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Oldak L, Basa A, Milewska P, Chludzinska-Kasperuk S, Starosz A, Grubczak K, Kobus K, Reszec-Gielazyn J, Gorodkiewicz E. Preliminary studies on changes in the amount of tryptophan metabolites in human glioma tissues. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1327:343149. [PMID: 39266061 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have developed and validated methods for the determination of three major tryptophan metabolites metabolized by the kynurenine pathway, namely kynurenine (KYN), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA). KYN and 3-HK were determined using RP-HPLC-UV, and 3-HAA using RP-HPLC-FL. We then developed a comparative method based on CE-UV. The developed methods were validated and 36 samples of human brain glioma tissue homogenates were assayed in all 4 grades of malignancy, and the concentration levels of assayed metabolites were compared with available clinical data. RESULTS Each of the methods is characterized by high precision, accuracy and repeatability, and the determined LOQ values indicate the possibility of performing quantitative analysis on the available samples of human glioma tumors (36 samples in grades G1-G4). The concentration values of selected metabolites obtained using HPLC methods were subjected to statistical analysis and preliminary clinical data processing. We found statistically significant differences in the concentrations of KYN, 3-HK and 3-HAA between the various grades of the disease, and characterized these differences more precisely by means of the Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc test. We did not find that the patient's environment or habits significantly affected the metabolites concentration of the study samples population. In addition, we showed a high positive correlation between KYN, 3-HK and 3-HAA, which appears to be a characteristic that describes metabolic changes of Trp in relation to KYN, 3-HK and 3-HAA, and indicates potential diagnostic value. SIGNIFICANCE The preliminary studies carried out contribute new knowledge on the molecular basis of human brain glioma. They also provide valuable information useful for the development of glioma diagnostics, differentiation of disease grades and assessment of the patient's condition. The obtained relationships between metabolite concentrations and the grade of malignancy of the disease and correlations between metabolite concentrations constitute the basis for further broader biochemical and clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Oldak
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Basa
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Milewska
- Biobank, Biobank at Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | - Aleksandra Starosz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Kamil Grubczak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Kobus
- Private Surgical Clinic in Bialystok, Dr. Kobus Chirurgia, Fabryczna 20, 15-482, Poland.
| | - Joanna Reszec-Gielazyn
- Biobank, Biobank at Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Medical Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Gorodkiewicz
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland.
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Carrillo-Mora P, Landa-Solís C, Valle-Garcia D, Luna-Angulo A, Avilés-Arnaut H, Robles-Bañuelos B, Sánchez-Chapul L, Rangel-López E. Kynurenines and Inflammation: A Remarkable Axis for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:983. [PMID: 39204088 PMCID: PMC11356993 DOI: 10.3390/ph17080983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune neurological disease characterized by the recurrent appearance of demyelinating lesions and progressive disability. Currently, there are multiple disease-modifying treatments, however, there is a significant need to develop new therapeutic targets, especially for the progressive forms of the disease. This review article provides an overview of the most recent studies aimed at understanding the inflammatory processes that are activated in response to the accumulation of kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites, which exacerbate an imbalance between immune system cells (e.g., Th1, Th2, and T reg) and promote the release of pro-inflammatory interleukins that modulate different mechanisms: membrane-receptors function; nuclear factors expression; and cellular signals. Together, these alterations trigger cell death mechanisms in brain cells and promote neuron loss and axon demyelination. This hypothesis could represent a remarkable approach for disease-modifying therapies for MS. Here, we also provide a perspective on the repositioning of some already approved drugs involved in other signaling pathways, which could represent new therapeutic strategies for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Carrillo-Mora
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Institute of Rehabilitation “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Landa-Solís
- Tissue Engineering, Cell Therapy, and Regenerative Medicine Unit, National Institute of Rehabilitation “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - David Valle-Garcia
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Alexandra Luna-Angulo
- Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Institute of Rehabilitation “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - Hamlet Avilés-Arnaut
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Nuevo León 66455, Mexico;
| | - Benjamín Robles-Bañuelos
- Cell Reprogramming Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Laura Sánchez-Chapul
- Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Institute of Rehabilitation “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Rangel-López
- Cell Reprogramming Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
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3
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Wang H, Wu J, Wei H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang DW. Increased Tryptophan Catabolism Provides Predictive Value to Chronic Heart Failure Patients with Low-Grade Inflammation. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02100-8. [PMID: 39012560 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (KTR), which serves as an indicator for evaluating indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activity and inflammation, has been reported to be linked with cardiovascular incidences. However, its correlation with cardiovascular outcomes in patients suffering from heart failure (HF) remains to be explored. The objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of KTR in HF. The concentration of tryptophan and kynurenine were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the KTR value was calculated in a population of 3150 HF patients. The correlation between plasma KTR levels and the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events was evaluated for its prognostic value. We also assessed the role of KTR in addition to the classic inflammatory biomarker hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in different subtypes of HF. We found that increased KTR levels were associated with an elevated risk and severity of the primary endpoints in different subtypes of HF. The simultaneous evaluation of KTR and hs-CRP levels enhanced risk categorization among HF patients. Furthermore, the KTR index presented complementary prognostic value for those HF patients with low-grade inflammation (hs-CRP ≤ 6 mg/L). Our results indicated plasma KTR is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. Plasma KTR levels in patients with HF can provide both concurrent and complementary prognostic value to hs-CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Junfang Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China.
| | - Haoran Wei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinhui Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China.
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4
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Wakasugi K, Yokosawa T. The high-affinity tryptophan uptake transport system in human cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1149-1158. [PMID: 38813870 PMCID: PMC11346423 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The L-tryptophan (Trp) transport system is highly selective for Trp with affinity in the nanomolar range. This transport system is augmented in human interferon (IFN)-γ-treated and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-expressing cells. Up-regulated cellular uptake of Trp causes a reduction in extracellular Trp and initiates immune suppression. Recent studies demonstrate that both IDO1 and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS), whose expression levels are up-regulated by IFN-γ, play a pivotal role in high-affinity Trp uptake into human cells. Furthermore, overexpression of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) elicits a similar effect as IDO1 on TrpRS-mediated high-affinity Trp uptake. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding this Trp uptake system and put forward a possible molecular mechanism based on Trp deficiency induced by IDO1 or TDO2 and tryptophanyl-AMP production by TrpRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Wakasugi
- Komaba Organization for Educational Excellence, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takumi Yokosawa
- Komaba Organization for Educational Excellence, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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5
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Sheibani M, Shayan M, Khalilzadeh M, Soltani ZE, Jafari-Sabet M, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. Kynurenine pathway and its role in neurologic, psychiatric, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10409-10425. [PMID: 37848760 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway is of central importance for the immune function. It prevents hyperinflammation and induces long-term immune tolerance. Accumulating evidence also demonstrates cytoprotective and immunomodulatory properties of kynurenine pathway in conditions affecting either central or peripheral nervous system as well as other conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although multilevel association exists between the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and various neurologic (e.g., neurodegenerative) disorders, it is believed that the kynurenine pathway plays a pivotal role in the development of both IBD and neurodegenerative disorders. In this setting, there is strong evidence linking the gut-brain axis with intestinal dysfunctions including IBD which is consistent with the fact that the risk of neurodegenerative diseases is higher in IBD patients. This review aims to highlight the role of kynurenine metabolic pathway in various neurologic and psychiatric diseases as well as relationship between IBD and neurodegenerative disorders in the light of the kynurenine metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sheibani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Razi Drug Research Centre, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MS, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Khalilzadeh
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MS, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebrahim Soltani
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MS, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Jafari-Sabet
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Razi Drug Research Centre, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA, 01803, USA.
