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Broadley KJ, Mehta D. Trace amine-induced vasoconstriction of human mammary artery and saphenous vein. Vascul Pharmacol 2023; 151:107191. [PMID: 37399882 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Sympathomimetic amines, including β-phenylethylamine (PEA), constrict animal blood vessels but their mechanism of action is not now thought to be through α-adrenoceptors and release of noradrenaline but via trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). This information is not available for human blood vessels. Functional studies were therefore performed on human arteries and veins to establish whether they constrict to PEA and whether any constrictions are adrenoceptor-mediated. Isolated internal mammary artery or saphenous vein rings were set up in Kreb's-bicarbonate solution at 37 ± 0.5 °C gassed with O2:CO2 (95:5) under class 2 containment. Isometric contractions were measured and cumulative concentration-response curves for PEA or the α-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine were established. PEA showed concentration-related contractions. The maximum was significantly greater in arteries (1.53 ± 0.31 g, n = 9) than veins (0.55 ± 0.18 g, n = 10), but not when plotted as % of KCl contractions. PEA showed slowly developing contractions plateauing at 17,3 ± 3.7 min in mammary artery. The reference α-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine, exhibited more rapid onset (peak 5.0 ± 1.2 min) but non-sustained contractions. In saphenous veins, PEA (62.8 ± 10.7%) and phenylephrine (61.4 ± 9.7%, n = 4) displayed the same maximum, but phenylephrine was more potent. The α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin (1 μM), blocked phenylephrine contractions of mammary arteries but not PEA contractions in either vessel. PEA causes substantial vasoconstriction of human saphenous vein and mammary artery, which explains its vasopressor actions. This response, however, was not mediated via α1-adrenoceptors, but likely due to TAARs. The classification of PEA as a sympathomimetic amine on human blood vessels is therefore no longer valid and requires revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Broadley
- Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward Vll Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3NB, UK.
| | - Dheeraj Mehta
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XW, UK
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2
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Sakanoue W, Yokoyama T, Hirakawa M, Maesawa S, Sato K, Saino T. 3-Iodothyronamine, a trace amine-associated receptor agonist, regulates intracellular Ca2+ increases via CaMK II through Epac2 in rat cerebral arterioles. Biomed Res 2023; 44:219-232. [PMID: 37779034 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.44.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Trace amines (TAs) in the nervous system bind to TA-associated receptors (TAARs) and are involved in the regulation of monoaminergic functions. Among TAAR subtypes, TAAR1 has been implicated in the development of neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia. The present study investigated the effects of the TAAR1 agonist, 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) on cerebral arterioles using fluctuations in the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) as an index of contractile responses. In cerebral arterioles, most of the TAAR agonists did not increase [Ca2+]i, while only T1AM elevated [Ca2+]i in vascular smooth muscle cells. This increase involved extracellular Ca2+ influx through T-type Ca2+ channels and inositol trisphosphate- and ryanodine-receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. The inhibition of the cAMP sensor, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) 2, and calmodulin kinase (CaMK) II strongly inhibited Ca2+ elevations. The present study revealed that T1AM acted not only on the TAAR1 receptor as previously suggested, but also on other G-protein coupled receptors and/or signal transduction systems to increase intracellular Ca2+ in cerebral arteriole smooth muscle cells. These results suggest that when using T1AM in clinical practice, attention should be paid to the early rise in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Sakanoue
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Masato Hirakawa
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Satsuki Maesawa
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sato
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Saino
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
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3
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Substantial impact of 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) on the regulations of fluorescent thermoprobe-measured cellular temperature and natriuretic peptide expression in cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12740. [PMID: 35882940 PMCID: PMC9325765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), an active thyroid hormone metabolite, that induces negative inotropic and chronotropic actions in the heart and exerts systemic hypothermic action. We explored the direct impact of T1AM on cardiomyocytes with a focus on the regulation of the intracellular temperature and natriuretic peptide (NP) expression. A thermoprobe was successfully introduced into neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, and the temperature-dependent changes in the fluorescence intensity ratio were measured using a fluorescence microscope. After one-hour incubation with T1AM, the degree of change in the fluorescence intensity ratio was significantly lower in T1AM-treated cardiomyocytes than in equivalent solvent-treated controls (P < 0.01), indicating the direct hypothermic action of T1AM on cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, T1AM treatment upregulated B-type NP (BNP) gene expression comparable to treatment with endothelin-1 or phenylephrine. Of note, ERK phosphorylation was markedly increased after T1AM treatment, and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation by an MEK inhibitor completely cancelled both T1AM-induced decrease in thermoprobe-measured temperature and the increase in BNP expression. In summary, T1AM decreases fluorescent thermoprobe-measured temperatures (estimated intracellular temperatures) and increases BNP expression in cardiomyocytes by activating the MEK/ERK pathway. The present findings provide new insight into the direct myocardial cellular actions of T1AM in patients with severe heart failure.
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4
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Borsò M, Agretti P, Zucchi R, Saba A. Mass spectrometry in the diagnosis of thyroid disease and in the study of thyroid hormone metabolism. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:443-468. [PMID: 33238065 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of thyroid hormones in the regulation of development, growth, and energy metabolism is well known. Over the last decades, mass spectrometry has been extensively used to investigate thyroid hormone metabolism and to discover and characterize new molecules involved in thyroid hormones production, such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone. In the earlier period, the quantification methods, usually based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were complicated and time consuming. They were mainly focused on basic research, and were not suitable for clinical diagnostics on a routine basis. The development of the modern mass spectrometers, mainly coupled to liquid chromatography, enabled simpler sample preparation procedures, and the accurate quantification of thyroid hormones, of their precursors, and of their metabolites in biological fluids, tissues, and cells became feasible. Nowadays, molecules of physiological and pathological interest can be assayed also for diagnostic purposes on a routine basis, and mass spectrometry is slowly entering the clinical laboratory. This review takes stock of the advancements in the field of thyroid metabolism that were carried out with mass spectrometry, with special focus on the use of this technique for the quantification of molecules involved in thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Borsò
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Agretti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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5
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Louzada RA, Padron AS, Marques-Neto SR, Maciel L, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Ferreira ACF, Nascimento JHM, Carvalho DP. 3,5-Diiodothyronine protects against cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury in male rats. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2185-2197. [PMID: 34605090 DOI: 10.1113/ep089589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? 3,5-Diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) administration increases resting metabolic rate, prevents or treats liver steatosis in rodent models, and ameliorates insulin resistance: what are its effects on cardiac electrical and contractile properties and autonomic regulation? What is the main finding and its importance? Chronic 3,5-T2 administration has no adverse effects on cardiac function. Remarkably, 3,5-T2 improves the autonomous control of the rat heart and protects against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. ABSTRACT The use of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) to treat metabolic diseases has been hindered by potential adverse effects on liver, lipid metabolism and cardiac electrical properties. It is recognized that 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) administration increases resting metabolic rate, prevents or treats liver steatosis in rodent models and ameliorates insulin resistance, suggesting 3,5-T2 as a potential therapeutic tool. However, a comprehensive assessment of cardiac electrical and contractile properties has not been made so far. Three-month-old Wistar rats were daily administered vehicle, 3,5-T2 or 3,5-T2+T4 and no signs of atrial or ventricular arrhythmia were detected in non-anaesthetized rats during 90 days. Cardiac function was preserved as heart rate, left ventricle diameter and shortening fraction in 3,5-T2-treated rats compared to vehicle and 3,5-T2+T4 groups. Power spectral analysis indicated an amelioration of the heart rate variability only in 3,5-T2-treated rats. An increased baroreflex sensitivity at rest was observed in both 3,5-T2-treated groups. Finally, 3,5-T2 Langendorff-perfused hearts presented a significant recovery of left ventricular function and remarkably smaller infarction area after ischaemia-reperfusion injury. In conclusion, chronic 3,5-T2 administration ameliorates tonic cardiac autonomic control and confers cardioprotection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in healthy male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy Andrade Louzada
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alvaro Souto Padron
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvio Rodrigues Marques-Neto
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Atividade Física, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Universidade Estácio de Sá (UNESA), Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício (LAFIEX), Curso de Educação Física, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,NUMPEX, Campus Duque de Caxias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Werneck-de-Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,NUMPEX, Campus Duque de Caxias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Hamilton Matheus Nascimento
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia Cardíaca Antonio Paes de Carvalho, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Pires Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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di Leo N, Moscato S, Borso’ M, Sestito S, Polini B, Bandini L, Grillone A, Battaglini M, Saba A, Mattii L, Ciofani G, Chiellini G. Delivery of Thyronamines (TAMs) to the Brain: A Preliminary Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061616. [PMID: 33799468 PMCID: PMC7999687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports highlighted the significant neuroprotective effects of thyronamines (TAMs), a class of endogenous thyroid hormone derivatives. In particular, 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) has been shown to play a pleiotropic role in neurodegeneration by modulating energy metabolism and neurological functions in mice. However, the pharmacological response to T1AM might be influenced by tissue metabolism, which is known to convert T1AM into its catabolite 3-iodothyroacetic acid (TA1). Currently, several research groups are investigating the pharmacological effects of T1AM systemic administration in the search of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of interlinked pathologies, such as metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). A critical aspect in the development of new drugs for NDDs is to know their distribution in the brain, which is fundamentally related to their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). To this end, in the present study we used the immortalized mouse brain endothelial cell line bEnd.3 to develop an in vitro model of BBB and evaluate T1AM and TA1 permeability. Both drugs, administered at 1 µM dose, were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Our results indicate that T1AM is able to efficiently cross the BBB, whereas TA1 is almost completely devoid of this property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta di Leo
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy or (N.d.L.); (S.M.); (A.G.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Stefania Moscato
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy or (N.d.L.); (S.M.); (A.G.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Marco Borso’
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); or (S.S.); (B.P.); (L.B.) (A.S.)
| | - Simona Sestito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); or (S.S.); (B.P.); (L.B.) (A.S.)
