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Vachiramon V, Sakpuwadol N, Yongpisarn T, Anuntrangsee T, Palakornkitti P. Efficacy of isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol for prevention of laser-induced post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: A randomized, controlled trial. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:2450-2457. [PMID: 38497328 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Q-switched (QS) Nd: YAG laser is one of the treatment options for solar lentigines (SLs). However, the incidence of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a common complication, especially in dark-complexioned skin. Isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol (ITR) has been reported as a preventive modality for ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced hyperpigmentation. AIMS This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ITR for the prevention of laser-induced PIH. PATIENTS/METHODS A randomized, evaluator-blinded study including 24 subjects with SLs was conducted. Three SLs of each patient were randomized into three groups, which were to apply ITR twice daily, once daily, and no application for 2 weeks. Thereafter, 532-nm QS Nd: YAG laser was performed. Incidence of laser-induced PIH, relative melanin index (RMI), mean luminance score (L*), hyperpigmentation score, and adverse events were recorded for 2 months post-laser. RESULTS The incidence of PIH at the 4th week after laser treatment was significantly lower in the ITR twice-daily group compared to the no-application group (20.83% vs. 50%, p = 0.028). There was no statistically significant difference in RMI, mean L*, and hyperpigmentation score between treatments at all visits. No serious adverse events were reported regarding ITR application and laser treatment. CONCLUSION Two-week application of ITR prior to QS: Nd YAG laser treatment may potentially reduce the incidence of PIH. A longer duration of application, including after the laser procedure, may be more beneficial for the prevention of laser-induced PIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanop Vachiramon
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawara Sakpuwadol
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanat Yongpisarn
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanaporn Anuntrangsee
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pasita Palakornkitti
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Katsuyama Y, Hiyama K, Sawamura A, Kawase I, Okano Y, Masaki H. Pyridoxine Has a Potential to Prevent the Appearance of Pigmented Spots: Effects on the Phagocytosis and Differentiation of Keratinocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1378-1384. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Liu Y, Li Z, Wu W, Wang Y, Zhao G, Liu Y, Liu J, Song Z. UVR Promotes Keratinocyte Phagocytosis and Skin Pigmentation Through TRPA1 Channels. CLINICAL, COSMETIC AND INVESTIGATIONAL DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:1183-1193. [PMID: 35784271 PMCID: PMC9249384 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s365682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuejian Liu
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqi Song
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhiqi Song, Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116011, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Sun MC, Xu XL, Du Y, Lou XF, Wang W, You YC, Liu D, Jin FY, Qi J, Zhu MX, Zhu LW, Wang J, Du YZ. Biomimetic Melanosomes Promote Orientation-Selective Delivery and Melanocyte Pigmentation in the H 2O 2-Induced Vitiligo Mouse Model. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17361-17374. [PMID: 34662120 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extremely limited drug retention and depigmentation represent the greatest barriers against vitiligo treatment advancement. Here, inspired by biological melanosomes, the primary melanin transporter, we developed biomimetic melanosomes to combat reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated melanocyte damage and depigmentation. Briefly, methylprednisolone (MPS) and melanin-mimicking polydopamine (PDA) were encapsulated inside lysine-proline-valine (KPV)-modified deformable liposomes (KPV-Lipos). Owing to their phospholipid bilayer flexibility and the specific affinity for melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), KPV-Lipos exhibited 1.43-fold greater skin deposition than traditional liposomes. The binding of KPV and its receptor also contributed to activating the cAMP-tyrosinase (TYR) signaling pathway, improving the endogenous melanin content. In addition, PDA mimicked melanosomes as it effectively increased the exogenous melanin content and scavenged ROS. Meanwhile, MPS inhibited inflammatory cytokine secretion, limiting the depigmented area. Ultimately, the biomimetic melanosomes affected the skin color of mice with H2O2-induced vitiligo. These melanosomes show potential as a universal platform for the self-supply of melanin by self-driven melanin synthesis with exogenous supplementation. Furthermore, this study offers ideas for the production of artificial packed melanosome substitutes for melanocyte-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chen Sun
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Fang Lou
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Third Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yu-Chan You
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fei-Yang Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min-Xia Zhu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lu-Wen Zhu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Katsuyama Y, Sato Y, Okano Y, Masaki H. Intracellular oxidative stress induced by calcium influx initiates the activation of phagocytosis in keratinocytes accumulating at S-phase of the cell cycle after UVB irradiation. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 103:41-48. [PMID: 34147320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phagocytosis is an essential process that maintains cellular homeostasis. In the epidermis, the phagocytosis of melanosomes into keratinocytes is important to protect their DNA against damage from ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Furthermore, it is considered that UVB activates the phagocytosis by keratinocytes but the detailed mechanism involved is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To clarify the mechanism of UVB-enhanced phagocytosis in keratinocytes, we investigated the relationship between the phagocytic ability of keratinocytes and the cell cycle stage of keratinocytes. METHODS The phagocytic ability of keratinocytes was evaluated using the incorporation of fluorescent beads after exposure to UVB or oxidative stress. S-phase was evaluated by BrdU incorporation and immunostaining of cyclin D1. Intracellular calcium levels of keratinocytes were measured using the probe Fluo-4AM. RESULTS The phagocytosis of fluorescent beads into keratinocytes was enhanced by UVB and also by oxidative stress. We found that keratinocytes exposed to UVB or oxidative stress were at S-phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, keratinocytes synchronized to S-phase showed a higher phagocytic ability according to the increased intracellular ROS level. The UVB-enhanced phagocytosis and entrance into S-phase of keratinocytes was abolished by ascorbic acid, a typical antioxidant. Keratinocytes synchronized to S-phase and exposed to UVB or oxidative stress had increased levels of intracellular calcium and their enhanced phagocytic abilities were diminished by the calcium ion chelator BAPTA-AM. CONCLUSION Taken together, intracellular oxidative stress induced by intracellular calcium influx mediates the UVB-enhanced phagocytic ability of keratinocytes accumulating at S-phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Masaki
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Goenka S, Simon SR. Novel Chemically Modified Curcumin (CMC) Analogs Exhibit Anti-Melanogenic Activity in Primary Human Melanocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116043. [PMID: 34205035 PMCID: PMC8199869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is a dermatological condition characterized by the overaccumulation and/or oversecretion of melanin pigment. The efficacy of curcumin as an anti-melanogenic therapeutic has been recognized, but the poor stability and solubility that have limited its use have inspired the synthesis of novel curcumin analogs. We have previously reported on comparisons of the anti-melanogenic activity of four novel chemically modified curcumin (CMC) analogs, CMC2.14, CMC2.5, CMC2.23 and CMC2.24, with that of parent curcumin (PC), using a B16F10 mouse melanoma cell model, and we have investigated mechanisms of inhibition. In the current study, we have extended our findings using normal human melanocytes from a darkly pigmented donor (HEMn-DP) and we have begun to study aspects of melanosome export to human keratinocytes. Our results showed that all the CMCs downregulated the protein levels of melanogenic paracrine mediators, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and adrenomedullin (ADM) in HaCaT cells and suppressed the phagocytosis of FluoSphere beads that are considered to be melanosome mimics. All the three CMCs were similarly potent (except CMC2.14, which was highly cytotoxic) in inhibiting melanin production; furthermore, they suppressed dendricity in HEMn-DP cells. CMC2.24 and CMC2.23 robustly suppressed cellular tyrosinase activity but did not alter tyrosinase protein levels, while CMC2.5 did not suppress tyrosinase activity but significantly downregulated tyrosinase protein levels, indicative of a distinctive mode of action for the two structurally related CMCs. Moreover, HEMn-DP cells treated with CMC2.24 or CMC2.23 partially recovered their suppressed tyrosinase activity after cessation of the treatment. All the three CMCs were nontoxic to human dermal fibroblasts while PC was highly cytotoxic. Our results provide a proof-of-principle for the novel use of the CMCs for skin depigmentation, since at low concentrations, ranging from 5 to 25 µM, the CMCs (CMC2.24, CMC2.23 and CMC2.5) were more potent anti-melanogenic agents than PC and tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), both of which were ineffective at melanogenesis at similar doses, as tested in HEMn-DP cells (with PC being highly toxic in dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes). Further studies to evaluate the efficacy of CMCs in human skin tissue and in vivo studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Goenka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sanford R. Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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7
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Moreiras H, Seabra MC, Barral DC. Melanin Transfer in the Epidermis: The Pursuit of Skin Pigmentation Control Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4466. [PMID: 33923362 PMCID: PMC8123122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the pigment melanin is transferred from melanocytes and processed within keratinocytes to achieve skin pigmentation remain ill-characterized. Nevertheless, several models have emerged in the past decades to explain the transfer process. Here, we review the proposed models for melanin transfer in the skin epidermis, the available evidence supporting each one, and the recent observations in favor of the exo/phagocytosis and shed vesicles models. In order to reconcile the transfer models, we propose that different mechanisms could co-exist to sustain skin pigmentation under different conditions. We also discuss the limited knowledge about melanin processing within keratinocytes. Finally, we pinpoint new questions that ought to be addressed to solve the long-lasting quest for the understanding of how basal skin pigmentation is controlled. This knowledge will allow the emergence of new strategies to treat pigmentary disorders that cause a significant socio-economic burden to patients and healthcare systems worldwide and could also have relevant cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Duarte C. Barral
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (H.M.); (M.C.S.)