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MS, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Tichauer JE, Arellano G, Acuña E, González LF, Kannaiyan NR, Murgas P, Panadero-Medianero C, Ibañez-Vega J, Burgos PI, Loda E, Miller SD, Rossner MJ, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Naves R. Interferon-gamma ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing homeostatic adaptation of microglia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1191838. [PMID: 37334380 PMCID: PMC10272814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1191838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence has shown that interferon (IFN)-γ has dual effects in multiple sclerosis and in its animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), with results supporting both a pathogenic and beneficial function. However, the mechanisms whereby IFN-γ may promote neuroprotection in EAE and its effects on central nervous system (CNS)-resident cells have remained an enigma for more than 30 years. In this study, the impact of IFN-γ at the peak of EAE, its effects on CNS infiltrating myeloid cells (MC) and microglia (MG), and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms were investigated. IFN-γ administration resulted in disease amelioration and attenuation of neuroinflammation associated with significantly lower frequencies of CNS CD11b+ myeloid cells and less infiltration of inflammatory cells and demyelination. A significant reduction in activated MG and enhanced resting MG was determined by flow cytometry and immunohistrochemistry. Primary MC/MG cultures obtained from the spinal cord of IFN-γ-treated EAE mice that were ex vivo re-stimulated with a low dose (1 ng/ml) of IFN-γ and neuroantigen, promoted a significantly higher induction of CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells associated with increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β secretion. Additionally, IFN-γ-treated primary MC/MG cultures produced significantly lower nitrite in response to LPS challenge than control MC/MG. IFN-γ-treated EAE mice had a significantly higher frequency of CX3CR1high MC/MG and expressed lower levels of program death ligand 1 (PD-L1) than PBS-treated mice. Most CX3CR1highPD-L1lowCD11b+Ly6G- cells expressed MG markers (Tmem119, Sall2, and P2ry12), indicating that they represented an enriched MG subset (CX3CR1highPD-L1low MG). Amelioration of clinical symptoms and induction of CX3CR1highPD-L1low MG by IFN-γ were dependent on STAT-1. RNA-seq analyses revealed that in vivo treatment with IFN-γ promoted the induction of homeostatic CX3CR1highPD-L1low MG, upregulating the expression of genes associated with tolerogenic and anti-inflammatory roles and down-regulating pro-inflammatory genes. These analyses highlight the master role that IFN-γ plays in regulating microglial activity and provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the therapeutic activity of IFN-γ in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E. Tichauer
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Arellano
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eric Acuña
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F. González
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nirmal R. Kannaiyan
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paola Murgas
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jorge Ibañez-Vega
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula I. Burgos
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology , School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eileah Loda
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Moritz J. Rossner
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter J. Gebicke-Haerter
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Naves
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Lashgari NA, Roudsari NM, Shayan M, Niazi Shahraki F, Hosseini Y, Momtaz S, Abdolghaffari AH. IDO/Kynurenine; novel insight for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 2023; 166:156206. [PMID: 37120946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, neurological diseases, and inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Inflammatory mediators such as interleukins (ILs), interferons (INF-s), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are related to an extended chance of inflammatory diseases initiation or progression due to the over expression of the nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer of activators of transcription (STAT), nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP), toll-like receptors (TLR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. These pathways are completely interconnected. Theindoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) subset of the kynurenine (KYN) (IDO/KYN), is a metabolic inflammatory pathway involved in production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ). It has been shown that IDO/KYN actively participates in inflammatory processes and can increase the secretion of cytokines that provoke inflammatory diseases. Data were extracted from clinical and animal studies published in English between 1990-April 2022, which were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane library. IDO/KYN is completely associated with inflammatory-related pathways, thus leading to the production of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and ultimately development and progression of various inflammatory disorders. Inhibition of the IDO/KYN pathway might be a novel therapeutic option for inflammatory diseases. Herein, we gathered data on probable interactions of the IDO/KYN pathway with induction of some inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Niazi Shahraki
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasamin Hosseini
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Silva-Parra J, Sandu C, Felder-Schmittbuhl MP, Hernández-Kelly LC, Ortega A. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Glia Cells: A Plausible Glutamatergic Neurotransmission Orchestrator. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:103-117. [PMID: 36607593 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory amino acid in the vertebrate brain. Glutamatergic signaling is involved in most of the central nervous system functions. Its main components, namely receptors, ion channels, and transporters, are tightly regulated at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels through a diverse array of extracellular signals, such as food, light, and neuroactive molecules. An exquisite and well-coordinated glial/neuronal bidirectional communication is required for proper excitatory amino acid signal transactions. Biochemical shuttles such as the glutamate/glutamine and the astrocyte-neuronal lactate represent the fundamental involvement of glial cells in glutamatergic transmission. In fact, the disruption of any of these coordinated biochemical intercellular cascades leads to an excitotoxic insult that underlies some aspects of most of the neurodegenerative diseases characterized thus far. In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive summary of the involvement of the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a ligand-dependent transcription factor in the gene expression regulation of glial glutamate transporters. These receptors might serve as potential targets for the development of novel strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janisse Silva-Parra
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, CDMX, México
| | - Cristina Sandu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Paule Felder-Schmittbuhl
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luisa C Hernández-Kelly
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, CDMX, México
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, CDMX, México.
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9
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Odabasi M, Yazici S, Ozkaya G, Baskan E, Oral A. Serum indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase level and diagnostic value in patients with rosacea. DERMATOL SIN 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/ds.ds-d-22-00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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10
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Klaessens S, Stroobant V, De Plaen E, Van den Eynde BJ. Systemic tryptophan homeostasis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:897929. [PMID: 36188218 PMCID: PMC9515494 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.897929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which is not only a building block for protein synthesis, but also a precursor for the biosynthesis of co-enzymes and neuromodulators, such as NAD/NADP(H), kynurenic acid, melatonin and serotonin. It also plays a role in immune homeostasis, as local tryptophan catabolism impairs T-lymphocyte mediated immunity. Therefore, tryptophan plasmatic concentration needs to be stable, in spite of large variations in dietary supply. Here, we review the main checkpoints accounting for tryptophan homeostasis, including absorption, transport, metabolism and elimination, and we discuss the physiopathology of disorders associated with their dysfunction. Tryptophan is catabolized along the kynurenine pathway through the action of two enzymes that mediate the first and rate-limiting step of the pathway: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). While IDO1 expression is restricted to peripheral sites of immune modulation, TDO is massively expressed in the liver and accounts for 90% of tryptophan catabolism. Recent data indicated that the stability of the TDO protein is regulated by tryptophan and that this regulation allows a tight control of tryptophanemia. TDO is stabilized when tryptophan is abundant in the plasma, resulting in rapid degradation of dietary tryptophan. In contrast, when tryptophan is scarce, TDO is degraded by the proteasome to avoid excessive tryptophan catabolism. This is triggered by the unmasking of a degron in a non-catalytic tryptophan-binding site, resulting in TDO ubiquitination by E3 ligase SKP1-CUL1-F-box. Deficiency in TDO or in the hepatic aromatic transporter SLC16A10 leads to severe hypertryptophanemia, which can disturb immune and neurological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Klaessens
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Simon Klaessens, ; Benoit J. Van den Eynde,
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne De Plaen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit J. Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wavre, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Simon Klaessens, ; Benoit J. Van den Eynde,
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11
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Jamshed L, Debnath A, Jamshed S, Wish JV, Raine JC, Tomy GT, Thomas PJ, Holloway AC. An Emerging Cross-Species Marker for Organismal Health: Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6300. [PMID: 35682980 PMCID: PMC9181223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential dietary amino acid that, unless otherwise committed to protein synthesis, undergoes metabolism via the Tryptophan-Kynurenine (TRP-KYN) pathway in vertebrate organisms. TRP and its metabolites have key roles in diverse physiological processes including cell growth and maintenance, immunity, disease states and the coordination of adaptive responses to environmental and dietary cues. Changes in TRP metabolism can alter the availability of TRP for protein and serotonin biosynthesis as well as alter levels of the immune-active KYN pathway metabolites. There is now considerable evidence which has shown that the TRP-KYN pathway can be influenced by various stressors including glucocorticoids (marker of chronic stress), infection, inflammation and oxidative stress, and environmental toxicants. While there is little known regarding the role of TRP metabolism following exposure to environmental contaminants, there is evidence of linkages between chemically induced metabolic perturbations and altered TRP enzymes and KYN metabolites. Moreover, the TRP-KYN pathway is conserved across vertebrate species and can be influenced by exposure to xenobiotics, therefore, understanding how this pathway is regulated may have broader implications for environmental and wildlife toxicology. The goal of this narrative review is to (1) identify key pathways affecting Trp-Kyn metabolism in vertebrates and (2) highlight consequences of altered tryptophan metabolism in mammals, birds, amphibians, and fish. We discuss current literature available across species, highlight gaps in the current state of knowledge, and further postulate that the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio can be used as a novel biomarker for assessing organismal and, more broadly, ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiba Jamshed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (L.J.); (A.D.); (S.J.)
| | - Amrita Debnath
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (L.J.); (A.D.); (S.J.)
| | - Shanza Jamshed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (L.J.); (A.D.); (S.J.)
| | - Jade V. Wish
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development (COGRAD), University of Manitoba, 586 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (J.V.W.); (G.T.T.)
| | - Jason C. Raine
- Quesnel River Research Centre, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada;
| | - Gregg T. Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development (COGRAD), University of Manitoba, 586 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (J.V.W.); (G.T.T.)
| | - Philippe J. Thomas
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada;
| | - Alison C. Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (L.J.); (A.D.); (S.J.)