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Beatrice Polini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); or (S.S.); (B.P.); (L.B.) (A.S.)
| | - Lavinia Bandini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); or (S.S.); (B.P.); (L.B.) (A.S.)
| | - Agostina Grillone
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy or (N.d.L.); (S.M.); (A.G.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Matteo Battaglini
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy or (N.d.L.); (S.M.); (A.G.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); or (S.S.); (B.P.); (L.B.) (A.S.)
| | - Letizia Mattii
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Smart Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy or (N.d.L.); (S.M.); (A.G.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Grazia Chiellini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); or (S.S.); (B.P.); (L.B.) (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Li ZM, Miller M, Gachkar S, Mittag J, Schriever SC, Pfluger PT, Schramm KW, De Angelis M. Determination of 3-iodothyronamine (3-T 1AM) in mouse liver using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1165:122553. [PMID: 33503577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
3-iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) has been suggested as a novel chemical messenger and potent trace amine-associated receptor 1 ligand in the CNS that occurs naturally as endogenous metabolite of the thyroid hormones. Discrepancies and variations in 3-T1AM plasma and tissue concentrations have nonetheless caused controversy regarding the existence and biological role of 3-T1AM. These discussions are at least partially based on potential analytical artefacts caused by differential decay kinetics of 3-T1AM and the widely used deuterated quantification standard D4-T1AM. Here, we report a novel LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of 3-T1AM in biological specimens using stable isotope dilution with 13C6-T1AM, a new internal standard that showed pharmacodynamic properties comparable to endogenous 3-T1AM. The method detection limit (MDL) and method quantification limit (MQL) of 3-T1AM were 0.04 and 0.09 ng/g, respectively. The spike-recoveries of 3-T1AM were between 85.4% and 94.3%, with a coefficient of variation of 3.7-5.8%. The intra-day and inter-day variations of 3-T1AM were 8.45-11.2% and 3.58-5.73%, respectively. Endogenous 3-T1AM liver values in C57BL/6J mice were 2.20 ± 0.49 pmol/g with a detection frequency of 50%. Higher liver 3-T1AM values were found when C57BL/6J mice were treated with N-acetyl-3-iodothyronamine or O-acetyl-3-iodothyronamine. Overall, our new stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method improves both the sensitivity and selectivity compared with existing methods. The concomitant possibility to quantify additional thyroid hormones such as thyroxine, 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine, 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine, 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine, and 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine further adds to the value of our novel method in exploring the natural occurrence and fate of 3-T1AM in biological tissues and fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan (Nutrition), Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Manuel Miller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit Comparative Medicine (AVM), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sogol Gachkar
- Institute for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institute for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sonja C Schriever
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; TUM School of Medicine, Neurobiology of Diabetes, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department für Biowissenschaftliche Grundlagen, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Meri De Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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8
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Tozzi F, Rutigliano G, Borsò M, Falcicchia C, Zucchi R, Origlia N. T 1AM-TAAR1 signalling protects against OGD-induced synaptic dysfunction in the entorhinal cortex. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 151:105271. [PMID: 33482355 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in thyroid hormones (TH) availability and/or metabolism have been hypothesized to contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to be a risk factor for stroke. Recently, 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), an endogenous amine putatively derived from TH metabolism, gained interest for its ability to promote learning and memory in the mouse. Moreover, T1AM has been demonstrated to rescue the β-Amyloid dependent LTP impairment in the entorhinal cortex (EC), a brain area crucially involved in learning and memory and early affected during AD. In the present work, we have investigated the effect of T1AM on ischemia-induced EC synaptic dysfunction. In EC brain slices exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), we demonstrated that the acute perfusion of T1AM (5 μM) was capable of preventing ischemia-induced synaptic depression and that this protective effect was mediated by the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). Moreover, we demonstrated that activation of the BDNF-TrkB signalling is required for T1AM action during ischemia. The protective effect of T1AM was more evident when using EC slices from transgenic mutant human APP (mhAPP mice) that are more vulnerable to the effect of OGD. Our results confirm that the TH derivative T1AM can rescue synaptic function after transient ischemia, an effect that was also observed in a Aβ-enriched environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tozzi
- Bio@SNS laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marco Borsò
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Falcicchia
- Institute of Neuroscience of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Origlia
- Institute of Neuroscience of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.
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9
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Shi Z, Qin M, Huang L, Xu T, Chen Y, Hu Q, Peng S, Peng Z, Qu LN, Chen SG, Tuo QH, Liao DF, Wang XP, Wu RR, Yuan TF, Li YH, Liu XM. Human torpor: translating insights from nature into manned deep space expedition. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:642-672. [PMID: 33314677 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During a long-duration manned spaceflight mission, such as flying to Mars and beyond, all crew members will spend a long period in an independent spacecraft with closed-loop bioregenerative life-support systems. Saving resources and reducing medical risks, particularly in mental heath, are key technology gaps hampering human expedition into deep space. In the 1960s, several scientists proposed that an induced state of suppressed metabolism in humans, which mimics 'hibernation', could be an ideal solution to cope with many issues during spaceflight. In recent years, with the introduction of specific methods, it is becoming more feasible to induce an artificial hibernation-like state (synthetic torpor) in non-hibernating species. Natural torpor is a fascinating, yet enigmatic, physiological process in which metabolic rate (MR), body core temperature (Tb ) and behavioural activity are reduced to save energy during harsh seasonal conditions. It employs a complex central neural network to orchestrate a homeostatic state of hypometabolism, hypothermia and hypoactivity in response to environmental challenges. The anatomical and functional connections within the central nervous system (CNS) lie at the heart of controlling synthetic torpor. Although progress has been made, the precise mechanisms underlying the active regulation of the torpor-arousal transition, and their profound influence on neural function and behaviour, which are critical concerns for safe and reversible human torpor, remain poorly understood. In this review, we place particular emphasis on elaborating the central nervous mechanism orchestrating the torpor-arousal transition in both non-flying hibernating mammals and non-hibernating species, and aim to provide translational insights into long-duration manned spaceflight. In addition, identifying difficulties and challenges ahead will underscore important concerns in engineering synthetic torpor in humans. We believe that synthetic torpor may not be the only option for manned long-duration spaceflight, but it is the most achievable solution in the foreseeable future. Translating the available knowledge from natural torpor research will not only benefit manned spaceflight, but also many clinical settings attempting to manipulate energy metabolism and neurobehavioural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.,Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Meng Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qin Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100024, China
| | - Sha Peng
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Zhuang Peng
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Li-Na Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Shan-Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Qin-Hui Tuo
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ren-Rong Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China
| | - Ying-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.,Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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10
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3-Iodothyronamine and Derivatives: New Allies Against Metabolic Syndrome? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062005. [PMID: 32183490 PMCID: PMC7139928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the two decades since its discovery, a large body of evidence has amassed to highlight the potential of 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) as an antiobesity drug, whose pleiotropic signaling actions profoundly impact energy metabolism. In the present review, we recapitulate the most relevant properties of T1AM, including its structural and functional relationship to thyroid hormone, its endogenous levels, molecular targets, as well as its genomic and non-genomic effects on metabolism elicited in experimental models after exogenous administration. The physiological and pathophysiological relevance of T1AM in the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolism is also discussed, along with its potential therapeutic applications in metabolic disturbances. Finally, we examine a number of T1AM analogs that have been recently developed with the aim of designing novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of interlinked diseases, such as metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as additional synthetic tools that can be exploited to further explore T1AM-dependent mechanisms and the physiological roles of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1)-mediated effects.