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8
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CMT-308, a Nonantimicrobial Chemically-Modified Tetracycline, Exhibits Anti-Melanogenic Activity by Suppression of Melanosome Export. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100411. [PMID: 33066033 PMCID: PMC7601524 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CMT-308 is a nonantimicrobial chemically-modified tetracycline (CMT), which we have previously shown exhibits antifungal activity and pleiotropic anti-inflammatory activities, including inhibition of the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Based on its chemical structure, we hypothesized that CMT-308 could inhibit melanogenesis and might be a candidate for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation disorders which occur due to unregulated melanin biosynthesis and/or transport. CMT-308 was first studied for any effects on activity of the enzyme tyrosinase in vitro using a purified preparation of mushroom tyrosinase; the mode of inhibition of the soluble fungal enzyme was evaluated by Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots as well as by non-linear least squares fitting. Next, the effects of CMT-308 were tested in mammalian cell cultures using B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and further validated in darkly-pigmented human melanocytes (HEMn-DP). Our results showed that micromolar concentrations of CMT-308 inhibited mushroom tyrosinase enzyme activity, using the first two substrates in the melanogenesis pathway (l-tyrosine and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)); CMT-308 inhibited mushroom tyrosinase primarily via a mixed mode of inhibition, with the major contribution from a competitive mode. In B16F10 cell cultures, CMT-308 (10 µM) significantly diminished total melanin levels with a selective reduction of extracellular melanin levels, under both basal and hormone-stimulated conditions without any cytotoxicity over a duration of 72 h. Studies of potential mechanisms of inhibition of melanogenesis in B16F10 cells showed that, in mammalian cells, CMT-308 did not inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity or the activity of α-glucosidase, an enzyme that regulates maturation of tyrosinase. However, CMT-308 suppressed MITF protein expression in B16F10 cells and showed copper chelating activity and antioxidant activity in a cell-free system. The significantly lower extracellular melanin levels obtained at 10 µM indicate that CMT-308’s anti-melanogenic action may be attributed to a selective inhibition of melanosome export with the perinuclear aggregation of melanosomes, rather than a direct effect on the tyrosinase-catalyzed steps in melanin biosynthesis. These results were validated in HEMn-DP cells where CMT-308 suppressed dendricity in a fully reversible manner without affecting intracellular melanin synthesis. Furthermore, the capacity of CMT-308 to inhibit melanosome export was retained in cocultures of HEMn-DP and HaCaT. In summary, our results offer promise for therapeutic strategies to combat the effects of hyperpigmentation by use of CMT-308 at low micromolar concentrations.
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9
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Benito-Martínez S, Zhu Y, Jani RA, Harper DC, Marks MS, Delevoye C. Research Techniques Made Simple: Cell Biology Methods for the Analysis of Pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:257-268.e8. [PMID: 31980058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigmentation of the skin and hair represents the result of melanin biosynthesis within melanosomes of epidermal melanocytes, followed by the transfer of mature melanin granules to adjacent keratinocytes within the basal layer of the epidermis. Natural variation in these processes produces the diversity of skin and hair color among human populations, and defects in these processes lead to diseases such as oculocutaneous albinism. While genetic regulators of pigmentation have been well studied in human and animal models, we are still learning much about the cell biological features that regulate melanogenesis, melanosome maturation, and melanosome motility in melanocytes, and have barely scratched the surface in our understanding of melanin transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Herein, we describe cultured cell model systems and common assays that have been used by investigators to dissect these features and that will hopefully lead to additional advances in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Benito-Martínez
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Yueyao Zhu
- Department of Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Riddhi Atul Jani
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Dawn C Harper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
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10
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Tagliatela AC, Hempstead SC, Hibshman PS, Hockenberry MA, Brighton HE, Pecot CV, Bear JE. Coronin 1C inhibits melanoma metastasis through regulation of MT1-MMP-containing extracellular vesicle secretion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11958. [PMID: 32686704 PMCID: PMC7371684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronin 1C is overexpressed in multiple tumors, leading to the widely held view that this gene drives tumor progression, but this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested in melanoma. Here, we combined a conditional knockout of Coronin 1C with a genetically engineered mouse model of PTEN/BRAF-driven melanoma. Loss of Coronin 1C in this model increases both primary tumor growth rates and distant metastases. Coronin 1C-null cells isolated from this model are more invasive in vitro and produce more metastatic lesions in orthotopic transplants than Coronin 1C-reexpressing cells due to the shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing MT1-MMP. Interestingly, these vesicles contain melanosome markers suggesting a melanoma-specific mechanism of EV release, regulated by Coronin 1C, that contributes to the high rates of metastasis in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C Tagliatela
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie C Hempstead
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Priya S Hibshman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Max A Hockenberry
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hailey E Brighton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chad V Pecot
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - James E Bear
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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11
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Lambert MW, Maddukuri S, Karanfilian KM, Elias ML, Lambert WC. The physiology of melanin deposition in health and disease. Clin Dermatol 2019; 37:402-417. [PMID: 31896398 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin is the major pigment responsible for human skin color. This black/brown pigment is localized in membrane-bound organelles (melanosomes) found in specialized cells (melanocytes) in the basal layer of the epidermis. This review highlights the steps involved in melanogenesis in the epidermis and the disorders in skin pigmentation that occur when specific steps critical for this process are defective. Melanosomes, which contain tyrosinase, a major enzyme involved in melanin synthesis, develop through a series of steps in the melanocyte. They are donated from the melanocyte dendrites to the surrounding keratinocytes in the epidermis. In the keratinocytes, the melanosomes are found singly or packaged into groups, and as the keratinocytes move upward in the epidermis, the melanosomes start to degrade. This sequence of events is critical for melanin pigmentation in the skin and can be influenced by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors, which all play a role in levels of melanization of the epidermis. The effects these factors have on skin pigmentation can be due to different underlying mechanisms involved in the melanization process leading to either hypo- or hyperpigmentary disorders. These disorders highlight the importance of mechanistic studies on the specific steps involved in the melanization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel W Lambert
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Spandana Maddukuri
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katrice M Karanfilian
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marcus L Elias
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - W Clark Lambert
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Wide coverage of the body surface by melanocyte-mediated skin pigmentation. Dev Biol 2019; 449:83-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Maranduca MA, Branisteanu D, Serban DN, Branisteanu DC, Stoleriu G, Manolache N, Serban IL. Synthesis and physiological implications of melanic pigments. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4183-4187. [PMID: 30944614 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of melanin synthesis and distribution is called melanogenesis, a process that is based on melanocytes present among the basal cells of the epidermis. Pigments formed in melanocyte melanosomes are then stored in the basal layer of epidermal cells, as well as in dermal macrophages, which become melanophores. From the embryological point of view, melanocytes derive from the melanoblasts of the neural crest, from where they migrate during the first months of life into the skin, eye, cochlea, bone, peripheral nervous system, heart and adipose tissue. The melanic pigments, eumelanin and pheomelanin, are the final product of complex biochemical reactions starting from the amino acid L-tyrosine. Melanin has a major role in skin homeostasis through the photoprotection it offers from the harmful effect of ultraviolet radiation. Melanin absorbs and/or reflects ultraviolet radiation but is also involved in the neutralizing process of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Pigmentogenesis is a dependent oxygen process and is controlled by intrinsic factors (genetic and hormonal) as well as extrinsic factors (ultraviolet radiation). Melanogenesis is stimulated by stimulant melanocytic hormone, adrenocorticotropin hormone, estrogens and progesterone. The present review aimed to provide a summary of recent data about melanogenesis physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minela Aida Maranduca
