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Dağ AD, Yanar K, Atayik MC, Simsek B, Belce A, Çakatay U. Early-adulthood caloric restriction is beneficial to improve renal redox status as future anti-aging strategy in rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 90:104116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Liu M, Yu T, Li M, Fang X, Hou B, Liu G, Wang J. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain promotes cell proliferation and phenotypic modulation through 14-3-3ε/YAP signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 147:35-48. [PMID: 32771410 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In response to vascular injury, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) may change from a contractile phenotype to a proliferative phenotype and consequently become conducive to neointima formation. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) was initially discovered as an endogenous apoptosis inhibitor, but whether ARC plays a role in VSMCs and whether it can participate in the regulation of atherosclerosis are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Protein and mRNA levels of ARC in tissues and cells were detected by western blot and quantitative real-time PCR. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the protein location, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect protein expression in tissues. VSMC proliferation was analysed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and EdU assays, while migration was assessed by Transwell assay. Mechanistically, the direct binding between two proteins was verified by immunoprecipitation. We found that ARC expression was stimulated in VSMCs during cell proliferation. Our results also showed that ARC promoted cell proliferation and induced phenotypic modulation of VSMCs in vitro and vivo. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that ARC increased the nuclear localization of Yes associated protein (YAP) by binding to 14-3-3ε and that ARC played a role in promoting cell proliferation and phenotypic modulation. Additionally, the transcription factor p53 negatively regulated ARC expression at the transcriptional level during cell proliferation and phenotypic modulation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings define a novel role for ARC in the phenotypic transition of proliferating VSMCs, which may provide a new strategy for regulating neointimal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo Hou
- Department of Cardiology, The affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gaoli Liu
- Department of Cardiac surgery, The affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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3
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Reduced Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice Deficient in Apoptosis Repressor with Caspase Recruitment Domain (ARC). Neuroscience 2019; 416:20-29. [PMID: 31356897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), the majority of newly generated cells are eliminated by apoptotic mechanisms. The apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), encoded by the Nol3 gene, is a potent and multifunctional death repressor that inhibits both death receptor and mitochondrial apoptotic signaling. The aim of the present study was to parse the role of ARC in the development of new granule cell neurons. Nol3 gene expression as revealed by in situ hybridization is present in the entire dentate granule cell layer. Moreover, a comparison of Nol3 expression between FACS-sorted Sox2-positive neural stem cells and Doublecortin (DCX)-positive immature neurons demonstrates upregulation of Nol3 during neurogenesis. Using ARC-deficient mice, we show that proliferation and survival of BrdU birth-dated cells are strongly reduced in the absence of ARC while neuronal-glial fate choice is not affected. Both the number of DCX-positive cells and the number of calretinin (CR)-positive immature postmitotic neurons are reduced in the hippocampus of ARC-/- mice. ARC knockout is not associated with increased numbers of microglia or with microglia activation. However, hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein content is significantly increased in ARC-/- mice, possibly representing a compensatory response. Collectively, our results suggest that ARC plays a critical cell-autonomous role in preventing cell death during adult granule cell neogenesis.
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4
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Argüelles S, Guerrero-Castilla A, Cano M, Muñoz MF, Ayala A. Advantages and disadvantages of apoptosis in the aging process. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1443:20-33. [PMID: 30839127 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Researchers cannot predict as yet how long a human being can live. Life expectancy has been steadily increasing in the last century, but perhaps not always the quality of life in parallel with it. Future generations will be faced with the problems of an increased life expectancy along with the emergence of new age-related diseases. A deeper understanding of the aging process is crucial to ameliorate, if not to prevent, these projected new old-age diseases. One of the mechanisms responsible for healthy aging is through the effective maintenance of physiological, biochemical, and immunological functions. To carry this out, the organism needs to create new cells to replace old ones and to induce the disappearance of old and damaged cells. Apoptosis is involved in all these processes. However, if apoptosis is dysregulated, premature senescence-associated diseases are likely to appear. In our review, the focus will be on a better understanding of the role of apoptosis in the aging process. These signaling pathways will most assuredly be pharmacologically targeted in antiaging medicine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Argüelles
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Cano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Mario F Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Ayala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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5
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Expression alterations of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain in Aβ25–35-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity. Neuroreport 2019; 30:1-7. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Giorgi C, Marchi S, Simoes IC, Ren Z, Morciano G, Perrone M, Patalas-Krawczyk P, Borchard S, Jȩdrak P, Pierzynowska K, Szymański J, Wang DQ, Portincasa P, Wȩgrzyn G, Zischka H, Dobrzyn P, Bonora M, Duszynski J, Rimessi A, Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Dobrzyn A, Szabadkai G, Zavan B, Oliveira PJ, Sardao VA, Pinton P, Wieckowski MR. Mitochondria and Reactive Oxygen Species in Aging and Age-Related Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 340:209-344. [PMID: 30072092 PMCID: PMC8127332 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been linked to several degenerative processes that, through the accumulation of molecular and cellular damage, can progressively lead to cell dysfunction and organ failure. Human aging is linked with a higher risk for individuals to develop cancer, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders. The understanding of the molecular basis of aging and associated diseases has been one major challenge of scientific research over the last decades. Mitochondria, the center of oxidative metabolism and principal site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, are crucial both in health and in pathogenesis of many diseases. Redox signaling is important for the modulation of cell functions and several studies indicate a dual role for ROS in cell physiology. In fact, high concentrations of ROS are pathogenic and can cause severe damage to cell and organelle membranes, DNA, and proteins. On the other hand, moderate amounts of ROS are essential for the maintenance of several biological processes, including gene expression. In this review, we provide an update regarding the key roles of ROS-mitochondria cross talk in different fundamental physiological or pathological situations accompanying aging and highlighting that mitochondrial ROS may be a decisive target in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ines C.M. Simoes
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ziyu Ren
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
- Maria Pia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Torino, Italy
| | - Mariasole Perrone
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paulina Patalas-Krawczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sabine Borchard
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paulina Jȩdrak
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Jȩdrzej Szymański
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Q. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Grzegorz Wȩgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pawel Dobrzyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Departments of Cell Biology and Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jerzy Duszynski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paulo J. Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Vilma A. Sardao