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11
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Andersen G, Marcinek P, Sulzinger N, Schieberle P, Krautwurst D. Food sources and biomolecular targets of tyramine. Nutr Rev 2020; 77:107-115. [PMID: 30165672 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyramine is a biogenic trace amine that is generated via the decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine. At pico- to nanomolar concentrations, it can influence a multitude of physiological mechanisms, exhibiting neuromodulatory properties as well as cardiovascular and immunological effects. In humans, the diet is the primary source of physiologically relevant tyramine concentrations, which are influenced by a large number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Among these factors are the availability of tyrosine in food, the presence of tyramine-producing bacteria, the environmental pH, and the salt content of food. The process of fermentation provides a particularly good source of tyramine in human nutrition. Here, the potential impact of dietary tyramine on human health was assessed by compiling quantitative data on the tyramine content in a variety of foods and then conducting a brief review of the literature on the physiological, cellular, and systemic effects of tyramine. Together, the data sets presented here may allow both the assessment of tyramine concentrations in food and the extrapolation of these concentrations to gauge the physiological and systemic effects in the context of human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicole Sulzinger
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Schieberle
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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12
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Biebermann H, Kleinau G. 3-Iodothyronamine Induces Diverse Signaling Effects at Different Aminergic and Non-Aminergic G-Protein Coupled Receptors. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 128:395-400. [PMID: 31698479 DOI: 10.1055/a-1022-1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone metabolite 3-iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) exerts diverse physiological reactions such as a decrease of body temperature, and negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. This observed pleomorphic effect in physiology can be barely explained by interaction with only one target protein such as the trace-amine receptor 1 (TAAR1), a class A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Moreover, Taar1 knock-out mice still react to 3-T1AM through physiological responses with a rapid decrease in body temperature. These facts propelled our group and others to search for further targets for this molecule.The group of TAARs evolved early in evolution and, according to sequence similarities, they are closely related to adrenoceptors and other aminergic receptors. Therefore, several of these receptors were characterized by their potential to interplay with 3-T1AM. Indeed, 3-T1AM acts as a positive allosteric modulator on the beta2-adrenoceptor (ADRB2) and as a biased agonist on the serotonin receptor 1B (5HT1b) and the alpha2-adrenoceptor (ADRA2A). In addition, 3-T1AM was reported to be a weak antagonist at a non-aminergic muscarinic receptor (M3).These findings impressively reflect that such trace amines can unselectively and simultaneously function at different receptors expressed by one cell or at different tissues. In conclusion, the role of 3-T1AM is hypothesized to concert the fine-tuning of specific cell reactions by the accentuation of certain pathways dependent on distinct receptors. 3-T1AM acts as a regulator of signals by blocking, modulating, or inducing simultaneously distinct intracellular signaling cascades via different GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Szumska J, Batool Z, Al-Hashimi A, Venugopalan V, Skripnik V, Schaschke N, Bogyo M, Brix K. Treatment of rat thyrocytes in vitro with cathepsin B and L inhibitors results in disruption of primary cilia leading to redistribution of the trace amine associated receptor 1 to the endoplasmic reticulum. Biochimie 2019; 166:270-285. [PMID: 31302164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Taar1 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) confined to primary cilia of rodent thyroid epithelial cells. Taar1-deficient mouse thyroid follicles feature luminal accumulation of thyroglobulin suggesting that Taar1 acts as a regulator of extra- and pericellular thyroglobulin processing, which is mediated by cysteine cathepsin proteases present at the apical plasma membrane of rodent thyrocytes. Here, by immunostaining and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we demonstrated co-localization of cathepsin L, but only little cathepsin B, with Taar1 at primary cilia of rat thyrocytes, the FRT cells. Because proteases were shown to affect half-lives of certain receptors, we determined the effect of cathepsin activity inhibition on sub-cellular localization of Taar1 in FRT cells, whereupon Taar1 localization altered such that it was retained in compartments of the secretory pathway. Since the same effect on Taar1 localization was observed in both cathepsin B and L inhibitor-treated cells, the interaction of cathepsin activities and sub-cellular localization of Taar1 was thought to be indirect. Indeed, we observed that cathepsin inhibition resulted in a lack of primary cilia from FRT cells. Next, we proved that primary cilia are a necessity for Taar1 trafficking to reach the plasma membrane of FRT cells, since the disruption of primary cilia by treatment with β-cyclodextrin resulted in Taar1 retention in compartments of the secretory pathway. Furthermore, in less well-polarized rat thyrocytes, namely in FRTL-5 cells lacking primary cilia, Taar1 was mainly confined to the compartments of the secretory pathway. We conclude that Taar1 localization in polarized thyroid epithelial cells requires the presence of primary cilia, which is dependent on the proteolytic activity of cysteine cathepsins B and L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szumska
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Zaina Batool
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alaa Al-Hashimi
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Vaishnavi Venugopalan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Vladislav Skripnik
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
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14
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la Cour JL, Christensen HM, Köhrle J, Lehmphul I, Kistorp C, Nygaard B, Faber J. Association Between 3-Iodothyronamine (T1am) Concentrations and Left Ventricular Function in Chronic Heart Failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1232-1238. [PMID: 30383216 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid hormone metabolites might affect the heart. The endogenous aminergic metabolite 3-iodothyronamine (T1am) reduces left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in rodents. OBJECTIVE To investigate concentration of T1am and its association with LVEF and biomarkers of heart function in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) without thyroid disease, including patients with cardiac cachexia (nonedematous weight loss >5% over 6 months). METHODS Cross-sectional study. CHF was characterized by LVEF <45% and symptoms. Three groups were included (n = 19 in each group, matched on age, sex, and kidney function): patients with cachexia (CAC), patients without (non-CAC), and control (C) patients with prior myocardial infarction and LVEF >45%. T1am was measured by a monoclonal antibody-based chemiluminescence immunoassay. N-amino terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) concentrations were also analyzed. RESULTS Mean (SD) LVEF: CAC, 32 ± 9%; non-CAC, 38 ± 8%; and C, 60 ± 8% (P < 0.0001). TSH, T4, and T3 levels did not differ between groups and did not correlate to T1am. Serum T1am (nmol/L) concentrations were higher in CHF: CAC (mean ± SD), 12.4 ± 6.6; non-CAC, 9.1 ± 5; and C, 7.3 ± 2.9. A negative association between T1am and LVEF was present after adjusting for sex, age, T3, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.03). Further, serum T1am levels tended to be associated with NT-proBNP (P = 0.053). CONCLUSION Serum T1am levels were increased in patients with CHF and numerically highest (although nonsignificant) in patients with cardiac cachexia. Increasing T1am concentrations were independently associated with reduced LVEF, suggesting a direct effect on the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi M Christensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Lehmphul
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline Kistorp
- Department of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Nygaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Faber
- Department of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Köhrle J, Biebermann H. 3-Iodothyronamine-A Thyroid Hormone Metabolite With Distinct Target Profiles and Mode of Action. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:602-630. [PMID: 30649231 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rediscovery of the group of thyronamines (TAMs), especially the first detailed description of their most prominent congener 3-iodothyronamine (3T1AM) 14 years ago, boosted research on this thyroid hormone metabolite tremendously. TAMs exert actions partly opposite to and distinct from known functions of thyroid hormones. These fascinating metabolic, anapyrexic, cytoprotective, and brain effects quickly evoked the hope to use hormone-derived TAMs as a therapeutic option. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) TAAR1, a member of the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) family, was identified as the first target and effector of TAM action. The initial enthusiasm on pharmacological actions of exogenous TAMs elicited many questions, such as sites of biosynthesis, analytics, modes of action, inactivation, and role of TAMs in (patho)physiology. Meanwhile, it became clear that TAMs not only interact with TAAR1 or other TAAR family members but also with several aminergic receptors and non-GPCR targets such as transient receptor potential channels, mitochondrial proteins, and the serum TAM-binding protein apolipoprotein B100, thus classifying 3T1AM as a multitarget ligand. The physiological mode of action of TAMs is still controversial because regulation of endogenous TAM production and the sites of its biosynthesis are not fully elucidated. Methods for 3T1AM analytics need further validation, as they revealed different blood and tissue concentrations depending on detection principles used such as monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay vs liquid chromatography- matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In this review, we comprehensively summarize and critically evaluate current basic, translational, and clinical knowledge on 3T1AM and its main metabolite 3-iodothyroacetic acid, focusing on endocrine-relevant aspects and open but highly challenging issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Abstract
Trace amines are endogenous compounds classically regarded as comprising β-phenylethyalmine, p-tyramine, tryptamine, p-octopamine, and some of their metabolites. They are also abundant in common foodstuffs and can be produced and degraded by the constitutive microbiota. The ability to use trace amines has arisen at least twice during evolution, with distinct receptor families present in invertebrates and vertebrates. The term "trace amine" was coined to reflect the low tissue levels in mammals; however, invertebrates have relatively high levels where they function like mammalian adrenergic systems, involved in "fight-or-flight" responses. Vertebrates express a family of receptors termed trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Humans possess six functional isoforms (TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9), whereas some fish species express over 100. With the exception of TAAR1, TAARs are expressed in olfactory epithelium neurons, where they detect diverse ethological signals including predators, spoiled food, migratory cues, and pheromones. Outside the olfactory system, TAAR1 is the most thoroughly studied and has both central and peripheral roles. In the brain, TAAR1 acts as a rheostat of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission and has been identified as a novel therapeutic target for schizophrenia, depression, and addiction. In the periphery, TAAR1 regulates nutrient-induced hormone secretion, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity. TAAR1 may also regulate immune responses by regulating leukocyte differentiation and activation. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge of the evolution, physiologic functions, pharmacology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of trace amines and their receptors in vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| | - Mark D Berry
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
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17
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Christian SL, Berry MD. Trace Amine-Associated Receptors as Novel Therapeutic Targets for Immunomodulatory Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:680. [PMID: 30013475 PMCID: PMC6036138 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amines and their receptors (trace amine-associated receptors; TAARs) are an emerging pharmacological target for the treatment of human disorders. While most studies have focused on their therapeutic potential for neurologic and psychiatric disorders, TAARs are also expressed throughout the periphery, including prominent expression in human leukocytes. Furthermore, recent independent, unbiased metabolomic studies have consistently identified one or more TAAR ligands as potential etiologic factors in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The putative role of TAARs in diseases such as IBD that are associated with hyperactive immune responses has not, however, previously been systematically addressed. Here, we review the current state of the knowledge of the effects of TAARs on leukocyte function, in particular in the context of mucosal epithelial cells that interface with the environment; developing a model whereby TAARs may be considered as a novel therapeutic target for disorders associated with dysregulated immune responses to environmental factors. In this model, we hypothesize that altered trace amine homeostasis results in hyperactivity of the immune system. Such loss of homeostasis can occur through many different mechanisms including TAAR polymorphisms and altered trace amine load due to changes in host synthesis and/or degradative enzymes, diet, or microbial dysbiosis. The resulting alterations in TAAR functioning can then lead to a loss of homeostasis of leukocyte chemotaxis, differentiation, and activation, as well as an altered ability of members of the microbiota to adhere to and penetrate the epithelial cell layers. Such changes would generate a pro-inflammatory state at mucosal epithelial barrier layers that can manifest as clinical symptomatology such as that seen in IBD. These alterations may also have the potential to induce systemic effects, which could possibly contribute to immunomodulatory disorders in other systems, including neurological diseases.
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18
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Metabolic Reprogramming by 3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM): A New Perspective to Reverse Obesity through Co-Regulation of Sirtuin 4 and 6 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051535. [PMID: 29786646 PMCID: PMC5983833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease associated with environmental and genetic factors. 3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) has revealed great potential as an effective weight loss drug. We used metabolomics and associated transcriptional gene and protein expression analysis to investigate the tissue specific metabolic reprogramming effects of subchronic T1AM treatment at two pharmacological daily doses (10 and 25 mg/kg) on targeted metabolic pathways. Multi-analytical results indicated that T1AM at 25 mg/kg can act as a novel master regulator of both glucose and lipid metabolism in mice through sirtuin-mediated pathways. In liver, we observed an increased gene and protein expression of Sirt6 (a master gene regulator of glucose) and Gck (glucose kinase) and a decreased expression of Sirt4 (a negative regulator of fatty acids oxidation (FAO)), whereas in white adipose tissue only Sirt6 was increased. Metabolomics analysis supported physiological changes at both doses with most increases in FAO, glycolysis indicators and the mitochondrial substrate, at the highest dose of T1AM. Together our results suggest that T1AM acts through sirtuin-mediated pathways to metabolically reprogram fatty acid and glucose metabolism possibly through small molecules signaling. Our novel mechanistic findings indicate that T1AM has a great potential as a drug for the treatment of obesity and possibly diabetes.