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12
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Merlo LMF, Peng W, Mandik-Nayak L. Impact of IDO1 and IDO2 on the B Cell Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886225. [PMID: 35493480 PMCID: PMC9043893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)1 and IDO2 are closely related tryptophan catabolizing enzymes that have immunomodulatory properties. Although initially studied as modifiers of T cell activity, emerging evidence suggests IDO1 and IDO2 also have important roles as modulators of B cell function. In this context, IDO1 and IDO2 appear to play opposite roles, with IDO1 inhibiting and IDO2 driving inflammatory B cell responses. In this mini review, we discuss the evidence for IDO1 and IDO2 modulation of B cell function, focusing on the effect of these enzymes on autoimmunity, allergic responses, protective immunity, and response to pathogens. We summarize strategies to target IDO1 and/or IDO2 as potential therapeutics for inflammatory autoimmune disease and highlight outstanding questions and areas that require future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M F Merlo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | - Weidan Peng
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
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13
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Tan LSY, Francis HM, Lim CK. Exploring the roles of tryptophan metabolism in MS beyond neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: A paradigm shift to neuropsychiatric symptoms. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 12:100201. [PMID: 34589733 PMCID: PMC8474511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway (KP) has been increasingly recognised in contributing to disease progression in the autoimmune and inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, the roles of inflammation and the KP are recontextualised to better understand the aetiology of the neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression, postpartum depression, suicidality, fatigue and cognitive dysfunction) in MS. These symptoms will be discussed in the context of cytokine-induced sickness behaviours, KP activation and levels of neurotoxicity and neuroprotection in MS. In particular, there will be emphasis on how neuropsychiatric symptoms in MS occur against the shared background of inflammation and KP dysregulation. The discourse of this review aims to promote future research in elucidating KP mechanisms in MS that would inevitably lead to more targeted treatment options for neuropsychiatric symptoms and disease progression. Research on tryptophan metabolism and neuroinflammation on neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS) is mounting. This review reframes the roles of neuroinflammation and tryptophan metabolism dysregulation on mental health issues in MS. The impact of neuroinflammation and tryptophan metabolism on depression, suicidality, fatigue, and cognitive impairment in MS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine S Y Tan
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Heather M Francis
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
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14
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Mok DZL, Chan CYY, Ooi EE, Chan KR. The effects of aging on host resistance and disease tolerance to SARS-CoV-2 infection. FEBS J 2021; 288:5055-5070. [PMID: 33124149 PMCID: PMC8518758 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a large-scale pandemic that is afflicting millions of individuals in over 200 countries. The clinical spectrum caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections can range from asymptomatic infection to mild undifferentiated febrile illness to severe respiratory disease with multiple complications. Elderly patients (aged 60 and above) with comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus appear to be at highest risk of a severe disease outcome. To protect against pulmonary immunopathology caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, the host primarily depends on two distinct defense strategies: resistance and disease tolerance. Resistance is the ability of the host to suppress and eliminate incoming viruses. By contrast, disease tolerance refers to host responses that promote host health regardless of their impact on viral replication. Disruption of either resistance or disease tolerance mechanisms or both could underpin predisposition to elevated risk of severe disease during viral infection. Aging can disrupt host resistance and disease tolerance by compromising immune functions, weakening of the unfolded protein response, progressive mitochondrial dysfunction, and altering metabolic processes. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying declining host defense in elderly individuals could thus pave the way to provide new opportunities and approaches for the treatment of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Z. L. Mok
- Emerging Infectious Diseases ProgramDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | | | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Emerging Infectious Diseases ProgramDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Viral Research & Experimental Medicine Center @ SingHealth/Duke‐NUS (ViREMiCS)SingaporeSingapore
- Singapore‐MIT Alliance in Research and TechnologyAntimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research GroupSingaporeSingapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public HealthNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Kuan Rong Chan
- Emerging Infectious Diseases ProgramDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
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15
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Joisten N, Ruas JL, Braidy N, Guillemin GJ, Zimmer P. The kynurenine pathway in chronic diseases: a compensatory mechanism or a driving force? Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:946-954. [PMID: 34373202 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism is dysregulated in inflammation-driven pathologies including oncological and brain diseases [e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS), depression] and thus is a promising therapeutic target. Both pathological and compensatory mechanisms underlie disease-associated KP activation. There is growing evidence for bioenergetic roles of certain KP metabolites such as kynurenic acid (KA), or quinolinic acid (QA) as an NAD+ precursor, which may explain its frequently observed 'pathological' overactivation. Disease- and tissue-specific aspects, negative feedback on inflammatory signals, and the balance of downstream metabolites are likely to be decisive factors in the interpretation of an imbalanced KP. Therapeutic strategies should consider the compensatory actions and bioenergetic roles of KP metabolites to successfully design future theragnostic approaches aimed at attenuating disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Joisten
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Jorge L Ruas
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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16
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Sandi D, Fricska-Nagy Z, Bencsik K, Vécsei L. Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Symptoms of Silent Progression, Biomarkers and Neuroprotective Therapy-Kynurenines Are Important Players. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113423. [PMID: 34198750 PMCID: PMC8201043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is one of the driving forces behind the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Progression without activity, pathopsychological disturbances (cognitive impairment, depression, fatigue) and even optic neuropathy seems to be mainly routed in this mechanism. In this article, we aim to give a comprehensive review of the clinical aspects and symptomology, radiological and molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets of neurodegeneration in connection with MS. As the kynurenine pathway (KP) was evidenced to play an important role in the pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative conditions (even implied to have a causative role in some of these diseases) and more and more recent evidence suggest the same central role in the neurodegenerative processes of MS as well, we pay special attention to the KP. Metabolites of the pathway are researched as biomarkers of the disease and new, promising data arising from clinical evaluations show the possible therapeutic capability of KP metabolites as neuroprotective drugs in MS. Our conclusion is that the kynurenine pathway is a highly important route of research both for diagnostic and for therapeutic values and is expected to yield concrete results for everyday medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Sandi
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.S.); (Z.F.-N.); (K.B.)
| | - Zsanett Fricska-Nagy
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.S.); (Z.F.-N.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.S.); (Z.F.-N.); (K.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.S.); (Z.F.-N.); (K.B.)
