Focal adhesion kinase protein. We predicted in silico and verified in vitro that long-term cell migration is stopped if any of the two feedback loops are inhibited. Availability: The network file for analysis with the R BoolNet library is available in the Supplementary Information. Contact:melanie.boerries@frias.uni-freiburg.de or hauke.busch@frias.uni-freiburg.de Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, LifeNet, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Laminin 332, composed of the α3, β3 and γ2 chains, is an epithelial-basement membrane specific laminin variant. Its main role in normal tissues is the maintenance of epithelial-mesenchymal cohesion in tissues exposed to external forces, including skin and stratified squamous mucosa. After being secreted and deposited in the extracellular matrix, laminin 332 undergoes physiological maturation processes consisting in the proteolytic processing of domains located within the α3 and the γ2 chains. These maturation events are essential for laminin 332 integration into the basement membrane where it plays an important function in the nucleation and maintenance of anchoring structures. Studies in normal and pathological situations have revealed that laminin 332 can trigger distinct cellular events depending on the level of its proteolytic cleavages. In this review, the biological and structural characteristics of laminin 332 domains are presented and we discuss whether they trigger specific functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rousselle
- SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dayem MA, Moreilhon C, Turchi L, Magnone V, Christen R, Ponzio G, Barbry P. Early gene expression in wounded human keratinocytes revealed by DNA microarray analysis. Comp Funct Genomics 2010; 4:47-55. [PMID: 18629100 PMCID: PMC2447387 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2002] [Accepted: 11/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing involves several steps: spreading of the cells, migration and proliferation.
We have profiled gene expression during the early events of wound healing in
normal human keratinocytes with a home-made DNA microarray containing about
1000 relevant human probes. An original wounding machine was used, that allows the
wounding of up to 40% of the surface of a confluent monolayer of cultured cells grown
on a Petri dish (compared with 5% with a classical ‘scratch’ method). The two aims
of the present study were: (a) to validate a limited number of genes by comparing
the expression levels obtained with this technique with those found in the literature;
(b) to combine the use of the wounding machine with DNA microarray analysis for
large-scale detection of the molecular events triggered during the early stages of the
wound-healing process. The time-courses of RNA expression observed at 0.5, 1.5, 3,
6 and 15 h after wounding for genes such as c-Fos, c-Jun, Egr1, the plasminogen
activator PLAU (uPA) and the signal transducer and transcription activator STAT3,
were consistent with previously published data. This suggests that our methodologies
are able to perform quantitative measurement of gene expression. Transcripts encoding
two zinc finger proteins, ZFP36 and ZNF161, and the tumour necrosis factor
α-induced protein TNFAIP3, were also overexpressed after wounding. The role of
the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in wound healing was shown
after the inhibition of p38 by SB203580, but our results also suggest the existence of
surrogate activating pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Dayem
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Génomique des Eucaryotes, CNRS/UNSA UMR 6097, IPMC F-06560 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Momota Y, Suzuki N, Kasuya Y, Kobayashi T, Mizoguchi M, Yokoyama F, Nomizu M, Shinkai H, Iwasaki T, Utani A. Lamininα3 LG4 Module Induces Keratinocyte Migration: Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2008; 25:1-17. [PMID: 15960391 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-200047870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Laminin alpha3 chain, a functionally key subunit of laminin-5, contains a large globular module (G module) which consists of a tandem repeat of five homologous LG modules (LG1-5). We previously demonstrated that the LG4 module of laminin alpha3 chain (alpha3 LG4) induces a matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression through the interaction with syndecans leading to MAPK activation/IL-1beta expression signaling loop (Utani et al., J. Biol. Chem. 278, 34483-34490, 2003). Here, we show that a recombinant alpha3 LG4 and synthetic peptides containing syndecan binding motif induced a cell motility and a MMP-9 expression in ketarinocytes. The synthetic peptide (A3G756)-induced cell migration and MMP-9 upregulation were inhibited by each application of a heparin and an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), suggesting the involvement of syndecans and IL-1beta autocrine. Furthermore, the A3G756-induced cell motility was inhibited by an MMP-9 inhibitor and a neutralizing antibody of MMP-9, indicating induced cell motility was dependent on an MMP-9 activity. Taken these together, laminin-5 alpha3 LG4 module may play an important role in re-epithelialization at tissue remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Momota
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li D, Zhang C, Song F, Lubenec I, Tian Y, Song QH. VEGF regulates FGF-2 and TGF-beta1 expression in injury endothelial cells and mediates smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration. Microvasc Res 2008; 77:134-42. [PMID: 18948122 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is implicated in the development of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) as well as atherosclerosis. The purpose of our study was: 1) to evaluate the expression of endothelial cell (EC) fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) mRNA expression following vascular injury and VEGF modulation and 2) to assess whether VEGF indirectly stimulates smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation via growth factors released by injured EC. METHODS Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were cultured to near confluency and were serum starved. Linear wounds were made in medium with and without VEGF. FGF-2 and TGF-beta1 mRNA expression were evaluated. Bovine aortic organ culture experiments were also carried out and growth factor expression was assessed. SMC proliferation and migration was assessed in response to EC injury medium with/without VEGF. RESULTS EC injury in the presence of VEGF increased FGF-2 mRNA. EC injury also induced TGF-beta1 mRNA expression; however VEGF inhibited TGF-beta1 mRNA expression in both injured and noninjured ECs. VEGF increased FGF-2 mRNA stability and did not alter TGF-beta1 mRNA stability. SMC proliferation and migration was found to be induced by injured EC media and injury EC medium with VEGF, respectively CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that 1) VEGF indirectly stimulates SMC proliferation and migration through stimulation of the expression of FGF-2 and 2) VEGF inhibits the expression of TGF-beta1 released by EC. Theses data further suggest an integral role for FGF-2 and TGF-beta1 in wound repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Lu, Harbin 150081, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Syndecan-2 and -4 expressed on activated primary human CD4+ lymphocytes can regulate T cell activation. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:2905-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
15
|