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19
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Zhang X, Mantas I, Alvarsson A, Yoshitake T, Shariatgorji M, Pereira M, Nilsson A, Kehr J, Andrén PE, Millan MJ, Chergui K, Svenningsson P. Striatal Tyrosine Hydroxylase Is Stimulated via TAAR1 by 3-Iodothyronamine, But Not by Tyramine or β-Phenylethylamine. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:166. [PMID: 29545750 PMCID: PMC5837966 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is expressed by dopaminergic neurons, but the precise influence of trace amines upon their functional activity remains to be fully characterized. Here, we examined the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by tyramine and beta-phenylethylamine (β-PEA) compared to 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM). Immunoblotting and amperometry were performed in dorsal striatal slices from wild-type (WT) and TAAR1 knockout (KO) mice. T1AM increased TH phosphorylation at both Ser19 and Ser40, actions that should promote functional activity of TH. Indeed, HPLC data revealed higher rates of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) accumulation in WT animals treated with T1AM after the administration of a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor. These effects were abolished both in TAAR1 KO mice and by the TAAR1 antagonist, EPPTB. Further, they were specific inasmuch as Ser845 phosphorylation of the post-synaptic GluA1 AMPAR subunit was unaffected. The effects of T1AM on TH phosphorylation at both Ser19 (CamKII-targeted), and Ser40 (PKA-phosphorylated) were inhibited by KN-92 and H-89, inhibitors of CamKII and PKA respectively. Conversely, there was no effect of an EPAC analog, 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP, on TH phosphorylation. In line with these data, T1AM increased evoked striatal dopamine release in TAAR1 WT mice, an action blunted in TAAR1 KO mice and by EPPTB. Mass spectrometry imaging revealed no endogenous T1AM in the brain, but detected T1AM in several brain areas upon systemic administration in both WT and TAAR1 KO mice. In contrast to T1AM, tyramine decreased the phosphorylation of Ser40-TH, while increasing Ser845-GluA1 phosphorylation, actions that were not blocked in TAAR1 KO mice. Likewise, β-PEA reduced Ser40-TH and tended to promote Ser845-GluA1 phosphorylation. The D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 blocked tyramine-induced Ser845-GluA1 phosphorylation, but had no effect on tyramine- or β-PEA-induced Ser40-TH phosphorylation. In conclusion, by intracellular cascades involving CaMKII and PKA, T1AM, but not tyramine and β-PEA, acts via TAAR1 to promote the phosphorylation and functional activity of TH in the dorsal striatum, supporting a modulatory influence on dopamine transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqun Zhang
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:01, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Mantas
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:01, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Alvarsson
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:01, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Yoshitake
- Section of Pharmacological Neurochemistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mohammadreza Shariatgorji
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Imaging, National Resource for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pereira
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:01, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Imaging, National Resource for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Kehr
- Section of Pharmacological Neurochemistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Per E Andrén
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Imaging, National Resource for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation-CNS, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Paris, France
| | - Karima Chergui
- Section of Molecular Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:01, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Griko Y, Regan MD. Synthetic torpor: A method for safely and practically transporting experimental animals aboard spaceflight missions to deep space. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2018; 16:101-107. [PMID: 29475515 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Animal research aboard the Space Shuttle and International Space Station has provided vital information on the physiological, cellular, and molecular effects of spaceflight. The relevance of this information to human spaceflight is enhanced when it is coupled with information gleaned from human-based research. As NASA and other space agencies initiate plans for human exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), incorporating animal research into these missions is vitally important to understanding the biological impacts of deep space. However, new technologies will be required to integrate experimental animals into spacecraft design and transport them beyond LEO in a safe and practical way. In this communication, we propose the use of metabolic control technologies to reversibly depress the metabolic rates of experimental animals while in transit aboard the spacecraft. Compared to holding experimental animals in active metabolic states, the advantages of artificially inducing regulated, depressed metabolic states (called synthetic torpor) include significantly reduced mass, volume, and power requirements within the spacecraft owing to reduced life support requirements, and mitigated radiation- and microgravity-induced negative health effects on the animals owing to intrinsic physiological properties of torpor. In addition to directly benefitting animal research, synthetic torpor-inducing systems will also serve as test beds for systems that may eventually hold human crewmembers in similar metabolic states on long-duration missions. The technologies for inducing synthetic torpor, which we discuss, are at relatively early stages of development, but there is ample evidence to show that this is a viable idea and one with very real benefits to spaceflight programs. The increasingly ambitious goals of world's many spaceflight programs will be most quickly and safely achieved with the help of animal research systems transported beyond LEO; synthetic torpor may enable this to be done as practically and inexpensively as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Griko
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, United States.
| | - Matthew D Regan
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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21
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Rutigliano G, Accorroni A, Zucchi R. The Case for TAAR1 as a Modulator of Central Nervous System Function. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:987. [PMID: 29375386 PMCID: PMC5767590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TAAR1 is widely expressed across the mammalian brain, particularly in limbic and monoaminergic areas, allegedly involved in mood, attention, memory, fear, and addiction. However, the subcellular distribution of TAAR1 is still unclear, since TAAR1 signal is largely intracellular. In vitro, TAAR1 is activated with nanomolar to micromolar affinity by some endogenous amines, particularly p-tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine, and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), the latter representing a novel branch of thyroid hormone signaling. In addition, TAAR1 responds to a number of psychoactive drugs, i.e., amphetamines, ergoline derivatives, bromocriptine and lisuride. Trace amines have been identified as neurotransmitters in invertebrates, and they are considered as potential neuromodulators. In particular, beta-phenylethylamine and p-tyramine have been reported to modify the release and/or the response to dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine and GABA, while evidence of cross-talk between TAAR1 and other aminergic receptors has been provided. Systemic or intracerebroventricular injection of exogenous T1AM produced prolearning and antiamnestic effects, reduced pain threshold, decreased non-REM sleep, and modulated the firing rate of adrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus. However each of these substances may have additional molecular targets, and it is unclear whether their endogenous levels are sufficient to produce significant TAAR1 activation in vivo. TAAR1 knock out mice show a worse performance in anxiety and working memory tests, and they are more prone to develop ethanol addiction. They also show increased locomotor response to amphetamine, and decreased stereotypical responses induced by apomorphine. Notably, human genes for TAARs cluster on chromosome 6 at q23, within a region whose mutations have been reported to confer susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. For human TAAR1, around 200 non-synonymous and 400 synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified, but their functional consequences have not been extensively investigated yet. In conclusion, the bulk of evidence points to a significant physiological role of TAAR1 in the modulation of central nervous system function and a potential pharmacological role of TAAR1 agonists in neurology and/or psychiatry. However, the specific effects of TAAR1 stimulation are still controversial, and many crucial issues require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rutigliano
- Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Accorroni
- Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
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Kowalik MA, Columbano A, Perra A. Thyroid Hormones, Thyromimetics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:382. [PMID: 30042736 PMCID: PMC6048875 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways activated by thyroid hormone receptors (THR) are of fundamental importance for organogenesis, growth and differentiation, and significantly influence energy metabolism, lipid utilization and glucose homeostasis. Pharmacological control of these pathways would likely impact the treatment of several human diseases characterized by altered metabolism, growth or differentiation. Not surprisingly, biomedical research has been trying for the past decades to pharmacologically target the 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3)/THR axis. In vitro and in vivo studies have provided evidence of the potential utility of the activation of the T3-dependent pathways in metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, supra-physiological doses of the THR agonist T3 cause severe thyrotoxicosis thus hampering its therapeutic use. However, the observation that most of the desired beneficial effects of T3 are mediated by the activation of the beta isoform of THR (THRβ) in metabolically active organs has led to the synthesis of a number of THRβ-selective thyromimetics. Among these drugs, GC-1, GC-24, KB141, KB2115, and MB07344 displayed a promising therapeutic strategy for liver diseases. However, although these drugs exhibited encouraging results when tested in the treatment of experimentally-induced obesity, dyslipidemia, and HCC, significant adverse effects limited their use in clinical trials. More recently, evidence has been provided that some metabolites of thyroid hormones (TH), mono and diiodothyronines, could also play a role in the treatment of liver disease. These molecules, for a long time considered inactive byproducts of the metabolism of thyroid hormones, have now been proposed to be able to modulate and control lipid and cell energy metabolism. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding T3, its metabolites and analogs with reference to their possible clinical application in the treatment of liver disease. In particular, we will focus our attention on NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and HCC. In addition, the possible therapeutic use of mono- and diiodothyronines in metabolic and/or neoplastic liver disease will be discussed.