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Toth C, Funke S, Nitsche V, Liverts A, Zlachevska V, Gasis M, Wiek C, Hanenberg H, Mahotka C, Schirmacher P, Heikaus S. The role of apoptosis repressor with a CARD domain (ARC) in the therapeutic resistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC): the crucial role of ARC in the inhibition of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signalling. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:16. [PMID: 28464919 PMCID: PMC5414156 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) display broad resistance against conventional radio- and chemotherapies, which is due at least in part to impairments in both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. One important anti-apoptotic factor that is strongly overexpressed in RCCs and known to inhibit both apoptotic pathways is ARC (apoptosis repressor with a CARD domain). Methods Expression and subcellular distribution of ARC in RCC tissue samples and RCC cell lines were determined by immunohistochemistry and fluorescent immunohistochemistry, respectively. Extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis signalling were induced by TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), ABT-263 or topotecan. ARC knock-down was performed in clearCa-12 cells using lentiviral transduction of pGIPZ. shRNAmir constructs. Extrinsic respectively intrinsic apoptosis were induced by TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), ABT263 or topotecan. Potential synergistic effects were tested by pre-treatment with topotecan and subsequent treatment with ABT263. Activation of different caspases and mitochondrial depolarisation (JC-1 staining) were analysed by flow cytometry. Protein expression of Bcl-2 family members and ARC in RCC cell lines was measured by Western blotting. Statistical analysis was performed by Student’s t-test. Results Regarding the extrinsic pathway, ARC knockdown strongly enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis by increasing the activation level of caspase-8. Regarding the intrinsic pathway, ARC, which was only weakly expressed in the nuclei of RCCs in vivo, exerted its anti-apoptotic effect by impairing mitochondrial activation rather than inhibiting p53. Topotecan- and ABT-263-induced apoptosis was strongly enhanced following ARC knockdown in RCC cell lines. In addition, topotecan pre-treatment enhanced ABT-263-induced apoptosis and this effect was amplified in ARC-knockdown cells. Conclusion Taken together, our results are the first to demonstrate the importance of ARC protein in the inhibition of both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis in RCCs. In this context, ARC cooperates with anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members to exert its strong anti-apoptotic effects and is therefore an important factor not only in the therapeutic resistance but also in future therapy strategies (i.e., Bcl-2 inhibitors) in RCC. In sum, targeting of ARC may enhance the therapeutic response in combination therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Toth
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sarah Funke
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vanessa Nitsche
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Liverts
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Viktoriya Zlachevska
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcia Gasis
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, the Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research 702 Barnhill Dr, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Csaba Mahotka
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heikaus
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Guo X, Kimura A, Azuchi Y, Akiyama G, Noro T, Harada C, Namekata K, Harada T. Caloric restriction promotes cell survival in a mouse model of normal tension glaucoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33950. [PMID: 27669894 PMCID: PMC5037377 DOI: 10.1038/srep33950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. We previously reported that loss of glutamate transporters (EAAC1 or GLAST) in mice leads to RGC degeneration that is similar to normal tension glaucoma and these animal models are useful in examining potential therapeutic strategies. Caloric restriction has been reported to increase longevity and has potential benefits in injury and disease. Here we investigated the effects of every-other-day fasting (EODF), a form of caloric restriction, on glaucomatous pathology in EAAC1−/− mice. EODF suppressed RGC death and retinal degeneration without altering intraocular pressure. Moreover, visual impairment was ameliorated with EODF, indicating the functional significance of the neuroprotective effect of EODF. Several mechanisms associated with this neuroprotection were explored. We found that EODF upregulated blood β-hydroxybutyrate levels and increased histone acetylation in the retina. Furthermore, it elevated retinal mRNA expression levels of neurotrophic factors and catalase, whereas it decreased oxidative stress levels in the retina. Our findings suggest that EODF, a safe, non-invasive, and low-cost treatment, may be available for glaucoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Guo
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kimura
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Azuchi
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goichi Akiyama
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Noro
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Crystal structure of caspase recruiting domain (CARD) of apoptosis repressor with CARD (ARC) and its implication in inhibition of apoptosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9847. [PMID: 26038885 PMCID: PMC4453921 DOI: 10.1038/srep09847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruiting domain (ARC) is a multifunctional inhibitor of apoptosis that is unusually over-expressed or activated in various cancers and in the state of the pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, ARC might be an optimal target for therapeutic intervention. Human ARC is composed of two distinct domains, N-terminal caspase recruiting domain (CARD) and C-terminal P/E (proline and glutamic acid) rich domain. ARC inhibits the extrinsic apoptosis pathway by interfering with DISC formation. ARC CARD directly interacts with the death domains (DDs) of Fas and FADD, as well as with the death effector domains (DEDs) of procaspase-8. Here, we report the first crystal structure of the CARD domain of ARC at a resolution of 2.4 Å. Our structure was a dimer with novel homo-dimerization interfaces that might be critical to its inhibitory function. Interestingly, ARC did not exhibit a typical death domain fold. The sixth helix (H6), which was detected at the typical death domain fold, was not detected in the structure of ARC, indicating that H6 may be dispensable for the function of the death domain superfamily.
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Abstract
As noted in the separate introduction to this special topic section, episodic and electrical disorders can appear quite different clinically and yet share many overlapping features, including attack precipitants, therapeutic responses, natural history, and the types of genes that cause many of the genetic forms (i.e., ion channel genes). Thus, as we mapped and attempted to clone genes causing other episodic disorders, ion channels were always outstanding candidates when they mapped to the critical region of linkage in such a family. However, some of these disorders do not result from mutations in channels. This realization has opened up large and exciting new areas for the pathogenesis of these disorders. In some cases, the mutations occur in genes of unknown function or without understanding of molecular pathogenesis. Recently, emerging insights into a fascinating group of episodic movement disorders, the paroxysmal dyskinesias, and study of the causative genes and proteins are leading to the emerging concept of episodic electric disorders resulting from synaptic dysfunction. Much work remains to be done, but the field is evolving rapidly. As it does, we have come to realize that the molecular pathogenesis of electrical and episodic disorders is more complex than a scenario in which such disorders are simply due to mutations in the primary determinants of membrane excitability (channels).
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11
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Macerollo A, Mencacci NE, Erro R, Cordivari C, Edwards MJ, Wood NW, Bhatia KP. Screening of mutations in NOL3 in a myoclonic syndromes series. J Neurol 2014; 261:1830-1. [PMID: 25138476 PMCID: PMC4155162 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Ren HM, Ren J, Liu W. Recognition and control of the progression of age-related hearing loss. Rejuvenation Res 2014; 16:475-86. [PMID: 23915327 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs have provided notable insights into both the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for age-related hearing loss (ARHL). Simultaneously, these breakthroughs enhance our knowledge about this neurodegenerative disease and raise the question of whether the disorder is preventable or even treatable. Discoveries relating to ARHL have revealed a unique link between ARHL and the underlying pathologies. Therefore, we need to better understand the pathogenesis or the mechanism of ARHL and learn how to take full advantage of various therapeutic strategies to prevent the progression of ARHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Miao Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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13