Zhang Y, McKeehan K, Lin Y, Zhang J, Wang F. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) tyrosine phosphorylation regulates binding of FGFR substrate 2alpha (FRS2alpha) but not FRS2 to the receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:167-75. [PMID: 17901128 PMCID: PMC2194630 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to the FGF receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase leads to receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation as well as phosphorylation of multiple downstream signaling molecules that are recruited to the receptor either by direct binding or through adaptor proteins. The FGFR substrate 2 (FRS2) family consists of two members, FRS2alpha and FRS2beta, and has been shown to recruit multiple signaling molecules, including Grb2 and Shp2, to FGFR1. To better understand how FRS2 interacted with FGFR1, in vivo binding assays with coexpressed FGFR1 and FRS2 recombinant proteins in mammalian cells were carried out. The results showed that the interaction of full-length FRS2alpha, but not FRS2beta, with FGFR1 was enhanced by activation of the receptor kinase. The truncated FRS2alpha mutant that was comprised only of the phosphotyrosine-binding domain (PTB) bound FGFR1 constitutively, suggesting that the C-terminal sequence downstream the PTB domain inhibited the PTB-FGFR1 binding. Inactivation of the FGFR1 kinase and substitutions of tyrosine phosphorylation sites of FGFR1, but not FRS2alpha, reduced binding of FGFR1 with FRS2alpha. The results suggest that although the tyrosine autophosphorylation sites of FGFR1 did not constitute the binding sites for FRS2alpha, phosphorylation of these residues was essential for optimal interaction with FRS2alpha. In addition, it was demonstrated that the Grb2-binding sites of FRS2alpha are essential for mediating signals of FGFR1 to activate the FiRE enhancer of the mouse syndecan 1 gene. The results, for the first time, demonstrate the specific signals mediated by the Grb2-binding sites and further our understanding of FGF signal transmission at the adaptor level.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/genetics
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mutation
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transfection
- Tyrosine/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyou Zhang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030-3303.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bachy S, Letourneur F, Rousselle P. Syndecan-1 interaction with the LG4/5 domain in laminin-332 is essential for keratinocyte migration. J Cell Physiol 2008; 214:238-49. [PMID: 17579341 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Laminin 5/laminin 332 (LN332) is an adhesion substrate for epithelial cells. After secretion of LN332, a regulated cleavage occurs at the carboxy-terminus of its alpha3 subunit, which releases a tandem of two globular modules named LG4/5. We show that the presence of the LG4/5 domain in precursor LN332 decreases its integrin-mediated cell adhesion properties in comparison with mature LN332. Whereas cell adhesion to the recombinant LG4/5 fragment relies solely on the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptor syndecan-1, we reveal that both syndecan-1 and the alpha3beta1 integrin bind to precursor LN332. We further demonstrate that syndecan-1 mediated cell adhesion to the LG4/5 fragment and pre-LN332 allows the formation of fascin-containing protrusions, depending on the GTPases Rac and Cdc42 activation. Reducing syndecan-1 expression in normal keratinocytes prevents cell protrusions on pre-LN332 with subsequent failure of the peripheral localization of the alpha3beta1 integrin. We finally show that cell migration on pre-LN332 requires syndecan-1. Therefore, the LG4/5 domain in precursor LN332 appears to trigger intracellular signaling events, which participate in keratinocyte motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bachy
- IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086, CNRS, University Lyon1, 7 passage du Vercors, Lyon, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ojeh N, Hiilesvuo K, Wärri A, Salmivirta M, Henttinen T, Määttä A. Ectopic expression of syndecan-1 in basal epidermis affects keratinocyte proliferation and wound re-epithelialization. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:26-34. [PMID: 17625591 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal proliferation and differentiation can be regulated by soluble morphogens and growth factors. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) modulate the action of several of these effector molecules, such as members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Wnt families. Syndecan-1 is a cell-surface proteoglycan that is expressed in differentiating keratinocytes and transiently upregulated in all layers of the epidermis upon tissue injury. To address the role of syndecan-1 in the regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress syndecan-1 under K14 keratin promoter in the basal layer of the epidermis. We observed epidermal hyperproliferation in newborn transgenic mice, as evidenced by increased number of suprabasal cell layers, elevated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in both basal and suprabasal cell layers and by expression of keratin 6 in the interfollicular epidermis. Compared to both wild-type and syndecan-1-null animals, the transgene expression interfered with skin wound healing in adult mice by decreasing cell proliferation in the re-epithelialized epidermis. Thus, syndecan-1 regulates keratinocyte proliferation differently during skin development and in healing wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nkemcho Ojeh
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Honardoust HA, Jiang G, Koivisto L, Wienke D, Isacke CM, Larjava H, Häkkinen L. Expression of Endo180 is spatially and temporally regulated during wound healing. Histopathology 2006; 49:634-48. [PMID: 17163848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Interactions of cells with the extracellular matrix are important for normal wound healing and may play a role in scar formation. Remarkably, wound healing in human gingiva does not result in scar formation and serves as a model for wound regeneration. Endo180 (CD280) is a cell surface receptor that has novel functions to regulate cell migration and bind and internalize collagens that are key processes in wound healing. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of Endo180 during gingival wound regeneration. METHODS AND RESULTS Biopsies were collected from normal human gingiva and 1-60 days after wounding and expression of Endo180 was analysed by immunostaining. Expression of Endo180 by cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes was studied by immunoblotting and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. In normal gingiva, Endo180 was expressed by basal epithelial cells, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, pericytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. In wounds, Endo180 expression was spatiotemporally increased in the migrating and differentiating wound epithelium, in subsets of myofibroblasts, pericytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. Growth factors involved in wound healing up-regulated the expression of Endo180 in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that Endo180 plays a role in re-epithelialization and connective tissue remodelling during wound regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Honardoust