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Louzada RA, Carvalho DP. Similarities and Differences in the Peripheral Actions of Thyroid Hormones and Their Metabolites. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:394. [PMID: 30072951 PMCID: PMC6060242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) are secreted by the thyroid gland, while T3 is also generated from the peripheral metabolism of T4 by iodothyronine deiodinases types I and II. Several conditions like stress, diseases, and physical exercise can promote changes in local TH metabolism, leading to different target tissue effects that depend on the presence of tissue-specific enzymatic activities. The newly discovered physiological and pharmacological actions of T4 and T3 metabolites, such as 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2), and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) are of great interest. A classical thyroid hormone effect is the ability of T3 to increase oxygen consumption in almost all cell types studied. Approximately 30 years ago, a seminal report has shown that 3,5-T2 increased oxygen consumption more rapidly than T3 in hepatocytes. Other studies demonstrated that exogenous 3,5-T2 administration was able to increase whole body energy expenditure in rodents and humans. In fact, 3,5-T2 treatment prevents diabetic nephropathy, hepatic steatosis induced by high fat diet, insulin resistance, and weight gain during aging in Wistar male rats. The regulation of mitochondria is likely one of the most important actions of T3 and its metabolite 3,5-T2, which was able to restore the thermogenic program of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in hypothyroid rats, just as T3 does, while T1AM administration induced rapid hypothermia. T3 increases heart rate and cardiac contractility, which are hallmark effects of hyperthyroidism involved in cardiac arrhythmia. These deleterious cardiac effects were not observed with the use of 3,5-T2 pharmacological doses, and in contrast T1AM was shown to promote a negative inotropic and chronotropic action at micromolar concentrations in isolated hearts. Furthermore, T1AM has a cardioprotective effect in a model of ischemic/reperfusion injury in isolated hearts, such as occurs with T3 administration. Despite the encouraging possible therapeutic use of TH metabolites, further studies are needed to better understand their peripheral effects, when compared to T3 itself, in order to establish their risk and benefit. On this basis, the main peripheral effects of thyroid hormones and their metabolites in tissues, such as heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and BAT are discussed herein.
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Chiellini G, Bellusci L, Sabatini M, Zucchi R. Thyronamines and Analogues - The Route from Rediscovery to Translational Research on Thyronergic Amines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:149-155. [PMID: 28069535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyronamines are a novel class of endogenous signaling compounds, structurally related to thyroid hormones (THs). Specific thyronamines, particularly 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), stimulate with nanomolar affinity trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a G protein-coupled membrane receptor, and may also interact with other TAAR subtypes (particularly TAAR5), adrenergic receptors (particularly α2 receptors), amine transporters, and mitochondrial proteins. In addition to its structural similarities with THs, T1AM also contains the arylethylamine scaffold as in monoamine neurotransmitters, implicating an intriguing role for T1AM as both a neuromodulator and a hormone-like molecule constituting a part of thyroid hormone signaling. A large number of T1AM derivatives have already been synthesized. We discuss the different chemical strategies followed to obtain thyronamine analogues, their potency at TAAR1, and their structure-activity relationship. Preliminary characterization of the functional effects of these synthetic compounds is also provided.
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25
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Rutigliano G, Zucchi R. Cardiac actions of thyroid hormone metabolites. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:76-81. [PMID: 28069537 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) have a major role in regulating cardiac function. Their classical mechanism of action is genomic. Recent findings have broadened our knowledge about the (patho)physiology of cardiac regulation by THs, to include non-genomic actions of THs and their metabolites (THM). This review provides an overview of classical and non-classical cardiac effects controlled by: i) iodothyronines (thyroxine, T4; 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine,T3; 3, 5-diiodothyronine, T2); ii) thyronamines (thyronamine, T0AM; 3-iodothyronamine, T1AM); and iii) iodothyroacetic acids (3, 5, 3', 5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid, tetrac; 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyroacetic acid, triac; 3-iodothyroacetic acid, TA1). Whereas iodothyronines enhance both diastolic and systolic function and heart rate, thyronamines were observed to have negative inotropic and chronotropic effects and might function as a brake with respect to THs, although their physiological role is unclear. Moreover, thyronamines showed a cardioprotective effect at physiological concentrations. The cardiac effects of iodothyroacetic acids seem to be limited and need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rutigliano
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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26
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Berry MD, Gainetdinov RR, Hoener MC, Shahid M. Pharmacology of human trace amine-associated receptors: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 180:161-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Selen Alpergin ES, Bolandnazar Z, Sabatini M, Rogowski M, Chiellini G, Zucchi R, Assadi-Porter FM. Metabolic profiling reveals reprogramming of lipid metabolic pathways in treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome with 3-iodothyronamine. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/1/e13097. [PMID: 28082426 PMCID: PMC5256158 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are associated with intricate pathophysiological, hormonal, and metabolic feedbacks that make their early diagnosis challenging, thus increasing the prevalence risks for obesity, cardiovascular, and fatty liver diseases. To explore the crosstalk between endocrine and lipid metabolic pathways, we administered 3‐iodothyronamine (T1AM), a natural analog of thyroid hormone, in a mouse model of PCOS and analyzed plasma and tissue extracts using multidisciplinary omics and biochemical approaches. T1AM administration induces a profound tissue‐specific antilipogenic effect in liver and muscle by lowering gene expression of key regulators of lipid metabolism, PTP1B and PLIN2, significantly increasing metabolites (glucogenic, amino acids, carnitine, and citrate) levels, while enhancing protection against oxidative stress. In contrast, T1AM has an opposing effect on the regulation of estrogenic pathways in the ovary by upregulating STAR, CYP11A1, and CYP17A1. Biochemical measurements provide further evidence of significant reduction in liver cholesterol and triglycerides in post‐T1AM treatment. Our results shed light onto tissue‐specific metabolic vs. hormonal pathway interactions, thus illuminating the intricacies within the pathophysiology of PCOS. This study opens up new avenues to design drugs for targeted therapeutics to improve quality of life in complex metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru S Selen Alpergin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Zeinab Bolandnazar
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Martina Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michael Rogowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Grazia Chiellini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fariba M Assadi-Porter
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin .,Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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28
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Rogowski M, Gollahon L, Chellini G, Assadi-Porter FM. Uptake of 3-iodothyronamine hormone analogs inhibits the growth and viability of cancer cells. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:587-601. [PMID: 28396842 PMCID: PMC5377400 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is a structural analog of thyroid hormone that has been demonstrated to have potent affects on numerous physiological systems. Most studies on T1AM have explored its effects in healthy functional systems; while its potential therapeutic uses and safety, and efficacy in pathological conditions are largely unknown. We sought to evaluate the effects of T1AM and its structural analog SG-2 on cancer cell growth and viability. We analyzed the cytotoxicity of these analogs on MCF7 breast cancer cells, HepG2 hepatocellular cancer cells as well as normal control cells using primary human foreskin fibroblasts and mouse preadipocytes control cells. The cytotoxicity of T1AM and SG-2 was determined by cell growth curves, and validated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell viability assays. Cellular uptake analysis was conducted using confocal microscopy. Real-time (RT)-PCR was conducted to identify gene pathways affected by SG-2 in cancer cells. The IC 50 of T1AM was approximately double the concentration of its analog SG-2 in cancer cells. Cytotoxicity studies on normal cells revealed that IC 50 concentrations of SG-2 in cancer cells had no significant impact on cell viability in these cell types. Cell-imaging experiments demonstrated rapid uptake and localization to the mitochondrial membrane. T1AM and SG-2 are able to reduce cancer cell growth and viability. These findings support the potential for use of these compounds and related analogs for their antiproliferation properties in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rogowski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
| | - Lauren Gollahon
- Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
| | - Grazia Chellini
- Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison WI USA
| | - Fariba M Assadi-Porter
- Department of Zoology University of Wisconsin-Madison WI USA; Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison WI USA
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29
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Hoefig CS, Zucchi R, Köhrle J. Thyronamines and Derivatives: Physiological Relevance, Pharmacological Actions, and Future Research Directions. Thyroid 2016; 26:1656-1673. [PMID: 27650974 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyronamines (3-T1AM, T0AM) are endogenous compounds probably derived from L-thyroxine or its intermediate metabolites. Combined activities of intestinal deiodinases and ornithine decarboxylase generate 3-T1AM in vitro. Alternatively, 3-T1AM might be formed by the thyroid gland and secreted into the blood. 3-T1AM and T0AM concentrations have been determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS) in tissues, serum, and cell lines. However, large variations of 3-T1AM concentrations in human serum were reported by LC-MS/MS compared with a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay. These differences might be caused by strong binding of the highly hydrophobic 3-T1AM to apolipoprotein B100. Pharmacological administration of 3-T1AM results in dose-dependent reversible effects on body temperature, cardiac function, energy metabolism, and neurological functions. The physiological relevance of these actions is unclear, but may occur at tissue concentrations close to the estimated endogenous concentrations of 3-T1AM or its metabolites T0AM or thyroacetic acid (TA1). A number of putative receptors, binding sites, and cellular target molecules mediating actions of the multi-target ligand 3-T1AM have been proposed. Among those are members of the trace amine associated receptor family, the adrenergic receptor ADRα2a, and the thermosensitive transient receptor potential melastatin 8 channel. Preclinical studies employing various animal experimental models are in progress, and more stable receptor-selective agonistic and antagonistic analogues of 3-T1AM are now available for testing. The potent endogenous thyroid hormone-derived biogenic amine 3-T1AM exerts marked cryogenic, metabolic, cardiac and central actions and represents a valuable lead compound linking endocrine, metabolic, and neuroscience research to advance development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Stephanie Hoefig
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Josef Köhrle
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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30
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Cichero E, Tonelli M. New insights into the structure of the trace amine-associated receptor 2: Homology modelling studies exploring the binding mode of 3-iodothyronamine. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:790-796. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
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31