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Gesing A, Wang F, List EO, Berryman DE, Masternak MM, Lewinski A, Karbownik-Lewinska M, Kopchick JJ, Bartke A. Expression of apoptosis-related genes in liver-specific growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mice is sex dependent. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:44-52. [PMID: 24550353 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a process that affects life span and health. Mice with liver-specific disruption of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene (ie, Ghr gene) liver-specific growth hormone receptor knockout [LiGHRKO] mice), as opposed to mice with global deletion of the Ghr gene (GHRKO; Ghr-/-), are characterized by severe hepatic steatosis and lack of improved insulin sensitivity. We have previously shown that levels of proapoptotic factors are decreased in long-lived and insulin-sensitive GHRKO mice. In the current study, expression of specific apoptosis-related genes was assessed in brains, kidneys, and livers of male and female LiGHRKO and wild-type mice using real-time PCR. In the brain, expression of Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Smac/DIABLO, and p53 was decreased in females compared with males. Renal expression of Caspase 3 and Noxa also decreased in female mice. In the liver, no differences were seen between males and females. Also, no significant genotype effects were detected in the examined organs. Lack of significant genotype effect in kidneys contrasts with previous observations in GHRKO mice. Apparently, global GHR deletion induces beneficial changes in apoptotic factors, whereas liver-specific GHR disruption does not. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism may play an important role in regulating apoptosis during liver-specific suppression of the somatotrophic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gesing
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield. Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
| | - Feiya Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Department of Specialty Medicine
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens
| | - Michal M Masternak
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando. Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewinski
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Poland. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield
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Walsh ME, Shi Y, Van Remmen H. The effects of dietary restriction on oxidative stress in rodents. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 66:88-99. [PMID: 23743291 PMCID: PMC4017324 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is observed during aging and in numerous age-related diseases. Dietary restriction (DR) is a regimen that protects against disease and extends life span in multiple species. However, it is unknown how DR mediates its protective effects. One prominent and consistent effect of DR in a number of systems is the ability to reduce oxidative stress and damage. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively examine the hypothesis that dietary restriction reduces oxidative stress in rodents by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, leading to an overall reduction of oxidative damage to macromolecules. The literature reveals that the effects of DR on oxidative stress are complex and likely influenced by a variety of factors, including sex, species, tissue examined, types of ROS and antioxidant enzymes examined, and duration of DR. Here we present a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the effect of DR on mitochondrial ROS generation, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative damage. In a majority of studies, dietary restriction had little effect on mitochondrial ROS production or antioxidant activity. On the other hand, DR decreased oxidative damage in the majority of cases. Although the effects of DR on endogenous antioxidants are mixed, we find that glutathione levels are the most likely antioxidant to be increased by dietary restriction, which supports the emerging redox-stress hypothesis of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Walsh
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Russell JF, Steckley JL, Coppola G, Hahn AFG, Howard MA, Kornberg Z, Huang A, Mirsattari SM, Merriman B, Klein E, Choi M, Lee HY, Kirk A, Nelson-Williams C, Gibson G, Baraban SC, Lifton RP, Geschwind DH, Fu YH, Ptáček LJ. Familial cortical myoclonus with a mutation in NOL3. Ann Neurol 2012; 72:175-83. [PMID: 22926851 PMCID: PMC3431191 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myoclonus is characterized by sudden, brief involuntary movements, and its presence is debilitating. We identified a family suffering from adult onset, cortical myoclonus without associated seizures. We performed clinical, electrophysiological, and genetic studies to define this phenotype. METHODS A large, 4-generation family with a history of myoclonus underwent careful questioning, examination, and electrophysiological testing. Thirty-five family members donated blood samples for genetic analysis, which included single nucleotide polymorphism mapping, microsatellite linkage, targeted massively parallel sequencing, and Sanger sequencing. In silico and in vitro experiments were performed to investigate functional significance of the mutation. RESULTS We identified 11 members of a Canadian Mennonite family suffering from adult onset, slowly progressive, disabling, multifocal myoclonus. Somatosensory evoked potentials indicated a cortical origin of the myoclonus. There were no associated seizures. Some severely affected individuals developed signs of progressive cerebellar ataxia of variable severity late in the course of their illness. The phenotype was inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. We demonstrated linkage to chromosome 16q21-22.1. We then sequenced all coding sequence in the critical region, identifying only a single cosegregating, novel, nonsynonymous mutation, which resides in the gene NOL3. Furthermore, this mutation was found to alter post-translational modification of NOL3 protein in vitro. INTERPRETATION We propose that familial cortical myoclonus is a novel movement disorder that may be caused by mutation in NOL3. Further investigation of the role of NOL3 in neuronal physiology may shed light on neuronal membrane hyperexcitability and pathophysiology of myoclonus and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Russell
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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16
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Ludwig-Galezowska AH, Flanagan L, Rehm M. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain, a multifunctional modulator of cell death. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:1044-53. [PMID: 21129150 PMCID: PMC3822617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a highly potent and multifunctional inhibitor of apoptosis that is physiologically expressed predominantly in post-mitotic cells such as cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle cells and neurons. ARC was also found to be up-regulated in many forms of malignant tumours. ARC impairs the cellular apoptotic responsiveness to a wide range of stresses and insults, including extrinsic apoptosis initiation via death receptor ligands, dysregulation of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress, genotoxic drugs, ionizing radiation, oxidative stress and hypoxia. ARC is subject to both transcriptional and post-translational regulation and exhibits its function through a multitude of molecular interactions with upstream transducers of apoptosis signals. This review summarizes, structures and comments on the published knowledge regarding ARC and its roles in modulating apoptotic cell death responsiveness in physiological and pathophysiological contexts.
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17
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Khanna A, Muthusamy S, Liang R, Sarojini H, Wang E. Gain of survival signaling by down-regulation of three key miRNAs in brain of calorie-restricted mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:223-36. [PMID: 21415464 PMCID: PMC3091518 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The decline in cognitive robustness with aging can be attributed to complex genetic pathways involving many cellular dysfunctions, cumulative over time, precipitating in frailty and loss of wellness in the elderly brain. The size and health of the neuronal cell population determines cognitive robustness in mammals. A transgenic mouse model over-expressing Bcl-2 has been shown to rescue neurons from naturally occurring cell death (NOCD). Here we show that in the brain of calorie-restricted (CR) mice, there is an age-dependent decreased expression of microRNAs mmu-miR-181a-1*, mmu-miR-30e and mmu-miR-34a, with a corresponding gain in Bcl-2 expression, and decreases in pro-apoptosis genes such as Bax and cleavage of Caspases. Functional characterization shows that these miRNAs repress Bcl-2 expression by the 3'UTR reporter assays, accompanied by loss of this gene's endogenous expression, and a gain in pro-apoptosome-specific proteins. Over-expression of these miRNAs increases the rate of apoptosis, accompanied by a decline in Bcl-2 expression in miRNA-transfected mouse and human cell lines. We report here that down-regulation of miR-34a, -30e, and -181a permits their shared target gene expression (Bcl-2) to remain at a high level without post-transcriptional repression, accompanied by concomitant low levels of Bax expression and Caspase cleaving; this chain event may be a part of the underlying mechanism contributing to the gain in neuronal survival in long-lived CR-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khanna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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18
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Streijger F, Plunet WT, Plemel JR, Lam CK, Liu J, Tetzlaff W. Intermittent Fasting in Mice Does Not Improve Hindlimb Motor Performance after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:1051-61. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Femke Streijger
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ward T. Plunet
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason Ryan Plemel
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Clarrie K. Lam
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jie Liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wolfram Tetzlaff