- Department of Physiology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daciana Branisteanu
- Department of Dermatology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dragomir Nicolae Serban
- Department of Physiology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Gabriela Stoleriu
- Department of Dermatology, 'Dunarea de Jos' University, Faculty of Medicine, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Nicuta Manolache
- Department of Dermatology, 'Dunarea de Jos' University, Faculty of Medicine, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Ionela Lacramioara Serban
- Department of Physiology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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14
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Endo K, Mizutani T, Okano Y, Masaki H. A red pumpkin seed extract reduces melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by activation of Nrf2 signaling. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 18:827-834. [PMID: 30047218 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of skin pigmentation by ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been shown to result from factors secreted from UV-exposed keratinocytes that enhance melanogenesis in melanosomes (MSs) and stimulates their transfer to keratinocytes. Among those factors, it has been reported that α-melanocyte stimulating hormone, which is converted from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) following UV exposure, stimulates the transfer of MSs from melanocytes to surrounding keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a red pumpkin seed (RPS) extract on the transfer of MSs to keratinocytes and to clarify the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the UVB-induced transfer of MSs. METHODS The transfer of MSs into keratinocytes was examined by measuring the incorporation of fluorescent beads, which were used as pseudo-MSs. mRNA expression levels of POMC, Nrf2, and Nrf2-related genes were determined using real-time PCR. Intracellular ROS levels were estimated with H2 DCFDA. RESULTS The incorporation of fluorescent beads into keratinocytes was enhanced by treatment with the conditioned medium (CM) from keratinocytes exposed to UVB or H2 O2 . UVB or H2 O2 exposed keratinocytes had an up-regulated mRNA expression level of POMC. Treatment of keratinocytes with the RPS extract enhanced their intracellular antioxidant system via the activation of Nrf2 signaling and suppressed their incorporation of fluorescent beads that had been stimulated by the CM from UVB or H2 O2 exposed keratinocytes. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the RPS extract suppresses MS transfer stimulated by ROS generated following UVB exposure through the activation of Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Endo
- Advanced Cosmetic Course, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taeko Mizutani
- Advanced Cosmetic Course, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Okano
- Advanced Cosmetic Course, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Masaki
- Advanced Cosmetic Course, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Joly-Tonetti N, Wibawa JID, Bell M, Tobin D. Melanin fate in the human epidermis: a reassessment of how best to detect and analyse histologically. Exp Dermatol 2018; 25:501-4. [PMID: 26998907 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is the predominant pigment responsible for skin colour and is synthesized by the melanocyte in the basal layer of the epidermis and then transferred to surrounding keratinocytes. Despite its optical properties, melanin is barely detectable in unstained sections of human epidermis. However, identification and localization of melanin is of importance for the study of skin pigmentation in health and disease. Current methods for the histologic quantification of melanin are suboptimal and are associated with significant risk of misinterpretation. The aim of this study was to reassess the existing literature and to develop a more effective histological method of melanin quantification in human skin. Moreover, we confirm that Warthin-Starry (WS) stain provides a much more sensitive and more specific melanin detection method than the commonplace Fontana-Masson (FM) stain. For example, WS staining sensitivity allowed the visualization of melanin even in very pale Caucasian skin that was missed by FM or Von Kossa (VK) stains. From our reassessment of the histology-related literature, we conclude that so-called melanin dust is most likely an artifact of discoloration due to non-specific silver deposition in the stratum corneum. Unlike FM and VK, WS was not associated with this non-specific stratum corneum darkening, misinterpreted previously as 'degraded' melanin. Finally, WS melanin particle counts were largely similar to previously reported manual counts by transmission electron microscopy, in contrast to both FM and VK. Together these findings allow us to propose a new histology/Image J-informed method for the accurate and precise quantification of epidermal melanin in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Joly-Tonetti
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Mike Bell
- Walgreens Boots Alliance, Nottingham, UK
| | - Desmond Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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16
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Nanni M, Ranieri D, Raffa S, Torrisi MR, Belleudi F. Interplay between FGFR2b-induced autophagy and phagocytosis: role of PLCγ-mediated signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:668-683. [PMID: 28994193 PMCID: PMC6193413 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling of the epithelial splicing variant of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2b) induces both autophagy and phagocytosis in human keratinocytes. Here, we investigated, in the cell model of HaCaT keratinocytes, whether the two processes might be related and the possible involvement of PLCγ signalling. Using fluorescence and electron microscopy, we demonstrated that the FGFR2b-induced phagocytosis and autophagy involve converging autophagosomal and phagosomal compartments. Moreover, the forced expression of FGFR2b signalling mutants and the use of specific inhibitors of FGFR2b substrates showed that the receptor-triggered autophagy requires PLCγ signalling, which in turn activates JNK1 via PKCδ. Finally, we found that in primary human keratinocytes derived from light or dark pigmented skin and expressing different levels of FGFR2b, the rate of phagocytosis and autophagy and the convergence of the two intracellular pathways are dependent on the level of receptor expression, suggesting that FGFR2b signalling would control in vivo the number of melanosomes in keratinocytes, determining skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Nanni
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Ranieri
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Raffa
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Belleudi
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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17
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Singh SK, Baker R, Sikkink SK, Nizard C, Schnebert S, Kurfurst R, Tobin DJ. E-cadherin mediates ultraviolet radiation- and calcium-induced melanin transfer in human skin cells. Exp Dermatol 2017. [PMID: 28636748 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is directed by epidermal melanin units, characterized by long-lived and dendritic epidermal melanocytes (MC) that interact with viable keratinocytes (KC) to contribute melanin to the epidermis. Previously, we reported that MC:KC contact is required for melanosome transfer that can be enhanced by filopodi, and by UVR/UVA irradiation, which can upregulate melanosome transfer via Myosin X-mediated control of MC filopodia. Both MC and KC express Ca2+ -dependent E-cadherins. These homophilic adhesion contacts induce transient increases in intra-KC Ca2+ , while ultraviolet radiation (UVR) raises intra-MC Ca2+ via calcium-selective ORAI1 ion channels; both are associated with regulating melanogenesis. However, how Ca2+ triggers melanin transfer remains unclear. Here we evaluated the role of E-cadherin in UVR-mediated melanin transfer in human skin cells. MC and KC in human epidermis variably express filopodia-associated E-cadherin, Cdc42, VASP and β-catenin, all of which were upregulated by UVR in human MC in vitro. Knockdown of E-cadherin revealed that this cadherin is essential for UVR-induced MC filopodia formation and melanin transfer. Moreover, Ca2+ induced a dose-dependent increase in filopodia formation and melanin transfer, as well as increased β-catenin, Cdc42, Myosin X and E-cadherin expression in these skin cells. Together, these data suggest that filopodial proteins and E-cadherin, which are upregulated by intracellular (UVR-stimulated) and extracellular Ca2+ availability, are required for filopodia formation and melanin transfer. This may open new avenues to explore how Ca2+ signalling influences human pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman K Singh
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Richard Baker
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Stephen K Sikkink
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Desmond J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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18