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sawicki G, Marcoux Y, Sarkhosh K, Tredget EE, Ghahary A. Interaction of keratinocytes and fibroblasts modulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 and their inhibitors. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 269:209-16. [PMID: 15786734 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-3178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of epidermal-mesenchymal communication due to a delay in epithelialization, increases the frequency of developing fibrotic conditions in skin. As matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and -9 (MMP-9) are two key enzymes involved in wound healing and tissue remodeling, here we examined the efficacy of keratinocyte-fibroblast interaction on modulation of these enzymes and their inhibitors. The conditioned media derived from keratinocytes and fibroblasts grown in upper and lower chambers of a co-culture system, respectively, were analyzed for MMP-2 and -9. Keratinocyte or fibroblast conditioned medium (FCM) was used as a control. Gelatinolytic activity analyzed by zymography showed that keratinocytes mainly express MMP-9 and to a lesser extent MMP-2; while fibroblasts express only MMP-2. In a co-culture system, the activities of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 markedly increased in conditioned media collected from bottom chambers. These findings were consistent with the level of MMP-2 and MMP-9 measured by Western blot. Using the same experimental setting, the levels of tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) secreted by keratinocytes and fibroblasts grown in the same co-culture system were also evaluated. Western blot showed that fibroblasts secrete only TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 whose levels were increased by co-culturing fibroblasts with keratinocytes. In contrary the level of TIMP-3, which was mainly expressed by keratinocytes, increased by co-culturing these cells with fibroblasts. In conclusion, interaction of fibroblast-keratinocyte modulates the levels of MMP-2 and -9 and their inhibitors produced by these cells and this interaction may be critical for a better healing quality at a late stage of the wound healing process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Sawicki
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Altan ZM, Fenteany G. c-Jun N-terminal kinase regulates lamellipodial protrusion and cell sheet migration during epithelial wound closure by a gene expression-independent mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:56-67. [PMID: 15313173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is emerging as an important regulator of cell migration. Perturbing the JNK signaling pathway with three structurally and mechanistically distinct inhibitors that selectively target either JNKs themselves or the upstream mixed-lineage kinases, we found dramatic inhibition of membrane protrusion and cell sheet migration during wound closure in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cell monolayers. Extension of lamellipodia is blocked from the earliest times after wounding in the presence of JNK pathway inhibitors, whereas assembly of non-protrusive actin bundles at the wound margin is unaffected. Inhibitors of the other mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 MAPK pathways, only have comparatively weak or marginal inhibitory effects on wound closure. Multiple splice variants of both JNK1 and JNK2 are expressed in MDCK cells, and JNK1 and JNK2 are rapidly and transiently activated upon wounding. Phosphorylation of c-Jun does not appear relevant to MDCK wound closure, and membrane protrusion directly after wounding is not affected by inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis. While most known substrates of JNK are transcription factors or proteins regulating apoptosis, our data indicate that JNK regulates protrusion and migration in a gene expression-independent manner and suggest an important cytoplasmic role for JNK in the control of cell motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Melis Altan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mani H, Sidhu GS, Singh AK, Gaddipati J, Banaudha KK, Raj K, Maheshwari RK. Enhancement of wound healing by shikonin analogue 93/637 in normal and impaired healing. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2004; 17:49-56. [PMID: 14755128 DOI: 10.1159/000074063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2002] [Accepted: 06/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complicated biological process, which involves interactions of multiple cell types, various growth factors, their mediators and the extracellular matrix proteins. In this study, we evaluated the effects of shikonin analogue 93/637 (SA), derived from the plant Arnebia nobilis, on normal and hydrocortisone-induced impaired healing in full thickness cutaneous punch wounds in rats. SA (0.1%) was applied topically daily as an ointment in polyethylene glycol base on wounds. SA treatment significantly accelerated healing of wounds, as measured by wound contraction compared to controls in hydrocortisone-impaired animals. SA treatment promoted formation of granulation tissue including cell migration and neovascularization, collagenization and reepithelialization. The expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was higher as revealed by immunohistochemistry in treated wounds compared to controls. However, the expression of transforming growth factor-beta(1) was not affected by SA treatment. Since bFGF is known to accelerate wound healing, the increased expression of bFGF by SA may be partly responsible for the enhancement of wound healing. These studies suggest that SA could be further studied for clinical use to enhance wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Mani
- Center for Combat Casualty and Life Sustainment Research, Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Providence KM, Higgins PJ. PAI-1 expression is required for epithelial cell migration in two distinct phases of in vitro wound repair. J Cell Physiol 2004; 200:297-308. [PMID: 15174100 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several proteases and their specific inhibitors modulate the interdependent processes of cell migration and matrix proteolysis as part of the global program of trauma repair. Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), a serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) important in the control of barrier proteolysis and cell-to-matrix adhesion, for example, is spatially-temporally regulated following epithelial denudation injury in vitro as well as in vivo. PAI-1 mRNA/protein synthesis was induced early after epidermal monolayer scraping and restricted to keratinocytes comprising the motile cohort closely recapitulating, thereby, similar events during cutaneous healing. The time course of PAI-1 promoter-driven PAI-1-GFP fusion "reporter" expression in wound-juxtaposed cells approximated that of the endogenous PAI-1 gene confirming the location-specificity of gene regulation in this model. ERK activation was evident within 5 min after injury and particularly prominent in cells residing at the scrape-edge (suggesting a possible role in PAI-1 induction and/or the motile response) as was myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Indeed, MEK blockade with PD98059 or U0126 attenuated keratinocyte migration (by > or =60%), as did transient transfection of a dominant-negative ERK1 construct (40% decrease in monolayer repair), and completely inhibited PAI-1 transcript expression. Anti-sense down-regulation of PAI-1 synthesis (by 80-85%), or addition of PAI-1 neutralizing antibodies also inhibited injury site closure over a 24 h period establishing that PAI-1 was required for efficient long-term planar motility in this system. PAI-1 anti-sense transfection or actinomycin D transcriptional blockade, in contrast, did not affect the initial migratory response suggesting that residual PAI-1 protein levels (at least in transfectant cells and actinomycin D-treated cultures) may be sufficient to support early cell movement. Pharmacologic inhibition of keratinocyte MEK signaling effectively ablated scrape-induced PAI-1 mRNA expression but failed to attenuate wound-associated increases in cellular PAI-1 protein levels soon after monolayer injury. Collectively, these data suggest that basal PAI-1 transcripts may be mobilized for initial PAI-1 synthesis and, perhaps, the early motile response while maintenance of the normal rate of migration requires the prolonged PAI-1 expression that typically accompanies the repair response. To assess this possibility, scrape site closure studies were designed using keratinocytes isolated from PAI-1-/- mice. PAI-1-/- keratinocytes, in fact, had a significant wound healing defect evident even within the first 6 h following monolayer denudation injury. Addition of active PAI-1 protein to PAI-/- keratinocytes rescued the migratory phenotype that that approximating wild-type cells. These findings validate use of the present keratinocyte model to investigate injury-related controls on PAI-1 gene regulation and, collectively, implicate participation of PAI-1 in two distinct phases of epidermal wound repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirwin M Providence