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Someya S, Tanokura M, Weindruch R, Prolla TA, Yamasoba T. Effects of caloric restriction on age-related hearing loss in rodents and rhesus monkeys. Curr Aging Sci 2010; 3:20-5. [PMID: 20298166 DOI: 10.2174/1874609811003010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (AHL), also known as presbycusis, is a universal feature of mammalian aging and is the most frequently occurring sensory disorder in the elderly population. AHL is characterized by a decline of auditory function and loss of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons in the cochlea of the inner ear. It has been postulated that AHL occurs gradually as a result of the cumulative effect with aging of exposure to noise, diet, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial DNA mutations. However, the molecular mechanisms of AHL remain unclear and no preventative or therapeutic interventions have been developed. A growing body of evidence suggests increased oxidative damage with aging to macromolecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids may play a causal role in aging and age-related diseases. Caloric restriction (CR) extends the lifespan of most mammalian species, delays the onset of multiple age-related diseases, and attenuates both the degree of oxidative damage and the associated decline in physiological function. Here, we review studies on CR's ability to prevent cochlear pathology and AHL in laboratory animals and discuss potential molecular mechanisms of CR's actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Someya
- Departments of Genetics & Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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20
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Plunet WT, Lam CK, Lee JHT, Liu J, Tetzlaff W. Prophylactic dietary restriction may promote functional recovery and increase lifespan after spinal cord injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1198 Suppl 1:E1-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Someya S, Prolla TA. Mitochondrial oxidative damage and apoptosis in age-related hearing loss. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:480-6. [PMID: 20434479 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (AHL) is a universal feature of mammalian aging and is the most common sensory disorder in the elderly population. Experimental evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a central role in the aging process of cochlear cells. Although it is well established that mitochondria are the major source of ROS in the cell, specific molecular mechanisms of aging induced by ROS remain poorly characterized. Here we review the evidence that supports a central role for Bak-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in AHL. We also propose that this mechanism may be of general relevance to age-related cell death in long-lived post-mitotic cells of multiple tissues, providing an opportunity for a targeted therapeutic intervention in human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Someya
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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22
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Joseph JA, Bielinski DF, Fisher DR. Blueberry treatment antagonizes C-2 ceramide-induced stress signaling in muscarinic receptor-transfected COS-7 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3380-3392. [PMID: 20178393 DOI: 10.1021/jf9039155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that muscarinic receptors (MAChRs) show loss of sensitivity in aging and AD and are selectively sensitive to oxidative stress (OS). Thus, COS-7 cells transfected (tn) with MAChR subtype M1 show > OS sensitivity [as reflected in the ability of the cell to extrude or sequester Ca(2+) following depolarization (recovery) by oxotremorine (oxo) and exposure to dopamine (DA) or amyloid beta (Abeta)] than M3-transfected COS-7 cells. Blueberry (BB) extract pretreatment prevented these deficits. Research has also indicated that C2 ceramide (Cer) has several age-related negative cellular effects (e.g., OS). When these cells were treated with Cer, the significant decrements in the ability of both types of tn cells to initially respond to oxo were antagonized by BB treatment. Present experiments assessed signaling mechanisms involved in BB protection in the presence or absence of DA, Abeta, and/or Cer in this model. Thus, control or BB-treated M1 and M3 tn COS-7 cells were exposed to DA or Abeta(42) in the presence or absence of Cer. Primarily, results showed that the effects of DA or Abeta(42) were to increase stress (e.g., PKCgamma, p38MAPK) and protective signals (e.g., pMAPK). Cer also appeared to raise several of the stress and protective signals in the absence of the other stressors, including PKCgamma, pJNK, pNfkappaB, p53, and p38MAPK, while not significantly altering MAPK, or Akt. pArc was, however, increased by Cer in both types of transfected cells. The protective effects of BB when combined with Cer generally showed greater protection when BB extract was applied prior to Cer, except for one protective signal (pArc) where a greater effect was seen in the M3 cells exposed to Abeta(42.) In the absence of the Abeta(42) or DA, for several of the stress signals (e.g., pNfkappaB, p53), BB lowered their Cer-induced increases in M1- and M3-transfected cells. We are exploring these interactions further, but it is clear that increases in ceramide, to the same levels as are seen in aging, can have profound effects on calcium clearance and signaling during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Joseph
- USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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23
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Patel BP, Safdar A, Raha S, Tarnopolsky MA, Hamadeh MJ. Caloric restriction shortens lifespan through an increase in lipid peroxidation, inflammation and apoptosis in the G93A mouse, an animal model of ALS. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9386. [PMID: 20195368 PMCID: PMC2827549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) extends lifespan through a reduction in oxidative stress, delays the onset of morbidity and prolongs lifespan. We previously reported that long-term CR hastened clinical onset, disease progression and shortened lifespan, while transiently improving motor performance in G93A mice, a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that shows increased free radical production. To investigate the long-term CR-induced pathology in G93A mice, we assessed the mitochondrial bioenergetic efficiency and oxidative capacity (CS--citrate synthase content and activity, cytochrome c oxidase--COX activity and protein content of COX subunit-I and IV and UCP3-uncoupling protein 3), oxidative damage (MDA--malondialdehyde and PC--protein carbonyls), antioxidant enzyme capacity (Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD and catalase), inflammation (TNF-alpha), stress response (Hsp70) and markers of apoptosis (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase 9, cleaved caspase 9) in their skeletal muscle. At age 40 days, G93A mice were divided into two groups: Ad libitum (AL; n = 14; 7 females) or CR (n = 13; 6 females), with a diet equal to 60% of AL. COX/CS enzyme activity was lower in CR vs. AL male quadriceps (35%), despite a 2.3-fold higher COX-IV/CS protein content. UCP3 was higher in CR vs. AL females only. MnSOD and Cu/Zn-SOD were higher in CR vs. AL mice and CR vs. AL females. MDA was higher (83%) in CR vs. AL red gastrocnemius. Conversely, PC was lower in CR vs. AL red (62%) and white (30%) gastrocnemius. TNF-alpha was higher (52%) in CR vs. AL mice and Hsp70 was lower (62%) in CR vs. AL quadriceps. Bax was higher in CR vs. AL mice (41%) and CR vs. AL females (52%). Catalase, Bcl-2 and caspases did not differ. We conclude that CR increases lipid peroxidation, inflammation and apoptosis, while decreasing mitochondrial bioenergetic efficiency, protein oxidation and stress response in G93A mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha P. Patel
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adeel Safdar
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mazen J. Hamadeh
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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24
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Richardson RB. Ionizing radiation and aging: rejuvenating an old idea. Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:887-902. [PMID: 20157573 PMCID: PMC2815743 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the contemporary evidence that radiation can accelerate aging, degenerative health effects and mortality. Around the 1960s, the idea that ionizing radiation caused premature aging was dismissed as the radiation-induced health effects appeared to be virtually confined to neoplasms. More recently, radiation has become associated with a much wider spectrum of age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease; although some diseases of old age, such as diabetes, are notably absent as a radiation risk. On the basis of recent research, is there a stronger case today to be made linking radiation and aging? Comparison is made between the now-known biological mechanisms of aging and those of radiation, including oxidative stress, chromosomal damage, apoptosis, stem cell exhaustion and inflammation. The association between radiation effects and the free-radical theory of aging as the causative hypothesis seems to be more compelling than that between radiation and the nutrient-sensing TOR pathway. Premature aging has been assessed by biomarkers in calorie restriction studies; yet, biomarkers such as telomere erosion and p16(INK4a) are ambiguous for radiation-induced aging. Some animal studies suggest low dose radiation may even demonstrate hormesis health benefits. Regardless, there is virtually no support for a life span extending hypothesis for A-bomb survivors and other exposed subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Richardson
- Radiation Protection Research and Instrumentation Branch, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada.