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Khan MZ, Nawaz W. The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) in central nervous system. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:439-449. [PMID: 27424325 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human trace amines (TAs) are endogenous compounds, previously almost ignored in human pathology for many reasons (difficulty of their measurement in biological fluids, unknown receptors for elusive amines), are now considered to play a significant role in synaptic transmission within the central nervous system (CNS) acting as neuromodulators. The recent discovery of a novel family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that includes individual members that are highly specific for TAs indicates a potential role for TAs as vertebrate neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, although the majority of these GPCRs so far have not been demonstrated to be activated by TAs. Human trace amine receptors (including TAAR1 TAAR2 TAAR5 TAAR6 TAAR8 TAAR9) are expressed in the brain and play significant physiological and neuropathological roles by activation of trace amines. We herein discuss the recent findings that provide insights into the functional roles of human trace amines (including P-Octopamine, β phenylethylamine, Tryptamine, Tyramine, Synephrine, 3-Iodothyronamine, 3-Methoxytyramine, N-Methyltyramine, N-Methylphenethylamine) in brain. Furthermore, we discuss the known functions of human trace amine receptors in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Waqas Nawaz
- School of basic medicine and clinical pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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32
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Gnocchi D, Steffensen KR, Bruscalupi G, Parini P. Emerging role of thyroid hormone metabolites. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 217:184-216. [PMID: 26748938 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for the regulation of development and metabolism in key organs. THs produce biological effects both by directly affecting gene expression through the interaction with nuclear receptors (genomic effects) and by activating protein kinases and/or ion channels (short-term effects). Such activations can be either direct, in the case of ion channels, or mediated by membrane or cytoplasmic receptors. Short-term-activated signalling pathways often play a role in the regulation of genomic effects. Several TH intermediate metabolites, which were previously considered without biological activity, have now been associated with a broad range of actions, mostly attributable to short-term effects. Here, we give an overview of the physiological roles and mechanisms of action of THs, focusing on the emerging position that TH metabolites are acquiring as important regulators of physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Gnocchi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
| | - K. R. Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
| | - G. Bruscalupi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Charles Darwin’; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - P. Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
- Metabolism Unit; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
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33
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34
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Lucius A, Khajavi N, Reinach PS, Köhrle J, Dhandapani P, Huimann P, Ljubojevic N, Grötzinger C, Mergler S. 3-Iodothyronamine increases transient receptor potential melastatin channel 8 (TRPM8) activity in immortalized human corneal epithelial cells. Cell Signal 2015; 28:136-147. [PMID: 26689735 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (3T1AM) is an endogenous thyroid hormone metabolite that interacts with the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1), a G-protein-coupled receptor, to induce numerous physiological responses including dose-dependent body temperature lowering in rodents. 3T1AM also directly activates cold-sensitive transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channels in human conjunctival epithelial cells (HCjEC) at constant temperature as well as reducing rises in IL-6 release induced by transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activation by capsaicin (CAP). Here, we describe that 3T1AM-induced TRPM8 activation suppresses through crosstalk TRPV1 activation in immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC). RT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining identified TRPM8 gene and protein expression. Increases in Ca(2+) influx induced by the TRPM8 agonists either 3T1AM (0.1-10 μM), menthol (500 μM), icilin (15-60 μM) or temperature lowering (either <17°C or >17°C) were all blocked by 10-20 μM BCTC, a mixed TRPV1/TRPM8 antagonist. BCTC blocked 3T1AM-induced recombinant TRPM8 activation of Ca(2+) transients in an osteosarcoma heterologous expression system. The effects of BCTC in HCEC were attributable to selective TRPM8 inhibition since whole-cell patch-clamp currents underlying Ca(2+) rises induced by 20 μM CAP were BCTC insensitive. On the other hand, Ca(2+) transients induced by activating TRPV1 with either CAP or a hyperosmolar medium were suppressed during exposure to either 1 μM 3T1AM or 15 μM icilin. All of these modulatory effects on intracellular Ca(2+) regulation induced by the aforementioned agents were attributable to changes in underlying inward and outward current. Taken together, TRPM8 activation by 3T1AM markedly attenuates and even eliminates hyperosmolar and CAP induced TRPV1 activation through crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lucius
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Noushafarin Khajavi
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Priyavathi Dhandapani
- Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Huimann
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Ljubojevic
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Grötzinger
- Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Hoefig CS, Wuensch T, Rijntjes E, Lehmphul I, Daniel H, Schweizer U, Mittag J, Köhrle J. Biosynthesis of 3-Iodothyronamine From T4 in Murine Intestinal Tissue. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4356-64. [PMID: 26348473 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous metabolite 3-iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) induces strong hypothermia and bradycardia at pharmacological doses. Although its biosynthesis from thyroid hormone precursors appears likely, the sequence and sites of reactions are still controversial: studies in T4-substituted thyroid cancer patients lacking functional thyroid tissue suggested extrathyroidal 3-T1AM production, whereas studies using labeled T4 in mice indicated intrathyroidal formation. However, because the patients received T4 orally, whereas the mice were injected ip, we hypothesized that 3-T1AM synthesis requires the intestinal passage of T4. Using the everted gut sac model in combination with mass spectrometry, we demonstrate 3-T1AM production from T4 in mouse intestine via several deiodination and decarboxylation steps. Gene expression analysis confirmed the expression of all 3 deiodinases as well as ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in intestine. Subsequent experiments employing purified human ODC revealed that this enzyme can in fact mediate decarboxylation of 3,5-T2 and T4 to the respective thyronamines (TAMs), demonstrating that the intestine expresses the entire molecular machinery required for 3-T1AM biosynthesis. Interestingly, TAM production was strongly affected by the antithyroid treatment methimazole and perchlorate independently of thyroid status, limiting the validity of the respective mouse models in this context. Taken together, our data demonstrate intestinal 3-T1AM biosynthesis from T4 involving decarboxylation through ODC with subsequent deiodination, and explain the apparent discrepancy between 3-T1AM serum levels in patients substituted orally and mice injected ip with T4. Identifying ODC as the first enzyme capable of decarboxylating thyroid hormone, our findings open the path to further investigations of TAM metabolism on molecular and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin S Hoefig
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (C.S.H., E.R., I.L., U.S., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Karolinska Institutet (C.S.H., T.W., J.M.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Ziel Research Center of Nutrition and Food Science (T.W., H.D.), Abteilung Biochemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (J.M.), Medizinische Klinik 1, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tilo Wuensch
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (C.S.H., E.R., I.L., U.S., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Karolinska Institutet (C.S.H., T.W., J.M.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Ziel Research Center of Nutrition and Food Science (T.W., H.D.), Abteilung Biochemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (J.M.), Medizinische Klinik 1, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (C.S.H., E.R., I.L., U.S., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Karolinska Institutet (C.S.H., T.W., J.M.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Ziel Research Center of Nutrition and Food Science (T.W., H.D.), Abteilung Biochemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (J.M.), Medizinische Klinik 1, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ina Lehmphul
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (C.S.H., E.R., I.L., U.S., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Karolinska Institutet (C.S.H., T.W., J.M.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Ziel Research Center of Nutrition and Food Science (T.W., H.D.), Abteilung Biochemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (J.M.), Medizinische Klinik 1, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (C.S.H., E.R., I.L., U.S., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Karolinska Institutet (C.S.H., T.W., J.M.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Ziel Research Center of Nutrition and Food Science (T.W., H.D.), Abteilung Biochemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (J.M.), Medizinische Klinik 1, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (C.S.H., E.R., I.L., U.S., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Karolinska Institutet (C.S.H., T.W., J.M.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Ziel Research Center of Nutrition and Food Science (T.W., H.D.), Abteilung Biochemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (J.M.), Medizinische Klinik 1, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (C.S.H., E.R., I.L., U.S., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Karolinska Institutet (C.S.H., T.W., J.M.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Ziel Research Center of Nutrition and Food Science (T.W., H.D.), Abteilung Biochemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (J.M.), Medizinische Klinik 1, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (C.S.H., E.R., I.L., U.S., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Karolinska Institutet (C.S.H., T.W., J.M.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Ziel Research Center of Nutrition and Food Science (T.W., H.D.), Abteilung Biochemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (J.M.), Medizinische Klinik 1, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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Raab S, Wang H, Uhles S, Cole N, Alvarez-Sanchez R, Künnecke B, Ullmer C, Matile H, Bedoucha M, Norcross RD, Ottaway-Parker N, Perez-Tilve D, Conde Knape K, Tschöp MH, Hoener MC, Sewing S. Incretin-like effects of small molecule trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonists. Mol Metab 2015; 5:47-56. [PMID: 26844206 PMCID: PMC4703809 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Type 2 diabetes and obesity are emerging pandemics in the 21st century creating worldwide urgency for the development of novel and safe therapies. We investigated trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) as a novel target contributing to the control of glucose homeostasis and body weight. Methods We investigated the peripheral human tissue distribution of TAAR1 by immunohistochemistry and tested the effect of a small molecule TAAR1 agonist on insulin secretion in vitro using INS1E cells and human islets and on glucose tolerance in C57Bl6, and db/db mice. Body weight effects were investigated in obese DIO mice. Results TAAR1 activation by a selective small molecule agonist increased glucose-dependent insulin secretion in INS1E cells and human islets and elevated plasma PYY and GLP-1 levels in mice. In diabetic db/db mice, the TAAR1 agonist normalized glucose excursion during an oral glucose tolerance test. Sub-chronic treatment of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice with the TAAR1 agonist resulted in reduced food intake and body weight. Furthermore insulin sensitivity was improved and plasma triglyceride levels and liver triglyceride content were lower than in controls. Conclusions We have identified TAAR1 as a novel integrator of metabolic control, which acts on gastrointestinal and pancreatic islet hormone secretion. Thus TAAR1 qualifies as a novel and promising target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. TAAR1 is a novel key player in metabolic control. TAAR1 is expressed in β-cells and intestinal enteroendocrine cells in mice and humans. TAAR1 agonist improved glucose tolerance and reduced body weight in mouse disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Raab
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Uhles
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Cole
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Alvarez-Sanchez
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Basil Künnecke
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Matile
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bedoucha
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Norcross
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nickki Ottaway-Parker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Disease Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Disease Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Karin Conde Knape
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Sewing