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-384; Fax: +36-62-545-597
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17
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Pukoli D, Polyák H, Rajda C, Vécsei L. Kynurenines and Neurofilament Light Chain in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:658202. [PMID: 34113231 PMCID: PMC8185147 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.658202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. In recent years, it has been proven that the kynurenine system plays a significant role in the development of several nervous system disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Kynurenine pathway metabolites have both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects. Moreover, the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway play an important role in immunomodulation processes, among others, as well as interacting with neuronal energy balance and various redox reactions. Dysregulation of many of the enzymatic steps in kynurenine pathway and upregulated levels of these metabolites locally in the central nervous system, contribute to the progression of multiple sclerosis pathology. This process can initiate a pathogenic cascade, including microglia activation, glutamate excitotoxicity, chronic oxidative stress or accumulated mitochondrial damage in the axons, that finally disrupt the homeostasis of neurons, leads to destabilization of neuronal cell cytoskeleton, contributes to neuro-axonal damage and neurodegeneration. Neurofilaments are good biomarkers of the neuro-axonal damage and their level reliably indicates the severity of multiple sclerosis and the treatment response. There is increasing evidence that connections exist between the molecules generated in the kynurenine metabolic pathway and the change in neurofilament concentrations. Thus the alterations in the kynurenine pathway may be an important biomarker of the course of multiple sclerosis. In our present review, we report the possible relationship and connection between neurofilaments and the kynurenine system in multiple sclerosis based on the available evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Pukoli
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Vaszary Kolos Hospital, Esztergom, Hungary
| | - Helga Polyák
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cecilia Rajda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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18
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Bhat SF, Pinney SE, Kennedy KM, McCourt CR, Mundy MA, Surette MG, Sloboda DM, Simmons RA. Exposure to high fructose corn syrup during adolescence in the mouse alters hepatic metabolism and the microbiome in a sex-specific manner. J Physiol 2021; 599:1487-1511. [PMID: 33450094 DOI: 10.1113/jp280034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The prevalence of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children is dramatically increasing at the same time as consumption of foods with a high sugar content. Intake of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a possible aetiology as it is thought to be more lipogenic than glucose. In a mouse model, HFCS intake during adolescence increased fat mass and hepatic lipid levels in male and female mice. However, only males showed impaired glucose tolerance. Multiple metabolites including lipids, bile acids, carbohydrates and amino acids were altered in liver in a sex-specific manner at 6 weeks of age. Some of these changes were also present in adulthood even though HFCS exposure ended at 6 weeks. HFCS significantly altered the gut microbiome, which was associated with changes in key microbial metabolites. These results suggest that HFCS intake during adolescence has profound metabolic changes that are linked to changes in the microbiome and these changes are sex-specific. ABSTRACT The rapid increase in obesity, diabetes and fatty liver disease in children over the past 20 years has been linked to increased consumption of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), making it essential to determine the short- and long-term effects of HFCS during this vulnerable developmental window. We hypothesized that HFCS exposure during adolescence significantly impairs hepatic metabolic signalling pathways and alters gut microbial composition, contributing to changes in energy metabolism with sex-specific effects. C57bl/6J mice with free access to HFCS during adolescence (3-6 weeks of age) underwent glucose tolerance and body composition testing and hepatic metabolomics, gene expression and triglyceride content analysis at 6 and 30 weeks of age (n = 6-8 per sex). At 6 weeks HFCS-exposed mice had significant increases in fat mass, glucose intolerance, hepatic triglycerides (females) and de novo lipogenesis gene expression (ACC, DGAT, FAS, ChREBP, SCD, SREBP, CPT and PPARα) with sex-specific effects. At 30 weeks, HFCS-exposed mice also had abnormalities in glucose tolerance (males) and fat mass (females). HFCS exposure enriched carbohydrate, amino acid, long chain fatty acid and secondary bile acid metabolism at 6 weeks with changes in secondary bile metabolism at 6 and 30 weeks. Microbiome studies performed immediately before and after HFCS exposure identified profound shifts of microbial species in male mice only. In summary, short-term HFCS exposure during adolescence induces fatty liver, alters important metabolic pathways, some of which continue to be altered in adulthood, and changes the microbiome in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia F Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Sara E Pinney
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine M Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cole R McCourt
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | | | - Michael G Surette
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah M Sloboda
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Correale J. Immunosuppressive Amino-Acid Catabolizing Enzymes in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:600428. [PMID: 33552055 PMCID: PMC7855700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system. Although the pathogenesis of MS is not yet fully elucidated, several evidences suggest that autoimmune processes mediated by Th1, Th17, and B cells play an important role in the development of the disease. Similar to other cells, immune cells need continuous access to amino acids (AA) in order to maintain basal metabolism and maintain vitality. When immune cells are activated by inflammation or antigenic signals, their demand for AA increases rapidly. Although AA deprivation itself may weaken the immune response under certain conditions, cells also have AA sensitive pathways that can activate intense alterations in cell metabolism based on changes in AA levels. Several data indicate that cells expressing enzymes that can degrade AA can regulate the functions of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes, revealing that the AA pathways are essential for controlling the function, and survival of immune cells, as well as immune cell gene expression. Basal AA catabolism may contribute to immune homeostasis and prevent autoimmunity, while increased AA catalytic activity may enhance immune suppression. In addition, there is increasing evidence that some downstream AA metabolites are important biological mediators of autoimmune response regulation. Two of the most important AA that modulate the immune response are L-Tryptophan (Trp) and L-Arginine (Arg). Tryptophan is catabolized through 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) 1 and IDO2 enzymes, while three other enzymes catabolize Arg: inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), and two arginase isoforms (ARG1, ARG2). Genes encoding IDO, iNOS and ARG are induced by inflammatory cues such as cytokines, a key feature that distinguishes them from enzymes that catabolize other AA. Evidence suggests that AA catabolism is decreased in MS patients and that this decrease has functional consequences, increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing Treg cell numbers. These effects are mediated by at least two distinct pathways involving serine/threonine kinases: the general control nonderepressible 2 kinase (GCN2K) pathway; and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Similarly, IDO1-deficient mice showed exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), increased Th1 and Th17 cells, and decreased Treg cells. On the contrary, the administration of downstream Trp metabolite 3-HAA, inhibits Th1/Th17 effector cells and promotes Treg response by up-regulating TGF-β production by dendritic cells, thereby improving EAE. Collectively, these observations stand out the significance of AA catabolism in the regulation of the immune responses in MS patients. The molecules related to these pathways deserve further exploration as potential new therapeutic targets in MS.
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20
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Natural Molecules and Neuroprotection: Kynurenic Acid, Pantethine and α-Lipoic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010403. [PMID: 33401674 PMCID: PMC7795784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases has increased greatly worldwide due to the rise in life expectancy. In spite of notable development in the understanding of these disorders, there has been limited success in the development of neuroprotective agents that can slow the progression of the disease and prevent neuronal death. Some natural products and molecules are very promising neuroprotective agents because of their structural diversity and wide variety of biological activities. In addition to their neuroprotective effect, they are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects and often serve as a starting point for drug discovery. In this review, the following natural molecules are discussed: firstly, kynurenic acid, the main neuroprotective agent formed via the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism, as it is known mainly for its role in glutamate excitotoxicity, secondly, the dietary supplement pantethine, that is many sided, well tolerated and safe, and the third molecule, α-lipoic acid is a universal antioxidant. As a conclusion, because of their beneficial properties, these molecules are potential candidates for neuroprotective therapies suitable in managing neurodegenerative diseases.
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21
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Nekrasova I, Shirshev S. Estriol in regulation of cell-mediated immune reactions in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 349:577421. [PMID: 33032016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of pregnancy hormone estriol (E3) on innate and adaptive immunity cells functions in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in comparison with healthy donors (HD) was studied. E3 inhibited phagocytic activity of neutrophils and enhanced monocytes IDO activity. Treg percentage increased and number of Th17 and iNKT cells decreased under E3 influence. At the same time, E3 stimulated production of IL-10 and inhibited secretion of IL-17. The hormonal effects were realized on the cells of both HD and MS patients. Thus, the MS amelioration during pregnancy may be related to E3 influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Nekrasova
- Perm Federal Research Center, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva str., 13, 614081 Perm, Russia.
| | - Sergei Shirshev
- Perm Federal Research Center, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva str., 13, 614081 Perm, Russia
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22
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Proietti E, Rossini S, Grohmann U, Mondanelli G. Polyamines and Kynurenines at the Intersection of Immune Modulation. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:1037-1050. [PMID: 33055013 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines (i.e., putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are bioactive polycations capable of binding nucleic acids and proteins and modulating signaling pathways. Polyamine functions have been studied most extensively in tumors, where they can promote cell transformation and proliferation. Recently, spermidine was found to exert protective effects in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis (MS) and to confer immunoregulatory properties on dendritic cells (DCs), via the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme. IDO1 converts l-tryptophan into metabolites, collectively known as kynurenines, endowed with several immunoregulatory effects via activation of the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Because AhR activation increases polyamine production, the emerging scenario has identified polyamines and kynurenines as actors of an immunoregulatory circuitry with potential implications for immunotherapy in autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Proietti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sofia Rossini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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Involvement of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase and Kynurenine Pathway in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2959-2977. [PMID: 33040279 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model that mimics multiple sclerosis in rodents. Evidence has suggested that the activation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway (KP), plays a crucial role in inflammation-related diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of the inflammatory process and KP components in a model of EAE in mice. To identify the role of KP in EAE pathogenesis, mice received IDO inhibitor (INCB024360) at a dose of 200 mg/kg (per oral) for 25 days. We demonstrated that IDO inhibitor mitigated the clinical signs of EAE, in parallel with the reduction of cytokine levels (brain, spinal cord, spleen and lymph node) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 (Iba-1) gene expression in the central nervous system of EAE mice. Besides, IDO inhibitor causes a significant decrease in the levels of tryptophan, kynurenine and neurotoxic metabolites of KP, such as 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and quinolinic acid (QUIN) in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, spinal cord, spleen and lymph node of EAE mice. The mRNA expression and enzyme activity of IDO and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) were also reduced by IDO inhibitor. These findings indicate that the inflammatory process concomitant with the activation of IDO/KP is involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of EAE. The modulation of KP is a promising target for novel pharmacological treatment of MS.