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Tadokoro R, Takahashi Y. Intercellular transfer of organelles during body pigmentation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 45:132-138. [PMID: 28605672 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The intercellular transfer of the melanin-producing organelle, called melanosome, from melanocytes to adjacent keratinocytes, is largely responsible for the coat colors and skin pigmentation of amniotes (birds, reptiles, and mammals). Although several hypotheses of melanin-transfer were proposed mainly by in vitro studies and electron microscopies, how the melanosome transfer takes place in the actual skin remained unclear. With advances in technologies of gene manipulations and high-resolution microscopy that allow direct visualization of plasma membrane, we are beginning to understand the amazing behaviors and dynamics of melanocytes. Studies in melanosome transfer further provide a clue to understand a general principle of intercellular organelle transport, including the intercellular translocations of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tadokoro
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Takahashi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; AMED Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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19
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Ramkumar A, Murthy D, Raja DA, Singh A, Krishnan A, Khanna S, Vats A, Thukral L, Sharma P, Sivasubbu S, Rani R, Natarajan VT, Gokhale RS. Classical autophagy proteins LC3B and ATG4B facilitate melanosome movement on cytoskeletal tracks. Autophagy 2017; 13:1331-1347. [PMID: 28598240 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1327509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a dynamic and inducible catabolic process that responds to a variety of hormonal and environmental cues. Recent studies highlight the interplay of this central pathway in a variety of pathophysiological diseases. Although defective autophagy is implicated in melanocyte proliferation and pigmentary disorders, the mechanistic relationship between the 2 pathways has not been elucidated. In this study, we show that autophagic proteins LC3B and ATG4B mediate melanosome trafficking on cytoskeletal tracks. While studying melanogenesis, we observed spatial segregation of LC3B-labeled melanosomes with preferential absence at the dendritic ends of melanocytes. This LC3B labeling of melanosomes did not impact the steady-state levels of these organelles but instead facilitated their intracellular positioning. Melanosomes primarily traverse on microtubule and actin cytoskeletal tracks and our studies reveal that LC3B enables the assembly of microtubule translocon complex. At the microtubule-actin crossover junction, ATG4B detaches LC3B from melanosomal membranes by enzymatic delipidation. Further, by live-imaging we show that melanosomes transferred to keratinocytes lack melanocyte-specific LC3B. Our study thus elucidates a new role for autophagy proteins in directing melanosome movement and reveal the unconventional use of these proteins in cellular trafficking pathways. Such crosstalk between the central cellular function and housekeeping pathway may be a crucial mechanism to balance melanocyte bioenergetics and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ramkumar
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Divya Murthy
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Desingu Ayyappa Raja
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Archana Singh
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Anusha Krishnan
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Sangeeta Khanna
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Archana Vats
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Lipi Thukral
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Pushkar Sharma
- c National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Rajni Rani
- c National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Vivek T Natarajan
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Rajesh S Gokhale
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India.,c National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi , India.,d Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bangalore , India
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20
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Jarrett SG, Carter KM, D'Orazio JA. Paracrine regulation of melanocyte genomic stability: a focus on nucleotide excision repair. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:284-293. [PMID: 28192636 PMCID: PMC5411317 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UV radiation is a major environmental risk factor for the development of melanoma by causing DNA damage and mutations. Resistance to UV damage is largely determined by the capacity of melanocytes to respond to UV injury by repairing mutagenic photolesions. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is the major mechanism by which cells correct UV photodamage. This multistep process involves the basic steps of damage recognition, isolation, localized strand unwinding, assembly of a repair complex, excision of the damage-containing strand 3' and 5' to the photolesion, synthesis of a sequence-appropriate replacement strand, and finally ligation to restore continuity of genomic DNA. In melanocytes, the efficiency of NER is regulated by several hormonal pathways including the melanocortin and endothelin signaling pathways. Elucidating molecular mechanisms by which melanocyte DNA repair is regulated offers the possibility of developing novel melanoma-preventive strategies to reduce UV mutagenesis, especially in UV-sensitive melanoma-prone individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Gordon Jarrett
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - John August D'Orazio
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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21
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Zhou D, Kuang Z, Zeng X, Wang K, Ma J, Luo H, Chen M, Li Y, Zeng J, Li S, Luan F, He Y, Dai H, Liu B, Li H, He L, Xing Q. p53 regulates ERK1/2/CREB cascade via a novel SASH1/MAP2K2 crosstalk to induce hyperpigmentation. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2465-2480. [PMID: 28382689 PMCID: PMC5618682 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that three point mutations in SASH1 and mutated SASH1 promote melanocyte migration in dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH) and a novel p53/POMC/Gαs/SASH1 autoregulatory positive feedback loop is regulated by SASH1 mutations to induce pathological hyperpigmentation phenotype. However, the underlying mechanism of molecular regulation to cause this hyperpigmentation disorder still remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism undergirding hyperpigmentation in the dyschromatosis disorder. Our results revealed that SASH1 binds with MAP2K2 and is induced by p53-POMC-MC1R signal cascade to enhance the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 and CREB. Moreover, increase in phosphorylated ERK1/2 and CREB levels and melanogenesis-specific molecules is induced by mutated SASH1 alleles. Together, our results suggest that a novel SASH1/MAP2K2 crosstalk connects ERK1/2/CREB cascade with p53-POMC-MC1R cascade to cause hyperpigmentation phenotype of DUH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding'an Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongshu Kuang
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Zeng
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangshu Ma
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huangchao Luo
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Chen
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiawei Zeng
- Dujiangyan People's Hospital, Cheng du, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu Li
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fujun Luan
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong He
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongying Dai
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Beizhong Liu
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, the First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Lin He
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Bio-X Institute, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghe Xing
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Melanosome transfer to keratinocyte in the chicken embryonic skin is mediated by vesicle release associated with Rho-regulated membrane blebbing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38277. [PMID: 27910904 PMCID: PMC5133614 DOI: 10.1038/srep38277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During skin pigmentation in amniotes, melanin synthesized in the melanocyte is transferred to keratinocytes by a particle called the melanosome. Previous studies, mostly using dissociated cultured cells, have proposed several different models that explain how the melanosome transfer is achieved. Here, using a technique that labels the plasma membrane of melanocytes within a three-dimensional system that mimics natural tissues, we have visualized the plasma membrane of melanocytes with EGFP in chicken embryonic skin. Confocal time-lapse microscopy reveals that the melanosome transfer is mediated, at least in part, by vesicles produced by plasma membrane. Unexpectedly, the vesicle release is accompanied by the membrane blebbing of melanocytes. Blebs that have encapsulated a melanosome are pinched off to become vesicles, and these melanosome-containing vesicles are finally engulfed by neighboring keratinocytes. For both the membrane blebbing and vesicle release, Rho small GTPase is essential. We further show that the membrane vesicle-mediated melanosome transfer plays a significant role in the skin pigmentation. Given that the skin pigmentation in inter-feather spaces in chickens is similar to that in inter-hair spaces of humans, our findings should have important consequences in cosmetic medicine.