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gangnuss S, Cowin AJ, Daehn IS, Hatzirodos N, Rothnagel JA, Varelias A, Rayner TE. Regulation of MAPK Activation, AP-1 Transcription Factor Expression and Keratinocyte Differentiation in Wounded Fetal Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:791-804. [PMID: 15086567 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fetal epithelium retains the ability to re-epithelialize a wound in organotypic culture in a manner not dependent on the presence of underlying dermal substrata. This capacity is lost late in the third trimester of gestation or after embryonic day 17 (E(17)) in the rat such that embryonic day 19 (E(19)) wounds do not re-epithelialize. Moreover, wounds created in E(17) fetuses in utero heal in a regenerative, scar-free fashion. To investigate the molecular events regulating re-epithelialization in fetal skin, the wound-induced expression profile and tissue localization of activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors c-Fos and c-Jun was characterised in E(17) and E(19) skin using organotypic fetal cultures. The involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in mediating wound-induced transcription factor expression and wound re-epithelialization was assessed, with the effect of wounding on the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers determined. Our results show that expression of AP-1 transcription factors was induced immediately by wounding and localized predominantly to the epidermis in E(17) and E(19) skin. c-fos and c-jun induction was transient in E(17) skin with MAPK-dependent c-fos expression necessary for the re-epithelialization of an excisional wound in organotypic culture. In E(19) skin, AP-1 expression persisted beyond 12 h post-wounding, and marked upregulation of the keratinocyte differentiation markers keratin 10 and loricrin was observed. No such changes in the expression of keratin 10 or loricrin occurred in E(17) skin. These findings indicate that re-epithelialization in fetal skin is regulated by wound-induced AP-1 transcription factor expression via MAPK and the differentiation status of keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gangnuss
- Wound Healing and Injury Research Centre, The University of Adelaide Department of Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Okamoto O, Bachy S, Odenthal U, Bernaud J, Rigal D, Lortat-Jacob H, Smyth N, Rousselle P. Normal human keratinocytes bind to the alpha3LG4/5 domain of unprocessed laminin-5 through the receptor syndecan-1. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:44168-77. [PMID: 12947106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300726200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal keratinocytes of the epidermis adhere to their underlying basement membrane through a specific interaction with laminin-5, which is composed by the association of alpha3, beta3, and gamma2 chains. Laminin-5 has the ability to induce either stable cell adhesion or migration depending on specific processing of different parts of the molecule. One event results in the cleavage of the carboxyl-terminal globular domains 4 and 5 (LG4/5) of the alpha3 chain. In this study, we recombinantly expressed the human alpha3LG4/5 fragment in mammalian cells, and we show that this fragment induces adhesion of normal human keratinocytes and fibrosarcoma-derived HT1080 cells in a heparan- and chondroitin sulfate-dependent manner. Immunoprecipitation experiments with Na2 35SO4-labeled keratinocyte and HT1080 cell lysates as well as immunoblotting experiments revealed that the major proteoglycan receptor for the alpha3LG4/5 fragment is syndecan-1. Syndecan-4 from keratinocytes also bound to alpha3LG4/5. Furthermore we could show for the first time that unprocessed laminin-5 specifically binds syndecan-1, while processed laminin-5 does not. These results demonstrate that the LG4/5 modules within unprocessed laminin-5 permit its cell binding activity through heparan and chondroitin sulfate chains of syndecan-1 and reinforce previous data suggesting specific properties for the precursor molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Okamoto
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5086, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rautava J, Soukka T, Heikinheimo K, Miettinen PJ, Happonen RP, Jaakkola P. Different mechanisms of syndecan-1 activation through a fibroblast-growth-factor-inducible response element (FiRE) in mucosal and cutaneous wounds. J Dent Res 2003; 82:382-7. [PMID: 12709506 DOI: 10.1177/154405910308200511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 expression is enhanced in cutaneous and mucosal wounds. We have previously demonstrated that wounding-induced syndecan-1 expression in the skin occurs transcriptionally, through a fibroblast-growth-factor-inducible element (FiRE). Here, we show that FiRE is also activated in mucosal wounds. However, both the expression patterns and the activation mechanisms of FiRE are different from those in the skin. In the mucosa in vivo, the activation starts and ends earlier than in cutaneous wounds. FiRE is first detected at around 12 hours in keratinocytes, and the activation declines by the third day after wounding occurs. The activation is seen on the migrating sheet of epithelial mucosa, as in the case of cutaneous wounding. In contrast to the situation in vivo, organ-cultured mucosal wounds exhibit no FiRE activity, while organ-cultured cutaneous wounds show robust activity. Activation in mucosal wounds is enhanced, however, by the application of epidermal growth factor. This suggests that exogenous growth factor activity is required for activation of syndecan-1 in mucosal wounds but not in cutaneous wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rautava