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Cöster M, Biebermann H, Schöneberg T, Stäubert C. Evolutionary Conservation of 3-Iodothyronamine as an Agonist at the Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1. Eur Thyroid J 2015; 4:9-20. [PMID: 26601069 PMCID: PMC4640299 DOI: 10.1159/000430839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The trace amine-associated receptor 1 (Taar1) is a Gs protein-coupled receptor activated by trace amines, such as β-phenylethylamine (β-PEA) and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM). T1AM is an endogenous biogenic amine and thyroid hormone derivative that exerts several biological functions. However, the physiological relevance of T1AM acting via Taar1 is still under discussion. Therefore, we studied the structural and functional evolution of Taar1 in vertebrates to provide evidence for a conserved Taar1-mediated T1AM function. STUDY DESIGN We searched public sequence databases to retrieve Taar1 sequence information from vertebrates. We cloned and functionally characterized Taar1 from selected vertebrate species using cAMP assays to determine the evolutionary conservation of T1AM action at Taar1. RESULTS We found intact open reading frames of Taar1 in more than 100 vertebrate species, including mammals, sauropsids and amphibians. Evolutionary conservation analyses of Taar1 protein sequences revealed a high variation in amino acid residues proposed to be involved in agonist binding, especially in rodent Taar1 orthologs. Functional characterization showed that T1AM, β-PEA and p-tyramine (p-Tyr) act as agonists at all tested orthologs, but EC50 values of T1AM at rat Taar1 differed significantly when compared to all other tested vertebrate Taar1. CONCLUSIONS The high structural conservation of Taar1 throughout vertebrate evolution highlights the physiological relevance of Taar1, but species-specific differences in T1AM potency at Taar1 orthologs suggest a specialization of rat Taar1 for T1AM recognition. In contrast, β-PEA and p-Tyr potencies were rather conserved throughout all tested Taar1 orthologs. We provide evidence that the observed differences in potency are related to differences in constraint during Taar1 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxi Cöster
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institut für Experimenelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Stäubert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Claudia Stäubert, Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, DE-04103 Leipzig (Germany), E-Mail
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38
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Hoefig CS, Jacobi SF, Warner A, Harder L, Schanze N, Vennström B, Mittag J. 3-Iodothyroacetic acid lacks thermoregulatory and cardiovascular effects in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3426-33. [PMID: 25765843 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 3-Iodothyronamine (3-T1 AM) is an endogenous thyroid hormone derivative reported to induce strong hypothermia and bradycardia within minutes upon injection in rodents. Although 3-T1 AM is rapidly converted to several other metabolites in vivo, these strong pharmacological responses were solely attributed to 3-T1 AM, leaving potential contributions of downstream products untested. We therefore examined the cardiometabolic effects of 3-iodothyroacetic acid (TA1 ), the main degradation product of 3-T1 AM. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used a sensitive implantable radiotelemetry system in C57/Bl6J mice to study the effects of TA1 on body temperature and heart rate, as well as other metabolic parameters. KEY RESULTS Interestingly, despite using pharmacological TA1 doses, we observed no effects on heart rate or body temperature after a single TA1 injection (50 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) compared to sham-injected controls. Repeated administration of TA1 (5 mg·kg(-1) , i.p. for 7 days) likewise did not alter body weight, food and water intake, heart rate, blood pressure, brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis or body temperature. Moreover, mRNA expression of tissue specific genes in heart, kidney, liver, BAT and lung was also not altered by TA1 compared to sham-injected controls. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data therefore conclusively demonstrate that TA1 does not contribute to the cardiovascular or thermoregulatory effects observed after 3-T1 AM administration in mice, suggesting that the oxidative deamination constitutes an important deactivation mechanism for 3-T1 AM with possible implications for cardiovascular and thermoregulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin S Hoefig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon F Jacobi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amy Warner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Harder
- Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism CBBM/Medizinische Klinik I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nancy Schanze
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Vennström
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Mittag
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism CBBM/Medizinische Klinik I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Chiellini G, Nesi G, Digiacomo M, Malvasi R, Espinoza S, Sabatini M, Frascarelli S, Laurino A, Cichero E, Macchia M, Gainetdinov RR, Fossa P, Raimondi L, Zucchi R, Rapposelli S. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Thyronamine Analogues as Novel Potent Mouse Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 (mTAAR1) Agonists. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5096-107. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Nesi
- Deptartment
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Digiacomo
- Deptartment
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Malvasi
- Deptartment
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Espinoza
- Department
of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Annunziatina Laurino
- Department
of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Macchia
- Deptartment
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute
of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Skolkovo, Moscow region, 143025, Russia
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Raimondi
- Department
of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department
of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Deptartment
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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Khajavi N, Reinach PS, Slavi N, Skrzypski M, Lucius A, Strauß O, Köhrle J, Mergler S. Thyronamine induces TRPM8 channel activation in human conjunctival epithelial cells. Cell Signal 2014; 27:315-25. [PMID: 25460045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM), an endogenous thyroid hormone (TH) metabolite, induces numerous responses including a spontaneously reversible body temperature decline. As such an effect is associated in the eye with increases in basal tear flow and thermosensitive transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channel activation, we determined in human conjunctival epithelial cells (IOBA-NHC) if T1AM also acts as a cooling agent to directly affect TRPM8 activation at a constant temperature. RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) along with immunocytochemistry probed for TRPM8 gene and protein expression whereas functional activity was evaluated by comparing the effects of T1AM with those of TRPM8 mediators on intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) and whole-cell currents. TRPM8 gene and protein expression was evident and icilin (20μM), a TRPM8 agonist, increased Ca(2+) influx as well as whole-cell currents whereas BCTC (10μM), a TRPM8 antagonist, suppressed these effects. Similarly, either temperature lowering below 23°C or T1AM (1μM) induced Ca(2+) transients that were blocked by this antagonist. TRPM8 activation by both 1µM T1AM and 20μM icilin prevented capsaicin (CAP) (20μM) from inducing increases in Ca(2+) influx through TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activation, whereas BCTC did not block this response. CAP (20μM) induced a 2.5-fold increase in IL-6 release whereas during exposure to 20μM capsazepine this rise was completely blocked. Similarly, T1AM (1μM) prevented this response. Taken together, T1AM like icilin is a cooling agent since they both directly elicit TRPM8 activation at a constant temperature. Moreover, there is an inverse association between changes in TRPM8 and TRPV1 activity since these cooling agents blocked both CAP-induced TRPV1 activation and downstream rises in IL-6 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushafarin Khajavi
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter S Reinach
- Biological Sciences, SUNY College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA; School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Nefeli Slavi
- Biological Sciences, SUNY College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Alexander Lucius
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Strauß
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Mühlhaus J, Dinter J, Nürnberg D, Rehders M, Depke M, Golchert J, Homuth G, Yi CX, Morin S, Köhrle J, Brix K, Tschöp M, Kleinau G, Biebermann H. Analysis of human TAAR8 and murine Taar8b mediated signaling pathways and expression profile. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20638-55. [PMID: 25391046 PMCID: PMC4264187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormone derivative 3-iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) exerts metabolic effects in vivo that contradict known effects of thyroid hormones. 3-T1AM acts as a trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist and activates Gs signaling in vitro. Interestingly, 3-T1AM-meditated in vivo effects persist in Taar1 knockout-mice indicating that further targets of 3-T1AM might exist. Here, we investigated another member of the TAAR family, the only scarcely studied mouse and human trace-amine-associated receptor 8 (Taar8b, TAAR8). By RT-qPCR and locked-nucleic-acid (LNA) in situ hybridization, Taar8b expression in different mouse tissues was analyzed. Functionally, we characterized TAAR8 and Taar8b with regard to cell surface expression and signaling via different G-protein-mediated pathways. Cell surface expression was verified by ELISA, and cAMP accumulation was quantified by AlphaScreen for detection of Gs and/or Gi/o signaling. Activation of G-proteins Gq/11 and G12/13 was analyzed by reporter gene assays. Expression analyses revealed at most marginal Taar8b expression and no gender differences for almost all analyzed tissues. In heart, LNA-in situ hybridization demonstrated the absence of Taar8b expression. We could not identify 3-T1AM as a ligand for TAAR8 and Taar8b, but both receptors were characterized by a basal Gi/o signaling activity, a so far unknown signaling pathway for TAARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mühlhaus
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Juliane Dinter
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daniela Nürnberg
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maren Rehders
- School of Engineering and Science, Research Center MOLIFE-Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Maren Depke
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Fr iedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15a, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Janine Golchert
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Fr iedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15a, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Fr iedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15a, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Silke Morin
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaudia Brix
- School of Engineering and Science, Research Center MOLIFE-Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Business Campus Garching, Parkring 13, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Modulation of gene expression by 3-iodothyronamine: genetic evidence for a lipolytic pattern. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106923. [PMID: 25379707 PMCID: PMC4224367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous biogenic amine, structurally related to thyroid hormone, which is regarded as a novel chemical messenger. The molecular mechanisms underlying T1AM effects are not known, but it is possible to envisage changes in gene expression, since delayed and long-lasting phenotypic effects have been reported, particularly with regard to the modulation of lipid metabolism and body weight. To test this hypothesis we analysed gene expression profiles in adipose tissue and liver of eight rats chronically treated with T1AM (10 mg/Kg twice a day for five days) as compared with eight untreated rats. In vivo T1AM administration produced significant transcriptional effects, since 378 genes were differentially expressed in adipose tissue, and 114 in liver. The reported changes in gene expression are expected to stimulate lipolysis and beta-oxidation, while inhibiting adipogenesis. T1AM also influenced the expression of several genes linked to lipoprotein metabolism suggesting that it may play an important role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. No effect on the expression of genes linked to toxicity was observed. The assay of tissue T1AM showed that in treated animals its endogenous concentration increased by about one order of magnitude, without significant changes in tissue thyroid hormone concentration. Therefore, the effects that we observed might have physiological or pathophysiological importance. Our results provide the basis for the reported effectiveness of T1AM as a lipolytic agent and gain importance in view of a possible clinical use of T1AM in obesity and/or dyslipidaemia.