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23
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Fawzy MM, El Maadawi ZM, Hegazy RA, El Fatah NSA. Vitiligo - The story from within: A transmission electron microscopic study before and after narrow-band ultraviolet B. Ultrastruct Pathol 2016; 40:265-75. [PMID: 27594347 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2016.1218987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanocyte loss is the main feature of vitiligo, but evidence refers to pathological multiplayers. Transmission electron microscopy was utilized to further explore vitiligo before and after narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) therapy. Skin biopsies were retrieved from lesional and perilesional skin and compared to normal control skin. Sections were examined for melanocytes and keratinocytes and the number of melanosomes and thickness of basal lamina were measured. In lesional skin, keratinocytes revealed two types of degeneration with a significant increase in the mean thickness of basal lamina and decrease in the number of melanosomes. After treatment, lesional and perilesional skin showed variable ultrastructural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Fawzy
- a Department of Dermatology , Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Zeinab M El Maadawi
- b Department of Histology & Cell Biology , Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Rehab A Hegazy
- a Department of Dermatology , Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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24
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Zhou J, Ling J, Wang Y, Shang J, Ping F. Cross-talk between interferon-gamma and interleukin-18 in melanogenesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 163:133-43. [PMID: 27567084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ in our body and strategically placed to provide a metabolically active biological barrier against a range of noxious stressors. A lot of inflammatory cytokines, which are increased after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation produced by keratinocytes or other immunocytes, are closely related to pigmentary changes, including interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In this study, the effect of cross-talk between IL-18 and IFN-γ on melanogenesis was investigated. Treatment with IL-18 resulted in a dose-dependent increase of melanogenesis, while IFN-γ made an opposite effect. This influence of IL-18 and IFN-γ was mediated by regulations of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its downstream enzymatic cascade expressions. Furthermore, IFN-γ inhibited basal and IL-18-induced melanogenesis. IFN-γ increased signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) phosphorylation to play its position in regulating melanin pigmentation, and its inhibitory effect could be prevented by Janus Kinase 1 (JAK 1) inhibitor. IFN-γ could inhibit melanogenesis by decreasing melanocyte dendrite formation. In addition, IFN-γ inhibited the expressions of Rab Pases to suppress the mature and transport of melanosomes. IL-18 could rapidly induce Akt and PTEN phosphorylation and p65 expression in B16F10 cells. When treatment with IL-18 and IFN-γ together, the phosphorylation level of Protein Kinase B (Akt) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) and expression of p65 NF-κB were inhibited, compared with treated with IL-18 only. Our studies indicated that IFN-γ could directly induce B16F10 cells apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IFN-γ markedly up-regulated IL-18 binding protein (BP) production in normal human foreskin-derived epidermal keratinocytes in dose-dependent manner. UVB irradiation induced protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) expression in NHEK, IFN-γ could inhibit this enhancement in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that IFN-γ plays a role in regulating inflammation- or UV-induced pigmentary changes, in direct/indirect manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jingjing Ling
- Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Fengfeng Ping
- Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China.
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25
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Signaling Pathways in Melanogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071144. [PMID: 27428965 PMCID: PMC4964517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are melanin-producing cells found in skin, hair follicles, eyes, inner ear, bones, heart and brain of humans. They arise from pluripotent neural crest cells and differentiate in response to a complex network of interacting regulatory pathways. Melanins are pigment molecules that are endogenously synthesized by melanocytes. The light absorption of melanin in skin and hair leads to photoreceptor shielding, thermoregulation, photoprotection, camouflage and display coloring. Melanins are also powerful cation chelators and may act as free radical sinks. Melanin formation is a product of complex biochemical events that starts from amino acid tyrosine and its metabolite, dopa. The types and amounts of melanin produced by melanocytes are determined genetically and are influenced by a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors such as hormonal changes, inflammation, age and exposure to UV light. These stimuli affect the different pathways in melanogenesis. In this review we will discuss the regulatory mechanisms involved in melanogenesis and explain how intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate melanin production. We will also explain the regulatory roles of different proteins involved in melanogenesis.
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Wolf Horrell EM, Boulanger MC, D’Orazio JA. Melanocortin 1 Receptor: Structure, Function, and Regulation. Front Genet 2016; 7:95. [PMID: 27303435 PMCID: PMC4885833 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a melanocytic Gs protein coupled receptor that regulates skin pigmentation, UV responses, and melanoma risk. It is a highly polymorphic gene, and loss of function correlates with a fair, UV-sensitive, and melanoma-prone phenotype due to defective epidermal melanization and sub-optimal DNA repair. MC1R signaling, achieved through adenylyl cyclase activation and generation of the second messenger cAMP, is hormonally controlled by the positive agonist melanocortin, the negative agonist agouti signaling protein, and the neutral antagonist β-defensin 3. Activation of cAMP signaling up-regulates melanin production and deposition in the epidermis which functions to limit UV penetration into the skin and enhances nucleotide excision repair (NER), the genomic stability pathway responsible for clearing UV photolesions from DNA to avoid mutagenesis. Herein we review MC1R structure and function and summarize our laboratory's findings on the molecular mechanisms by which MC1R signaling impacts NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Wolf Horrell
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary C. Boulanger
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
| | - John A. D’Orazio
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, KY, USA
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Maack A, Pegard A. Populus nigra (Salicaceae) absolute rich in phenolic acids, phenylpropanoïds and flavonoids as a new potent tyrosinase inhibitor. Fitoterapia 2016; 111:95-101. [PMID: 27091790 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tyrosinase inhibitory capacity of Populus nigra buds absolute (PBA) and compare it to kojic acid (KA), controversial reference tyrosinase inhibitor. Populus nigra buds were extracted with hexane and ethanol to obtain PBA. The inhibitory effect of this absolute was first tested on the mushroom Agaricus bisporus tyrosinase. Then the depigmenting potential of PBA was tested on B16F10 murine melanocytes by assaying the activity of tyrosinase and melanin content. Consecutively, a microscopic analysis of intracellular melanin granules was performed. Finally, melanised reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) were used to assess the lightening potential activity of this PBA on human skin. Results show that PBA inhibits A. bisporus tyrosinase (IC50=77±8ppm) and inhibits melanocytes B16F10 tyrosinase (IC50=27±1ppm). PBA decreases intracellular melanin levels, with 50% loss at 39±9ppm. Finally, PBA at 1000ppm lightens RHE and decreases their melanin content of 20%. PBA is a strong inhibitor of tyrosinase and reduces melanogenesis in melanocytes B16F10. Thus, PBA has potential applications in skin-lightening cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maack
- Aromacosmetic Laboratory, Robertet SA, 37 avenue Sidi Brahim, 06130 Grasse, France.
| | - A Pegard
- Aromacosmetic Laboratory, Robertet SA, 37 avenue Sidi Brahim, 06130 Grasse, France.
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Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Cytogenetic Damage in White, Hispanic and Black Skin Melanocytes: A Risk for Cutaneous Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1586-604. [PMID: 26287245 PMCID: PMC4586785 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Melanoma (CM) is a leading cause of cancer deaths, with reports indicating a rising trend in the incidence rate of melanoma among Hispanics in certain U.S. states. The level of melanin pigmentation in the skin is suggested to render photoprotection from the DNA-damaging effects of Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR). UVR-induced DNA damage leads to cytogenetic defects visualized as the formation of micronuclei, multinuclei and polymorphic nuclei in cells, and a hallmark of cancer risk. The causative relationship between Sun exposure and CM is controversial, especially in Hispanics and needs further evaluation. This study was initiated with melanocytes from White, Hispanic and Black neonatal foreskins which were exposed to UVR to assess their susceptibility to UVR-induced modulation of cellular growth, cytogenetic damage, intracellular and released melanin. Our results show that White and Hispanic skin melanocytes with similar levels of constitutive melanin are susceptible to UVR-induced cytogenetic damage, whereas Black skin melanocytes are not. Our data suggest that the risk of developing UVR-induced CM in a skin type is correlated with the level of cutaneous pigmentation and its ethnic background. This study provides a benchmark for further investigation on the damaging effects of UVR as risk for CM in Hispanics.