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Décline F, Okamoto O, Mallein-Gerin F, Helbert B, Bernaud J, Rigal D, Rousselle P. Keratinocyte motility induced by TGF-beta1 is accompanied by dramatic changes in cellular interactions with laminin 5. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2003; 54:64-80. [PMID: 12451596 DOI: 10.1002/cm.10086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) has the ability to induce epithelial cell migration while stopping proliferation. In this study, we show that, concomitant to promoting migration of normal human keratinocytes in vitro, TGF-beta1 induced a marked decrease in their adhesion capacity to processed alpha3-containing laminin 5-coated surfaces. Indeed, the expression levels of alpha3 and alpha6 integrin subunit mRNA and protein, as well as the cell surface alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta4 integrins, were down-regulated. Recent studies showed that keratinocytes over express and deposit laminin 5 during migration and we have shown that laminin 5 found in the matrix of TGF-beta1 induced migrating keratinocytes is present in its unprocessed form [Décline and Rousselle, 2001: J. Cell Sci. 114:811-823]. We show here that TGF-beta1 treatment of the cells promoted a significant increase in their adhesion to the alpha3 chain carboxy-terminal LG4/5 subdomain and that this interaction is likely to be mediated by a heparan sulfate proteoglycan type of receptor. Our results indicate that alpha6beta4 and alpha3beta1 integrin interactions with laminin 5 are diminished during migration while a specific interaction occurs between an additional cellular receptor and the alpha3 LG4/5 module present on unprocessed laminin 5.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen J, Hoffman BB, Isseroff RR. Beta-adrenergic receptor activation inhibits keratinocyte migration via a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-independent mechanism. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:1261-8. [PMID: 12485426 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that G-protein-coupled receptors cross-talk with growth factor receptor-mediated signal transduction in a variety of cell types. We have investigated mechanisms by which the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors, classically GTP-binding proteins coupled receptors, influence the migration of cultured human keratinocytes. We found that iso-proterenol, a beta-adrenergic receptor-selective agonist, inhibited cell migration stimulated by either epidermal growth factor, or extracellular Ca2+ in a concentration-dependent manner. This was prevented by pretreatment of the cells with the beta-adrenergic receptor-selective antagonist timolol. Interestingly, isoproterenol, at a concentration of 1 nm, did not measurably increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations yet inhibited cell migration by 50%. To test further if isoproterenol's actions were mediated via activation of adenylyl cyclase, two inhibitors of its activity, 2'5'-dideoxyadenosine and SQ22536, were used. Both compounds significantly diminished iso-proterenol-induced increases in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations but did not attenuate isoproterenol-induced inhibition of cell migration. Also, forskolin (1 microm) markedly increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations but did not significantly inhibit cell migration. As mitogen-activated protein kinases are known to signal growth factor-stimulated cell migration, we examined whether beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated inhibition of keratinocyte migration might occur via inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. We found that isoproterenol inhibited phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase in a concentration-dependent manner but had no effect on the phosphorylation of the stress mitogen-activated protein kinases c-jun N-terminal kinase and stress-activated protein kinase-2. Neither forskolin nor a membrane permeable cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog inhibited phosphorylation of any of these mitogen-activated protein kinases. These findings suggest that beta-adrenergic receptor-induced inhibition of keratinocyte migration is mediated through inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Turchi L, Chassot AA, Rezzonico R, Yeow K, Loubat A, Ferrua B, Lenegrate G, Ortonne JP, Ponzio G. Dynamic characterization of the molecular events during in vitro epidermal wound healing. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:56-63. [PMID: 12164925 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize some of the molecular events stimulated in vitro in response to injury within a confluent culture of normal epidermal keratinocytes as a model to understand the mechanisms of wound healing. To this end, an original device was developed specifically designed to perform calibrated injuries of great lengths within mono-stratified or pluri-stratified keratinocyte cultures. The experiments performed in this study validate this device as an appropriate tool for studying epidermal wound healing; this is because it performs mechanical injuries that stimulate the expression of multiple healing markers also known to be upregulated during wound healing in vivo (growth factors, cytokines, proteinases, extracellular matrix proteins). Using this device, it was demonstrated in human keratinocytes: mechanical injuries (i) immediately stimulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous cellular proteins; (ii) induce molecular cascades leading to the activation of p21ras, mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; and (iii) increase the phosphorylation of their respective substrates, c-jun and activator transcription factor 1. Wounding of these cells also results in increases in the DNA binding activities of several jun/fos activator protein-1 transcription factor complexes. It is important to note that the development of an appropriate wounding system was essential for performing this study, as use of a classical wounding procedure did not enable the detection of the biologic parameters reported above. In conclusion, these data indicate that using the appropriate system, it is possible to identify the signaling pathways activated in normal human keratinocyte cells after injury. In this study, it was shown that the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and activator protein-1 are stimulated in response to physical injury, and may be involved in regulating the expression of healing markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Turchi
- INSERM U 385, "Biologie et Physiopathologie de la Peau", Faculté de Médecine, Avenue de Valombrose, Nice cedex 02, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jameson J, Ugarte K, Chen N, Yachi P, Fuchs E, Boismenu R, Havran WL. A role for skin gammadelta T cells in wound repair. Science 2002; 296:747-9. [PMID: 11976459 DOI: 10.1126/science.1069639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta T cell receptor-bearing dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) found in murine skin recognize antigen expressed by damaged or stressed keratinocytes. Activated DETCs produce keratinocyte growth factors (KGFs) and chemokines, raising the possibility that DETCs play a role in tissue repair. We performed wound healing studies and found defects in keratinocyte proliferation and tissue reepithelialization in the absence of wild-type DETCs. In vitro skin organ culture studies demonstrated that adding DETCs or recombinant KGF restored normal wound healing in gammadelta DETC-deficient skin. We propose that DETCs recognize antigen expressed by injured keratinocytes and produce factors that directly affect wound repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jameson
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yates S, Rayner TE. Transcription factor activation in response to cutaneous injury: role of AP-1 in reepithelialization. Wound Repair Regen 2002; 10:5-15. [PMID: 11983002 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2002.10902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reepithelialization is the process responsible for restoring an intact epidermis following cutaneous injury. A change in the activity of keratinocytes is required for reepithelialization to occur, and this is likely to be regulated by the altered expression of effector genes, mediated by transcription factors. The injury itself provides a stimulus for transcription factor activation either directly due to mechanical stress, or via paracrine mechanisms such as the release of growth factors from damaged cells. Members of the activator protein-1 family, in particular c-fos and c-jun, have been the most widely studied wound-induced transcription factors. The signal transduction pathways linking cellular injury to activator protein-1 stimulation appear to involve an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Given that a number of genes involved in the reepithelialization of wounds are regulated by activator protein-1, a distinct role for this transcription factor in reepithelialization is beginning to emerge. This article reviews the evidence for activator protein-1 involvement in reepithelialization, with particular focus on the activation of this transcription factor in response to wounding, the second messenger/kinase pathways involved, and the modulation of downstream genes that have the capacity to regulate keratinocyte function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Yates