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25
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Siu PM, Wang Y, Alway SE. Apoptotic signaling induced by H2O2-mediated oxidative stress in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. Life Sci 2009; 84:468-81. [PMID: 19302811 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Apoptotic signaling proteins were evaluated in postmitotic skeletal myotubes to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress induced by H(2)O(2) activates both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptotic proteins in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. We hypothesized that oxidative stress would decrease anti-apoptotic protein levels in C2C12 myotubes. MAIN METHODS Apoptotic regulatory factors and apoptosis-associated proteins including Bcl-2, Bax, Apaf-1, XIAP, ARC, cleaved PARP, p53, p21(Cip1/Waf1), c-Myc, HSP70, CuZnSOD, and MnSOD protein content were measured by immunoblots. KEY FINDINGS H(2)O(2) induced apoptosis in myotubes as shown by DNA laddering and an elevation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Cell death ELISA showed increase in the extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation following treatment with H(2)O(2). Treatment with 4 mM of H(2)O(2) for 24 or 96 h caused increase in Bax (56%, 227%), cytochrome c (282%, 701%), Smac/DIABLO (155%, 260%), caspase-3 protease activity (51%, 141%), and nuclear and cytosolic p53 (719%, 1581%) levels in the myotubes. As an estimate of the mitochondrial AIF release to the cytosol, AIF protein content measured in the mitochondria-free cytosolic fraction was elevated by 65% after 96 h treatment with 4 mM of H(2)O(2). AIF measured in the nuclear protein fraction increased by 74% and 352% following treatment with 4 mM of H(2)O(2) for 24 and 96 h, respectively. Bcl-2 declined in myotubes by 61% and 69% after 24 or 96 h of treatment in 4 mM H(2)O(2), respectively. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate that both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent mechanisms are involved in coordinating the activation of apoptosis induced by H(2)O(2) in differentiated myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parco M Siu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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26
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Krumschnabel G, Sohm B, Bock F, Manzl C, Villunger A. The enigma of caspase-2: the laymen's view. Cell Death Differ 2008; 16:195-207. [PMID: 19023332 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis of cellular substrates by caspases (cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases) is one of the hallmarks of apoptotic cell death. Although the activation of apoptotic caspases is considered a 'late-stage' event in apoptosis signaling, past the commitment stage, one caspase family member, caspase-2, splits the cell death community into half - those searching for evidence of an apical initiator function of this molecule and those considering it as an amplifier of the apoptotic caspase cascade, at best, if relevant for apoptosis at all. This review screens past and present biochemical as well as genetic evidence for caspase-2 function in cell death signaling and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krumschnabel
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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27
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Involvement of oxidative stress and caspase 2-mediated intrinsic pathway signaling in age-related increase in muscle cell apoptosis in mice. Apoptosis 2008; 13:822-32. [PMID: 18461459 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has been implicated as a mechanism of loss of muscle cells in normal aging and plays an important role in age-related sarcopenia. To test the hypothesis that caspase 2 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated intrinsic pathway signaling contribute to skeletal muscle cell apoptosis in aging, we compared activation of caspase 2 and JNK and the in vivo expression of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts (4-HNE), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), BAX, and phospho-BCL-2 in gastrocnemius muscles of young (5 months old) and old (25 months old) mice. A distinct age-related increase in 4-HNE and iNOS expression was readily detected in mice. Increased oxidative stress and iNOS induction were further accompanied by a decrease in G6PDH expression, activation of caspase 2 and JNK, and inactivation of BCL-2 through phosphorylation at serine 70, and caspase 9 activation. Regression analysis further revealed that increased muscle cell death in aging was significantly correlated with changes in the levels of these molecules. Taken together, our data indicate that caspase 2 and JNK-mediated intrinsic pathway signaling is one of the mechanisms involved in age-related increase in muscle cell apoptosis.
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28
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de Magalhães JP, Faragher RGA. Cell divisions and mammalian aging: integrative biology insights from genes that regulate longevity. Bioessays 2008; 30:567-78. [PMID: 18478536 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent progress in the identification of genes that regulate longevity, aging remains a mysterious process. One influential hypothesis is the idea that the potential for cell division and replacement are important factors in aging. In this work, we review and discuss this perspective in the context of interventions in mammals that appear to accelerate or retard aging. Rather than focus on molecular mechanisms, we interpret results from an integrative biology perspective of how gene products affect cellular functions, which in turn impact on tissues and organisms. We review evidence suggesting that mutations that give rise to features resembling premature aging tend to be associated with cellular phenotypes such as increased apoptosis or premature replicative senescence. In contrast, many interventions in mice that extend lifespan and might delay aging, including caloric restriction, tend to either hinder apoptosis or result in smaller animals and thus may be the product of fewer cell divisions. Therefore, it appears plausible that changes in the number of times that cells, and particularly stem cells, divide during an organism's lifespan influence longevity and aging. We discuss possible mechanisms related to this hypothesis and propose experimental paradigms.
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Park SK, Page GP, Kim K, Allison DB, Meydani M, Weindruch R, Prolla TA. alpha- and gamma-Tocopherol prevent age-related transcriptional alterations in the heart and brain of mice. J Nutr 2008; 138:1010-8. [PMID: 18492827 PMCID: PMC2768425 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.6.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We used high-density oligonucleotide arrays to measure transcriptional alterations in the heart and brain (neocortex) of 30-mo-old B6C3F(1) mice supplemented with alpha-tocopherol (alphaT) and gamma-tocopherol (gammaT) since middle age (15 mo). Gene expression profiles were obtained from 5- and 30-mo-old control mice and 30-mo-old mice supplemented with alphaT (1 g/kg) or a mixture of alphaT and gammaT (500 mg/kg of each tocopherol) from middle age (15 mo). In the heart, both tocopherol-supplemented diets were effective in inhibiting the expression of genes previously associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and increased innate immunity. In the brain, induction of genes encoding ribosomal proteins and proteins involved in ATP biosynthesis was observed with aging and was markedly prevented by the mixture of alphaT and gammaT supplementation but not by alphaT alone. These results demonstrate that middle age-onset dietary supplementation with alphaT and gammaT can partially prevent age-associated transcriptional changes and that these effects are tissue and tocopherol specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyu Park
- Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Grier P. Page
- Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics and Clinical Nutrition Research Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics and Clinical Nutrition Research Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - David B. Allison
- Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics and Clinical Nutrition Research Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Mohsen Meydani
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Richard Weindruch
- Veterans Administration Hospital, Department of Medicine and Wisconsin Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Tomas A. Prolla
- Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
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Plunet WT, Streijger F, Lam CK, Lee JHT, Liu J, Tetzlaff W. Dietary restriction started after spinal cord injury improves functional recovery. Exp Neurol 2008; 213:28-35. [PMID: 18585708 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury typically results in limited functional recovery. Here we investigated whether therapeutic dietary restriction, a multi-faceted, safe, and clinically-feasible treatment, can improve outcome from cervical spinal cord injury. The well-established notion that dietary restriction increases longevity has kindled interest in its potential benefits in injury and disease. When followed for several months prior to insult, prophylactic dietary restriction triggers multiple molecular responses and improves outcome in animal models of stroke and myocardial infarction. However, the efficacy of the clinically-relevant treatment of post-injury dietary restriction is unknown. Here we report that "every-other-day fasting" (EODF), a form of dietary restriction, implemented after rat cervical spinal cord injury was neuroprotective, promoted plasticity, and improved behavioral recovery. Without causing weight loss, EODF improved gait-pattern, forelimb function during ladder-crossing, and vertical exploration. In agreement, EODF preserved neuronal integrity, dramatically reduced lesion volume by >50%, and increased sprouting of corticospinal axons. As expected, blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels, a ketone known to be neuroprotective, were increased by 2-3 fold on the fasting days. In addition, we found increased ratios of full-length to truncated trkB (receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor) in the spinal cord by 2-6 folds at both 5 days (lesion site) and 3 weeks after injury (caudal to lesion site) which may further enhance neuroprotection and plasticity. Because EODF is a safe, non-invasive, and low-cost treatment, it could be readily translated into the clinical setting of spinal cord injury and possibly other insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward T Plunet