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α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) drive melanosome transfer by promoting filopodia delivery and shedding spheroid granules: Evidences from atomic force microscopy observation. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 76:222-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ando H, Niki Y, Yoshida M, Ito M, Akiyama K, Kim JH, Yoon TJ, Matsui MS, Yarosh DB, Ichihashi M. Involvement of pigment globules containing multiple melanosomes in the transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2014; 1:12-20. [PMID: 21686100 DOI: 10.4161/cl.1.1.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes has not been fully clarified. We now show a route of melanosome transfer using co-cultures of normal human melanocytes and keratinocytes. Substantial levels of melanosome transfer were elicited in co-cultures of melanocytes and keratinocytes separated by a microporous membrane filter. The melanocyte dendrites penetrated into the keratinocyte layer through the filter and many pigment globules were observed in keratinocytes. Electron microscopic observations revealed that melanosomes incorporated in keratinocytes were packed in clusters enclosed by a double membrane. Numerous pigment globules budded off from melanocyte dendrites and were released into the culture medium. Those pigment globules were filled with multiple melanosomes and a few mitochondria but no nuclei. When those globules were added to the culture medium of keratinocytes, they were incorporated and showed double membrane-enclosed melano-phagolysosomes consistent with the structures obtained from the co-culture system. In contrast, when individual naked melanosomes isolated from melanocytes were added to keratinocytes, they were also phagocytosed by keratinocytes but were enclosed by a single membrane in a manner distinct from the co-culture system. These results suggest a novel mechanism of melanosome transfer, wherein melanosomes are packed in membrane globules that bud off from melanocyte dendrites, where they are released into the extracellular space and then phagocytosed by keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Ando
- Skin Aging and Photo-aging Research Center; Doshisha University; Kyoto, Japan
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32
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Lee JH, Chen H, Kolev V, Aull KH, Jung I, Wang J, Miyamoto S, Hosoi J, Mandinova A, Fisher DE. High-throughput, high-content screening for novel pigmentation regulators using a keratinocyte/melanocyte co-culture system. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:125-9. [PMID: 24438532 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is a complex process including melanogenesis within melanocytes and melanin transfer to the keratinocytes. To develop a comprehensive screening method for novel pigmentation regulators, we used immortalized melanocytes and keratinocytes in co-culture to screen large numbers of compounds. High-throughput screening plates were subjected to digital automated microscopy to quantify the pigmentation via brightfield microscopy. Compounds with pigment suppression were secondarily tested for their effects on expression of microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) and several pigment regulatory genes, and further validated in terms of non-toxicity to keratinocytes/melanocytes and dose-dependent activity. The results demonstrate a high-throughput, high-content screening approach, which is applicable to the analysis of large chemical libraries using a co-culture system. We identified candidate pigmentation inhibitors from 4000 screened compounds including zoxazolamine, 3-methoxycatechol and alpha-mangostin, which were also shown to modulate expression of MITF and several key pigmentation factors and are worthy of further evaluation for potential translation to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Makino-Okamura C, Niki Y, Takeuchi S, Nishigori C, Declercq L, Yaroch DB, Saito N. Heparin inhibits melanosome uptake and inflammatory response coupled with phagocytosis through blocking PI3k/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling pathways in human epidermal keratinocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:1063-74. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Makino-Okamura
- Kobe Skin Research Department; Biosignal Research Center; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| | - Yoko Niki
- Kobe Skin Research Department; Biosignal Research Center; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| | - Seiji Takeuchi
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Lieve Declercq
- Biological Research Department Europe & Asia; Estée Lauder Companies; Oevel Belgium
| | | | - Naoaki Saito
- Kobe Skin Research Department; Biosignal Research Center; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
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Fermented Rice Bran Downregulates MITF Expression and Leads to Inhibition of α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F1 Melanoma. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:1704-10. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bellei B, Pitisci A, Migliano E, Cardinali G, Picardo M. Pyridinyl imidazole compounds interfere with melanosomes sorting through the inhibition of cyclin G-associated Kinase, a regulator of cathepsins maturation. Cell Signal 2014; 26:716-23. [PMID: 24412755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transfer of melanin-containing melanosomes from melanocytes to neighboring keratinocytes results in skin pigmentation. Pharmacological modulation of melanosomal transfer has recently gained much attention as a strategy for modifying normal or abnormal pigmentation. In this study, while investigating the impact of pyridinyl imidazole (PI) compounds, a class of p38 MAPK inhibitors, on melanocyte differentiation we observed that some, but not all PIs interfere with the physiological melanosome sorting producing a strong retention of melanin in the intracellular compartment associated with a general reduction of melanin synthesis. Electron microscopy studies illustrated an accumulation of melanosomes inside melanocytes with enrichment in immature melanosome at stages II and III at the end of dendrites. We identified cyclin G-associated kinase GAK, a protein expressed ubiquitously in various tissues, as the off-target responsible of intracellular melanin accumulation and we report evidence that reduced GAK-dependent cathepsin maturation is implicated in melanosome sorting deficiency. The co-regulation of GAK and cathepsin B and L expression with the melanogenic biosynthetic pathway in normal human melanocytes as well as in B16-F0 melanoma cells strengthen the idea that these proteins represent new possible targets for prevention and treatment of irregular pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - Angela Pitisci
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Emilia Migliano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cardinali
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy
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Shin DH, Cha YJ, Joe GJ, Yang KE, Jang IS, Kim BH, Kim JM. Whitening effect of Sophora flavescens extract. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1467-1476. [PMID: 24106757 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.799708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sophora flavescens Ait. (Leguminosae) has been proposed as a new whitening agent for cosmetics, because it has a strong ability to inhibit tyrosinase, a key enzyme in the formation of melanin. OBJECTIVE We conducted a study to determine whether ethanol extract of the roots of S. flavescens has the potential for use as a whitening cosmetic agent by investigating its underlying mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS To elucidate the mechanism of action of S. flavescens extract, we used DNA microarray technology. We investigated the changes in the mRNA levels of genes associated with the formation and transport of melanosomes. We also identified the formation and transport of melanosomes with immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses. Finally, the skin-whitening effect in vivo of S. flavescens extract was analyzed on human skin. RESULTS We found that S. flavescens extract strongly inhibited tyrosinase activity (IC50, 10.4 μg/mL). Results also showed that key proteins involved in the formation and transport of melanosomes were dramatically downregulated at both mRNA and protein level in keratinocytes exposed to S. flavescens extract. In addition, a clinical trial of a cream containing 0.05% S. flavescens extract on human skin showed it had a significant effect on skin whitening by mechanical and visual evaluation (1.14-fold). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study provides important clues toward understanding the effects of S. flavescens extract on the formation and transport of melanosomes. From these results, we suggest that naturally occurring S. flavescens extract might be useful as a new whitening agent in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyun Shin
- R&D Center, Somang Cosmetics Corporation , Namdong-gu, Incheon , Republic of Korea
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37
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Neurofibromin interacts with the cytoplasmic Dynein Heavy Chain 1 in melanosomes of human melanocytes. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1466-73. [PMID: 23583712 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromin (NF1) is encoded by the NF1 tumour suppressor gene. Mutations result in a disorder known as Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1), and patients are often diagnosed due to the presence of unusual pigmentary patterns that include Café au lait macules (CALMs). Little is known about how loss of NF1 results in pigmentary defects in melanocytes. We sought to identify novel NF1 interacting proteins and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the pigmentary defects. The cytoplasmic Dynein Heavy Chain 1 (DHC) was found to interact with NF1 along microtubules in vesicular structures identified to be melanosomes. Our studies suggest that NF1 is involved in melanosomal localization, and that disruptions in NF1-DHC interactions may contribute to the abnormal pigmentary features commonly associated with this debilitating syndrome.