- Co-operative Research Centre for Tissue Growth and Repair, The University of Adelaide Department of Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Laferriere J, Houle F, Taher MM, Valerie K, Huot J. Transendothelial migration of colon carcinoma cells requires expression of E-selectin by endothelial cells and activation of stress-activated protein kinase-2 (SAPK2/p38) in the tumor cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:33762-72. [PMID: 11448946 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008564200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion and migration of tumor cells on and through the vascular endothelium are critical steps of the metastatic invasion. We investigated the roles of E-selectin and of stress-activated protein kinase-2 (SAPK2/p38) in modulating endothelial adhesion and transendothelial migration of HT-29 colon carcinoma cells. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) strongly increased the expression of E-selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). This effect was independent of the activation of SAPK2/p38 induced by TNF alpha. Adhesion of HT-29 cells on a monolayer of HUVEC pretreated with TNF alpha was dependent on E-selectin expression but was independent of SAPK2/p38 activity of both HUVEC and tumor cells. The adhesion of HT-29 cells to E-selectin-expressing HUVEC led to the activation of SAPK2/p38 in the tumor cells as reflected by the increased phosphorylation of the actin-polymerizing factor HSP27 by mitogen-activated protein kinase 2/3, a direct target of SAPK2/p38. Moreover, a recombinant E-selectin/Fc chimera quickly increased the activation of SAPK2/p38 in HT-29 cells. Blocking the increased activity of SAPK2/p38 of HT-29 cells by SB203580 or by expressing a dominant negative form of SAPK2/p38 inhibited their transendothelial migration. Similarly, HeLa cells stably expressing a kinase-inactive mutant of SAPK2/p38 showed a decreased capacity to cross a layer of HUVEC. Overall, our results suggest that the regulation of transendothelial migration of tumor cells involves two essential steps as follows: adhesion to the endothelium through adhesion molecules, such as E-selectin, and increased motogenic potential through adhesion-mediated activation of the SAPK2/p38 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Laferriere
- Le Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R-2J6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gosiewska A, Rezania A, Dhanaraj S, Vyakarnam M, Zhou J, Burtis D, Brown L, Kong W, Zimmerman M, Geesin JC. Development of a three-dimensional transmigration assay for testing cell--polymer interactions for tissue engineering applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2001; 7:267-77. [PMID: 11429147 DOI: 10.1089/10763270152044134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of synthetic or natural scaffolds to support invasion of cells from surrounding tissue is a key parameter for tissue engineering (TE). In this study, the migration of fibroblasts, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts into biodegradable polymer scaffolds was evaluated using a novel, three-dimensional (3-D) transmigration assay. This assay is based on a cell-populated contracted collagen lattice with a biodegradable polymer scaffold implanted at the center of the collagen gel. Cell migration into the scaffolds was assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively following various time lengths in culture using image analysis. Chondrocytes, incorporated within the collagen lattice, migrated into polymer scaffolds, when cultured both statically or in a rotating bioreactor. However, the bioreactor cultures resulted in a significantly greater cell invasion as compared to static cultures. There was a cell density-dependent osteoblast migration from collagen lattice into polymer scaffold, when tested in the transmigration assay. In addition, polymer scaffolds, treated with or without recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (rh-PDGF-BB) were evaluated for fibroblast migration. The presence of rh-PDGF-BB resulted in significantly greater fibroblast invasion as compared to untreated scaffolds. Our studies suggest that the transmigration model provides a rapid system for testing cell invasion of potential scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gosiewska
- Johnson & Johnson Wound Healing Technology Resource Center, Skillman, New Jersey 08858, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The syndecans, cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), bind numerous ligands via their HS glycosaminoglycan chains. The response to this binding is flavored by the identity of the core protein that bears the HS chains. Each of the syndecan core proteins has a short cytoplasmic domain that binds cytosolic regulatory factors. The syndecans also contain highly conserved transmembrane domain and extracellular domains for which important activities are slowly emerging. These protein domains, which will be the focus of this review, localize the syndecan to sites at the cell surface during development where they collaborate with other receptors to regulate signaling and cytoskeletal organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Rapraeger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Now that transmembrane signaling through primary cell-matrix receptors, integrins, is being elucidated, attention is turning to how integrin-ligand interactions can be modulated. Syndecans are transmembrane proteoglycans implicated as coreceptors in a variety of physiological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, response to growth factors, development, and tumorigenesis. This review will describe this family of proteoglycans in terms of their structures and functions and their signaling in conjunction with integrins, and indicate areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Couchman
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Adhesion and Matrix Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Boilly B, Vercoutter-Edouart AS, Hondermarck H, Nurcombe V, Le Bourhis X. FGF signals for cell proliferation and migration through different pathways. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2000; 11:295-302. [PMID: 10959077 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(00)00014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
FGFs are pleiotropic growth factors that control cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. However, FGF transduction studies have so far focused primarily on the mitogenic effect of this growth factor family and it has been difficult to assess if the described intracellular signaling pathways are dedicated solely to cell proliferation, or whether they are equally important for the migratory activity often seen in responsive cells. We review here papers in which the migratory effects of this growth factor family were clearly discriminated from proliferative effects. In toto, these studies suggest that cells use different signaling pathways for migration, such as Src and p38 MAP kinase, from those for proliferation, which tend to upregulate the ERKs. Which signaling pathway a cell uses for proliferation or migration appears to depend on many factors, including the structure and the quantity of available FGF trapped in the basal lamina by heparan sulfate co-factors, the disposition of cognate high affinity receptors and the general environment of the cell. Thus the density of the cell population, the state of the cell cycle, the presence of other factors or receptors will modulate the migratory response of cells to FGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Boilly