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Hannan JL, Heaton JPW, Adams MA. Recovery of erectile function in aging hypertensive and normotensive rats using exercise and caloric restriction. J Sex Med 2007; 4:886-97. [PMID: 17627736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Using aging spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), we established that antihypertensive drugs can improve erections and penile vascular structure, and lower arterial pressure. Using kidney cross-transplantations, our findings revealed that the benefit of this treatment resulted from drug-induced changes specific to the penile circulation, and not to the kidney-mediated lowering of pressure. AIM The objective of the present study was to determine whether increased exercise and/or caloric restriction (CR) can reverse the decline in sexual responses in aging hypertensive and normotensive rats. METHODS From 30 to 40 weeks, food intake was restricted (10-40%), and SHR, Wistar, and Sprague-Dawley rats ran on treadmills (30 minutes/day, 5 days/week). Exercise was withdrawn at 40 weeks, and CR was stopped at 50 weeks. Using a separate group of older Wistars (56 weeks) and Sprague-Dawley rats (67 weeks), the effects of 10% CR or exercise plus 10-40% CR on erectile function were determined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Apomorphine-induced erectile responses and body weight were monitored weekly. RESULTS An age-related decline in erections was seen from 15 to 29 weeks of age in all strains. This decline paralleled increases in body weight, particularly in the normotensive strains. Exercise and CR induced a 10% weight loss in normotensive rats and improved erections in all animals. In SHR, increased erections occurred without decreasing body weight. Body weight and erectile responses were maintained by CR alone after exercise was withdrawn, but erectile function rapidly declined soon after CR was stopped and paralleled increases in body weight. In aged Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats treated with exercise and CR, erectile function was also significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS Similar to previous studies, erectile function progressively decreased with age in both hypertensive and normotensive rats. Erectile responses were found to be substantially improved by an intervention involving exercise and CR, but not necessarily involving weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Hannan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Skrovanek S, Valenzano MC, Mullin JM. Restriction of sulfur-containing amino acids alters claudin composition and improves tight junction barrier function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R1046-55. [PMID: 17567720 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00072.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Restriction of sulfur-containing amino acids (SCAA) has been shown to elicit a similar increase in life span and decrease in age-related morbidity as caloric restriction. The singular importance of epithelial barrier function in both physiological homeostasis and prevention of inflammation raised the issue of examining the effect of SCAA restriction on epithelial tight junction structure and permeability. Using a well-described in vitro, epithelial model, the LLC-PK(1) renal epithelial cell line, we studied the effects of SCAA restriction in culture medium. Reduction of methionine by 90%, cysteine by 50%, and total elimination of cystine resulted in dramatically lower intracellular pools of these amino acids and their metabolite, taurine, but the intracellular pools of the non-SCAA were all elevated. Cell growth and differentiation were maintained, and both confluent cell density and transepithelial short circuit current were unaffected. Certain tight junctional proteins, such as occludin and claudins-1 and -2 were not altered. However, claudins-3 and -7 were significantly decreased in abundance, whereas claudins-4 and -5 were markedly increased in abundance. The functional result of these structural changes was improved barrier function, as evidenced by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased transepithelial (paracellular) diffusion of D-mannitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Skrovanek
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
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Sanz A, Hiona A, Kujoth GC, Seo AY, Hofer T, Kouwenhoven E, Kalani R, Prolla TA, Barja G, Leeuwenburgh C. Evaluation of sex differences on mitochondrial bioenergetics and apoptosis in mice. Exp Gerontol 2006; 42:173-82. [PMID: 17118599 PMCID: PMC1817668 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been postulated that the differences in longevity observed between organisms of different sexes within a species can be attributed to differences in oxidative stress. It is generally accepted that differences are due to the higher female estrogen levels. However, in some species males live the same or longer despite their lower estrogen values. Therefore, in the present study, we analyze key parameters of mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress and apoptosis in the B6 (C57Bl/6J) mouse strain. There are no differences in longevity between males and females in this mouse strain, although estrogen levels are higher in females. We did not find any differences in heart, skeletal muscle and liver mitochondrial oxygen consumption (State 3 and State 4) and ATP content between male and female mice. Moreover, mitochondrial H(2)O(2) generation and oxidative stress levels determined by cytosolic protein carbonyls and concentration of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in mitochondrial DNA were similar in both sexes. In addition, markers of apoptosis (caspase-3, caspase-9 and mono- and oligonucleosomes: the apoptosis index) were not different between male and female mice. These data show that there are no differences in mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress and apoptosis due to gender in this mouse strain according with the lack of differences in longevity. These results support the Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging, and indicate that oxidative stress generation independent of estrogen levels determines aging rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sanz
- Department of Animal Physiology-II, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Navarro A, Boveris A. The mitochondrial energy transduction system and the aging process. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C670-86. [PMID: 17020935 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00213.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aged mammalian tissues show a decreased capacity to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation due to dysfunctional mitochondria. The mitochondrial content of rat brain and liver is not reduced in aging and the impairment of mitochondrial function is due to decreased rates of electron transfer by the selectively diminished activities of complexes I and IV. Inner membrane H(+) impermeability and F(1)-ATP synthase activity are only slightly affected by aging. Dysfunctional mitochondria in aged rodents are characterized, besides decreased electron transfer and O(2) uptake, by an increased content of oxidation products of phospholipids, proteins and DNA, a decreased membrane potential, and increased size and fragility. Free radical-mediated oxidations are determining factors of mitochondrial dysfunction and turnover, cell apoptosis, tissue function, and lifespan. Inner membrane enzyme activities, such as those of complexes I and IV and mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase, decrease upon aging and afford aging markers. The activities of these three enzymes in mice brain are linearly correlated with neurological performance, as determined by the tightrope and the T-maze tests. The same enzymatic activities correlated positively with mice survival and negatively with the mitochondrial content of lipid and protein oxidation products. Conditions that increase survival, as vitamin E dietary supplementation, caloric restriction, high spontaneous neurological activity, and moderate physical exercise, ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction in aged brain and liver. The pleiotropic signaling of mitochondrial H(2)O(2) and nitric oxide diffusion to the cytosol seems modified in aged animals and to contribute to the decreased mitochondrial biogenesis in old animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Plaza Fragela 9, 11003 Cádiz, Spain.
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36
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Abstract
Largely due to better control of infectious diseases and significant advances in biomedical research, life expectancy worldwide has increased dramatically in the last three decades. However, as the average age of the population has risen, the incidence of chronic age-related diseases such as arthritis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and late-onset diabetes have increased and have become serious public health problem, as well. The etiology of these disorders is still incompletely understood, therefore, neither preventive strategies nor long-term effective treatment modalities are available for these disorders. In keeping with the aforementioned, the ultimate goal in cardiovascular research is to prevent the onset of cardiovascular episodes and thereby allow successful ageing without morbidity and cognitive decline. Herein, I argue that cardiovascular episodes could be contained with relatively simple approaches. Cardiovascular disorder is characterized by cellular and molecular changes that are commonplace in age-related diseases in other organ system, such alterations include increased level of oxidative stress, perturbed energy metabolism, and "horror autotoxicus" largely brought about by the perturbation of ubiquitin -proteasome system, and excessive oxidative stress damage to the cardiac muscle cells and tissues, and cross-reactions of specific antibodies against human heat shock protein 60 with that of mycobacterial heat shock protein 65. "Horror autotoxicus", a Latin expression, is a term coined by Paul Ehrlich at the turn of the last century to describe autoimmunity to self, or the attack of "self" by immune system, which ultimately results to autoimmune condition. Based on the currently available data, the risk of cardiovascular episodes and several other age-related disorders, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease and diabetes, is known to be influenced by the nature and level of food intake. Now, a wealth of scientific data from studies of rodents and monkeys has documented the significant beneficial effects of calorie restriction (CR) or dietary restriction (DR), and multiple antioxidant agents in extending life span and reducing the incidence of progeroid-related diseases. Reduced levels of cellular oxidative stress, protection of genome from deleterious damage, detoxification of toxic molecules, and enhancement of energy homeostasis, contribute to the beneficial effects of dietary restriction and multiple antioxidant agents. Recent findings suggest that employment of DR and multiple antioxidant agents (including, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, CuZn superoxide dismutase, and Mn superoxide dismutase = enzymes forming the primary defense against oxygen toxicity), and ozone therapy may mount an effective resistance to pathogenic factors relevant to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular episodes. Hence, while further studies will be needed to establish the extent to which CR and multiple antioxidant agents will reduce incidence of cardiovascular episodes in humans, it would seem prudent to recommend CR and multiple antioxidant agents as widely applicable preventive approach for cardiovascular disorders and other progeroid-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okom Nkili F C Ofodile
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, AG: Theuring, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Strasse 3-4, Berlin, Germany.