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38
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Autophagy has a significant role in determining skin color by regulating melanosome degradation in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2416-2424. [PMID: 23558403 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanin in the epidermis determines the wide variation in skin color associated with ethnic skin diversity. Ethnic differences exist regarding melanosome loss in keratinocytes, but the mechanisms underlying these differences, and their contribution to the regulation of skin color, remain unclear. Here, we explored the involvement of autophagy in determining skin color by regulating melanosome degradation in keratinocytes. Keratinocytes derived from Caucasian skin exhibit higher autophagic activity than those derived from African American (AA) skin. Furthermore, along with the higher autophagy activity in Caucasian skin-derived keratinocytes compared with AA skin-derived keratinocytes, Caucasian skin-derived keratinocytes were more sensitive to melanosome treatment as shown by their enhanced autophagic activity, which may reflect the substantial mechanisms in the human epidermis owing to the limitations of the models. Melanosome accumulation in keratinocytes was accelerated by treatment with lysosomal inhibitors or with small interfering RNAs specific for autophagy-related proteins, which are essential for autophagy. Furthermore, consistent with the alterations in skin appearance, the melanin levels in human skin cultured ex vivo and in human skin substitutes in vitro were substantially diminished by activators of autophagy and enhanced by the inhibitors. Taken together, our data reveal that autophagy has a pivotal role in skin color determination by regulating melanosome degradation in keratinocytes, and thereby contributes to the ethnic diversity of skin color.
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Integrins and small GTPases as modulators of phagocytosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 302:321-54. [PMID: 23351714 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407699-0.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is the mechanism whereby cells engulf large particles. This process has long been recognized as a critical component of the innate immune response, which constitutes the organism's defense against microorganisms. In addition, phagocytic internalization of apoptotic cells or cell fragments plays important roles in tissue homeostasis and remodeling. Phagocytosis requires target interactions with receptors on the plasma membrane of the phagocytic cell. Integrins have been identified as important mediators of particle clearance, in addition to their well-established roles in cell adhesion, migration and mechanotransduction. Indeed, these ubiquitously expressed proteins impart phagocytic capacity to epithelial, endothelial and mesenchymal cell types. The importance of integrins in particle internalization is emphasized by the ability of microbial and viral pathogens to exploit their signaling pathways to invade host cells, and by the wide variety of disorders that arise from abnormalities in integrin-dependent phagocytic uptake.
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40
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Hiramoto K, Kobayashi H, Yamate Y, Ishii M, Sato T, Inoue M. UVB-induced epidermal pigmentation in mice eyes with no contact lens wear and non-UVB blocking and UVB blocking contact lens wear. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2012; 36:28-31. [PMID: 23108010 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2012.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Irradiation by ultraviolet (UV) B is known to increase the number of Dopa-positive melanocytes in the skin. This study examines the effectiveness of a contact lens for the defense of UVB eye irradiation-induced pigmentation. METHODS A 2.5 kJ/m(2) dose of UVB radiation was delivered by a sunlamp to the eye of C57BL/6j male mice, and changes in the expression of Dopa-positive melanocytes in the epidermis and the plasma level of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) was analyzed. RESULTS The degree of change in the Dopa-positive melanocytes expression was reduced by UVB blocking contact lens using mice given UVB irradiation to the eye. The plasma level of α-MSH increased in the C57BL/6j mice after irradiation to the eye, but there was no increase in the UVB blocking contact lens mice given UVB irradiation to the eye. Both the increase of the expression of Dopa-positive melanocytes and the plasma level of α-MSH were strongly suppressed by an alignment fitting UVB blocking contact lens and only a slightly suspended UVB blocking contact lens. In addition, these changes were successfully inhibited by a UVB blocking contact lens but not by a non-UVB blocking contact lens with a similar absorbance. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that the UVB blocking contact lens inhibits the pigmentation of the epidermis in mice by suppressing of the α-MSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hiramoto
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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41
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Sayedyahossein S, Nini L, Irvine TS, Dagnino L. Essential role of integrin‐linked kinase in regulation of phagocytosis in keratinocytes. FASEB J 2012; 26:4218-29. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-207852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Sayedyahossein
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Children's Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
- Lawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Lylia Nini
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Children's Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
- Lawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Timothy S. Irvine
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Children's Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
- Lawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Children's Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
- Lawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
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42
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Singh SK, Abbas WA, Tobin DJ. Bone morphogenetic proteins differentially regulate pigmentation in human skin cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4306-19. [PMID: 22641693 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a large family of multi-functional secreted signalling molecules. Previously BMP2/4 were shown to inhibit skin pigmentation by downregulating tyrosinase expression and activity in epidermal melanocytes. However, a possible role for other BMP family members and their antagonists in melanogenesis has not yet been explored. In this study we show that BMP4 and BMP6, from two different BMP subclasses, and their antagonists noggin and sclerostin were variably expressed in melanocytes and keratinocytes in human skin. We further examined their involvement in melanogenesis and melanin transfer using fully matched primary cultures of adult human melanocytes and keratinocytes. BMP6 markedly stimulated melanogenesis by upregulating tyrosinase expression and activity, and also stimulated the formation of filopodia and Myosin-X expression in melanocytes, which was associated with increased melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes. BMP4, by contrast, inhibited melanin synthesis and transfer to below baseline levels. These findings were confirmed using siRNA knockdown of BMP receptors BMPR1A/1B or of Myosin-X, as well as by incubating cells with the antagonists noggin and sclerostin. While BMP6 was found to use the p38MAPK pathway to regulate melanogenesis in human melanocytes independently of the Smad pathway, p38MAPK, PI3-K and Smad pathways were all involved in BMP6-mediated melanin transfer. This suggests that pigment formation may be regulated independently of pigment transfer. These data reveal a complex involvement of regulation of different members of the BMP family, their antagonists and inhibitory Smads, in melanocytes behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman K Singh
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
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43
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Ando H, Niki Y, Ito M, Akiyama K, Matsui MS, Yarosh DB, Ichihashi M. Melanosomes are transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes through the processes of packaging, release, uptake, and dispersion. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:1222-9. [PMID: 22189785 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have described the role of shedding vesicles as physiological conveyers of intracellular components between neighboring cells. Here we report that melanosomes are one example of shedding vesicle cargo, but are processed by a previously unreported mechanism. Pigment globules were observed to be connected to the filopodia of melanocyte dendrites, which have previously been shown to be conduits for melanosomes. Pigment globules containing multiple melanosomes were released from various areas of the dendrites of normal human melanocytes derived from darkly pigmented skin. The globules were then captured by the microvilli of normal human keratinocytes, also derived from darkly pigmented skin, which incorporated them in a protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)-dependent manner. After the pigment globules were ingested by the keratinocytes, the membrane that surrounded each melanosome cluster was gradually degraded, and the individual melanosomes then spread into the cytosol and were distributed primarily in the perinuclear area of each keratinocyte. These results suggest a melanosome transfer pathway wherein melanosomes are transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes via the shedding vesicle system. This packaging system generates pigment globules containing multiple melanosomes in a unique manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Ando
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan.