- Equipe Facteurs de Croissance (UPRES 1033), Bât SN3, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jaakkola P, Vihinen T, Jalkanen M. Proximal promoter-independent activation of the far-upstream FGF-inducible response element of syndecan-1 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 278:432-9. [PMID: 11097854 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Far upstream enhancers are predicted to act by looping and activating general transcription factors on core promoters and to require proximal promoter sequences for appropriate gene activation in time and space. We have previously described an FGF-inducible response element (FiRE) located far upstream on the syndecan-1 gene. The FiRE is activated specifically by members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family in NIH3T3 cells. Here we describe the requirements of syndecan-1 proximal promoter for the activation of FiRE by FGF-2. Transient and stable transfections revealed that neither proximal promoter SP1 sites nor TATA-box are required for the FGF-2 induced activation of FiRE. Notably, the enhancer is activated in both orientations by FGF-2 even in the absence of proximal promoter. Importantly, removal of the promoter did not affect the growth factor specificity of FiRE. Proximal promoter independent activation of syndecan-1 gene by FGF-2 might be required during development when syndecan-1 proximal promoter needs to be largely attenuated but simultaneous transient and rapid FGF-2 induced transcription is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Jaakkola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, BioCity, Turku, FIN-20520, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jaakkola P, Ahonen M, Kähäri VM, Jalkanen M. Transcriptional targeting of adenoviral gene delivery into migrating wound keratinocytes using FiRE, a growth factor-inducible regulatory element. Gene Ther 2000; 7:1640-7. [PMID: 11083472 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cutaneous wound healing is a common complication in diabetes, ischemia and venous insufficiency of lower extremities, and in long-term treatment with corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents. In development of gene therapy for wound repair, expression of therapeutic transgenes should be precisely targeted and controlled. Here, we describe a recombinant adenovirus RAdFiRE-EGFP, in which a growth factor inducible element (FiRE) of the murine syndecan-1 gene controls the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene. Treatment of RAdFiRE-EGFP-transduced murine epidermal keratinocytes in culture with FiRE-activating growth factor markedly enhanced the expression of EGFP. In ex vivo organ culture of wounded murine skin transduced with RAdFiRE-EGFP, the EGFP expression was specifically detected in wound margin keratinocytes, but not in intact skin. Activity of EGFP was first detected 2 days after a single application of RAdFiRE-EGFP and persisted up to 10 days. Similarly, FiRE-driven EGFP expression was detected specifically in epidermal keratinocytes in the edge of incisional wounds in murine skin transduced with RAdFiRE-EGFP. In contrast, adenovirus-mediated lacZ expression driven by CMV promoter was detected scattered in epidermal, dermal and subcutaneous layers in ex vivo and in vivo wounds, as well as in intact skin. These data demonstrate the feasibility of FiRE as a tool for transcriptional targeting of adenovirus-mediated transgene expression to cutaneous wound edge keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Jaakkola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bernfield M, Götte M, Park PW, Reizes O, Fitzgerald ML, Lincecum J, Zako M. Functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Annu Rev Biochem 2000; 68:729-77. [PMID: 10872465 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2095] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate on the surface of all adherent cells modulates the actions of a large number of extracellular ligands. Members of both cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan families, the transmembrane syndecans and the glycosylphosphoinositide-linked glypicans, bind these ligands and enhance formation of their receptor-signaling complexes. These heparan sulfate proteoglycans also immobilize and regulate the turnover of ligands that act at the cell surface. The extracellular domains of these proteoglycans can be shed from the cell surface, generating soluble heparan sulfate proteoglycans that can inhibit interactions at the cell surface. Recent analyses of genetic defects in Drosophila melanogaster, mice, and humans confirm most of these activities in vivo and identify additional processes that involve cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms underlying these activities and on the cellular functions that they regulate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bernfield
- Division of Developmental and Newborn Biology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Envoplakin, a member of the plakin family of proteins, is a component of desmosomes and the epidermal cornified envelope. To understand how envoplakin expression is regulated, we have analyzed the structure of the mouse envoplakin gene and characterized the promoters of both the human and mouse genes. The mouse gene consists of 22 exons and maps to chromosome 11E1, syntenic to the location of the human gene on 17q25. The exon-intron structure of the mouse envoplakin gene is common to all members of the plakin family: the N-terminal protein domain is encoded by 21 small exons, and the central rod domain and the C-terminal globular domain are coded by a single large exon. The C terminus shows the highest sequence conservation between mouse and human envoplakins and between envoplakin and the other family members. The N terminus is also conserved, with sequence homology extending to Drosophila Kakapo. A region between nucleotides -101 and 288 was necessary for promoter activity in transiently transfected primary keratinocytes. This region is highly conserved between the human and mouse genes and contains at least two different positively acting elements identified by site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Mutation of a GC box binding Sp1 and Sp3 proteins or a combined E box and Krüppel-like element interacting with unidentified nuclear proteins virtually abolished promoter activity. 600 base pairs of the mouse upstream sequence was sufficient to drive expression of a beta-galactosidase reporter gene in the suprabasal layers of epidermis, esophagus, and forestomach of transgenic mice. Thus, we have identified a regulatory region in the envoplakin gene that can account for the expression pattern of the endogenous protein in stratified squamous epithelia.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Exons
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Introns
- Keratinocytes
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Precursors/biosynthesis
- Protein Precursors/chemistry
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
- beta-Galactosidase/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Määttä