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Wetzel LA, Hurtado M, MacDowell Kaswan ZA, McCusker RH, Steelman AJ. Deletion of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (Ido)1 but not Ido2 exacerbates disease symptoms of MOG 35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100116. [PMID: 34589873 PMCID: PMC8474387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with pathological features of inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Several lines of evidence suggest that the enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (Ido)1 and/or Ido2 influences susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Deletion of Ido1 exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) an animal model of MS. However, no data exist on the role of Ido2 in the pathogenesis of EAE. We investigated whether deletion of Ido2 affected the pathogenesis of EAE. Temporal expression of interferon gamma (Ifng), Ido1 variants, Ido2 variants, as well as genes encoding enzymes of the kynurenine pathway in the spleen and spinal cord of C57BL/6 mice with or without EAE were determined by RT-qPCR. Moreover, EAE was induced in C57BL/6, two Ido1 knockout strains (Ido1KO and Ido1TK) and one Ido2 knockout mouse strain (Ido2-/-) and disease monitored by clinical scores and weight change. Performance on the rotarod was performed on days 0, 5, 10 and 15 post induction. The extent of demyelination in the spinal cord was determined after staining with Oil red O. The development of EAE altered gene expression in both the spleen and spinal cord. Deletion of Ido1 exacerbated the clinical symptoms of EAE. In stark contrast, EAE in Ido2-/- mice did not differ clinically or histologically from control mice. These results confirm a protective role for Ido1, on the pathogenesis of MOG35-55-induced EAE in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Wetzel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Myrna Hurtado
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zoe A. MacDowell Kaswan
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Robert H. McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Andrew J. Steelman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Biernacki T, Sandi D, Bencsik K, Vécsei L. Kynurenines in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061564. [PMID: 32604956 PMCID: PMC7349747 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, an increasing amount of evidence has emerged in support of the kynurenine pathway’s (KP) pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative, psychiatric, vascular and autoimmune diseases. Different neuroactive metabolites of the KP are known to exert opposite effects on neurons, some being neuroprotective (e.g., picolinic acid, kynurenic acid, and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), while others are toxic to neurons (e.g., 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid). Not only the alterations in the levels of the metabolites but also disturbances in their ratio (quinolinic acid/kynurenic acid) have been reported in several diseases. In addition to the metabolites, the enzymes participating in the KP have been unearthed to be involved in modulation of the immune system, the energetic upkeep of neurons and have been shown to influence redox processes and inflammatory cascades, revealing a sophisticated, intertwined system. This review considers various methods through which enzymes and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway influence the immune system, the roles they play in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases based on current evidence with a focus on their involvement in multiple sclerosis, as well as therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Biernacki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Dániel Sandi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
- MTA—SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-356; Fax: +36-62-545-597
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Sundaram G, Lim CK, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. Kynurenine pathway modulation reverses the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse disease progression. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:176. [PMID: 32505212 PMCID: PMC7276083 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) results from acute and chronic neuroinflammation leading to both immune suppression and neurotoxicity. However, the exact effects of KP metabolites and changes in neurodegenerative diseases over time are not fully understood. Studies, including those in MS models, have reported that short-term KP activation is beneficial through immune tolerance. However, the effects of long-term KP activation are poorly understood. We hypothesized that such chronic activation is responsible for the neurodegeneration in MS, and further, modulating the KP in EAE-induced mice could significantly decrease the EAE disease severity. METHODS We biochemically altered the KP at different stages of the disease in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS and at two different enzymatic levels of the KP (IDO-1 (indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase)) and KMO (kynurenine monooxygenase). CNS tissue and blood samples were analyzed longitudinally using GCMS, HPLC, IHC, and RT-PCR. RESULTS We showed that the KP was steadily upregulated correlating with disease severity and associated with a shift towards increasing concentrations of the KP metabolite quinolinic acid, a neuro- and gliotoxin. KP modulation by inhibition of IDO-1 with 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT) was dependent on the timing of treatment at various stages of EAE. IDO-1 inhibition at EAE score 2 led to significantly higher numbers of FoxP3 cells (p < 0.001) in the spleen than earlier IDO-1 inhibition (prophylactic 1-MT treatment group (p < 0.001)), 1-MT treatment after EAE induction (EAE score 0; p < 0.001), and 1-MT treatment at EAE score of 1 (p < 0.05). Significant improvement of disease severity was observed in EAE mice treated with 1-MT at EAE score 2 compared to the untreated group (p < 0.05). KP modulation by KMO inhibition with Ro 61-8048 led to significantly greater numbers of Foxp3 cells (p < 0.05) in Ro 61-8048 treated mice and even more significant amelioration of EAE disease compared to the 1-MT treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a new mechanistic link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and point to KP modulation at the KMO level to preserve immune tolerance and limit neurodegeneration in EAE. They provide the foundation for new clinical trials for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Sundaram
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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27
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Huang YS, Ogbechi J, Clanchy FI, Williams RO, Stone TW. IDO and Kynurenine Metabolites in Peripheral and CNS Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:388. [PMID: 32194572 PMCID: PMC7066259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the kynurenine pathway in normal immune system function has led to an appreciation of its possible contribution to autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity exerts a protective function, limiting the severity of experimental arthritis, whereas deletion or inhibition exacerbates the symptoms. Other chronic disorder with an inflammatory component, such as atherosclerosis, are also suppressed by IDO activity. It is suggested that this overall anti-inflammatory activity is mediated by a change in the relative production or activity of Th17 and regulatory T cell populations. Kynurenines may play an anti-inflammatory role also in CNS disorders such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, in which signs of inflammation and neurodegeneration are involved. The possibility is discussed that in Huntington's disease kynurenines interact with other anti-inflammatory molecules such as Human Lymphocyte Antigen-G which may be relevant in other disorders. Kynurenine involvement may account for the protection afforded to animals with cerebral malaria and trypanosomiasis when they are treated with an inhibitor of kynurenine-3-monoxygenase (KMO). There is some evidence that changes in IL-10 may contribute to this protection and the relationship between kynurenines and IL-10 in arthritis and other inflammatory conditions should be explored. In addition, metabolites of kynurenine downstream of KMO, such as anthranilic acid and 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid can influence inflammation, and the ratio of these compounds is a valuable biomarker of inflammatory status although the underlying molecular mechanisms of the changes require clarification. Hence it is essential that more effort be expended to identify their sites of action as potential targets for drug development. Finally, we discuss increasing awareness of the epigenetic regulation of IDO, for example by DNA methylation, a phenomenon which may explain differences between individuals in their susceptibility to arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Ogbechi
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Felix I Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Rehan IF, Mahmoud ME, Salman D, Elnagar A, Salman S, Youssef M, Aziz ARA, Bazh EK, Hesham AEL. Sialylated N-glycan profile during acute and chronic infections with Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3809. [PMID: 32123198 PMCID: PMC7052212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is associated with physiological and psychiatric perturbations. The immune response is interrelated to the progress of anhedonia and despair symptoms of T. gondii-infected subjects. We recently reported that serum N-glycans were altered in mice displayed depressive-like behaviors. However, a novel biomarker that correlated to T. gondii infection and associated behaviors is demanded. Glycomics has been used to find affected glycoproteins during depression. The objective of this study is to investigate serum N-glycomics changes during infection with T. gondii in BALB/c mice, immunocompetent, or in severe combined immunodeficient mice, and after treatment with an immunostimulant; 1-methyl tryptophan. Glycans were examined through glycoblotting-protocol then investigated by MALDI-TOF/MS. Both depressive and sickness-related behaviors were significantly abundant (P ≤ 0.001 each), during acute T. gondii in immunocompetent mice, compared to controls. Only sickness symptoms were evident in immunodeficient mice infected with T. gondii, as associated with high expression level (P ≤ 0.001) of Peak # 15 (2 × Neu5Gc) compared to controls. The alteration of sialylated N-glycan expressions is important to detect the immune status of animals/humans against T. gondii. Moreover, 1-methyl tryptophan reduced depressive-like behavior (P ≤ 0.001) compared to controls. Therefore, sialylated N-glycan (Neu5Ac/Neu5Gc-terminal) is targeted to be used as a novel biomarker of sickness/depressive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Farag Rehan
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menofia University, Shebin Alkom, Menofia, 32511, Egypt.