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Gozal EA, O'Neill BE, Sawchuk MA, Zhu H, Halder M, Chou CC, Hochman S. Anatomical and functional evidence for trace amines as unique modulators of locomotor function in the mammalian spinal cord. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:134. [PMID: 25426030 PMCID: PMC4224135 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trace amines (TAs), tryptamine, tyramine, and β-phenylethylamine, are synthesized from precursor amino acids via aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). We explored their role in the neuromodulation of neonatal rat spinal cord motor circuits. We first showed that the spinal cord contains the substrates for TA biosynthesis (AADC) and for receptor-mediated actions via trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) 1 and 4. We next examined the actions of the TAs on motor activity using the in vitro isolated neonatal rat spinal cord. Tyramine and tryptamine most consistently increased motor activity with prominent direct actions on motoneurons. In the presence of N-methyl-D-aspartate, all applied TAs supported expression of a locomotor-like activity (LLA) that was indistinguishable from that ordinarily observed with serotonin, suggesting that the TAs act on common central pattern generating neurons. The TAs also generated distinctive complex rhythms characterized by episodic bouts of LLA. TA actions on locomotor circuits did not require interaction with descending monoaminergic projections since evoked LLA was maintained following block of all Na+-dependent monoamine transporters or the vesicular monoamine transporter. Instead, TA (tryptamine and tyramine) actions depended on intracellular uptake via pentamidine-sensitive Na+-independent membrane transporters. Requirement for intracellular transport is consistent with the TAs having much slower LLA onset than serotonin and for activation of intracellular TAARs. To test for endogenous actions following biosynthesis, we increased intracellular amino acid levels with cycloheximide. LLA emerged and included distinctive TA-like episodic bouts. In summary, we provided anatomical and functional evidence of the TAs as an intrinsic spinal monoaminergic modulatory system capable of promoting recruitment of locomotor circuits independent of the descending monoamines. These actions support their known sympathomimetic function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Zhu
- Physiology Department, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mallika Halder
- Physiology Department, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Shawn Hochman
- Physiology Department, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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Zucchi R, Accorroni A, Chiellini G. Update on 3-iodothyronamine and its neurological and metabolic actions. Front Physiol 2014; 5:402. [PMID: 25360120 PMCID: PMC4199266 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous amine, that has been detected in many rodent tissues, and in human blood. It has been hypothesized to derive from thyroid hormone metabolism, but this hypothesis still requires validation. T1AM is not a ligand for nuclear thyroid hormone receptors, but stimulates with nanomolar affinity trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a G protein-coupled membrane receptor. With a lower affinity it interacts with alpha2A adrenergic receptors. Additional targets are represented by apolipoprotein B100, mitochondrial ATP synthase, and membrane monoamine transporters, but the functional relevance of these interactions is still uncertain. Among the effects reported after administration of exogenous T1AM to experimental animals, metabolic and neurological responses deserve special attention, because they were obtained at low dosages, which increased endogenous tissue concentration by about one order of magnitude. Systemic T1AM administration favored fatty acid over glucose catabolism, increased ketogenesis and increased blood glucose. Similar responses were elicited by intracerebral infusion, which inhibited insulin secretion and stimulated glucagon secretion. However, T1AM administration increased ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis also in hepatic cell lines and in perfused liver preparations, providing evidence for a peripheral action, as well. In the central nervous system, T1AM behaved as a neuromodulator, affecting adrenergic and/or histaminergic neurons. Intracerebral T1AM administration favored learning and memory, modulated sleep and feeding, and decreased the pain threshold. In conclusion T1AM should be considered as a component of thyroid hormone signaling and might play a significant physiological and/or pathophysiological role. T1AM analogs have already been synthetized and their therapeutical potential is currently under investigation. 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) is a biogenic amine whose structure is closely related to that of thyroid hormone (3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, or T3). The differences with T3 are the absence of the carboxylate group and the substitution of iodine with hydrogen in 5 and 3′ positions (Figure 1). In this paper we will review the evidence supporting the hypothesis that T1AM is a chemical messenger, namely that it is an endogenous substance able to interact with specific receptors producing significant functional effects. Special emphasis will be placed on neurological and metabolic effects, which are likely to have physiological and pathophysiological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zucchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Accorroni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Grazia Chiellini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
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Gonçalves LM, Moreira MM, Azevedo CF, Valente IM, Sousa JC, Scanlan TS, Compton RG, Rodrigues JA. Proof of Concept of the Electrochemical Sensing of 3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) and Thyronamine (T0AM). ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Neuber C, Uebeler J, Schulze T, Sotoud H, El-Armouche A, Eschenhagen T. Guanabenz interferes with ER stress and exerts protective effects in cardiac myocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98893. [PMID: 24892553 PMCID: PMC4044035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. During ER stress, disruption of the complex of protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A and catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 by the small molecule guanabenz (antihypertensive, α2-adrenoceptor agonist) and subsequent inhibition of stress-induced dephosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) results in prolonged eIF2α phosphorylation, inhibition of protein synthesis and protection from ER stress. In this study we assessed whether guanabenz protects against ER stress in cardiac myocytes and affects the function of 3 dimensional engineered heart tissue (EHT). We utilized neonatal rat cardiac myocytes for the assessment of cell viability and activation of ER stress-signalling pathways and EHT for functional analysis. (i) Tunicamycin induced ER stress as measured by increased mRNA and protein levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa, P-eIF2α, activating transcription factor 4, C/EBP homologous protein, and cell death. (ii) Guanabenz had no measurable effect alone, but antagonized the effects of tunicamycin on ER stress markers. (iii) Tunicamycin and other known inducers of ER stress (hydrogen peroxide, doxorubicin, thapsigargin) induced cardiac myocyte death, and this was antagonized by guanabenz in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. (iv) ER stressors also induced acute or delayed contractile dysfunction in spontaneously beating EHTs and this was, with the notable exception of relaxation deficits under thapsigargin, not significantly affected by guanabenz. The data confirm that guanabenz interferes with ER stress-signalling and has protective effects on cell survival. Data show for the first time that this concept extends to cardiac myocytes. The modest protection in EHTs points to more complex mechanisms of force regulation in intact functional heart muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Neuber
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany
| | - June Uebeler
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Schulze
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany
| | - Hannieh Sotoud
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Senese R, Cioffi F, de Lange P, Goglia F, Lanni A. Thyroid: biological actions of 'nonclassical' thyroid hormones. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:R1-12. [PMID: 24464019 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are produced by the thyroid gland and converted in peripheral organs by deiodinases. THs regulate cell functions through two distinct mechanisms: genomic (nuclear) and nongenomic (non-nuclear). Many TH effects are mediated by the genomic pathway--a mechanism that requires TH activation of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. The overall nongenomic processes, emerging as important accessory mechanisms in TH actions, have been observed at the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton, and in organelles. Some products of peripheral TH metabolism (besides triiodo-L-thyronine), now termed 'nonclassical THs', were previously considered as inactive breakdown products. However, several reports have recently shown that they may have relevant biological effects. The recent accumulation of knowledge on how classical and nonclassical THs modulate the activity of membrane receptors, components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, kinases and deacetylases, opened the door to the discovery of new pathways through which they act. We reviewed the current state-of-the-art on the actions of the nonclassical THs, discussing the role that these endogenous TH metabolites may have in the modulation of thyroid-related effects in organisms with differing complexity, ranging from nonmammals to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Senese
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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Ghelardoni S, Chiellini G, Frascarelli S, Saba A, Zucchi R. Uptake and metabolic effects of 3-iodothyronamine in hepatocytes. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:101-10. [PMID: 24627446 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous relative of thyroid hormone with profound metabolic effects. In different experimental models, T1AM increased blood glucose, and it is not clear whether this effect is entirely accounted by changes in insulin and/or glucagone secretion. Thus, in the present work, we investigated the uptake of T1AM by hepatocytes, which was compared with the uptake of thyroid hormones, and the effects of T1AM on hepatic glucose and ketone body production. Two different experimental models were used: HepG2 cells and perfused rat liver. Thyronines and thyronamines (T0AMs) were significantly taken up by hepatocytes. In HepG2 cells exposed to 1 μM T1AM, at the steady state, the cellular concentration of T1AM exceeded the medium concentration by six- to eightfold. Similar accumulation occurred with 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Liver experiments confirmed significant T1AM uptake. T1AM was partly catabolized and the major catabolites were 3-iodothyroacetic acid (TA1) (in HepG2 cells) and T0AM (in liver). In both preparations, infusion with 1 μM T1AM produced a significant increase in glucose production, if adequate gluconeogenetic substrates were provided. This effect was dampened at higher concentration (10 μM) or in the presence of the amine oxidase inhibitor iproniazid, while TA1 was ineffective, suggesting that T1AM may have a direct gluconeogenetic effect. Ketone body release was significantly increased in liver, while variable results were obtained in HepG2 cells incubated with gluconeogenetic substrates. These findings are consistent with the stimulation of fatty acid catabolism, and a shift of pyruvate toward gluconeogenesis. Notably, these effects are independent from hormonal changes and might have physiological and pathophysiological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ghelardoni
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica Medica Molecolare e dell'Area Critica, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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McAninch EA, Bianco AC. Thyroid hormone signaling in energy homeostasis and energy metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1311:77-87. [PMID: 24697152 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a significant role in diverse processes related to growth, development, differentiation, and metabolism. TH signaling modulates energy expenditure through both central and peripheral pathways. At the cellular level, the TH exerts its effects after concerted mechanisms facilitate binding to the TH receptor. In the hypothalamus, signals from a range of metabolic pathways, including appetite, temperature, afferent stimuli via the autonomic nervous system, availability of energy substrates, hormones, and other biologically active molecules, converge to maintain plasma TH at the appropriate level to preserve energy homeostasis. At the tissue level, TH actions on metabolism are controlled by transmembrane transporters, deiodinases, and TH receptors. In the modern environment, humans are susceptible to an energy surplus, which has resulted in an obesity epidemic and, thus, understanding the contribution of the TH to cellular and organism metabolism is increasingly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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50
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Neuronal Functions and Emerging Pharmacology of TAAR1. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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