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Someya S, Yamasoba T, Weindruch R, Prolla TA, Tanokura M. Caloric restriction suppresses apoptotic cell death in the mammalian cochlea and leads to prevention of presbycusis. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:1613-22. [PMID: 16890326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Presbycusis is characterized by an age-related progressive decline of auditory function, and arises mainly from the degeneration of hair cells or spiral ganglion (SG) cells in the cochlea. Here we show that caloric restriction suppresses apoptotic cell death in the mouse cochlea and prevents late onset of presbycusis. Calorie restricted (CR) mice, which maintained body weight at the same level as that of young control (YC) mice, retained normal hearing and showed no cochlear degeneration. CR mice also showed a significant reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive cells and cleaved caspase-3-positive cells relative to middle-age control (MC) mice. Microarray analysis revealed that CR down-regulated the expression of 24 apoptotic genes, including Bak and Bim. Taken together, our findings suggest that loss of critical cells through apoptosis is an important mechanism of presbycusis in mammals, and that CR can retard this process by suppressing apoptosis in the inner ear tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Someya
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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38
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Thrasivoulou C, Soubeyre V, Ridha H, Giuliani D, Giaroni C, Michael GJ, Saffrey MJ, Cowen T. Reactive oxygen species, dietary restriction and neurotrophic factors in age-related loss of myenteric neurons. Aging Cell 2006; 5:247-57. [PMID: 16842497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the mechanisms underlying nonpathological age-related neuronal cell death. Fifty per cent of neurons in the rat enteric nervous system are lost between 12 and 18 months of age in ad libitum (AL) fed rats. Caloric restriction (CR) protects almost entirely against this neuron loss. Using the ROS-sensitive dyes, dihydrorhodamine (DHR) and 2-[6-(4'-hydroxy)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid (HPF) in vitro, we show that the onset of cell death is linked with elevated intraneuronal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Treatment with the neurotrophic factors NT3 and GDNF enhances neuronal antioxidant defence in CR rats at 12-15 months and 24 months but not in adult or aged AL-fed animals. To examine the link between elevated ROS and neuronal cell death, we assessed apoptotic cell death following in vitro treatment with the redox-cycling drug, menadione. Menadione fails to increase apoptosis in 6-month neurons. However, in 12-15mAL fed rats, when age-related cell death begins, menadione induces a 7- to 15-fold increase in the proportion of apoptotic neurons. CR protects age-matched neurons against ROS-induced apoptosis. Treatment with neurotrophic factors, in particular GDNF, rescues neurons from menadione-induced cell death, but only in 12-15mCR animals. We hypothesize that CR enhances antioxidant defence through neurotrophic factor signalling, thereby reducing age-related increases in neuronal ROS levels and in ROS-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thrasivoulou
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Leslie M. Craving an answer. SCIENCE OF AGING KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT : SAGE KE 2006; 2006:nf7. [PMID: 16525190 DOI: 10.1126/sageke.2006.6.nf7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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40
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Sinclair DA. Toward a unified theory of caloric restriction and longevity regulation. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:987-1002. [PMID: 15893363 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The diet known as calorie restriction (CR) is the most reproducible way to extend the lifespan of mammals. Many of the early hypotheses to explain this effect were based on it being a passive alteration in metabolism. Yet, recent data from yeast, worms, flies, and mammals support the idea that CR is not simply a passive effect but an active, highly conserved stress response that evolved early in life's history to increase an organism's chance of surviving adversity. This perspective updates the evidence for and against the various hypotheses of CR, and concludes that many of them can be synthesized into a single, unifying hypothesis. This has important implications for how we might develop novel medicines that can harness these newly discovered innate mechanisms of disease resistance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sinclair
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Paster, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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41
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Siu PM, Bryner RW, Murlasits Z, Alway SE. Response of XIAP, ARC, and FLIP apoptotic suppressors to 8 wk of treadmill running in rat heart and skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:204-9. [PMID: 15774698 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00084.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been demonstrated that exercise training has an antiapoptotic effect on postmitotic myocytes, the mechanisms responsible for this effect are still largely unclear. Because the antiapoptotic effect of exercise training in postmitotic myocytes could be possibly mediated by the upregulation of apoptotic suppressors, this study examined the effect of endurance training on endogenous apoptotic suppressors including X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), apoptosis repressor with caspases recruitment domain protein (ARC), and FADD-like inhibitor protein (FLIP) in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Eight adult Sprague-Dawley rats were trained 5 days weekly for 8 wk on treadmill, and eight sedentary rats served as controls. Soleus and ventricle muscles were dissected 2 days after the last training session. The mRNA content of XIAP, ARC, and FLIP was estimated by RT-PCR with ribosomal 18S RNA used as an internal control. The protein expression of XIAP, ARC, FLIP(S), and FLIP(alpha) was assessed by Western immunoblot. After training, mRNA content of ARC and FLIP was not different between the control and trained animals, whereas XIAP mRNA content was elevated by 22 and 14% in the trained soleus and cardiac muscles, respectively, relative to the control samples. No difference was found in the protein content of FLIP(S) and FLIP(alpha) between control and trained muscles, whereas XIAP and ARC protein content was increased by 18 and 38%, respectively, in the soleus muscle of trained animals. Furthermore, negative relationships were found between XIAP and apoptotic DNA fragmentation as well as ARC and caspase-3 activity. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the modulation of apoptotic suppressors is involved in training-induced attenuation of apoptosis in skeletal and cardiac muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parco M Siu
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV 26506-9227, USA
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Hiona A, Leeuwenburgh C. Effects of age and caloric restriction on brain neuronal cell death/survival. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1019:96-105. [PMID: 15247000 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1297.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aging may pose a challenge to the central nervous system, increasing its susceptibility to apoptotic events. Recent findings indicate that caloric restriction (CR) may have a profound effect on brain function and vulnerability to injury and diseases, by enhancing neuroprotection, stimulating the production of new neurons, and increasing synaptic plasticity. Apoptosis and apoptotic regulatory proteins in the brain frontal cortex of 6-month-old ad libitum fed (6AD), 26-month-old ad libitum fed (26AD), and 26-month-old caloric-restricted (26CR) male Fischer 344 rats (40% restriction compared to ad libitum fed) were investigated. Levels of Poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP-DNA repair enzyme; its cleaved 89 kDA fragment is a marker of apoptosis), cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments, and X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP--an endogenous apoptosis inhibitor) were determined. A significant age-associated increase in PARP was found, which was ameliorated in the frontal cortices of the CR rats. No significant differences in cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments with age or with CR were observed. XIAP levels significantly increased with age in the brains of the ad libitum animals, while CR animals exhibited the highest levels of this inhibitor compared to all groups. Our findings suggest that caloric restriction may provide neuroprotection to the aging brain by preserving DNA repair enzymes in their intact form, and/or upregulating specific antiapoptotic proteins involved in neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Hiona
- University of Florida, Biochemistry of Aging Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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43