| | - Motamed Elsayed Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Behavior and Husbandry (management, genetics, and breeding), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
| | - Doaa Salman
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Elnagar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Saleh Salman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, Colorado, USA
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71111, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Youssef
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Amer Ragheb Abdel Aziz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Eman Kamal Bazh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menofia University, Shebin Alkom, Menofia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Abd El-Latif Hesham
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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29
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Gaetani L, Boscaro F, Pieraccini G, Calabresi P, Romani L, Di Filippo M, Zelante T. Host and Microbial Tryptophan Metabolic Profiling in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:157. [PMID: 32132996 PMCID: PMC7041364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is associated with demyelination and neuronal loss. Over recent years, the immunological and neuronal effects of tryptophan (Trp) metabolites have been largely investigated, leading to the hypothesis that these compounds and the related enzymes are possibly involved in the pathophysiology of MS. Specifically, the kynurenine pathway of Trp metabolism is responsible for the synthesis of intermediate products with potential immunological and neuronal effects. More recently, Trp metabolites, originating also from the host microbiome, have been identified in MS, and it has been shown that they are differently regulated in MS patients. Here, we sought to discuss whether, in MS patients, a specific urinary signature of host/microbiome Trp metabolism can be potentially identified so as to select novel biomarkers and guide toward the identification of specific metabolic pathways as drug targets in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gaetani
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Boscaro
- Mass Spectrometry Centre (CISM), Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pieraccini
- Mass Spectrometry Centre (CISM), Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Agostino Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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30
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Li C, Sun Z, Yuan F, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Zhang B, Li H, Liu T, Dai X. Mechanism of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase inhibiting cardiac allograft rejection in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3438-3448. [PMID: 32027774 PMCID: PMC7131949 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase (IDO)‐mediated regulation of tryptophan metabolism plays an important role in immune tolerance in transplantation, but it has not been elucidated which mechanism specifically induces the occurrence of immune tolerance. Our study revealed that IDO exerts immunosuppressive effects through two pathways in mouse heart transplantation, ‘tryptophan depletion’ and ‘tryptophan metabolite accumulation’. The synergism between IDO+DC and TC (tryptophan catabolic products) has stronger inhibitory effects on T lymphocyte proliferation and mouse heart transplant rejection than the two intervention factors alone, and significantly prolong the survival time of donor‐derived transplanted skin. This work demonstrates that the combination of IDO+DC and TC can induce immune tolerance to a greater extent, and reduce the rejection of transplanted organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, China
| | - Zhaonan Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, China
| | - Jiehong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, China
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, China
| | - Hongyue Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, China
| | - Xiangchen Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, China
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31
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Positive allosteric modulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 restrains neuroinflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3848-3857. [PMID: 32024760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918215117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
l-tryptophan (Trp), an essential amino acid for mammals, is the precursor of a wide array of immunomodulatory metabolites produced by the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. The kynurenine pathway is a paramount source of several immunoregulatory metabolites, including l-kynurenine (Kyn), the main product of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the pathway. In the serotonin pathway, the metabolite N-acetylserotonin (NAS) has been shown to possess antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective properties in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, little is known about the exact mode of action of the serotonin metabolite and the possible interplay between the 2 Trp metabolic pathways. Prompted by the discovery that NAS neuroprotective effects in EAE are abrogated in mice lacking IDO1 expression, we investigated the NAS mode of action in neuroinflammation. We found that NAS directly binds IDO1 and acts as a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the IDO1 enzyme in vitro and in vivo. As a result, increased Kyn will activate the ligand-activated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor and, consequently, antiinflammatory and immunoregulatory effects. Because NAS also increased IDO1 activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a significant proportion of MS patients, our data may set the basis for the development of IDO1 PAMs as first-in-class drugs in autoimmune/neuroinflammatory diseases.
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32
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Rashidi A, Miska J, Lee-Chang C, Kanojia D, Panek WK, Lopez-Rosas A, Zhang P, Han Y, Xiao T, Pituch KC, Kim JW, Talebian M, Fares J, Lesniak MS. GCN2 is essential for CD8 + T cell survival and function in murine models of malignant glioma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:81-94. [PMID: 31844909 PMCID: PMC6952559 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid deprivation is a strategy that malignancies utilize to blunt anti-tumor T-cell immune responses. It has been proposed that amino acid insufficiency in T-cells is detected by GCN2 kinase, which through phosphorylation of EIF2α, shuts down global protein synthesis leading to T-cell arrest. The role of this amino acid stress sensor in the context of malignant brain tumors has not yet been studied, and may elucidate important insights into the mechanisms of T-cell survival in this harsh environment. Using animal models of glioblastoma and animals with deficiency in GCN2, we explored the importance of this pathway in T-cell function within brain tumors. Our results show that GCN2 deficiency limited CD8+ T-cell activation and expression of cytotoxic markers in two separate murine models of glioblastoma in vivo. Importantly, adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T-cells from GCN2 KO mice did not control tumor burden as well as wild-type CD8+ T-cells. Our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that reduction in amino acid availability caused GCN2 deficient CD8+ T-cells to become rapidly necrotic. Mechanistically, reduced CD8+ T-cell activation and necrosis was due to a disruption in TCR signaling, as we observed reductions in PKCθ and phoshpo-PKCθ on CD8+ T-cells from GCN2 KO mice in the absence of tryptophan. Validating these observations, treatment of wild-type CD8+ T-cells with a downstream inhibitor of GCN2 activation also triggered necrosis of CD8+ T-cells in the absence of tryptophan. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the vital importance of intact GCN2 signaling on CD8+ T-cell function and survival in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Wojciech K Panek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Aurora Lopez-Rosas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Katarzyna C Pituch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Julius W Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mahsa Talebian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Tryptophan metabolism as a common therapeutic target in cancer, neurodegeneration and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:379-401. [PMID: 30760888 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 785] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
L-Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) is involved in the regulation of immunity, neuronal function and intestinal homeostasis. Imbalances in Trp metabolism in disorders ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative disease have stimulated interest in therapeutically targeting the KP, particularly the main rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), IDO2 and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) as well as kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO). However, although small-molecule IDO1 inhibitors showed promise in early-stage cancer immunotherapy clinical trials, a phase III trial was negative. This Review summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological roles of Trp metabolism, highlighting the vast opportunities and challenges for drug development in multiple diseases.
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Gualdoni GS, Jacobo PV, Sobarzo CM, Pérez CV, Matzkin ME, Höcht C, Frungieri MB, Hill M, Anegon I, Lustig L, Guazzone VA. Role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in testicular immune-privilege. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15919. [PMID: 31685866 PMCID: PMC6828782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Male meiotic germ cell including the spermatozoa represent a great challenge to the immune system, as they appear long after the establishment of normal immune tolerance mechanisms. The capacity of the testes to tolerate autoantigenic germ cells as well as survival of allogeneic organ engrafted in the testicular interstitium have led to consider the testis an immunologically privileged site. Disruption of this immune privilege following trauma, tumor, or autoimmune orchitis often results in male infertility. Strong evidence indicates that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been implicated in fetal and allograft tolerance, tumor immune resistance, and regulation of autoimmune diseases. IDO and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) catalyze the same rate-limiting step of tryptophan metabolism along a common pathway, which leads to tryptophan starvation and generation of catabolites collectively known as kynurenines. However, the relevance of tryptophan metabolism in testis pathophysiology has not yet been explored. Here we assessed the in vivo role of IDO/TDO in experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO), a model of autoimmune testicular inflammation and immunologically impaired spermatogenesis. EAO was induced in adult Wistar rats with testicular homogenate and adjuvants. Control (C) rats injected with saline and adjuvants and normal untreated rats (N) were also studied. mRNA expression of IDO decreased in whole testes and in isolated Sertoli cells during EAO. TDO and IDO localization and level of expression in the testis were analyzed by immunostaining and Western blot. TDO is expressed in granulomas from EAO rats, and similar protein levels were observed in N, C, and EAO groups. IDO was detected in mononuclear and endothelial cells and reduced IDO expression was detected in EAO group compared to N and C rats. This phenomenon was concomitant with a significant reduction of IDO activity in EAO testis measured by tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations (HPLC). Finally, in vivo inhibition of IDO with 1-methyl-tryptophan increased severity of the disease, demonstrating down regulation of IDO-based tolerance when testicular immune regulation was disrupted. We present evidence that an IDO-based mechanism is involved in testicular immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela S Gualdoni
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología/Unidad Académica II., Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Patricia V Jacobo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología/Unidad Académica II., Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Cristian M Sobarzo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología/Unidad Académica II., Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Cecilia V Pérez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - María E Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Christian Höcht
- Cátedra de Farmacología. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Mónica B Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Hill
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Immunobiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Inserm, Université de Nantes, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes, France, INSERM UMR 1064, France
| | - Livia Lustig
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología/Unidad Académica II., Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Vanesa A Guazzone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología/Unidad Académica II., Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina.