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44
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Jung E, Hwang W, Kim S, Kim YS, Kim YS, Lee J, Park D. Depigmenting action of platycodin D depends on the cAMP/Rho-dependent signalling pathway. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:986-91. [PMID: 21995379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The overproduction and accumulation of melanin in the skin could lead to a pigmentary disorders, such as melasma, freckle, postinflammatory melanoderma and solar lentigo. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of platycodin D (PD) on melanogenesis and its action mechanisms. In this study, we found that PD significantly inhibited melanin synthesis at low concentrations. These effects were further demonstrated by the PD-induced inhibition of cAMP production, phosphorylation of the cAMP-response element-binding protein and expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and its downstream genes, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related proteins-1 and Dct/tyrosinase-related proteins-2, suggesting that PD inhibits melanogenesis through the downregulation of cAMP signalling. Furthermore, PD induced significant morphological changes in melanocytes, namely, the retraction of dendrites. A small GTPase assays revealed that PD stimulated an increase in GTP-bound Rho content, one of downstream molecules of cAMP, but not in Rac or CDC42 content. Moreover, a Rho inhibitor (C3 exoenzyme) and a Rho kinase inhibitor (Y27632) attenuated the dendrite retraction induced by PD. Taken together, these findings indicate that PD inhibits melanogenesis by inhibiting the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway and also suppresses melanocyte dendricity through activation of the Rho signal that is mediated by PD-induced reduction in cAMP production. Therefore, these results suggest that PD exerts its inhibitory effects on melanogenesis and melanocyte dendricity via suppression of cAMP signalling and may be introduced as an inhibitor of hyperpigmentation caused by UV irradiation or pigmented skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsun Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Seongnam City, Gyunggi Do, Korea Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Choi EJ, Kang YG, Kim J, Hwang JK. Macelignan inhibits melanosome transfer mediated by protease-activated receptor-2 in keratinocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:748-54. [PMID: 21532167 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is the result of melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a key mediator of melanosome transfer, which occurs as the melanocyte extends its dendrite toward surrounding keratinocytes that take up melanosomes by phagocytosis. We investigated the effects of macelignan isolated from Myristica fragrans HOUTT. (nutmeg) on melanosome transfer and the regulation of PAR-2 in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). HaCaT cells stimulated by the PAR-2-activating peptide Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-NH₂ (SLIGRL) were treated with macelignan; PAR-2 expression was then determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunocytochemistry. We evaluated the effects of macelignan on calcium mobilization and keratinocyte phagocytosis. In addition, B16F10 melanoma cells and keratinocytes were co-cultured to assess the effects of macelignan on prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) secretion and subsequent dendrite formation. Macelignan decreased HaCaT PAR-2 mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, macelignan markedly reduced intracellular calcium mobilization and significantly downregulated keratinocyte phagocytosis, as shown by decreased ingestion of Escherichia coli bioparticles and fluorescent microspheres. In co-culture experiments, macelignan reduced keratinocyte PGE₂ secretion, thereby preventing dendrite formation in B16F10 melanoma cells compared with SLIGRL-treated controls. Macelignan inhibits melanosome transfer by downregulating PAR-2, thereby reducing keratinocyte phagocytosis and PGE₂ secretion, which in turn inhibits dendrite formation in B16F10 melanoma cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that macelignan could be used as a natural depigmenting agent to ameliorate hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Japan
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Kasraee B, Pataky M, Nikolic DS, Carraux P, Piguet V, Salomon D, Sorg O, Saurat JH. A new spectrophotometric method for simple quantification of melanosomal transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:938-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Epidermal Keratinocytes from Light vs. Dark Skin Exhibit Differential Degradation of Melanosomes. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1226-33. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Beaumont KA, Hamilton NA, Moores MT, Brown DL, Ohbayashi N, Cairncross O, Cook AL, Smith AG, Misaki R, Fukuda M, Taguchi T, Sturm RA, Stow JL. The recycling endosome protein Rab17 regulates melanocytic filopodia formation and melanosome trafficking. Traffic 2011; 12:627-43. [PMID: 21291502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rab GTPases including Rab27a, Rab38 and Rab32 function in melanosome maturation or trafficking in melanocytes. A screen to identify additional Rabs involved in these processes revealed the localization of GFP-Rab17 on recycling endosomes (REs) and melanosomes in melanocytic cells. Rab17 mRNA expression is regulated by microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), a characteristic of known pigmentation genes. Rab17 siRNA knockdown in melanoma cells quantitatively increased melanosome concentration at the cell periphery. Rab17 knockdown did not inhibit melanosome maturation nor movement, but it caused accumulation of melanin inside cells. Double knockdown of Rab17 and Rab27a indicated that Rab17 acts on melanosomes downstream of Rab27a. Filopodia are known to play a role in melanosome transfer, and in Rab17 knockdown cells filopodia formation was inhibited. Furthermore, we show that stimulation of melanoma cells with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone induces filopodia formation, supporting a role for filopodia in melanosome release. Cell stimulation also caused redistribution of REs to the periphery, and knockdown of additional RE-associated Rabs 11a and 11b produced a similar accumulation of melanosomes and melanin to that seen after loss of Rab17. Our findings reveal new functions for RE and Rab17 in pigmentation through a distal step in the process of melanosome release via filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Beaumont
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072 QLD, Australia
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Kondo T, Hearing VJ. Update on the regulation of mammalian melanocyte function and skin pigmentation. EXPERT REVIEW OF DERMATOLOGY 2011; 6:97-108. [PMID: 21572549 PMCID: PMC3093193 DOI: 10.1586/edm.10.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the unique process of producing pigmented biopolymers that are sequestered within melanosomes, which provides color to the skin, hair and eyes of animals and, in the case of human skin, also protects the underlying tissues from UV damage. We review the current understanding of melanogenesis, focusing on factors important to the biochemistry of pigment synthesis, the biogenesis of melanosomes, signaling pathways and factors that regulate melanogenesis, intramelanosomal pH, transport and transfer of melanosomes, and pigmentary disorders related to the dysfunction of melanosome-related proteins. Although it has been known for some time that many of the factors that affect melanogenesis are derived from keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hormones, inflammatory cells and nerves, a number of new factors that are involved in that regulation have recently been reported, such as factors that regulate melanosome pH and ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kondo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vincent J Hearing
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Belleudi F, Purpura V, Scrofani C, Persechino F, Leone L, Torrisi MR. Expression and signaling of the tyrosine kinase FGFR2b/KGFR regulates phagocytosis and melanosome uptake in human keratinocytes. FASEB J 2010; 25:170-81. [PMID: 20844240 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-162156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane and actin cytoskeleton dynamics during phagocytosis can be triggered and amplified by the signal transduction of receptor tyrosine kinases. The epidermal keratinocytes appear to use the phagocytic mechanism of uptake to ingest melanosomes released by the melanocytes and play a pivotal role in the transfer process. We have previously demonstrated that the keratinocyte growth factor KGF/FGF7 promotes the melanosome uptake through activation of its receptor tyrosine kinase FGFR2b/KGFR. The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of KGFR expression, activation, and signaling in regulating the phagocytic process and the melanosome transfer. Phagocytosis was analyzed in vitro using fluorescent latex beads on human keratinocytes induced to differentiate. Melanosome transfer was investigated in keratinocyte-melanocyte cocultures. KGFR depletion by small interfering RNA microinjection and overexpression by transfection of wild type or defective mutant KGFR were performed to demonstrate the direct effect of the receptor on phagocytosis and melanosome transfer. Colocalization of the phagocytosed beads with the internalized receptors in phagolysosomes was analyzed by optical sectioning and 3-dimensional reconstruction. KGFR ligands triggered phagocytosis and melanosome transfer in differentiated keratinocytes, and receptor kinase activity and signaling were required for these effects, suggesting that FGFR2b/KGFR expression/activity and PLCγ signaling pathway play crucial roles in phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Belleudi
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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