- Keratinocyte Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rousseau S, Houle F, Kotanides H, Witte L, Waltenberger J, Landry J, Huot J. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-driven actin-based motility is mediated by VEGFR2 and requires concerted activation of stress-activated protein kinase 2 (SAPK2/p38) and geldanamycin-sensitive phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:10661-72. [PMID: 10744763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.14.10661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In endothelial cells, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces an accumulation of stress fibers associated with new actin polymerization and rapid formation of focal adhesions at the ventral surface of the cells. This cytoskeletal reorganization results in an intense motogenic activity. Using porcine endothelial cells expressing one or the other type of the VEGF receptors, VEGFR1 or VEGFR2, or human umbilical vein endothelial cells pretreated with a VEGFR2 neutralizing antibody, we show that VEGFR2 is responsible for VEGF-induced activation of the stress-activated protein kinase-2/p38 (SAPK2/p38), phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and enhanced migratory activity. Activation of SAPK2/p38 triggered actin polymerization whereas FAK, which was phosphorylated independently of SAPK2/p38, initiated assembly of focal adhesions. Both processes contributed to the formation of stress fibers. Geldanamycin, an inhibitor of HSP90 blocked tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK, assembly of focal adhesions, actin reorganization, and cell migration, all of which were reversed by overexpressing HSP90. We conclude that VEGFR2 mediates the physiological effect of VEGF on cell migration and that two independent pathways downstream of VEGFR2 regulate actin-based motility. One pathway involves SAPK2/p38 and leads to enhanced actin polymerization activity. The other involves HSP90 as a permissive signal transduction factor implicated in FAK phosphorylation and assembly of focal adhesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rousseau
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 11 Côte du Palais, Québec, G1R 2J6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tumova S, Woods A, Couchman JR. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface: versatile coordinators of cellular functions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2000; 32:269-88. [PMID: 10716625 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(99)00116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are complex molecules composed of a core protein with covalently attached glycosaminoglycan chains. While the protein part determines localization of the proteoglycan on the cell surfaces or in the extracellular matrix, the glycosaminoglycan component, heparan sulfate, mediates interactions with a variety of extracellular ligands such as growth factors and adhesion molecules. Through these interactions, heparan sulfate proteoglycans participate in many events during cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. We are determining the multitude of proteoglycan functions, as their intricate roles in many pathways are revealed. They act as coreceptors for growth factors, participate in signalling during cell adhesion, modulate the activity of a broad range of molecules, and partake in many developmental and pathological processes, including tumorigenesis and wound repair. This review concentrates on biological roles of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, namely syndecans and glypicans, and outlines the progress achieved during the last decade in unraveling the molecular interactions behind proteoglycan functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Tumova
- Department of Cell Biology, Cell Adhesion and Matrix Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jaakkola P, Jalkanen M. Transcriptional regulation of Syndecan-1 expression by growth factors. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 63:109-38. [PMID: 10506830 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a prototype member of a family of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Syndecan-1 binds extracellular matrix components and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and modifies the function of FGFs. Syndecan-1 is constitutively expressed by several epithelial cells, but expression is also induced during many biological phenomena, such as tissue regeneration and the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during organ development. Growth factors have been the prime candidates to induce syndecan-1 expression in these situations. In fibroblasts syndecan-1 is induced by FGF-2 and in keratinocytes by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). The search for cis-acting elements regulating the growth factor-induced syndecan-1 expression has led to identification of a novel FGF-inducible response element (FiRE). FiRE is activated in fibroblasts and keratinocytes by the same growth factors that induce syndecan-1 expression in these cells. In adult tissues the activation of FiRE is restricted to migrating keratinocytes of healing wounds. The composition of the transcription factor binding to FiRE differs depending on the cell type and the activating growth factor. The FiRE provides a powerful tool for studies on growth factor specificity and regeneration of tissues. Moreover, it implies a novel transcriptional link that creates an FGF action-controlling autoregulatory loop between the heparan sulfate proteoglycans and the heparin-binding FGFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Jaakkola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Määttä A, Jaakkola P, Jalkanen M. Extracellular matrix-dependent activation of syndecan-1 expression in keratinocyte growth factor-treated keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:9891-8. [PMID: 10092681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.14.9891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan of the epidermis. Its expression is strongly induced in migrating and proliferating keratinocytes during wound healing and, on the other hand, diminished or lost in invasive squamous cell carcinoma. We have recently found in the syndecan-1 gene an enhancer (fibroblast growth factor-inducible response element (FiRE)) that activates gene expression in wound edge keratinocytes (Jaakkola, P., Kontusaari, S., Kauppi, T., Määttä, A., and Jalkanen, M. (1998) FASEB J. 12, 959-969). Now, we demonstrate that the activation of this enhancer by keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is modulated by the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MCA-3D mouse immortal keratinocytes growing on fibrillar collagen failed to activate FiRE and subsequently to induce syndecan-1 in response to KGF. The same cells growing on fibronectin or laminin, however, increased FiRE-dependent reporter gene expression upon KGF treatment. The inhibition of the KGF induction by collagen appears to be specific for signaling to FiRE, as the increase in cell proliferation by KGF was not affected. The effect was selective to KGF, as EGF-induction was independent on ECM composition. Changes in the transcription factor binding were not involved in the differential activation of FiRE, as the levels and composition of the AP-1 complexes were unchanged. However, application of anisomycin, an activator of Jun amino-terminal kinase, resulted in a lower response in cells growing on collagen compared with fibronectin. These results indicate that the composition of ECM and availability of growth factors can play a role in the epidermal regulation of syndecan-1 expression and that FiRE is a novel target for gene regulation by the extracellular matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Määttä
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, P. O. Box 123, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|