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Immune checkpoint molecules. Possible future therapeutic implications in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lassmann H. Pathology of inflammatory diseases of the nervous system: Human disease versus animal models. Glia 2019; 68:830-844. [PMID: 31605512 PMCID: PMC7065008 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous recent studies have been performed to elucidate the function of microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Regarding myeloid cells a core pattern of activation has been identified, starting with the activation of resident homeostatic microglia followed by recruitment of blood borne myeloid cells. An initial state of proinflammatory activation is at later stages followed by a shift toward an‐anti‐inflammatory and repair promoting phenotype. Although this core pattern is similar between experimental models and inflammatory conditions in the human brain, there are important differences. Even in the normal human brain a preactivated microglia phenotype is evident, and there are disease specific and lesion stage specific differences in the contribution between resident and recruited myeloid cells and their lesion state specific activation profiles. Reasons for these findings reside in species related differences and in differential exposure to different environmental cues. Most importantly, however, experimental rodent studies on brain inflammation are mainly focused on autoimmune encephalomyelitis, while there is a very broad spectrum of human inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, triggered and propagated by a variety of different immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lassmann
- Institut fur Hirnforschung, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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37
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Melatonin and Multiple Sclerosis: From Plausible Neuropharmacological Mechanisms of Action to Experimental and Clinical Evidence. Clin Drug Investig 2019; 39:607-624. [PMID: 31054087 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-019-00793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), thought to affect more than 2.5 million people worldwide. Regulation of the sleep-wake cycle might influence disease activity and the frequency of relapses in patients. As melatonin (or sleep hormone) involves the regulation of circadian rhythms, much attention has been paid to the management of MS symptoms with melatonin. This review describes the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of melatonin and recent clinical evidence from MS patients. Apparent risks and benefits of melatonin therapies are also discussed. Various in vivo and clinical data presented in this up-to-date review suggest that melatonin may possibly possess a protective role against the behavioral deficits and neuropathological characteristics of MS. Multiple mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of melatonin such as mitochondrial protection and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, as well as its anti-demyelinating function are also discussed. A large body of evidence shows that melatonin potently regulates the immune system, demyelination, free radical generation, and inflammatory responses in neural tissue, which are mediated by multiple signal transduction cascades. In the present article, we focus on different pathways that are targeted by melatonin to prevent the development and progression of MS.
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38
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Klemens J, Ciurkiewicz M, Chludzinski E, Iseringhausen M, Klotz D, Pfankuche VM, Ulrich R, Herder V, Puff C, Baumgärtner W, Beineke A. Neurotoxic potential of reactive astrocytes in canine distemper demyelinating leukoencephalitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11689. [PMID: 31406213 PMCID: PMC6690900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes a fatal demyelinating leukoencephalitis in young dogs resembling human multiple sclerosis. Astrocytes are the main cellular target of CDV and undergo reactive changes already in pre-demyelinating brain lesions. Based on their broad range of beneficial and detrimental effects in the injured brain reactive astrogliosis is in need of intensive investigation. The aim of the study was to characterize astrocyte plasticity during the course of CDV-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis by the aid of immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and gene expression analysis. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of reactive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes with increased survivin and reduced aquaporin 4, and glutamine synthetase protein levels, indicating disturbed blood brain barrier function, glutamate homeostasis and astrocyte maladaptation, respectively. Gene expression analysis revealed 81 differentially expressed astrocyte-related genes with a dominance of genes associated with neurotoxic A1-polarized astrocytes. Accordingly, acyl-coA synthetase long-chain family member 5+/GFAP+, and serglycin+/GFAP+ cells, characteristic of A1-astrocytes, were found in demyelinating lesions by immunofluorescence. In addition, gene expression revealed a dysregulation of astrocytic function including disturbed glutamate homeostasis and altered immune function. Observed findings indicate an astrocyte polarization towards a neurotoxic phenotype likely contributing to lesion initiation and progression in canine distemper leukoencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Klemens
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - E Chludzinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Iseringhausen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hannover, Germany
| | - D Klotz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hannover, Germany
| | - V M Pfankuche
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - V Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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Mondanelli G, Iacono A, Allegrucci M, Puccetti P, Grohmann U. Immunoregulatory Interplay Between Arginine and Tryptophan Metabolism in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1565. [PMID: 31354721 PMCID: PMC6629926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberta Iacono
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Allegrucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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40
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Mondanelli G, Iacono A, Carvalho A, Orabona C, Volpi C, Pallotta MT, Matino D, Esposito S, Grohmann U. Amino acid metabolism as drug target in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:334-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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41
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Fakan B, Szalardy L, Vecsei L. Exploiting the Therapeutic Potential of Endogenous Immunomodulatory Systems in Multiple Sclerosis-Special Focus on the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and the Kynurenines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020426. [PMID: 30669473 PMCID: PMC6358998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) demyelination attributable to a disturbed balance between encephalitic T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) and immunomodulatory regulatory T cell (Treg) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and an alternatively activated macrophage (M2) excess. Endogenous molecular systems regulating these inflammatory processes have recently been investigated to identify molecules that can potentially influence the course of the disease. These include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARγ coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α), and kynurenine pathway metabolites. Although all PPARs ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), recent evidence suggests that PPARα, PPARβ/δ agonists have less pronounced immunomodulatory effects and, along with PGC-1α, are not biomarkers of neuroinflammation in contrast to PPARγ. Small clinical trials with PPARγ agonists have been published with positive results. Proposed as immunomodulatory and neuroprotective, the therapeutic use of PGC-1α activation needs to be assessed in EAE/MS. The activation of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism, plays crucial immunomodulatory roles. Indeed, Trp metabolites have therapeutic relevance in EAE and drugs with structural analogy to kynurenines, such as teriflunomide, are already approved for MS. Further studies are required to gain deeper knowledge of such endogenous immunomodulatory pathways with potential therapeutic implications in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Fakan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
| | - Levente Szalardy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
| | - Laszlo Vecsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
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42
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Korte-Bouws GAH, Albers E, Voskamp M, Hendriksen H, de Leeuw LR, Güntürkün O, de Roock S, Vastert SJ, Korte SM. Juvenile Arthritis Patients Suffering from Chronic Inflammation Have Increased Activity of Both IDO and GTP-CH1 Pathways But Decreased BH4 Efficacy: Implications for Well-Being, Including Fatigue, Cognitive Impairment, Anxiety, and Depression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E9. [PMID: 30625990 PMCID: PMC6469185 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) represents joint inflammation with an unknown cause that starts before the age of 16, resulting in stiff and painful joints. In addition, JIA patients often report symptoms of sickness behavior. Recent animal studies suggest that proinflammatory cytokines produce sickness behavior by increasing the activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and guanosinetriphosphate⁻cyclohydrolase-1 (GTP⁻CH1). Here, it is hypothesized that inflammation in JIA patients enhances the enzymatic activity of IDO and GTP-CH1 and decreases the co-factor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). These compounds play a crucial role in the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters. The aim of our study was to reveal whether inflammation affects both the GTP-CH1 and IDO pathway in JIA patients. Serum samples were collected from twenty-four JIA patients. In these samples, the concentrations of tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), tyrosine (TYR), neopterin, and phenylalanine (PHE) were measured. An HPLC method with electrochemical detection was developed to quantify tryptophan, kynurenine, and tyrosine. Neopterin and phenylalanine were quantified by ELISA. The KYN/TRP ratio was measured as an index of IDO activity, while the PHE/TYR ratio was measured as an index of BH4 activity. Neopterin concentrations were used as an indirect measure of GTP-CH1 activity. JIA patients with high disease activity showed higher levels of both neopterin and kynurenine, and a higher ratio of both KYN/TRP and PHE/TYR and lower tryptophan levels than clinically inactive patients. Altogether, these data support our hypothesis that inflammation increases the enzymatic activity of both IDO and GTP-CH1 but decreases the efficacy of the co-factor BH4. In the future, animal studies are needed to investigate whether inflammation-induced changes in these enzymatic pathways and co-factor BH4 lower the levels of the brain neurotransmitters glutamate, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and melatonin, and consequently, whether they may affect fatigue, cognition, anxiety, and depression. Understanding of these complex neuroimmune interactions provides new possibilities for Pharma-Food interventions to improve the quality of life of patients suffering from chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerdien A H Korte-Bouws
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universities 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eline Albers