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Monti B, Virgili M, Contestabile A. Alterations of markers related to synaptic function in aging rat brain, in normal conditions or under conditions of long-term dietary manipulation. Neurochem Int 2004; 44:579-84. [PMID: 15016472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Revised: 08/21/2003] [Accepted: 10/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurochemical alterations of markers related to synaptic function are potential candidates for age-related impairment of brain function and cognition. The process of aging, including brain aging, can be counteracted to some degree by maintaining animals in long-term conditions of caloric restriction, or supplementing their diet with antioxidant substances. We report here that the age-related decline of the cholinergic and GABAergic systems, that takes place in some CNS regions of aged rats, is not affected by maintaining them under conditions of dietary restriction and, therefore, of reduced calorie intake, from the 12th to the 30th month of age. We also notice the same lack of effect by adding, during the same period, the aging rat diet with the potential antioxidant substance, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The same dietary manipulations are also unable to counteract the derangement of the first step of the main biosynthetic pathway for polyamines, putative neuromodulators in the CNS, that occurs in the aged spinal cord. Some age-related alterations in the expression of different subunits of the NMDA-type glutamate receptors in some CNS regions of aged rats were instead, at least in some cases, counteracted by long-term dietary manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Monti
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna 40126, Italy
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44
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Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Koller A, Edwards JG, Kaley G. Proinflammatory phenotype of coronary arteries promotes endothelial apoptosis in aging. Physiol Genomics 2004; 17:21-30. [PMID: 15020720 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00136.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that aging in coronary arteries is associated with proinflammatory phenotypic changes and decreased NO bioavailability, which, we hypothesized, promotes vascular disease by enhancing endothelial apoptosis. To test this hypothesis we characterized proapoptotic alterations in the phenotype of coronary arteries of aged (26 mo old) and young (3 mo old) F344 rats. DNA fragmentation analysis and TUNEL assay showed that in aged vessels there was an approximately fivefold increase in the number of apoptotic endothelial cells. In aged coronary arteries there was an increased expression of TNFα, TNFβ, and caspase 9 (microarray, real-time PCR), as well as increased caspase 9 and caspase 3 activity, whereas expression of TNFR1, TNFα-converting enzyme (TACE), Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), Bid, Bax, caspase 8, and caspase 3 were unchanged. In vessel culture (18 h) incubation of aged coronary arteries with a TNF blocking antibody or the NO donor S-nitroso-penicillamine (SNAP) decreased apoptotic cell death. Incubation of young arteries with exogenous TNFα increased caspase 9 activity and elicited endothelial apoptosis, which was attenuated by SNAP. Inhibition of NO synthesis in cultured young coronary arteries also induced apoptotic cell death and potentiated the apoptotic effect of TNFα. Thus we propose that age-related upregulation of TNFα and caspase 9 and decreased bioavailability of NO promote endothelial apoptosis in coronary arteries that may lead to impaired endothelial function and ischemic heart disease in the elderly.
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MESH Headings
- ADAM Proteins
- ADAM17 Protein
- Aging/genetics
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Vessels/chemistry
- Coronary Vessels/cytology
- Coronary Vessels/enzymology
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- DNA/immunology
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA Fragmentation/genetics
- Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling/methods
- Inflammation/enzymology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Metalloendopeptidases/biosynthesis
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Csiszar
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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45
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Contestabile A, Ciani E, Contestabile A. Dietary restriction differentially protects from neurodegeneration in animal models of excitotoxicity. Brain Res 2004; 1002:162-6. [PMID: 14988047 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reduced caloric intake obtained through long-term dietary restriction has been found beneficial in some animal models of neurodegeneration. We report here that rats maintained under dietary restriction from the second to the eighth month of age are fully protected towards degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus and the olfactory-entorhinal cortex caused by systemic administration of the convulsant toxin, kainic acid. However, in a different model of excitotoxic neurodegeneration, injection of ibotenic acid in the forebrain magnocellular basal nucleus, the decrease of a cholinergic marker in the target areas of the cortex was only partially protected by dietary restriction. Thus, in different experimental models neurodegeneration can be differentially rescued by dietary restriction. Analysis of alterations in the expression of relevant genes in different experimental conditions, could help in better understanding these differences.
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46
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Thompson HJ, Zhu Z, Jiang W. Identification of the Apoptosis Activation Cascade Induced in Mammary Carcinomas by Energy Restriction. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1541-5. [PMID: 14973070 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Energy restriction (ER) inhibits mammary carcinogenesis and results in a marked reduction in tumor size, effects likely to be explained by ER-mediated induction of apoptosis. The goal of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism(s) accounting for apoptosis induction. To do this, chemically induced mammary carcinomas were evaluated from rats that were ad libitum fed (control), 40% ER, or 40% ER but energy repleted for 7 days before study termination (ER-REP); the ER-REP group permitted the determination of the reversibility of ER-mediated effects. Cleaved products of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 were elevated by ER (P < 0.025) providing biochemical evidence of apoptosis induction. cDNA microarray analysis identified the Bcl-2, CARD, and IAP functional gene groupings as being involved in apoptosis induction. Consistent with the microarray data, the activities of caspases 9 and 3 were observed to be approximately 2-fold higher in carcinomas from ER rats (P < or =0.01), whereas caspase 8 activity was similar in carcinomas from all three of the groups. This evidence that ER-induced apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial pathway was additionally supported by the finding that levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and XIAP protein were significantly lower (P < 0.01), and levels of Bax and Apaf-1 were elevated (P < 0.02) in ER carcinomas versus those carcinomas from control or ER-REP rats. Additional studies revealed that Akt phosphorylation (activation) was reduced in mammary carcinomas from ER rats. Thus, it appears that ER induces apoptosis in mammary carcinomas via a cell survival factor-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, 1173 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Drew B, Leeuwenburgh C. Method for measuring ATP production in isolated mitochondria: ATP production in brain and liver mitochondria of Fischer-344 rats with age and caloric restriction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R1259-67. [PMID: 12855419 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00264.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The production of ATP is vital for muscle contraction, chemiosmotic homeostasis, and normal cellular function. Many studies have measured ATP content or qualitative changes in ATP production, but few have quantified ATP production in vivo in isolated mitochondria. Because of the importance of understanding the energy capacity of mitochondria in biology, physiology, cellular dysfunction, and ultimately, disease pathologies and normal aging, we modified a commercially available bioluminescent ATP determination assay for quantitatively measuring ATP content and rate of ATP production in isolated mitochondria. The bioluminescence assay is based on the reaction of ATP with recombinant firefly luciferase and its substrate luciferin. The stabilities of the reaction mixture as well as relevant ATP standards were quantified. The luminescent signals of the reaction mixture and a 0.5 microM ATP standard decreased linearly at rates of 2.16 and 1.39% decay/min, respectively. For a 25 microM ATP standard, the luminescent signal underwent a logarithmic decay, due to intrinsic deviations from the Beer-Lambert law. Moreover, to test the functionality of isolated mitochondria, they were incubated with 1 and 5 mM oligomycin, an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. The rate of ATP production in the mitochondria declined by 34 and 83%, respectively. Due to the sensitivity and stability of the assay and methodology, we were able to quantitatively measure in vivo the effects of age and caloric restriction on the ATP content and production in isolated mitochondria from the brain and liver of young and old Fischer-344 rats. In both tissues, neither age nor caloric restriction had any significant effect on the ATP content or the rate of ATP production. This study introduces a highly sensitive, reproducible, and quick methodology for measuring ATP in isolated mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Drew
- Univ. of Florida, Biochemistry of Aging Laboratory, P.O. Box 118206, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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