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universities 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marije Voskamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universities 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hendrikus Hendriksen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universities 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lidewij R de Leeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universities 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sytze de Roock
- Paediatric Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sebastiaan J Vastert
- Paediatric Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - S Mechiel Korte
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universities 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
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de Oliveira FR, Fantucci MZ, Adriano L, Valim V, Cunha TM, Louzada-Junior P, Rocha EM. Neurological and Inflammatory Manifestations in Sjögren's Syndrome: The Role of the Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123953. [PMID: 30544839 PMCID: PMC6321004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, neurological, psychological, and cognitive alterations, as well as other glandular manifestations (EGM), have been described and are being considered to be part of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Dry eye and dry mouth are major findings in SS. The lacrimal glands (LG), ocular surface (OS), and salivary glands (SG) are linked to the central nervous system (CNS) at the brainstem and hippocampus. Once compromised, these CNS sites may be responsible for autonomic and functional disturbances that are related to major and EGM in SS. Recent studies have confirmed that the kynurenine metabolic pathway (KP) can be stimulated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and other cytokines, activating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in SS. This pathway interferes with serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, mostly in the hippocampus and other structures of the CNS. Therefore, it is plausible that KP induces neurological manifestations and contributes to the discrepancy between symptoms and signs, including manifestations of hyperalgesia and depression in SS patients with weaker signs of sicca, for example. Observations from clinical studies in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), graft-versus-host disease, and lupus, as well as from experimental studies, support this hypothesis. However, the obtained results for SS are controversial, as discussed in this study. Therapeutic strategies have been reexamined and new options designed and tested to regulate the KP. In the future, the confirmation and application of this concept may help to elucidate the mosaic of SS manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Reis de Oliveira
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
| | - Marina Zilio Fantucci
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
| | - Leidiane Adriano
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
| | - Valéria Valim
- Espírito Santo Federal University, Vitoria, ES 29075-910, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
| | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Melani Rocha
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
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Boros FA, Klivényi P, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as a novel therapeutic target for Huntington’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:39-51. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1549231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanni A. Boros
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Toldi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Lehrer EJ, McGee HM, Peterson JL, Vallow L, Ruiz-Garcia H, Zaorsky NG, Sharma S, Trifiletti DM. Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Management of Brain Metastases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103054. [PMID: 30301252 PMCID: PMC6213912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases traditionally carried a poor prognosis with an overall survival of weeks to months in the absence of treatment. Radiation therapy modalities include whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). WBRT delivers a relatively low dose of radiation, has neurocognitive sequelae, and has not been investigated for its immunostimulatory effects. Furthermore, WBRT exposes the entire intracranial tumor immune microenvironment to radiation. SRS delivers a high dose of conformal radiation with image guidance to minimize dose to surrounding normal brain tissue, and appears to promote anti-tumor immunity. In parallel with many of these discoveries, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated a survival advantage in multiple malignancies commonly associated with brain metastases (e.g., melanoma). Combination SRS and ICI are theorized to be synergistic in anti-tumor immunity directed to brain metastases. The purpose of this review is to explore the synergy of SRS and ICIs, including pre-clinical data, existing clinical data, and ongoing prospective trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Lehrer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Heather M McGee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Peterson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Laura Vallow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Henry Ruiz-Garcia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Nicholas G Zaorsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Sonam Sharma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Daniel M Trifiletti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Aktan R, Ozalevli S, Ozakbas S. Effects of cigarette smoking on respiratory problems and functional levels in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 25:271-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Eleftheriadis T. What May Constrain the Success of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors in Cancer Immunotherapy? Front Immunol 2018; 9:1879. [PMID: 30150994 PMCID: PMC6099423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Bo L, Guojun T, Li G. An Expanded Neuroimmunomodulation Axis: sCD83-Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Kynurenine Pathway and Updates of Kynurenine Pathway in Neurologic Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1363. [PMID: 29963055 PMCID: PMC6013554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurologic diseases are related to autoimmune dysfunction and a variety of molecules or reaction pathways are involved in the regulation of immune function of the nervous system. Soluble CD83 (sCD83) is the soluble form of CD83, a specific marker of mature dendritic cell, which has recently been shown to have an immunomodulatory effect. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO; corresponding enzyme intrahepatic, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, TDO), a rate-limiting enzyme of extrahepatic tryptophan kynurenine pathway (KP) participates in the immunoregulation through a variety of mechanisms solely or with the synergy of sCD83, and the imbalances of metabolites of KP were associated with immune dysfunction. With the complement of sCD83 to IDO-KP, a previously known immunomodulatory axis, this review focused on an expanded neuroimmunomodulation axis: sCD83-IDO-KP and its involvement in nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tan Guojun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Miyanokoshi M, Yokosawa T, Wakasugi K. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase mediates high-affinity tryptophan uptake into human cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8428-8438. [PMID: 29666190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan (Trp) transport system has a high affinity and selectivity toward Trp, and has been reported to exist in both human and mouse macrophages. Although this system is highly expressed in interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-treated cells and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-expressing cells, its identity remains incompletely understood. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) is also highly expressed in IFN-γ-treated cells and also has high affinity and selectivity for Trp. Here, we investigated the effects of human TrpRS expression on Trp uptake into IFN-γ-treated human THP-1 monocytes or HeLa cells. Inhibition of human TrpRS expression by TrpRS-specific siRNAs decreased and overexpression of TrpRS increased Trp uptake into the cells. Of note, the TrpRS-mediated uptake system had more than hundred-fold higher affinity for Trp than the known System L amino acid transporter, promoted uptake of low Trp concentrations, and had very high Trp selectivity. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that Trp- and ATP-binding sites, but not tRNA-binding sites, in TrpRS are essential for TrpRS-mediated Trp uptake into the human cells. We further demonstrate that the addition of purified TrpRS to cell culture medium increases Trp uptake into cells. Taken together, our results reveal that TrpRS plays an important role in high-affinity Trp uptake into human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Miyanokoshi
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan and
| | - Takumi Yokosawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keisuke Wakasugi
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan and .,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Liakopoulos V, Stefanidis I. IDO decreases glycolysis and glutaminolysis by activating GCN2K, while it increases fatty acid oxidation by activating AhR, thus preserving CD4+ T‑cell survival and proliferation. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:557-568. [PMID: 29693118 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally hypothesized in the literature that indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase (IDO), by degrading L‑tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway, suppresses CD4+ T‑cell function by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation and promoting differentiation towards a regulatory phenotype. These effects are either accompanied or directly lead to alterations in cell metabolism. The present study evaluated the pathways that govern the effect of IDO on the utilization of the three main energy sources in CD4+ T‑cells. Two‑way mixed lymphocyte reactions were performed with or without oleate and/or the IDO inhibitor 1‑methyl‑DL‑tryptophan. In addition, isolated CD4+ T‑cells cultured in an oleate‑containing medium were activated in the presence or not of the general control nonderepressible 2 kinase (GCN2K) activator tryptophanol. L‑tryptophan, glucose and free fatty acid consumption, cell proliferation, apoptosis and the levels of key proteins involved in IDO‑mediated signal transduction, and glucose, glutamine and free fatty acid utilization were assessed. The results indicate that IDO decreased glycolysis and glutaminolysis by activating GCN2K, resulting in activation of AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK). In parallel with AMPK activation, IDO‑induced activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor increased the expression of all carnitine palmitoyltransferase I isoenzymes, leading ultimately to increased free fatty acid oxidation and preservation of CD4+ T‑cell survival and proliferation. Thus, contrary to what is generally hypothesized, in a normal environment containing fatty acids, the immunosuppressive effect of IDO may not be due to a decrease in CD4+ T‑cell survival and proliferation, since IDO supplies the required energy for cell survival and proliferation by increasing free fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Eleftheriadis
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgios Pissas
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stefanidis
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
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